Pinwheel ndi mbalame yamatabwa, yocheperako kakang'ono, yaying'ono kuposa mpheta. Ili ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha khosi losunthika kwambiri, lomwe limatha kuzungulira mbali iliyonse. Mtundu wake ndi wofanana ndi wa mbuzi, nthenga zazimvi zimapezeka pakati pa nthenga.

Chifukwa cha mtundu wake, turntable pafupifupi imangophatikizika ndi thunthu la mtengo ndipo ndizovuta kuzizindikira ndi maliseche, ndipo ikakonda kukhala masamba a mitengo, imatsikira pansi pokhapokha pakufunika.

Chifukwa chiyani mbalameyi imakhala ndi moyo wotere? Chowonadi ndi chakuti ma verticeshell ndi ofooka mwachilengedwe, kotero ngati chilombo (mwachitsanzo, mphaka) chikawukira mwadzidzidzi, ndiye kuti zingakhale zovuta kuuluka mofulumira.

Mwamwayi, chilengedwe chinawonetsetsa kuti mbalame zonsezi sizigwidwa ndi zokonda za anthu opindika: maanja ake ndi zotupa zake zimapangidwa mwanjira yoti izitha kumamatira mosadukiza ku nthambi zotere zomwe adani ambiri sangakwere (ngakhale zikukwawa samapambanabe ngati mtengo wamatabwa).

Mbalameyo ikatsikira pansi, ndiye imayenda ndikuthamanga. Mawu a mbalameyi ndi amveka kwambiri ndipo amabangula, koma ngati modzidzimutsa, mbalameyo imayamba kulira ndikuyamba kuwopseza, mwinanso, mwa machitidwe ake, imayamba kufanana ndi njoka.

Kodi mbawala imakhala m'dera liti?

Nyanja imakhala pafupifupi kuzilumba zonse ndi makontinenti, mutha kukumana ndi mbalameyi komwe kumakhala nyengo yopanda chinyezi. Imakhala moyo wosamukasamuka, koma ngati ingokhala malo amodzi kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti imayamba zisa.

Amabweranso kuchokera kumayiko otentha mkati mwa kasupe, pafupifupi mwezi wa Epulo, pomwe kwatentha kale. Ntchentche imawuluka pafupi kumapeto kwa chilimwe - chiyambi cha nthawi yophukira, koma nyengo ikakhala yotentha, mbalameyo imatha kuchepera mpaka Okutobala.

Zovala sizimakhala m'nkhalango, monga amakonda kukhazikika komwe kuli mitengo yomwe singakule kwambiri. Minda ndi mapaki, m'mphepete mwa mitengo komanso mitengo yokhayokha ndi malo okhalamo, iye amakonda kuti asakhale pansi kwambiri.

Komanso, turantable samasamala zobzala zaminga, chitsa ndi zitsamba. Milandu idawonedwa pomwe turant itakhazikika m'minda ya zipatso.

Mbawala sikhala m'malo a chilala chadzaoneni, popeza dothi lonyowa ndilofunikira kuti likhalepo. Verticeshell sichikukonda kukhala nawobe omangidwa chaka chatha. Zikachitika kuti chisa chagona kale pang'ono ndi mbalame yaying'ono, pomwepo mbalame yoyimitsa imaponya mbalameyo pachisa ndikukukhalamo yokha.

Kodi mbawala imakula bwanji?

Amuna akayamba msamba wawo, amayamba kuimba nyimbo zachimayi zomwe zimakhala zofanana kwambiri ndi nyimbo zamatamba. Nthawi zambiri nyengo imeneyi imayamba mchilimwe, mbalameyo ikangowuluka kupita kumalo atsopano.

Mazira ali ndi mtundu woyera, wowoneka pang'ono. Ndi ochepa kwambiri kukula kwake, masentimita awiri okha. Pakanthawi imodzi pali mazira 6 mpaka 12. Onse akazi ndi amuna amakhala akuchita chiwerewere, ndipo amatero.

Ndikofunikira kuwaswa mazira nthawi yayitali, pafupifupi masabata awiri. Patatha mwezi umodzi kukwatula, maula akuyamba kuwoneka mwa anapiye. Popita nthawi yotentha, anapiye ayenera kukhala olimba ndikuthawa kuti athe kuuluka ndi mbalame zachikulire. Amatha kupanga gulu lawo ndikuphatikizanso omwe alipo.

Anapiyewo akayamba kukhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha, makolo amatha kukonza njira ina (nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti anapiyewa amabisalira kangapo pa nyengo).

Panthawi yomwe makolo akusamalira anapiye, zinyalala zambiri ndi dothi zimadziunjikana chisa, popeza zotulukazo sizitsuka chisa konse, mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zoyera, zomwe zimachita izi pafupipafupi.

Kodi mbalameyi imadya chiyani?

Mbalameyi, monga zina zambiri, ndizosavulaza. Amadya nyerere ndi tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono. Nthawi zina mbalame imasokoneza anthill, chifukwa imagwiritsa ntchito lilime lalitali, lomwe limakhala lolimba.

