• Waulesi wapawiri (Megalonychidae)
• Megatheriidae
• † Milodonts (Mylodontidae)
• Scelidotheriidae

Giant sls - gulu la mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosiyanasiyana ya sloths, yodziwika ndi zazikulu zazikulu. Adatulukira ku Oligocene pafupifupi zaka 35 miliyoni zapitazo ndikukhala ku New World, mpaka matani angapo kutalika kwa mamita 6. Mitundu ina yamatsenga akuluakulu adamwalira kumapeto kwa Pleistocene, megalocnuse pafupifupi. Cuba idapulumuka mpaka ku Holocene ndipo idawonongeka zaka 4,000 zapitazo, zaka mazana angapo kuchokera pamene anthu oyamba adawonekera pachilumbachi. Mosiyana ndi malo omwe amasowa masiku ano, abale awo akuluakulu sanakhale pamtengo, koma padziko lapansi.

Malinga ndi akatswiri a genetic ofufuza DNA ya milodon Darwin (Mylodon darwinii), mizere ya milodontids (Mylodontidae) ndi iwiri yaulesi (Megalonychidae) yopatuka zaka 22 miliyoni zapitazo.

Zomwe zimatha

Kupeza zotsalira za malo otyola kwambiri akuwonetsa kuti anthu oyamba ku America, makolo a amwenye, adapeza nyama izi ndipo, zikuwoneka kuti zidaphatikizidwa. Kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa cha kutha kwawo chidawonedwa ngati kusintha kwanyengo kumapeto kwa nyengo ya ayezi yomaliza. Kutentha kunapangitsa m'malo ambiri kusintha kwa ma sedimentary maboma, kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana komanso kukwera kwamadzi. Asayansi ena ali ndi lingaliro lakuti mitundu yambiri ya nyama, kuphatikizapo malo akuluakulu, sangathe kuzolowera kusintha kwina kwakanthawi.

Pokana izi, kuti ma sloth oyenda kwambiri asintha nyengo m'malo opitilira zaka zoposa mamiliyoni awiri atakhalako. Kuphatikiza apo, iwo anali amitundu yochepa ya ku South America yomwe, pambuyo pa kuwonekera kwa malo achilengedwe achilengedwe ndi North America, idatha kufalikira ku kontinenti yakumpoto, zomwe zikuwonetsa luso lawo lotha kusintha. Anthu adakhazikika kumtunda waku America kuyambira zaka 15 mpaka 10,000 zapitazo, ndipo malo omalizira omwe adagwa zaka pafupifupi 10,000 zapitazo adasowa. Izi zikusonyeza kuti nyamazo zinkasakidwa. Mwinanso anali osavuta kuyesa chifukwa, monga abale awo amakono, adayenda pang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa chake, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke zinali zotheka munthu kuposa kusintha kwanyengo.

Zodzikongoletsera zochokera m'mafupa amphongo zazikulu zopangidwa ndi anthu akale aku America zidapezeka ku Santa Elina m'dziko la Brazil la Mato Grosso. Mu 2017, adalembedwa zaka 23.12 zapitazo. Ku White Sands National Park kapena White Sands m'dziko la New Mexico (USA), pafupifupi. Malita 10,000,000 n zopitilira 100 zosadziwika bwino za malo omwe anthu amapatsa ulemu. Popeza kunalibe mafupa aulesi omwe anapezeka, asayansiwo anazindikira kuti kusaka sikunaphule kanthu. Otsalira a chimphona chachikulu kuchokera pa malo a Campo Laborde mu pampu waku Argentina kuyambira ku Holocene (9,730 bp), pogwiritsa ntchito njira yamakono kwambiri yolumikizirana yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wochotsa zodetsa ndi kuwerengera zaka ndi anthu a collagen amino acid, kuyambira kalekale - 14-12 Zaka chikwi mpaka pano, zomwe zikufanana ndi kutha kwa Pleistocene.

Nthano za Amwenye zimakamba za cholengedwa cha Mapingari, chomwe, malinga ndi kufotokozako, chimagwirizana ndi sloth wamkulu. Pochita chidwi ndi nthano izi, akatswiri a ma cryptozo anayesa kupeza omwe adzapulumuke ku Amazon, koma sizinaphule kanthu.

Zomwe zidadyetsa

Sloth megaterium ankakhala m'nkhalango yowala, yomwe zaka mamiliyoni zapitazo idakula gawo la South America yamakono. Anadya masamba, udzu, ndi mbewu monga yucca ndi agave. Mlongo wake Eremotherium amakhala madera akumpoto kwenikweni. Wosakayo adakwera pamiyendo yake yakumbuyo kuti akafike kumitengo yamitengo, ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito mchira wake wokulirapo. Ndi maondo okhala ndi zibwano zakuthwa, nyamayo inkawerama nthambi. Sileti anali ndi mano osavuta, omwe ankatafuna ndikudula zakudya, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi minofu yolimba yolimba. Mimba yake idasinthidwa kuti igaye chakudya chomera cholimba. Mwinanso kuti ndi zofunda zake zakuthwa adang'amba pansi ndikudya zipatso za mizu. Zaka mamiliyoni angapo zapitazo, sloth wamkulu uyu analibe adani achilengedwe, chifukwa chake, akanatha kugwira ntchito masana. Ngakhale pamene zilombo zoopsa zidawonekera, mwachitsanzo, smilodon (saber-toothed tiger), sloth sanathere. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi khungu lakuda, lomwe limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda, lalitali. Zikopa zimapezeka pakhungu lakuda, lomwe limalimbikitsanso khungu lake komanso kupewa kuti zilonda zam'madzi zimuvulaze.

