Chule wa Grass (Rana temporaria) - woimira banja la achule enieni (Ranidae). Ichi ndi chachikulu amphibian: amphibian amafika masentimita 10. Thupi lake ndi lalikulu, mutu wake ndi waukulu. Mtundu wa Amphibian umatha kukhala osiyana ndi beige mpaka chokoleti. Malo amdima amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kukula kwake, komanso ma tubercles, amamwazikana kumtunda kwa thupi. Mimba imakhala yopepuka, yokhala ngati chikasu kapena kuwala kwa chikasu, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mawonekedwe akuda. Malo amdima osakhalitsa amachokera kumbali yakumbuyo kwa diso kudzera pa eardrum kupita kumunsi kwa kutsogoloku.
Amuna, thupi limakhala locheperako, omwe omata omwe ali m'makona ali pakona pakamwa. Munthawi yakubereka, alengeza kuti kudzala kwachikale ku chala choyamba, komanso kumasintha pang'ono - mbali yakumwambayo imakhala yowonjezereka, pomwe mmero umapeza kuwala.
Mukuwoneka, chule wa udzu ndi chofanana kwambiri ndi mtundu wina wamtundu wina - chule lakuthwa konsekonse. Komabe, poyang'ana kwambiri, ndizosavuta kusiyanitsa. Poyamba, heroine yathu ndi mwini wake wopangira chizimbudzi kuposa msuweni wake, chachiwiri, ndiwowoneka bwino kwambiri, ndipo chachitatu, pamimba pake ali ndi mawonekedwe amdima wodabwitsa (m'mimba wokhala ndi lakuthwa). Kuphatikiza apo, heroine yathu imakhala ndi chubu chamkati chamkati.
Grass Frog Habitats
Izi zimagawidwa ku Europe konse, kupatulapo dera la Iberian. Imapezeka ku Scandinavia konse ndipo umapita kuno molowera kumpoto kuposa ena onse akum'mwera. Ku mbali ya ku Europe ya Russia kumpoto amafika m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yoyera. Malire akum'mawa a malembawo amafikira mpaka kumunsi kwa Irtysh, kumwera - kumadera akumapeto a Volga.
Amphibiam amakhala pafupifupi mitundu yonse, koma amakonda kwambiri mitengo yosakanikirana, yosakanikirana komanso yosakanikirana. M'malire a malo ake, amapezeka ngakhale mu tundra ndi m'mapazi. Amakhala m'malo olimidwa - minda, minda, minda ndi mapaki. Mapiriwo akukwera mpaka 3,000 miliyoni pamwamba pamadzi.
Monga amphibians ena, chule wa udzu amayesa kupewa matziwe amchere ndipo samatha kukhala tsiku m'madzi, mchere womwe umafika pa 0.07%.
Moyo wa achule achilengedwe mwachilengedwe
Anthu okalamba amenewa amakhala nthawi yayitali pamtunda, koma amayesa kupewa malo owuma kwambiri. Mapaipi omwe amafunikira makamaka pakukhwima, ngakhale amawonedwa pafupipafupi ndi madzi kapena m'madzi ndikatha msamba
Achule amakhala ngati pobisalira m'nkhalango zowirira zamitengo, mitengo, miyala, nthaka: pansi pawo amabisala kwa adani komanso nyengo yoipa.
Monga lamulo, aliyense amakhala malo amodzi kwa zaka zingapo: patsamba lake, chule amadziwa malo onse oyenera kusaka, malo ogona komanso nthawi yachisanu.
Pa ntchito ya chule la udzu, chinyezi chachilengedwe ndizofunikira kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri sizotheka kukumana m'mawa kapena tsiku lowala. Zochita zolimba kwa iye zimayamba madzulo ndi usiku. M'chilimwe, kukakhala mvula kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo nthaka ikuuma, ndiye kuti mwina munthu m'modzi amapezeka m'nkhalangomo. Koma nkoyenera mvula kapena kugwera mame ochulukirapo, alipo ambiri aiwo.
Kutentha kochepa sikumachepetsa kugwira ntchito kwa achule: ngakhale pa 2-3 ° C ali otakataka, ngakhale amphibians amakhala omasuka kwambiri pa kutentha kwa 17-20 ° C.
Zogwira ntchito ma amphibianszi zimasiya kukhala ndi chiyambi cha nyengo yachisanu yozizira. Achichepere amapita kukazizira mochedwerapo pang'ono kuposa achikulire, amatha kupezeka ngakhale mu Novembala, ngati kutentha kwa masana sikutsika kuposa 0 ° C.
Zojambula Za Chule ndi Habitat
Achule amakhala m'madambo m'nkhalango zoterera, komanso m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yopanda phokoso ndi nyanja zokongola.Nyama zapadera izi ndizoyimira bwino za dongosolo la amphibians opanda mchira.