Amamutsitsira mgonero ndikumadikirira kuti nyerere zosasamala zizimamatira. Nthawi imodzi, ngakhale mbalame yankhuku imatha kudya pafupifupi zana limodzi.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera

Mtundu wa ma vertices (Jynx) umaimiridwa ndi mitundu iwiri - vertices wamba (Jynx torquilla) ndi red-nodated (Jynx ruficollis). Zofala ndizodziwika bwino, zodziwika bwino komanso zophunziridwa zambiri. Dzinalo Lachilatini la mtunduwu limachokera ku liwu Lachi Greek lotanthauza "kupindika". Chimawonetsera chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha mbalameyo: ndi mantha komanso kusangalala, imatenga mawonekedwe ena ndikutulutsa khosi lake, ngati njoka.

Oimira turntable wamba ochokera kumagawo osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera, kusiyanaku kumawonetsedwa makamaka mu utoto wazambiri ndi mawonekedwe ake, mwanjira ina.

Kanema: Yotembenuka

Kutengera izi, kuchokera pa 4 mpaka 7 subspecies amasiyanitsidwa, 6 mwa iwo amadziwika ndi mgwirizano wa ornithologists:

• mtundu wamtundu womwe amakhala kwambiri ku Europe,
• subspecies of Zarudny (J. t. sarudnyi) waku Western Siberia ndiowoneka bwino komanso owoneka bwino pambali yakansi,
• Ma subspecies aku China (J. t. Chinensis) amakhala m'malo otseguka Siberia kum'mawa kwa Yenisei, China, zilumba za Kuril, Sakhalin,
• mabungwe a Himalayan (J. t. himalayana) amakhala kumapiri a Himalayan, kusamukira kumtunda kapena kutsika,
• Chusi (J. t. tschusii) amakhala kumwera kwa Europe, kakang'ono kwambiri komanso kofiyira.
• Ma Moorish subspecies (J. t. mauretanica) ali okhaokha kumapiri akumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, awa ndi anthu okhala.

Mitundu yofiyira-yokhazikika imakhala m'mphepete mwa Africa, kumwera kwa Sahara. Ili ndi mtundu wakuda kwambiri, mbali yakumbuyo ya thupi ndi yofiyira. Zizolowezi ndizofanana ndi nthawi zonse, koma miyoyo yokhazikika. Mbiri yakusinthika kwa ma turntable ndi woodpeckers athunthu alibe umboni wambiri, koma titha kunena kuti oimira banja pafupifupi zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo adakumana kale ku Eurasia ndi America. Mitundu yamakono idawonekera pambuyo pake - pafupifupi ku Middle Miocene (zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo).

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Kodi chosakanizira chimawoneka bwanji

Turntable wamba ndi yaying'ono - 17-20c kutalika, mapiko 25-25 cm, ndipo kulemera kwa 30-50 g. Imakhala ndi mutu waukulu wamtundu wamatabwa komanso lilime lalitali kukoka tizilombo tambiri. Miyendo ya mbalameyo - woodpecker imakhala ndi zala 4, ziwiri zomwe zimayendetsedwa kutsogolo ndipo ziwiri zimawongoka kumbuyo. Koma, torso siili yangwiro ngati nkhuni: bulomo lalifupi silingakhale lolimba ngati chisulu cha nkhuni, ndipo mchira wozungulira wozungulira, wopangidwa ndi nthenga zofewa, sukulolani kuti muzidalira mukamatsamira thunthu.

Kugonana kwamanyazi sikuwoneka. Amuna ndi akazi amavala zovala zamtundu woteteza. Mwambiri, ndimtundu wa bulauni komanso motley, "chintz". Mutu ndi imvi, chingwe chakuda chimadutsa m'maso. Khosi ndi chifuwa ndichikasu. Thupi lakumtambo limakhala lakuda kwambiri, lokhala ndi timadontho tamdima tomwe timalumikizana kuti timanga mosalekeza kumbuyo kwa mutu kumbuyo Mimba yopepuka yokhala ndi timawu tating'onoting'ono timene timapanga mizere pakhosi, ngati cockoo. Nthenga za mapikowo ndi zofiirira, zopindika mwamphamvu, komanso zopepuka komanso zakuda. Diso limdima, ngati khungu la miyendo.

Chapakatikati, amuna amodzi akuvina, ndipo amatulutsa kangapo kapenanso mpaka 4 pamphindikati, amalira. Akazi amawayankha mu mzimu womwewo, ndipo atakwatirana amasiya kuyimba. Pangakhale nkhawa kuchokera kwa iwo pomwe wina angamve kulira kochepa komanso kowawa.

Kodi mbawala zimakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Turtle

Mndandanda wamasamba wonyamula wamba wofunda nyanja ya Mediterranean ku Africa ndikuyenda ku Eurasia kuchokera ku Scandinavia ndi Spain kupita ku Japan. Pafupifupi imapezeka kudera lonse la nkhalango, mbali ina yopanda chigwa komanso dera lachipululu. Mbalame za ku Europe makamaka zimakhala m'maiko a Mediterranean ndi Scandinavia, anthu osowa amapezeka pakatikati pa Europe.

Ku Russia, malire akumalire kumpoto amayendera limodzi ndi 65 ° C. w. mbali ya ku Europe, ku 66 ° ku Western Siberia komanso kupitilira kumpoto, mpaka 69 ° ku Kolyma. Malire akum'mwera amayambira Volgograd, pa 50 ° C. w. (Urals) ndi kupitilira pa Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Northern China. Chiwerengero cha anthu chimapezeka m'mapiri a Central Asia ndi China.