LIFESTYLE

Zochepa sizidziwika za moyo wa sloth chimphona, kholo lakale lamakono. Inali nyama yayikulu kwambiri, yosachedwa, komanso yosasangalatsa. Kuyimirira miyendo inayi, megaterium anali kukula kwa njovu. Chinyama chija chikakwera miyendo yake yakumbuyo kukafikira masamba achichepere, kukula kwake kunali pafupifupi kuwirikiza. Thupi lidakutidwa ndi khungu lakuda, yokutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda. Megaterium anadya chakudya chomera. Anadya masamba obiriwira ambiri, omwe nthawi zambiri ankawafunafuna pafupi ndi nthaka. Ndikamayenda, sindinadalire phazi lonse, koma m'mphepete mwake. Akuganiza kuti nyamazo zimasungidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena zokhazokha.

ZINSINSI

Pamene makolo a megataya adakhazikika kudera la South America, dziko lomwe limalumikiza North America ndi South (Panama yamakono) idasefukira ndi madzi. Sloths, monga ena omwe sanapangidwe, amatha kukhala chete mwakachetechete, chifukwa nthawi imeneyo analibe mpikisano wazakudya ndi mitundu ina.

Pakufalikira, mitundu yambiri idayamba, koma onse oimilira anali ndi zizindikiro wamba: mano opanda enamel ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya vertebrae yopindika, yomwe idawathandiza kuyenda. Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, kapangidwe kake kameneka kanamuthandiza kunyamula katundu.

Pakadutsa zaka pafupifupi 60 miliyoni, malo pakati pamakondanso amakumananso pamtunda. Kenako megaterium ndi nthumwi zina za edentulous adatha kusamukira kumpoto, komwe adakhazikika madera akuluakulu, koma pambuyo pake adasowa m'malo ena. Izi zikuwonekera ndi mafupa a nyama izi zomwe zimapezeka ku North America. Megateria ndi makolo akale a malo obisalamo amakono, omwe ndi ochepa kwambiri ndipo amakhala pamtengo wa mitengo. Akuti malo ogona kwambiri a megataya amwalira chifukwa cha nyengo ndi kusintha kwazinthu.

SKELETON MEGATERY

Kukula kwake: kuyimirira ndi miyendo inayi, kachiyeso kameneku kunali kutukula kwa njovu.

Vertebrae: chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka msana, chinali nyama yolimba kwambiri.

Mchira: mothandizidwa ndi mchira, wothira anali wolimba, makamaka atayimirira miyendo yake yakumbuyo.

Zopanda: pa nthambi iliyonse panali zovala 5 zomwe wozengereza adagwira nthambi ndikuzigwadira.

Miyendo ya kumbuyo: pamene kavalo amayimira miyendo yake yakumbuyo, anali kufikirira mosavuta pazikongolero za mitengo.

- Habitat megateria

KOPANDA MALO OKHALA

Wofesi wamkuluyo amakhala m'dera la South America yamakono, ku Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina ndi Uruguay. Pambuyo pake mitundu ina inasamukira ku North America, komwe imakhala zaka mamiliyoni angapo.

Zofufuza za akatswiri ofufuza komanso zomwe asayansi apeza

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, zotsalira za chimphona chachikulu zimapezeka ndi atsamunda aku Spain mu 1789 ku Argentina, pafupi ndi Buenos Aires. Anthu achilendowa ku Patagonia adaganiza kuti mafupawo ndi amodzi. Malinga ndi nthano yakumaloko, tsiku lina adatuluka pansi ndikuphedwa ndi dzuwa.

Viceroy wa ku Spain wa Marquis Loreto nthawi yomweyo adatumiza mafupawo ku Madrid. Muli likulu, wofufuza Jose Garriga adafufuza zotsalira za "chole". Pofika mu 1796, adasindikiza buku la zasayansi momwe adalongosolera za nyama yakale kwambiri.

Garriga adamufanizira ndi njovu, popeza kukula kwa chinyama cha ku South America sikunali kocheperapo konse kwa iye. Komabe, matako ake ndi mapazi akulu anali atali ndi kulemera kuposa njovu, ndipo mawonekedwe a chigayo, monga wasayansi adaonera pantchito yake, amafanana ndi mutu waulesi.

Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, nyama ija imatchedwa "megaterium", zomwe zikutanthauza "chirombo chachikulu." Chifukwa chake adatchedwa "Naturalist Georges Cuvier", akuyang'ana zithunzi za mafupa omwe aku Spain adatumiza ku Paris Academy of Science. Wasayansi wachifalansa, wofanana ndi Jose Garriga, adazindikira mu chilombo chosadziwika kholo la kalelo.

Hypoh yodziwika mozungulira nyama yosowa

Zofufuza za akatswiri ofufuza komanso zomwe asayansi apeza zakhala zomveka ku Europe. Kenako wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu waku Germany I.V. Goethe adapereka nkhani yonse kwa sloth wamkulu. Nyumba zamyuziyamu, kuti apeze mafupa ake, anali okonzeka kupereka ndalama zawo zonse zapachaka. Ndipo mfumu ya Spain, Carlos IV, adafuna kubweretsa nyama iyi ku Madrid. Komanso, wolamulirayo sanasamale ngati anali wamoyo kapena wakufa. Ankakhulupirira kuti Dziko Latsopano, monga momwe America inkatchulidwira panthawiyi, limakhalidwabe ndi anthu amtchire.