Kukula kwa achule zimatengera mitundu: Achule aku Europe nthawi zambiri sakhala akulu kuposa decimeter imodzi. Chule wa ng'ombe waku North America akhoza kukhala wamkulu kuposa iwiri. Ndipo chule wa ku Africa wa goliath, womwe ndi mtundu wa zolembedwa, umafika pamlingo wopambana wa theka la mita kukula ndi kulemera kwama kilogalamu angapo.
Mu chithunzi, chule cha goliath
Palinso mitundu yaying'ono ya achule (mabanja a yopapatiza-Mitundu, kapena ma achule-achule), omwe kutalika kwake ndi kochepera sentimita.
Pachithunzichi pali chule micro-chule
Zizindikiro zakunja magulu achule a nyama awa: chithunzi chadzaza, maso otsogola, ofupikitsidwa, poyerekeza ndi kupindika kumbuyo, kutsogoloku, kugwada pansi, chibwano chamkamwa ndi kusowa kwa mchira.
Achule ndi nyama yamagazi ozizira, ndiye kuti, amatentha thupi, zomwe zimatengera mkhalidwe wa chilengedwe. Gulu la achule achibi ndi odabwitsa komanso osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mitundu isanu. Amakhulupirira kuti malo awo oyambirira anali ku Africa.
Achule, mikwingwirima ndi mikanda ndi achibale omwe alibe mchikale omwe amatsutsidwa ndi abale awo osokoneza: salamanders ndi newts. Achule ndi nyama zoyamwitsa nawonso ndi abale akutali a mtundu wa Chordates.
Achule – Izi ndi nyamawokhala ndi mtundu wosiyana kwambiri. Ambiri aiwo amabisika ngati udzu, masamba ndi nthambi, okhala ndi mitundu yobiriwira, imvi komanso imvi. Ndipo zimachita bwino kwambiri kotero kuti ndizosatheka kusiyanitsa mwachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe.
Kuphatikiza apo, chule ndi mtundu wamtundu wamtundu womwe umakhala ndi maselo omwe amasintha mtundu wa khungu, womwe umapatsanso mwayi wophatikizana ndi chilengedwe ndikupulumuka kwa adani ake.
Mitundu yambiri ya achule, m'malo mwake, imasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yowala. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu yotereyi imawonetsa kuwopsa kwa mitundu ya achule, chifukwa pakhungu la nyama pamakhala tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timitseko tomwe timakhala toopsa ndipo timavulaza thanzi.
Mitundu yowala ya chule monga ili pachithunzichi imatha kuwonetsa kuwopsa kwake
Komabe, zina zomwe zimatsata chabe, ndiye kuti, zabodza zowopsa, motero zimathawa kwa adani, kotero kuti sizingatheke kumvetsetsa kuti ndi achule ati omwe ali ndi poizoni. Tsoka ilo, ambiri mitundu ya achule atsala pang'ono kutha.
Kodi nkhomaliro ndi chiyani?
Zakudya za achule a udzu zimatengera mawonekedwe a nthaka yomwe akukhalamo. Amadyera pama dothi osiyanasiyana komanso ma invertebrates padziko lapansi. Pali tizilombo tambiri touluka tomwe timadya m'zakudya izi, chifukwa zimasaka kwambiri mumdima, pamene pali nyama zowuluka zochepa. Kumalire akumpoto kwa masanjidwewo, amasiyanitsa zakudya zawo ndi nyama zam'madzi.
Kukula kwa zakudya zamagulu amtunduwu sikufanana pakanthawi kachaka. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yakuswana, amasunga nthawi yotchedwa "mating nyengo".
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Zipatso za achule ndizofala pafupifupi m'maiko onse ndi makontinenti, zimapezeka ngakhale mu zisumbu za arctic. Koma makamaka amakonda nkhalango zam'malo otentha, komwe kuli mitundu yayikulu ya achule amtundu wawo ndi am'madzi awo.
Amakonda kukhala m'madzi atsopano. Komabe, achule amayenda bwino pamtunda, ndikupanga kulumpha kwakukulu, kukwera pamiyala yayikulu pamitengo ndikukumba maboti apansi panthaka. Ndipo mitundu ina imatha kuyenda ndikuthamanga, komanso kusambira, kukwera mitengo ndikukonzekera.
Pacithunzi-thunzi chule
Chosangalatsa kwambiri cha achule ndichakuti amamwa oxygen kudzera pakhungu. Ndipo mwakuchita bwino kwambiri amatha kuchita izi m'madzi ndi pamtunda, chifukwa amatchedwa amphibians. Komabe, aku Europe odziwika ku Russia achule ndipo zalaulira zimangobwera madzi kuti zithetse kubereka.