Kuchokera pafupifupi malo onse osambira, ma verticiens amasamukira kum'mwera ndikutuluka kwa nthawi yophukira, komwe kumawasiyanitsa ndi woodpeckers:

• Kuchera kunyanja, kumadera akumwera,
• Kuchokera kumapiri a ku Central Asia kutsikira kumapiri,
• Zomwe zimapezeka pakati ndi kumpoto kwa Europe ndi Western Siberia zimadutsa ku Sahara kupita kumapiri a nkhono ndi nkhalango zam'mapiri za Africa, mpaka ku Congo ndi ku Cameroon,
• ma turntible ochokera ku Central Siberia ndi Kum'mawa Kupita ku India, kumwera kwa Japan ndi Southeast Asia,
• anthu ena ochokera ku Far East akuuluka kupita ku Alaska, ndikusintha sopoyo kukhala sopo.

Pokhala nesting, ntchentche wamba imasankha nkhalango zachikale zosakanizika komanso zowuma popanda malo opanda kanthu komanso mitengo yopanda kanthu (linden, birch, aspen). M'malo ena, mwachitsanzo, ku Scandinavia imakhala m'nkhalango zachilengedwe. Zisa za Vietnam mu malo okhala owoneka bwino, osokonekera nthawi zambiri: m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'mbali mwa zotchingira, m'miyala yamtchire, m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi. Oyandikana ndi anthu sachita mantha ndipo amatha kukhazikika m'minda ndi m'mapaki.

Nthawi zambiri, mbalameyi imatha kupezeka munkhalango komanso m'nkhalango, chifukwa sakonda nkhalango zowirira, komanso malo otseguka kwathunthu. Pakasamukira kusuntha kwakanthawi kokhawokha komwe kumatha kuwoneka pakati paminda, madambo komanso zilumba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Zovala zimadutsa nthawi zambiri m'malo otseguka okhala ndi nkhalango zachilendo, monga ma savannah. Chofunikira ndi kukhala ndi chakudya.

Kodi turant amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Turntable ku Russia

Zomwe zakudya zamtunduwu ndizomera, pang'ono - zotengera zamitundu:

• nyerere zamtundu uliwonse (nkhalango yayikulu, dziko lapansi wachikasu, tamba, ndi zina) - nyama yomwe imagwira mbalame nthawi yayitali pakudya ana, yomwe ili pafupifupi theka la chakudya, makamaka mphutsi ndi pupae zimakonda kudya,
• Tizilombo tina munthawi zonse za chitukuko: Tizilomboto (kachikumbu ka nyemba, kafadala, ndi kafadala), nsabwe, agulugufe, anyani, mphemvu, ma cicadas, ziwala, ntchentche, udzudzu ndi ma dipterans ena,
• nyongolotsi zazing'ono (dziko lapansi),
• nsabwe za nkhuni ndi akangaude amagwera m'milomo yawo, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amabisala pansi pa makungwa.
• mazira a mbalame zazing'ono, mwachitsanzo, gawo lalikulu amapita kukadyetsa anapiye,
• slugs, gastropods tating'ono ndi ma thunzi nthawi zina amakhala ozunzidwa,
• kuchokera ku zakudya zamasamba amagwiritsa ntchito zipatso zazikulu ndi zipatso (peyala, mabulosi, mabulosi abulu, mabulosi akutchire),
• zidutswa za zojambulazo, zitsulo ndi pulasitiki zimapezeka m'mimba, koma ndizokayikitsa kuti zimezedwe kuti zithetse njala.

Mlomo wazingwe ndi wofooka kwambiri kuti ungakhalire makungwa ngati mitengo yamatabwa, kapena kukumba pansi. Amatha kung'ambika pang'onopang'ono pamiyala ya khungwa, mu ming'alu, udzu ndi dothi lotayirira, pogwiritsa ntchito lilime lalitali kusintha ngati probe. Kutha kuyenda pamtunda kumawathandiza kupeza chakudya osati pansi, komanso mitengo ikuluikulu yamitengo.

Ngakhale akudyetsa anapiye awo, makolo amapanga ndege pafupifupi 5 mpaka 10 pa ola limodzi patsiku, kutengera zaka za omwe akudalira. Kawirikawiri ziphuphu zazing'onozing'ono ndi mphutsi za nyerere zimabweretsedwa kwa ochepa, kwa anthu akuluakulu - chakudya chosiyana kwambiri. Mtunda womwe amawuluka nthawi iliyonse kukafunafuna chakudya ndi pakati pa 20 ndi 350 metres.

Chosangalatsa: Akatswiri azachilengedwe ku India, ataonera kachidutswa kakang'ono ka mvula yozizira, adapeza kuti amadya mbalame yaying'ono. Atagwira mbalame m'miyendo yake, chofunda chija chinadulidwa mwaluso ndikukhomerera mtembowo. Sizinadziwike, iye anapha mbalame kapena kunyamula munthu yemwe wamugwira.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Yotembenuka m'chilengedwe

Panthawi yosamukira komanso nthawi yozizira, ma turntable amatha kusamukira m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a mbalame 10 mpaka 12, koma nthawi yotentha nthawi zonse amakhala ogawikana. Awiriwa "amavala" gawo lake, amasunga mtunda pakati pa zisa zosachepera ma 150 - 250. Pakakhala zovuta kwambiri amakhala komwe amakhala. Amasunga chinsinsi, osalengeza kupezeka kwawo.

Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimadyetsa, kukwera nthambi ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ndikupitiliza kuphatikiza nyerere ndi zodutsa zina pansi pa khungwa. Nthawi zambiri amatsikira pansi, pomwe amasunthika mwachidule ndikukhazikika ndi mchira wawo wamtambo. Popitiliza kuwononga tizilombo kuchokera ku udzu ndi zinyalala, sataya mtima, poyang'anira zonse zomwe zikuzungulira. Kuuluka kwa ma turntable ndikosachedwa komanso kosagwirizana, koma mwanjira ina amatha kugwira tizilombo touluka.

Mbalame yokhala pamtengo imagwirira ntchito ngati mutu wake utakwezedwa ndipo mulomo wake umakwezedwa. Mwina ndi momwe amatsanzirira pang'ono. Pamisonkhano ya anthu awiri, koma osati okwatirana, amachita mwambo: kuponya mitu yawo yokwezeka, kutsegula milomo yawo ndikugwedeza mitu yawo, nthawi zina kuwatsikira mbali imodzi. Zingatanthauze chiyani, palibe amene akudziwa.

Zomwe zimapangidwira kwambiri ndizovala zamakhalidwe ndi machitidwe ngati pali ngozi. Mbalame, itagwedezeka pachisa kapena kugwidwa, imagwetsa mapiko ake, yotambasulira mchira wake, ndikutambasulira khosi lake ndikuyizungulira ngati njoka, kenako ndikuponya mutu wake, kenako ndikuyitembenuza mbali ndi mbali. Nthenga zimathera pomwepo. Kuphatikiza apo, imalira ngati njoka ndipo zonsezi, kuphatikiza ndi kudabwitsidwa, zimapanga chithunzi chonse chazirala. Mochulukitsa, mbalameyo imayerekezera kuti ndi imfa ndipo imapachikika m'manja mwa wogwira ndikutseka ndi maso ake.

Kufika kwa masika kumachitika mosadziwika, nthawi zambiri usiku. Amafika kum'mwera kwa Russia chakumapeto kwa Epulo, kumpoto chakumapeto koyamba kapena kumapeto kwa Meyi (Yakutia). Ziwuluka zimathanso kugwa, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, nthawi zina ngakhale mu Novembala (Kaliningrad).

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Turtle

Ma turntable samadandaula ndikusankha mnzanu woyenera ndipo chaka chilichonse, pobwerera kuchokera kumwera, pezani watsopano. Chapakati pa Russia, ndewu yoyamba idachitika kumapeto kwa Meyi - koyambirira kwa Juni.

Malo oyenera chisa amatha kutalika mpaka 3 m, osatalikirana kwambiri: dzenje lomwe limawola, chitsa, dzenje la kumeza pathanthwe, m'khoma la khoma. Nyumba zopanga ngati nyumba zopangira mbalame komanso nyumba zopikira mbalame zimakonda mbalame. Makamaka nthawi zambiri amapanga chisa m'ngalande, koma iwo, ngati mitengo yamatabwa, sangathe kutuluka ndipo akufuna otsala. Zilibe kanthu ngati chilichonse chatanganidwa. Turntable imathetsa vutoli mosavuta: kuthamangitsa eni. Pokhapokha ngati zing'onozing'ono, zina zowuluka.

Wamphongo amapeza malo abwino ndikuyamba kuyimba, kuyitana mayiyo. Ngati sayankha asanadutse masiku awiri, amasintha malowa. Ngati ayankha, azidikirira kuti mpaka afike, pang'onopang'ono.

Sazisonkhanitsa zinthu zilizonse zomanga ndipo zimakhutira ndi zotsalira za fumbi ndi zisa zakale, ngati zilibe. Pa zinyalala izi, zazikazi zimayala (5) 7 - 10 (14) mazira oyera 16 - 23 × 13 - 17 mm kukula kwake. Amuna amalowerera mazira mosinthana, ngakhale wamkazi amatero nthawi zambiri kwa masabata awiri. Pafupi ndi chisa amayenda mwakachetechete, pochita ngozi amadzimadziwitsa, pansi pa khungwa. Koma mdani akagonjera mdzenje, mbalameyo imawonetsa chisoti chachifumu ndi njoka.

MaChicken samabadwa nthawi yomweyo ndipo magulu azaka zosiyana amakhala moyandikana, zomwe zimapangitsa mpikisano wopanda vuto. Makolo amawadyetsa kwa masiku 23 - 27, mpaka ana atayamba kuwuluka kumapeto kwa Juni. Kenako makolo amatha kuyambiranso ana.

Adani achilengedwe a ofukula

Chithunzi: Kodi chosakanizira chimawoneka bwanji

Turntable ilibe adani enieni, ikhoza kuwopsezedwa ndi onse omwe amakonda mazira, anapiye ndi nyama ya mbalame.

Mbalameyi ndi yaying'ono, yopanda chitetezo ndipo ambiri angakhumudwe nayo, kuyambira ndi abale:

• mitengo ikuluikulu, mwachitsanzo, motley yayikulu, kuthamangitsa mbalame mumakola awo omwe amawakonda,
• Mbalame zodya nyama - nkhwangwa, nkhanu zakuda, mbawala zazikazi ndi zinkhanira (zinziri ndi goshawk) zimagwira mbalame zazikulu,
• zokwawa, kufera, kuwonongeka, kuwononga zitha kuwononga zisa,
• agologolo amakonda kudya mazira a mbalame ndi anapiye ndipo amatha kulowa m'mabowo,
• aliyense ali ndi tiziromboti, kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagazi (utitiri, nsabwe, nkhupakupa), mphutsi ndi ma protocrant. Popeza ma turntable amasamukira, amatha kupatsirana ndi majeremusi atchuthi ndikupita nawo kumalo odyera. Mphindi ino yolumikizirana zachilengedwe imaphunzilidwa moipa kwambiri.