Chisangalalo chowazungulira sichinazirala mpaka pakati pa zaka za XIX, pomwe zotsalira za ma dinosaurs zidapezeka. Munthawi imeneyi, ofufuza ambiri adayendera Patagonia. Kuphatikiza pa mafupa a megataya, malo ake adapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, zinyalala, zotsalira za khungu ndi tsitsi m'mapanga. Chifukwa cha kuzizira komanso kowuma kwa Patagonia, zotsalazo zimasungidwa bwino, zomwe zimalola ma paleontologists kuti asangobwerezanso mawonekedwe a chirombo chakalechi, komanso kufotokoza za chikhalidwe ndi zakudya.

Maonekedwe a chimphona chachikulu cha sloth

Meganerium wamkulu wamphamvayo anali wamtali mamita atatu. Komanso, nyengoyi imakula pang'onopang'ono ikafika miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Chilombo chachikulu kwambiri cholemera matani anayi pamenepa chinali chachikulu kuposa njovu. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kutalika kwa thupi la sloth, lomwe linali mikono 6.

Nkhani yofiyira idakutidwa ndi Megateria, ndipo pansi pake panali khungu lakuda kwambiri. Khungu la chimphona chachikulu limalimba ndi mafupa ang'onoang'ono. Chophimba choterocho chinapangitsa megateria kukhala wosavomerezeka. Ngakhale chinyama choopsa ngati tigerweki-tosambira sinathe kumuvulaza.

Chigoba chachikulu chinali ndi beseni lalikulu, miyendo yamphamvu yoluka komanso yoluka ngati ma crescent yomwe imakhala yayitali masentimita 17, ndi mchira wakuda kwambiri mosadukiza womwe udafikira pansi.

Mutu wa nyamayo inali yocheperako poyerekeza ndi thupi lalikulu, ndipo kupukusira kwake kunali ndi mawonekedwe.

Kodi malo ogona akuluakulu amayenda bwanji?

Megaterium sanakwere mitengo ngati kholo lake lamakono. A Charles Darwin, omwe adayang'ana mtembo wake m'zaka za m'ma 1800, adawona gawo ili la nyama m'ntchito zake zina. Zidawoneka ngati lingaliro labodza lakukhala nyama zomwe zitha kupirira chimphona chotere.

Pulofesa Richard Owen adatenganso nawo mbali pa kafukufuku wa mabwinja omwe Darwin adachokera ku Patagonia kupita ku England. Ndiamene ananena kuti megaterium imasunthira padziko lapansi. Mukamayenda, chimphona chomwe chimayenda ngati nyambo zamakono sichinadoneke kumapazi konse, koma m'mphepete mwake, kuti asagwire pansi ndi zibwano. Chifukwa cha izi, adayenda pang'onopang'ono komanso pang'ono pang'ono.

Asayansi amakono amati megaterium imatha kuyenda miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wamapangidwe omwe amachitika ndi A. Casino mu 1996 adawonetsa kuti kapangidwe ka mafupa adalola kuti chimphona chija chizingoyenda pa iwo okha. Komabe, kaimidwe koyenera ka chilombochi mpaka pano ndi vuto pa sayansi.

Muli zakudya megateria

Megaterium anali m'gulu la nyama zomwe sizinapangidwe ndipo zimadyetsedwa kwambiri pazomera. Kapangidwe ka nsagwada yake yam'mwamba ikuwonetsa kuti chilombocho chinali ndi mlomo wamtali kwambiri wamtundu wochititsa chidwi, mawonekedwe a herbivores a nyama.

Pofikira pamiyendo yake yakumbuyo panali miyendo yake yakumbuyo, nkutula nthambi zake zokha, kudula masamba abwino, komanso mphukira zazing'ono ndikudya. Beseni lake lalikulu, mapazi akulu ndi mchira wamtali wokulirapo lidamthandizira ndipo adalola, osachita khama, kudya madyera. Mpaka posachedwapa, asayansi anali otsimikiza kuti kanyumba kamasamba masamba ndi lilime lalitali. Komabe, kafukufuku wamakono adawonetsa kuti kapangidwe ka nsagwada yake kudalepheretsa kupangika kwa minofu komwe kumatha kumugwira.

Kuphatikiza pa masamba opangira mitengo, megaterium idadyanso mizu yambiri. Anawachotsa pansi, pogwiritsa ntchito zikhadabo zake zazitali.

Kodi megaterium akhoza kukhala wolusa?

Megaterium imayenera kukhala yopanga zinthu pang'ono. Wasayansi M. S. Bargo mu 2001 anachita kafukufuku wazamalonda am'maso mwa chimphona chachikulu. Zinawonetsa kuti samadya masamba okha, komanso nyama. Ma molars a nyamayo anali ndi mawonekedwe opindika ndipo anali akuthwa mokwanira m'mbali. Ndi chithandizo chawo, sloth chimphona chinatha kutafuna osati masamba okha, komanso nyama. Mwina ankawonjezera zakudya zake, kudya zovalazo, kulanda nyama zomwe zimadyera, kapena kusaka yekha.

Megaterium inali ndi njira yocheperako, chifukwa kutsogolo kwake kunakhala kovuta. Zowoneka zofananira makamaka ndi nyama zokongoletsa. Chifukwa chake, megaterium inali ndi mphamvu zokwanira komanso liwiro loukira, mwachitsanzo, glyptodonts. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira za kusanthula kwa biomechanical zinaonetsa kuti sloth wamkuluyu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zikhadabo zake zazitali ngati chida pomenya nkhondo ndi nyama zina. Komabe, asayansi ambiri amawona kuti chidwi cha nyama iyi ndi yopanda pake.