Organs monga mapapu amafunika chule kuti ipange mawu achilendo, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi mikwingwirima.Izi zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito thovu ndi zomveka.
Mothandizidwa ndi zida zotere zomwe chilengedwe chimakhala ndi ma chule ndi mikanda, zimatha kupanga phokoso lalikulu kwambiri. Ili ndi cacophony lodabwitsa, ndipo makonsati okongola ngati amenewa amapangidwa ndi achule achimuna, kukopa achibale omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzawo.
Kuwona achule, mutha kudziwa zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa komanso zodabwitsa. Mu mndandanda wa moyo, kupulumutsidwa kwa adani ndi zina zosachita mwanjira zina, achule a amphibian nthawi zina amachita zinthu zachilendo kwambiri. Nthawi ndi nthawi, chule limatulutsa khungu, lomwe silofunikira kuti likhale ndi moyo, ndipo likamadya limakhalabe ndi moyo mpaka litakula.
Achule akunyumba nthawi zambiri zimasungidwa m'malo osungira nyama, kuyesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi chilengedwe. Ambiri mitundu ya achule zolengedwa zasayansi Laboratories kuyesa ndi kwachilengedwenso kafukufuku.
Zojambula Zambiri Zisanu
Kuchulukana kwa achule kumakhala pafupifupi masiku 180: kwa anthu am'mapiri omwe amakhala m'mitunda yathu, iyi ndi nthawi yochepa.
Ma Amphibians amatha kupitilira pamtunda osati pamtunda wokha, komanso pansi pa malo osungirako madzi, amakonda mitsinje yopanda madzi oundana, zithaphwi zamatope komanso ngalande. Amphibians nthawi yozizira nthawi zambiri amakhala m'madziwe, m'madziwe, ndi mitsinje yayikulu. Kuzizira kwa matupi amadzi kumabweretsa kufa kwa achule. Kuphatikiza apo, m'malo osungiramo madzi oundana pansi pa ayezi, nthawi zambiri pamakhala kupha - kuchokera pakusowa kwa mpweya, zamoyo zonse zimafa. Amphibians amathanso kufa chifukwa cha kusefukira kwamadzi. A Amphibians omwe amabisalira pamtunda m'malo mwa amphibians amathanso kukumana ndi tsoka lomvetsa chisoni - nthawi zambiri sakhala mu nyengo yozizira komanso yozizira.
Pansi pa madzi, nkhanu "imagona" pamalo achilendo: miyendo yake yakumbuyo imalimbikitsidwa, ndipo kutsogolo, "kutembenukira" manja kunja, ngati kuti kuphimba mutu. Nthawi yomweyo, "manja" amakhala ofiira chifukwa opanga mitsempha yamagazi yopakidwa pakhungu lawo. Achule yozizira pansi pa madzi nthawi zina amatha kuyendayenda komanso amakhala ndi chakudya.
Achule angapo amatha kugona m'malo amodzi: zimachitika kuti zimadziunjikira imodzi, koma nthawi zambiri pamakhala nyengo za anthu 20-30, ndipo nthawi zina chiwerengero chawo chimatha kufikira mazana angapo.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Achule Osagwirika ndi nyama zolusa, kudya mosangalala udzudzu, agulugufe ndi ana ochepa ana. Makamaka akuluakulu sanyansanso nyama zowoneka zokongola, mitundu ina ya achule amatha kudya achibale awo mopanda chisoni.
Pofuna kusaka anthu omwe akuwavutitsa, achule amagwiritsa ntchito lilime lomata komanso lalitali, lomwe mwanzeru amaligwira kumapeto kwa mbalamezo, ankhandwe ndi nyama zina. Pakati pa mitundu ya achule, palinso nyama zodabwitsa zomwe zimakonda kudya zipatso.
Achule amabweretsa phindu lokwanira kwa anthu, akuwononga ndikudya mphutsi zowononga zambiri, nsikidzi ndi tizilombo. Chifukwa chake, ambiri omwe ali ndi minda ndi magawo amtunda amasamalira othandizira awa mwachikondi chachikulu ndikuwapangira iwo onse malo omwe mungaberekane ndi moyo.
Achule amadyedwa, kuwapanga kukhala oyambira kwambiri, omwe ndi zakudya zabwino ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati matebulo okongola.
Kusamukira
M'moyo wa achule awa, mitundu itatu ya kusamuka imafotokozedwa. Choyamba, kusamukaku ndi kusamukira kumalo osungirako nyama mosinthika, chachiwiri, kusamukira kwa metamorphoses omwe angomaliza kumene kumatha kukhala kwawo, ndipo chachitatu, kusamukira kumadera achisanu.