Mvula komanso nyengo yozizira imalepheretsa anapiye kutalika ndikuthamanga, zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wawo woti adyedwe. Ntchito zoyipa za munthu m'miyoyo ya turntables zimafotokozedwa pakuwonongeka kwa malo, makamaka kuchepetsedwa kwa mitengo ndi mitengo payokha, kuyeretsa nkhalango zamitengo yakale ndi mitengo. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumachepetsa kwambiri chakudya, makamaka m'malo omwe muli minda yambiri.

Chosangalatsa: Matumba akuluakulu amatha kubowola zisa za ma turntable ndikupha anapiye pomenyera malo a nesting. Izi ndizosangalatsa, popeza ma turntiles amachitanso chimodzimodzi ndi ma toni akulu. Matayala amakhala ankhanza kwambiri komanso mwachangu, ma turret ndi akulu, kotero nkhondo yapakati pa mbalamezi ndiyofanana.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Mkhalidwe wamtunduwu, malinga ndi IUCN: "nkhawa pang'ono". Kuyerekeza pafupifupi kwa chiwerengero cha mbalame padziko lonse lapansi ndi 15 miliyoni, makulidwe ake ndi ochulukirapo. M'madera ena, anthu okhala mokhazikika adatsika kapena kuwonongeka konse (England, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark), koma ambiri adakalipo. Ku Spain, awiriawiri, awiriawiri ku France, awiriawiri, ku France pafupifupi awiri awiri - 300, ku Finland - awiriawiri, ku Sweden mpaka awiriawiri, mbalame ku Italy zikuchulukirachulukira.

Ku Russia, kuyambira 300,000 mpaka 800 zikwi mbalame. Kuchulukana kwa mbalame m'dera lomwelo zimatha kukhala 20 mpaka 0.2 awiriawiri km2, kutengera mtundu wa mbewuzo. Makamaka, m'dera la Tambov, malo okhala m'nkhalango za paini ndi 8awiri / km2, m'nkhalango zowola - 8, m'nkhalango zosakanikirana - 7.5, m'nkhalango zowirira - 7.5. Mbalamezi ndizofala kwambiri komanso zochulukirapo mdera la Rostov ndi Voronezh, zimapezeka kulikonse ku Western Siberia, koma nthawi zina, zimapezeka m'dera la Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk Territory ndi Tuva.

Chochititsa chidwi: Ku England, ziguduli zidakhazikika mpaka pakati pa zaka zapitazi. Pazonse, mu 1954 panali zisa zana - 200 - 200, mu 1964 - 26 - 54 zisa, mu 1973 - zosaposa zisa 5. Mu 1981, ngakhale mbalame zizipezeka, sizinapange chisa.

Nthawi yomweyo, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yamtunduwu kunachepetsedwa ku Scandinavia ndi maiko apakati pa Europe. Zomwe zimayambitsa ndikusintha kwa nyengo komanso kuchepa kwa malo okhala malo okhala. Ntchito yayikulu idachitika ndikuwononga maudzu ozungulira minda, kugwa kwa nyumba ndi mitengo patokha, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Wryneck nyama yosangalatsa komanso yachilendo. Mwina mudzatha kukumana ndi mbalame yodzicheka iyi munyengo yosungirako malo osungirako zinyama kapena m'munda wanu, chomwe chisinthiko chapereka ndi mphatso yodabwitsa - kuthekera koimira njoka. Chitsimikizo chowonjezereka chakuti palibe nyama zopanda chidwi. Aliyense amangofunika kuphunzira zambiri za iye, amasunga maluso odabwitsa.

Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala

Ingoyang'anani zojambulajambula pazithunzi kuti muwonetsetse: molingana ndi kukula kwake, mbalameyo ili pafupi ndi dongosolo la odutsa kuposa anthu amtundu wamatabwa okhudzana nayo. Kutalika kwa thupi nthawi zambiri sikupita 20 cm, ndipo mapiko amasiyana masentimita 24 mpaka 29.

Kulemera kwa turntable nthawi zambiri sikoposa 50 magalamu. Potengera kapangidwe ka miyendo, lilime ndi kuwuluka ngati mafunde, ali ofanana ndi mpheta liwu la turntable ndikosavuta kusokoneza ndi oyimira ena a gulu la Woodpecker.

Mitengo yambiri yamadzi am'madzi amtunduwu imafanana ndi khungwa la mtengo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbalamezo zizitha kubisala mumakona a nthambi kuti ziziwombe mwadzidzidzi. Mtundu wa mbalamezi umayang'aniridwa ndi ma toni otuwa, kumbuyo ndi m'mimba yokutidwa ndi mawanga oyera ndi mawonekedwe a wavy.

Mapaundi anapiye imabwereza utoto wa okalamba kupatula njira yomveka bwino. Malo ogawa mbalamewo ndi ochulukirapo, ndipo masiku ano amatha kupezeka kumwera kwa Europe, ku Portugal, France, Spain komanso, m'mbali mwa nyanja yonse ya Mediterranean.

Komanso ma turntables amapezeka ku China, Mongolia, Korea ndi mayiko ena a ku Asia. Ku Russia, amapezeka nthawi zambiri kumadera a Middle and Southern, kumapiri a Ural komanso m'chigwa cha mtsinje wa Lena. Mitundu yambiri ya ma turntable, mosiyana ndi mbalame zina za banja la woodpecker, zimakonda kusuntha nthawi yayitali.