Makhalidwe a chirombo chakale

Kaya megaterium anali wankhalwe kapena ayi, analibe adani. Chinyama chachikulu chimatha kudutsa m'nkhalango ndi m'minda popanda mantha moyo wake, usana ndi usiku.

Giant sloth, malinga ndi asayansi ambiri, adasokera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Pali lingaliro losiyana, malinga ndi momwe nyamazo zinali zosakwatiwa ndipo zimangokhala payokha m'mapanga apadera, ndipo amuna omwe anali amuna ndi akazi okhaokha anali pafupi ndi mzake panthawi yakukondana ndi kubereka ana.

Kodi megateria adawoneka liti ndipo amakhala kuti?

Monga tawonetsera ndikuwunika kwa zotsalira za ma radiocarbon, zomwe tsopano zachilengedwe zomwe zinawonongeka zikuwoneka padziko lapansi pafupifupi zaka mamiliyoni awiri zapitazo, munthawi ya Pliocene. Poyamba, malo omwe amakhala ku South America ndi oterera. Pambuyo pake adatha kuzolowera kumadera komwe kuli kotentha. Ofufuzawo adapeza mafupa a nyama osati ku Argentina, komanso ku Bolivia, Peru ndi Chile. Makina ena mwina anasamukira ku North America. Izi zikuwonekeranso chifukwa cha zotsalira za mitengo ikuluikulu yomwe idapezeka padziko lonse lapansi.

Zomwe zimayambitsa kutha kwa nyama zakale

Nyama zakale izi zidapulumuka ku Pleistocene ndipo zidasowa zaka pafupifupi 8000 zapitazo. Asayansi amakangana pa chifukwa chomwe izi zidachitikira. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti nyama sizingathe kupirira nyengo. Komabe, mfundo yoti megataya m'zaka masauzande ambiri atha kusintha mikhalidwe yatsopano ikuwonetsa chifukwa china chotsirizira, chomwe chikuwonekera pamtunda wa munthu yemwe mopanda kupha zimphona zamtundu wa shaggy, akusaka zikopa zawo. Mwina chifukwa cha makolo akale a Amwenye, megateria idatha. Komabe, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu komanso kutha kwa mitundu yonseyo kungakhudzidwe ndi zinthu zonsezi nthawi imodzi.

Nthano za kupulumuka megateria

Ndi sayansi, nthano zimatsutsana kuti chilombo chachikulu, zotsalira zomwe zidapezedwa ndi Spaniards omwe adasanthula Dziko Latsopano, akadali ndi moyo.Monga munthu wamasiku oundana, amabisala kwa anthu. Mphekesera zimati ma sloth akuluakulu amapezeka kumapeto kwa Andes amakono. Zachidziwikire, kuti mtundu wakale wa nyama yakufayo womwe umadutsanso ku South America ndi wosavomerezeka, koma malingaliro achikondiwa amasangalatsa malingaliro a anthu, kuwakakamiza kuti ayang'ane umboni wosatsutsika wa chowonadi chawo.

Asayansi apeza kusinthasintha kwa kuchuluka mu vacuum "Virtual Particles"

Asayansi ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Konstanz (Germany) motsogozedwa ndi Pulofesa Alfred Leitenstorfera kwa nthawi yoyamba analemba mwachindunji zodabwitsa za kusinthasintha kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi (kusinthasintha m'munda wamagetsi) pang'onopang'ono. Pogwiritsa ntchito makina aposachedwa kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira zapadera pamlingo wopatsidwa, akatswiri azamankhwala amatha kuwona izi. Zomwe tapezazi zimatilola kuyandikira kumvetsetsa za "zopanda kalikonse" ndipo, ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukonzekera kwa fiziki ya quantum. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zalembedwa mu Science Science.

Mwachizolowezi, kukhalapo kwa kusinthasintha kwa vacuum kwadziwika kwa nthawi yayitali, koma palibe amene adakwanitsa kuwona izi mwachindunji. M'mawu osavuta, kukhalapo kwa kusinthasintha kwa vacuum kumatanthauza kuti ngakhale mumdima wathunthu komanso chete, kusinthasintha kwina mumunda wamagetsi kumachitikabe. Mpaka pano, tinkakhulupirira kuti izi zimadziwoneka zokha zokha

Gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi la akatswiri azachipatala, omwe amaphatikizapo ofufuza aku Russia a Denis Seletsky ndi Andrei Moskalenko, adapanga njira yoyesera yomwe ingayeze minda yamagetsi yokhala ndi kopitilira muyeso kwakanthawi komanso kuzindikira. Asayansi agwiritsa ntchito luso la zopambana pamunda wamakono. Kukhazikitsa kumakhala ndi njira yaposachedwa ya laser yomwe imatha kupanga matanthwe a ultrashort okhala olimba kwambiri.

Chifukwa cha mapangidwe awo, ofufuzawo adatha kuyeza kusinthika kwakutali kosapindulitsa konse komwe kumachitika mamiliyoni chikwi chimodzi cha sekondi (femtosecond). Ndikofunika kuti nthawi yowonera inali yifupi kwambiri kuposa nthawi yamayendedwe amitambo. Kukula kwachilengedwe pamayeso anali mtundu wa munda wokha. Asayansi apanga lingaliro la chiphunzitso cha kuyesa kwawo kutengera chiphunzitso cha kuchuluka kwa.

Pulofesa Leitenstorfer adati kuyesa ndikuwonetsetsa zomwe zapezazi zidatengera timuyi zaka zingapo tulo tulo tulo - asayansi adasiyira kunja zonse zomwe zingayambitse kulowetsedwa kwa mawu osamveka.

Choyenereradi kuti kuyesa uku kumapereka mwayi wofika mu nthaka yamtundu waumunthu mu chilengedwe chake, popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ena apadera ndi zosintha zina. Ofufuzawo tsopano ali ndi kiyi kudziko la zochitika za ultrashort zomwe zikuchitika mu dziko la quantum.

Kuti mumvetsetse zomwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono tili, ndiponso vacuum. Ndikukulangizani kuti muwone kanema wanga, pomwe ndidalongosola zonse mosavuta, malo opanda kanthu
P. S: Khalani ndi malingaliro abwino

# 1 Kutsatsa kwa Goldbach

Dzulo, ndidalemba chikalata pa buku la "Mavuto Opambana Kwambiri Masamu", ndikuvomereza moona mtima, sindimayembekezera zabwino kuchokera kwa owerenga awa. M'mawuwo, ndidawerenga kuti anthu ambiri akufuna adziwe kuti ndi chiyani.

Chifukwa chake, mutu wankhaniyi ndendende ndi Hypbach hypothesis

Kwa ine, monga mwana wasukulu yasekondale, masamu ndiosangalatsa kwambiri. Mwa njira, ngati pakati panu (owerenga anga) palinso ophunzira aku sekondale omwe amakonda matan, lembani ndemanga ndikuwona angati a ife.

Chifukwa chake, pa intaneti ndidapeza buku la Enrique Grassia lotchedwa "The Road Road Long to infinity", bukuli lidafotokoza mawonekedwe ndi mbiri yakafukufuku wazaka zazikulu, ndipamene ndidapeza koyambirira kwa malingaliro a Goldbach

Ndipo m'malo ogulitsira mabuku ndidapeza buku lolemba Ian Stewart, "Mavuto Opambana Kwambiri," pomwe amatchulidwanso za malingaliro a Goldbach.

Hypbach hypothesis idapangidwa ndi katswiri wa masamu ku Germany a Christian Goldbach ndipo adafotokozeredwa koyamba m'makalata ake kwa Euler.

Chiwonetsero chilichonse choposa ziwiri chimatha kuyimiridwa monga kuchuluka kwa ziwonetsero ziwiri. (Binary gawo la hypothesis)

Koma pali gawo lovuta la lingaliro ili lomwe limamveka ngati ili: Chiwerengero chosamvetseka chilichonse choposa 5 chitha kuyimiridwa ngati kuchuluka kwa zosavuta zitatu.

Zikuwoneka kuti apa ndizovuta

6 = 3 + 3 ndipo zonse zili zomveka, koma izi siziri choncho.Chowonadi ndi chakuti mayankho oterewa sayankha funso lokhudza kukhudzika kwake. Ndipo makamaka, kodi pali malo omwe lingaliro ili siligwira ntchito ndipo chifukwa chiyani?

Kuti athetse vuto la ternary, akatswiri masamu adagwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa overlap.

Njirayi idachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nthawi, kenako malo owerengera Pambuyo pake, Schnerelman adapanga koyamba kuti nambala C yayofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa manambala n

Mu 1923, Hardy ndi Littlewood adagwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso choganiza, kutsimikizira kuti Schnerelman nthawi zonse ndi chiwerengero mpaka 10

Mu 1990s, a Olivier Ramare adatsimikizira kuti zosakhalitsa ndi 6. Ndipo mchaka cha 2013 pomwe katswiri wa masamu kuchokera ku Peru adatsimikizira malingaliro a Goldbach pochepetsa nthawi zonse kuchoka pa sikisi mpaka pa 4 ndikugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso.

Koma malingaliro abwinobwino a Goldbach a Bizinesi sanathebe

Buku la Goldbach lokha limakhala ndi china chofanana ndi lingaliro la Fermat .Ndizofunikanso kudziwa kuti, malinga ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo, malingaliro a Goldbach akhoza kukhala chitsimikizo china cha kutsika kwa chilengedwe chathu komanso kupezeka kwa nyongolotsi.

1. Pa lingaliro la Goldbach, Uncle Petros ndi lingaliro la Goldbach zalembedwa pakatikati pa nkhaniyo ndi nkhani ya wamasamu yemwe akuyesera kutsimikizira malingaliro.

2. Cornell University amalipira US $ 5 miliyoni kuti athetse malingaliro a Goldbach

Kukumbukira ndi chiyani?

Asanayambe kulemba, ndimitu ya anthu okha yomwe inkakumbukira. Kulankhula ndi wina anali kokha njira yophunzirira zakale. Ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi chidziwitso chochulukirapo ndipo wamva zambiri, amaganizira zina. Ngakhale masiku ano, media zamtundu uliwonse zilipo, zakale kwambiri pakati pathu zimakhalabe zolemba zakale zomwe sizingasungidwe mwamalemba, mwina sizingatheke, kapena sizingathe.

Monga njira zonse zosungira, anthu sianthu kwamuyaya. Zonyamula zimatha kutha. Ngakhale khadi yakukumbukira yayandikira, sipangakhale njira yowerengera. Zipangizo zimatha pakapita nthawi monga timayiwalira.

Kodi timakumbukira bwanji?