Kwa nthawi yozizira, amachoka kunyumba zawo ndikupita ku Africa, India, Ethiopia ndi maiko ena okhala ndi nyengo yotentha yotentha. Ma turntable amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino za mitundu yosakanikirana ndi yosakanikirana, komwe amakhala okondwa kukhala ndi zisa zosiyidwa m'miyala, m'mphepete, ndimu ndi mitengo ina. Itha kupezekanso nthawi zambiri pakati pa mapilogalamu, minda yazipatso, minda yamphesa, minda ndi malo ena ofananirako.

Zovala sizosangalatsa kwa asaka, chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo oyandikira kwa munthu kunja kwa malo okhala kapena pakatikati pa mapaki, mabwalo ndi pafupi ndi minda. Pewani taiga, nkhalango zowirira zakuda ndi malo ena omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndikulowerera pang'ono kwa dzuwa.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Chifukwa cha mulomo wofowoka, ma vertice sangathe kuboweka m'maenje a mtengo, kumakhala malo ena osiyidwa ndi nkhuni, mpheta ndi mbalame zina. Nthawi zina, kulanda chisa sikugwira popanda mikangano yowopsa, chifukwa mbali yakutayika imasiya dzenje.

Amakonda kwambiri nyumba zokhala ndi njira yopapatiza komanso yotalikilapo, kupangitsa kuti ngakhale kosatheka ndi dzanja la munthu kulowa. Kuchita mantha kapena kudabwitsidwa, mbalame ya pinwheel amachepetsa khosi lake, kukhala ngati chule ndipo amapangitsa mawu osamva osawerengeka kuti akhumudwe.

Nthawi zina amapanga mawu okuluwika omwe amatha kusokonezeka mosavuta ndi njoka. NDIPO chikasu ndi spinnerMonga oimira gulu la woodpecker, amagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zofananira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizirana komanso pofuna kukopa chidwi.

Zizindikirozi zimaphatikizaponso melodic zingapo osati zomveka kwambiri zofanana ndi kulira kwa mbalame yambewu. Zingwe zimatha kukhala zayekha kapena kupita pagulu laling'ono nthawi isanakwane, yomwe m'magulu osiyanasiyana zimatengera malo ndi nyengo.

Ma turntables sadziwa momwe angakwirere pa mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo ngati mitengo yamatabwa yolumikizana nayo. Kuphatikiza apo, osati kokha mlomo, komanso mapiko a mbalamezi zimakhazikitsidwa, zomwe zimatha kuwapangitsa kukhala osavuta kwa mitundu yonse ya adani anyani.

Komabe, mbalamezi zimakhala ndi timiyendo tolimba tokhala ndi zikhadabo zolimba komanso zopaka utoto, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kosawoneka ndi kosatheka kufikiranso adani.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Sipinachi ndi mbalame zomwe zimatetezeka kwambiri, ndipo zomwe zimakonda kwambiri ndi mitundu yonse ya nyerere (zachikasu, zofiira, zadothi ndi zina). Mbalameyi nthawi zambiri imachita kuwonongeka kwa anthill, kuyilowetsa lilime lawo lalitali lomata mwa iwo, kudikirira mpaka itakutidwa kwathunthu ndi tizilombo tosachedwa. Nthawi inayake, turant ikhoza kugwira nyerere zoposa zana, zomwe zimatchedwa "anteat flying".

Mwachindunji panthawi yakubzala, chakudya cha ma vertices 'chimakhala makamaka ndi pupae ndi mphutsi, osati nyerere zaz achikulire. Itha kuthandizidwanso ndi mitundu yonse ya akangaude, nsikidzi, mbozi, nsabwe za m'masamba, zipatso ndi zipatso.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Kufufuza zisa ndi nthawi yakukhwima kumachitika ndi amuna. Atapeza nyumba yabwino kwambiri, amayamba kuyitanira azimayiwo ndi kufuula kwawo kokweza kwambiri, komwe kumamveka patali kwambiri.

Mverani kulira kwa chingwe cha zingwe mukamameta:

Vertices satenga nawo mbali pokonzekera zisa, kukhala okhutira ndi zomwe otsala eni ake, ndipo nthawi zina amadziponyera pansi pamodzi ndi zinyalala zambiri. Zovala sizikhala mbalame zokhazokha, ndipo zopangidwa awiriawiri chaka chilichonse. Nthawi yakukhwima nthawi zambiri imayamba pakati pa kasupe.

Pakadumphidwe kamodzi, wamkazi amabweretsa mazira 7 mpaka 15, omwe masabata awiri pambuyo pake amadzabadwa ana amphongo ndi amaliseche. Makolo amapatsa ana awo zidole mowolowa manja, ndipo patatha pafupifupi milungu itatu chakudya chachikulu chotere, ana ang'onoang'ono amasiya chisa cha kholo lawo, woyamba kukhazikika panthambi zoyandikana.

M'tsogolomu, pang'onopang'ono amasamukira kumagawo atsopano kuti akapeze zabwino zomwe amakonda - nyerere. Pakatikati kutalika kwa moyo mu malo achilengedwe - zaka khumi.