Mukatero phunzirani chatsopano, makwinya ena kapena china chonga icho sichimawonekera mu ubongo. Ubongoamapanga"Chain" kuchokera ku ma neurons wolumikizidwa. Pokumbukira china chake, bongo liyenera kuyambitsa "unyolo" uwu. Nthawi zambiri ubongo umachita izi, kulumikizana kwambiri.

Zidzakhala zovuta kwa mzanga kulemba mayina a mabuku onse omwe amawerenga. Koma ndikangonena dzina la bukulo, azitha kunena mosavuta ngati akuwerenga. Dzinalo lomwe mumalimva mwina limapangitsa kuti "unyolo "wo uzikumbukira zomwe mudawerengazo. Nthawi zina, ndikamayang'ana mabuku pa shelufu, ndimakumbukira nthawi yomweyo kuti ndidagula bwanji, komwe ndimagwiritsa ntchito ndi ndani.

Koma ngati mumadula “unyolo” wolumikizidwa ndi kukumbukira? Kodi ndizotheka kuchotsa malingaliro osafunikira motere?

Pokhapokha mutadula kwambiri ubongo. Zokumbukira sizisungidwa mu gawo limodzi laubongo, koma zimagawidwa mwachisawawa m'malo onse. Kamvekedwe kakang'ono mu gawo limodzi, chikasu mu china, etc. Onsewa amakumbukira nthawi yoyamba yomwe ndimayesetsa mbatata yosenda.

Kodi ndi ziti zazikulu zomwe timasungira kukumbukira?

Itha kuganiziridwa mozama ngati muwerenge ma neuron onse komanso kuchuluka kwa neuron imodzi yomwe ingathe kupanga "maunyolo". Paul Reber, pulofesa wama psychology ku Northwestern University, adawerengetsa kuti ubongo ukhoza kukhalapo 2.5 petabytes kukumbukira. Izi ndi zofanana ndi skujambula kwa wailesi yakanema kwa zaka 300. Ichi ndi chidziwitso cha luso lanu lonse, anthu omwe mwakumana nawo, ndi ena. Koma kukumbukira kwathu sikodalirika monga momwe kumawonekera. Maselo aubongo akawonongeka, kukumbukira kumatha, ndikukumbukira chinthu chatsopano kumakhala kovuta kwambiri.

A Nelson Mandela, Purezidenti waku South Africa kuyambira 94 mpaka 99, anamwalira ali ndi zaka 95 kunyumba kwake ku Horton pa Disembala 5, 2013. Koma anthu ambiri amati amakumbukira imfa ya Mandela mndende zaka za ma 80s. "Mboni zonama" zambiri zimakumbukirabe malirowo, omwe amati amafalitsa pa TV. Zotsatira za Mandela ndizosasamala. Sitiyesa kukumbukira zonse. Mu 2007, a George W. Bush adanenanso kuti a Nelson amwalira. Umu ndi mutu wankhani yonse.

Kodi mungakumbukire china chake chomwe sichinachitike kwenikweni?

M'buku "A World Full of Demons: Science Is Like Candle in Mdima," a Carl Sagan adatsutsa amirira anthu ndi zikumbukiro zabodza mosavuta. Poyamba, sinthani mbiri ya munthu. Sagan adatchulapo anthu ngati chitsanzo kuti, polimbikitsidwa ndi madotolo kapena okopa, adayamba kukhulupilira kuti adalandidwa ndi alendo kapena kukumbukira zomwe ana adachitidwa zomwe sizidachitikepo kale. Kwa anthu awa, mzere pakati pa kukumbukira ndi kulingalira unakhala wopanda tanthauzo, ndipo zochitika zomwe sizinachitike zidasinthidwa kukumbukira kuti ndi zenizeni. Ochita nawo kafukufukuyo atha kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane zochitika zopeka, ngati kuti zikuchitika. Zikumbukiro zonama zimakhala ndi katundu wofanana ndi enieni.. Njira yokhayo yosiyanitsira pakati pawo ndikupeza umboni. kukumbukira komwe kumafunikira "kuyesedwa." Zikumbukiro zonama zimakhazikika m'mitu ya anthu omwe ali ndi IQ yotsika, ana ndi iwo omwe ali ndi matenda amisala (schizophrenia). Ngati munthu salekanitsa bwino zopeka ndi zenizeni, ndiye kuti amakumbukira zinthu zabodza m'mutu mwake. Kukumbukira zonama za zochitika zonse ndizochepa kuposa kusala pang'ono (kuganiza kuti tinaona msewu umodzi m'malo mwa wina).

Makumbukidwe amatha kutsimikizira kapena kuwononga mlandu.

Ku United States, bambo wina adapezeka ndi mlandu wakugwirira ana ake aamuna olera. Atsikana ali ndi zaka zambiri adamulembera fomu. Bamboyo adaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende moyo wawo wonse. Atsikana anali ndi ubwana wovuta. Kugwiriridwa kwamphamvu kudafikira ku United States, zomwe zidawasiya kuzindikira kwawo. Alongowo, atakweza abambo akewo, ananena kuti amachitapo miyambo yopereka nsembe, ndipo anaika nyama zotsalazo kuseri kwa nyumbayo. Apolisi anakumba bwalo lonse mkati, koma sanapeze chilichonse. Iyi inali belu loyamba kumasula munthu wosalakwa. Pambuyo pakupanga mayeso angapo ndi ma cheke ena, atsikanawo adazindikiridwa kuti ndiopenga.