Voterani

Nyimbo yanyengo ya kutukuka kwake komanso nyimbo zake zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi nyimbo yobiriwira, imvi komanso ngakhale yakuda, komanso yofanana ndikulira kochititsa mantha kwa abodza ang'ono, koma amakhala chete komanso odekha. Ili ndi mndandanda wa kulira kwa nthawi yayitali kwa 12- 18 ka "ty-ty-ty-ty", kubwerezedwa mwachangu mpaka 4 times pa sekondi. Wamphongo amakuwa, ndikusankha dzenje loyenerera ndikuyitana wamkazi pafupi naye. Ngati mkati mwa tsiku limodzi kapena awiri simuyimva kuitana, yamphongo imawulukira kumalo ena ndikuyambiranso. Atamva zazikazi kutali, wamkazi amacheza naye mpaka mbalame zonse ziwirizi. Pambuyo popeta, mbalame sizimayimba. Chizindikiro chokhala ndi nkhawa ndi tech-tech-tech kapena pizza-pizza-yaphokoso. Mbawala, yosokonezeka pachisa, imapanga mawu akulira, ngati njoka, ndipo monga iwo imatha kuzungulira khosi mwamphamvu.

Dera

Ku Africa, zisa ku Algeria ndi Tunisia m'malire pang'ono ndi m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Ku Eurasia, imakhala m'chigawo chachikulu cha nkhalango kuyambira kum'maŵa kwa Iberian Peninsula ndi kumadzulo kwa France kupita kummawa mpaka ku belu la Kolyma, kumwera kwa gombe la Pacific, Sakhalin, zilumba za Kuril ndi Japan, ngakhale kumwera kwa chigawo chapakati cha China. Kumpoto kwa Europe, kulibe ku Britain Isles, komabe, imasowa pafupifupi ku Scandinavia, kupatula malo ammapiri kumpoto kwa mbali ya 67. Ku Russia, zimapezeka kumpoto mpaka kumalire a nkhalango: kumbali ya ku Europe, mpaka 65 ° C. ., ku Western Siberia mpaka 66 ° c. sh., mu mabeseni a Khatanga ndi Lena mpaka 68 ° C. ., m'chigwa cha Kolyma mpaka 69th parallel.

Kummwera kwa Europe, kumalowera kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Meditereya kuchokera kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Spain kupita kummawa kukafika kumpoto kwa Greece, komanso kuzilumba za Mallorca, Ibiza, Corsica, Sardinia ndi Sicily, zimapezeka kumwera kwa Portugal. Kudera la Volga - chakumwera mpaka 49 ° C. w. (Dera la Volgograd), m'chigwa cha Ural mpaka 50 ° С. ., ku Kazakhstan kumpoto m'dera la 51, kum'mawa kwa dera la Semipalatinsk. Ku Mongolia ndi China, kumwera kupita ku Mongolia Altai, mapiri a Hangai, Chigawo cha Heilongjiang komanso kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Korea. Madera akutali kumwera kwa gawo lalikulu ku Kashmir ndi mapiri apakati pa China - m'chigawo cha Gansu, Qinghai ndi Sichuan.

Mpaka chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, ku Britain kunali anthu ochepa okha (mpaka 200-500) omwe adakhala ku Great Britain, kuyambira 1973, ndi limodzi mwa mbalame zomwe zidalembedwa pachilumbachi. Kuphatikiza apo, m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa mbalame kwatsika kwambiri m'maiko osiyanasiyana ku Europe, makamaka m'maiko a Scandinavia, Germany, Denmark ndi Switzerland. Zomwe zingakhale chifukwa chakuchepa kwambiri kwa ziwerengerozi zimatchedwa kusintha kwa njira zolimirana mbewu, kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kuchepa kwa malo omwe ali ndi malo abwino okhala.

Ara parrot

Kusamukira

Pinwheel ndi mtundu wokhawo wokhawokha pakati pa mitengo yamtundu wa ku Europe. Oimira okha a subspecies mauretanicaKukhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa kumakhala moyo wongokhala. Mbalame zokhala pa zilumba za Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi mapiri a Central Asia amasuntha mtunda wautali (kumapeto, kutsikira kumapiri apafupi). Anthu otsalawo ndi ochokera kumayiko ena. Madera ozizira kwa mbalame za ku Europe amapezeka kumwera kwa Sahara ali ndi lamba wambiri kuchokera ku Senegal, Gambia ndi Sierra Leone kumadzulo kupita ku Ethiopia kummawa, mpaka ku Democratic Republic of the Congo ndi Cameroon kumwera. Gawo lomweli limagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi anthu okhala ku Western Siberia. Ma turntable ochokera kumadera apakati a Siberia komanso nthawi yozizira ya Far East ku India ndi Southeast Asia, komanso kuzilumba zakumwera kwa Japan. Gawo laling'ono la mbalame zaku Far East limapita kumadera akumadzulo a Alaska.

Kufotokozera kwa mbalame

Kutalika kwa thupi la turntable ndikuchokera pa 17 mpaka 20 cm, mapiko ndi kuyambira 25 mpaka 30 cm, kulemera kwake kuli kotakata 32-48 g .. Zowoneka zazimuna ndi zazimayi ndizofanana, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi timiyala tating'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbalame zizikhala zosawoneka pakati pamitengo. Kumbuyo kuli ndi mawonekedwe ofiirira, amtundu wotuwa wokhala ndi timizere tating'ono, komwe nthawi zina timakhala malo akulu. Tummy ikuyera ndi mawonekedwe osinthika. Kuchokera pakona kwa mulomo kudzera m'maso komanso m'khosi momwe muli mkanda wowoneka bwino, ndipo winanso umadutsa pakati pa mutu ndi khosi. Pakhosi ndi pachifuwa - chikasu kapena mtundu wowoneka bwino. Utawaleza ndi wakuda bii, mlomo ndi miyendo yake ndi yofiirira. Achichepere amafanana ndi achikulire, koma zojambula zawo ndizambiri.

Mchira wa ma vertices ndi wozungulira ndipo umakhala nthenga zofewa, motero sizingatheke, monga mitengo ina yamatabwa, kukhala ngati thandizo la mbalame pamitengo ya mitengo. Chifukwa chake, mbalame zimadyera chakudya chawo kukhala pamitengo kapena mwachindunji pansi. Mlomo ndi waufupi komanso wowala. Zovala sizibowola nkhuni, koma zimatha kuchotsetsa chakudya kuchokera pansi pa makungwa owola.

Kufalitsa

Ku Africa, verticillis ndiofala ku Algeria ndi Tunisia, komanso kugombe la Mediterranean. Ku Eurasia, mbalame imapezeka m'dera lalikulu la nkhalango, kuyambira kum'mawa kwa Chigawo cha Iberian komanso kumadzulo kwa France komanso kummawa mpaka Kolyma, Sakhalin, zilumba za Kuril ndi Japan.

Pinworm ndi mtundu wokhawo wosamukasamuka womwe amakhala ku Europe. Ndi mbalame zochepa chabe za ku Africa kuno zomwe zimakhalamo. Kuchokera mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi mapiri a Central Asia, ma turne amasuntha mtunda wautali. Anthu otsalawo amawuluka kutali. Chifukwa chake, nyengo yozizira yamtunduwu imapezeka kumwera kwa Sahara, ku Senegal, Gambia ndi Sierra Leone, ku Ethiopia, Congo ndi Cameroon. Ma turntables, omwe amakhala ku Siberia ndi Kum'mawa Mpaka, amawuluka kupita nthawi yozizira kupita ku India ndi Southeast Asia.

Munthawi yodyetsera, ma vertice amasankhidwa ndi nkhalango zowoneka bwino kapena zosakanizika zomwe zimaphulika. Mbalame imamangapo zisa m'nkhalango, m'mbali, m'mphepete, m'miyala yamtchire komanso m'nkhokwe zam'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kuphatikiza apo, ma turntable samachita mantha konse ndi anthu ndipo amapezeka kawirikawiri paminda yolimidwa, m'minda ndi m'mapaki. Mankhwalawa amangotsegula mbalame za steppes.

Mitundu ya Vertichea imaphatikizapo mitundu iwiri, yomwe imapezeka m'chilengedwe cha Eurasia, ndipo yachiwiri imakhala ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara:

Chingwe chofiyira (Jynx ruficollis)

Turntable (Jynx ruficollis) wofiirira wokhala ku Africa amakhala.

Zowonjezera zamitundu yonseyi ndi zofanana, zimakhala ndi ma toni oteteza khungu. Pazolo wamba, khosi ndi chifuwa zimakhala zachikasu, ndipo m'maso oweruka ndi ofiira.

Zosangalatsa

• Agiriki akale adalumikiza sipinachi ngati zamatsenga. Mbalameyi idawonedwa kuti ndi Iinga, mwana wamkazi wa Pan, yemwe adalangidwa ndi Hera chifukwa chothandizira kulumikizana kwa Zeus ndi Io.
• Ngwazi idakhala ndi dzina chifukwa cha machitidwe omwe ali pamavuto.Ngati mutenga mbalame kwambiri m'manja mwanu kapena kuigwira modzidzimutsa, ndiye kuti imatambasulira mchira wake, miyala, ndikukhomera mapiko ake, ndikuthamangira wolakwayo, ndikusintha khosi ndi maso. Nthawi yomweyo, mbalame imalira ngati njoka ndi maguwa. Ndiye chifukwa chake, ngati muika dzanja lanu m'dzenje ndi chingwe, zikuwoneka kuti pali njoka, osati mbalame.
• Mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, ku Britain ndi ku 200 mpaka 400 padali ku Britain, koma padakali pano sichisowa. Zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi kudayamba kutsika m'maiko osiyanasiyana ku Europe, mwachitsanzo, ku Scandinavia, Germany, Denmark ndi Switzerland. Choyambitsa chake ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kuchepa kwa malo okhala mbalame.

Habitat

Munthawi yodyera, maula ochepa kapena osakanizika amakhala m'nkhalango zakale zamtundu monga spen, linden kapena birch. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mapiri a nkhalango, malo owonekera, mapiri m'nkhalango, m'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango zam'mphepete mwa nyanja. Osawopa anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala zisa m'malo olimidwa - minda yazipatso ndi mapaki. Imafika m'chigawo chachikulu kwambiri chakum'mwera kwa nkhalango komanso m'nkhalango, komwe nthawi zonse kumakhala gawo, osowa kwenikweni pachigawocho. Amapewa kutsata lotseguka, komanso nkhalango yopitilira. Pakusamukira, imapezekanso m'malo ena otseguka: minda yolimidwa, meadows, mapiri amchenga ndi magombe a miyala. M'nyengo yozizira, malo okhala amakhalanso osiyanasiyana, koma mulimonse momwe muli mitundu ya tizilombo tomwe timadyetsa mbalame. Chosiririka kwambiri ndi chipatso cha mthethe.