Elizabeth Loftus, katswiri wazamisala ku Yunivesite ya California, Irvine, adzipereka pantchito yophunzira kukumbukira zinthu zabodza. Mu 1980, adayitanitsa odzipereka kuti akafufuze. Loftus adabwera ndi nkhani yaulendo womvetsa chisoni kupita kumalo ogulitsira, komwe adataika. Kuti izi zitheke, mabanja awo adanyamuka. Wachitatu mwa anthuwa adakumbukira mwatsatanetsatane mwambowu.

Amnesia, kusokonezeka, paramnesia - matenda ogwirizana ndi kukumbukira. Amnesia - Uku ndikukumbukira pang'ono kapena kukumbukira kwathunthu. Paramnesia Kupotoza kukumbukira. At kuphatikizika koma munthu amapotoza zakumbuyo powonjezera nthano kwa iwo. Odwala omwe ali ndi paramnesia amasakaniza zochitika zakale ndi zamakono, kukumbukira zenizeni komanso zopeka. Izi ndichifukwa choti munthu amazindikira kwambiri zomwe zidamuchitikira m'mbuyomu. Choyambitsa matendawa ndi kupsinjika, kugwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso. Zophwanya "Zachikale" - ndikusintha malingaliro olakwika ndi kukumbukira kosangalatsa kwambiri. Zokhudzana ndi zamavuto - zovuta zopanda pake kapena kudziona kuti ndi wopanda pake. Pakalipano palibe mankhwala ena ake.

Chifukwa chiyani anthu samakumbukira bwino ubwana wawo?

Ndi ukalamba, muubongo wamunthu, maselo akale amasinthidwanso kwatsopano, pomwe amakumbukiridwanso kukumbukira koyambirira. Ubongo wa ana sungathe kusunga zambiri.

Memories ndi laibulale yathu ya zithunzi yomwe muyenera kusamala nayo. Chulukitsani, phunzitsani ubongo ntchito zanzeru, ndi zina zambiri. Zonsezi zidzakuthandizani kukumbukira zinthu komanso kutha kukumbukira zinthu.

Megateria

Oimira banja lino adafika pakukula kwa njovu. Imodzi mwa mitundu yayikulu kwambiri inali megaterium (Megatherium), yotalika mamita 6. Mitunduyi inali pafupifupi yofanana Eremotheriumkusungidwa mpaka kumapeto kwa Pleistocene. Zinthu zakale zomwe zapezeka zimapezeka ku South America ndi Florida. Kubadwa kwina Nothrotherium ndi Nothrotheriops, anali ofanana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake ndipo anapulumuka mpaka kumapeto kwa Pleistocene - wina kumwera, wina kumwera chakumpoto. Chigoba chachikulu, chotchedwa thalassocnus, chinali moyo wam'madzi ndipo chimakhala m'mphepete mwa Peru yamakono. Mitundu yoyambirira inali Mapulani ndi Mahapuamakhala ku South America ku Miocene komanso pafupi ndi banja la megaterium. Mahapu inafika kutalika kwa 1.2 m.

Milodons

Ma Milodons amapanga gulu lama sloth ang'onoang'ono. Mamilons akuluakulu kwambiri anali amtundu womwewo ndipo adatalika 3 m, omwe kukula kwake amafanana ndi ng'ombe zamphongo. Zotsalira zoyambirira zakale zinapezeka mu 1895 kuphanga lomwe lili kufupi ndi tawuni ya Puerto Natales ku Patagonia ya ku Chile. Zikuwoneka kuti nyamazo zinatha zaka 11,000 zapitazo. Akin kwa iwo Glossotherium harlani anapezeka m'maenje a phula pafamu ya La Brea pafupi ndi Los Angeles. Chifundo Scelidotherium anali osiyana ndi kapangidwe kake ka chigaza ndipo amakhala ku South America kuyambira ku Pliocene koyambirira mpaka Late Pleistocene. Panali mtundu Lestodon.

Chiyambi cha subspecies

Megatherium (Megatherium) - mtundu womwe sutha, womwe unalipo kuyambira 2 miliyoni mpaka 80,000 zapitazo

Asayansi sanafike pamgwirizano pa yemwe ali kholo la megateria.

Mokulira, monga nyama zambiri, zimphona izi zimachokera ku kulumikizana komwe kumachitika pakati pa zinyama ndi ma dinosaurs.

Zikuwoneka kuti, malo omwe amapezeka kwambiri ku New World panthawi ya Oligocene, zaka zoposa 35 miliyoni zapitazo, kunali malo obisalirapo kwambiri.

Komabe, oimira komaliza a megataya adamwalira zaka zoposa 10,000 zapitazo, zomwe zidayamba kutukuka kwa makolo a anthu ku America.

Ma Milodons ndi aulesi awiri amatha kugawana ubale ndi megataya, koma adalephera kufikira kukula kwa kholo lawo lotchuka.

Ngati anthu amakono afika mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka, ndiye kuti ma sloth akuluakulu nthawi zina amapitilira mamitala asanu ndi umodzi.

Kulemera kochititsa chidwi kumeneku kunawateteza kwachilengedwe kwa adani ambiri, mwakutero kuti adakhala amodzi mwa mitundu yocheperako yomwe idasintha bwino pambuyo pa nyengo ya ayezi yomaliza.

Habitat

Wodwala wamakono amakonda korona wamitengo ndi malo otentha / otentha.

Mosiyana ndi iye, kholo lidasunthira pansi kwambiri ndipo silinaganizirepo zokhala pamtengo, popeza nthumwi zambiri za maluwa sizimatha kulemera chimphona chachikulu.

Megaterius adakonda kukhala patali ndi ng'ombe ndikusintha malo oimikapo magawo pokhapokha ngati chakudya chatha.

Amakhulupilira kuti malo okhala ku New World momwe adakhalira malo ogona akuluakulu, komabe, kafukufuku watsopano akuwonetsa kusintha kwa megateria, motero, kusiyanasiyana kwa madera okhala.

Miyeso ya chimphona chachikulu

Megaterium anali wamkulu kwambiri. Kugona kumeneku sikokwanira kukula kwa mbadwa zake zakutali masiku ano, amatha kukangana ngakhale ndi njovu.

Pafupifupi, megaterium inkafika pamtunda wamamita 4-6, imadalira kwambiri miyendo yake yakutsogolo ndipo sinathe kuthamanga.

Kulemera matani angapo kunachepetsa kuthamanga kwake, koma kunapereka mwayi woposa owononga ochepa.

Matalala ochititsa chidwiwo adatha kugwa pamagoli akuluakulu, pomwe sloth adachotsa khunguyo pamitengo ndikutulutsa nthambi zam'mwamba.

Ndikamenya kamodzi amatha kuthyola kamtengo kapena kakhalidwe ka "wokonda nyama" wanyenga.

Chifukwa chani omwe sloths anamwalira

Pali ziphunzitso ziwiri zodziwika bwino zoti chifukwa chiyani malo osowa kwambiri sanakhaleko masiku ano
nthawi.

Choyamba ndizachilengedwe ndipo zimatanthawuza kuti ma sloth osachedwa kwambiri, osayenda pang'ono pang'ono samatha kusintha kusintha kwanyengo ndipo amangomwalira chifukwa chakuwonjezeka kwa gawo losungunuka lomwe limaperekedwa ndi kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana.

Komabe, omwe amatsutsa lingaliro ili akuti kaulesi nthawi ina adasinthanitsa ndi kusintha kwa malo kupita ku North America, komwe kumayankhula kale chifukwa cha kusintha kwake mosachedwa.

Chachiwiri Hypothesis ndiyosavuta ndipo imatanthawuza chidwi cha anthropogenic pakapangidwe ka izi.

Mwachidule, kaulesi kopusa kanayamba kugwa ndi chizolowezi chosaka cha amwenye oyamba ku America.

Izi zimathandizidwa ndi mfundo yoti pakufukula komwe kumachitika m'mudzi wa Santa Elina, mafupa otupa amapezeka, mwina anali ndi zaka 23,000, malinga ndi kufufuza kwa chaka cha 2017.

Megaterius amathanso kuzolowera zinthu zamakono komanso kukhala ndi chinsinsi.

Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, ma cryptozoologists ochokera padziko lonse lapansi amabwera ku chidebe cha Amazon kudzafufuza Mantipuari, yemwe ndi cryptid kuchokera ku nthano za Amwenye, zomwe zimawoneka ngatiwulesi.

Mitundu ya malo akuluakulu. Megateria

Mwina awa ndi oimira odziwika a gululi. Kukula kwake, amatha kupikisana ndi njovu ndikufika mita 6 kutalika. Kuphatikiza pa megaterium, oimira genus Eremotherium, omwe adatha kukhalako mpaka kumapeto kwa Pleistocene, amakhalanso osiyana ndi kukula kofanana. Zotsalira za nyama izi zidapezeka ku South America, komanso zimapezeka ku Florida. Mitundu ina ya chimphona chachikuluchi idafanana kwambiri ndipo idapulumuka mpaka kumapeto kwa Pleistocene - wina ku South America ndi wina ku dera la North America.

Kuphatikiza pa izo, kunalinso malo akale a Hapalops ndi Pianops, omwe amakhala kudera la South America ku Miocene ndipo adapeza kuyandikana ndi banja la megateria. Mulimonsemo, kutalika kwa Hapalops kufikira masentimita 120.

Madzi akuluakulu obisalira

Kuphatikiza apo, kunalinso chimphona chotchedwa slal thalassoknus, chomwe chimakhala m'mphepete mwa gombe lamakono la Peru ndikumakhala moyo wamadzi kapena, mwina, wam'madzi wamadzi. Tsoka ilo, pali zinthu zochepa kwambiri za sloth izi ndipo zimagwirizana ndi Miocene ndi Pliocene. Mwachiwonekere, malo akuluakulu am'madzi oterewa amadya kwambiri udzu ndi algae. Popita nthawi, adayamba kudya masamba osaya, ndikupita kuya. Pokhapokha atagwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zamphamvu zamtunduwu, zomwe adazigwirizira pafupi ndi pansi, monga momwe iguanas zam'madzi zamasiku ano zimatichitira. Mitundu iyi idalinso pafupi ndi megateria.

Dzinalo "megalonics" lidavomerezedwa ndi Purezidenti wakutsogolo wa America ku America, a Thomas Jefferson, mu 1797.

Awiri-aulesi

Banja lidalipobe mpaka pano. Ma slows amakono okhala ndi zala ziwiri ndi gawo limodzi la banja. Ponena za oimira banja amphamvu kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, anali a Megalonyx jeffersonii, omwe mabwinja awo amapezeka pafupifupi oyamba pakati pa malo ena akuluakulu oopsa. Izi zidachitika kale mu 1796. Komanso, malo ena omwe amakhala ku Greater Antilles, omwe amadziwika ndi kukula kwakukulu, ndi a banja la aulesi awiri.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.