Achule amatha kusonkhana m'malo abwino nthawi yachisanu, akumayenda mtunda wautali wa 1.5 km tsiku limodzi. Nthawi zina nthawi yophukira mutha kuona kuchuluka kwa anthu am'madera ambiri pafupi ndi nyengo yawo yozizira: m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'malo onyowa, ndi zina zambiri.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Chule, kuyikira mazira m'madzi, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kuli kwakukulu kwambiri komanso kodabwitsa, nthawi zina kumafikira mazira 20,000 nthawi. Chule ndi udzu zimayikira mazira mazana ambiri, omwe ndi matumphuka akuluakulu. Nthawi zina zachikazi zimachita magulu awa.
Mafoloko amawaswa.Tizilombo touluka touluka, timene timapuma, timatha kupezeka komanso kuyenda m malo am'madzi okha komanso kukhala ndi mchira. Kusintha kwa mazira kukhala ma tadpoles kumatenga masiku 7 mpaka 10.
Popita nthawi, ma tadpoles amayamba kusintha kwambiri, kudutsa gawo la metamorphosis, lomwe limatenga pafupifupi miyezi 4. Choyamba, miyendo yawo yakumbuyo imakula, kenako kutsogolo, kenako chiwongolero chokhala ngati mchira chimasowa, ndipo ma tadpoo amasintha kukhala akuluakulu omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera amtundu wawo wa achule, okonzekera moyo padziko lapansi. Pazaka zitatu, achule amakhala okhwima.
M'chithunzichi pali mazira achule
Kuyesa kutalika kwa moyo wa achule ndizovuta. Koma malinga ndi kafukufuku wa asayansi, pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo ya kukula kwa phalax ya zala pofika nyengo, idatha idapezeka yomwe idapangitsa kuganiza kuti achikulire atha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 10, ndikukumbukira gawo la matendawa mpaka zaka 14.
Kubereka
Achule a udzu amapita ku matupi amadzi kuti akaikire mazira kumayambiriro kwamasika. Pofuna kupitiriza mpikisano wawo, amasiya malo awo okhala ndikugonjera mtunda wawutali ndi zopinga zina.
Kuwaza ma dziwe kwa iwo kumatha kukhala madamu oyimilira osiyanasiyana - ngakhale mabwinja amsewu omwe amadzaza madzi ndi mafinya ali oyenera kuyikira mazira.
Kuyika mazira kumachitika pamadzi otentha a +5 mpaka + 15 ° C, nthawi zina ayezi amatha kukhalabe m'malo ake.
Kutengera ndi momwe dambo linalake limasungidwira, kubereka kumatenga masiku awiri mpaka khumi. Pamalo osungira, amuna samapanga phokoso lalikulu, samakonza kuyimba kwa nthawi yayitali komanso mokweza. Amawatcha abwenzi awo ndi zikwangwani zokhazikika pamphindi imodzi ndipo amakhala ngati akungolankhula phokoso.
Amuna amawonekera posungira posakhalitsa akazi. Nthawi zina maanja amalumikizidwa pamtunda, pomwe wamkazi amangopita kumadzi. Monga amuna achizolowezi chovala chambiri, chofunitsitsa kusiya ana, abambo a chulewo amatha "kuzungulira" anthu ena amtundu wina, "mwangozi" atagwidwa m'manja.
Yaikazi ikaikira mazira nthawi yomweyo imachoka m'dziwe ndikuthamangira kubwerera kumalo okhalamo, koma yamphongo imatsala. Ngati ali ndi mwayi, usiku wotsatira adzasiya ana ndi mkazi wina.
Yaikazi imayikira mazira 4,000. Kupanga kuli ndi mawonekedwe a chotupa, chomwe poyamba chinali chaching'ono, koma posachedwa zipolopolo za mazira zimatupa, ndipo chotupacho chimachulukana kangapo, kwinaku chikuwoneka ngati chimphwe chosachita kupanga ngati mafuta. Kuumba koteroko nthawi zambiri kumawonedwa m'madzi osaya. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mazira a udzu amalimbana mosavuta ndi hypothermia mpaka -6 ° C, osataya kuthekera kwawo. Komabe, popanda kudzivulaza, sangathe kupirira kutentha kwa + 24 ° C kwa nthawi yayitali.
Nthawi yovomerezeka, kukula kwa mluza kumatenga masiku 5 mpaka 15. Mphutsi zimadya chakudya chachilengedwe m'madzi ndi zing'onozing'ono. Ngakhale m'madziwe apamtunda, ma tadpole amapanga magulu owundana - mpaka anthu 100 pa lita. Malo osaya komwe kuli kolulu ngati imeneyi kumawoneka ngati misa yakuda.
Kutengera ndi momwe zinthu zilili, kukula kwa mphutsi kumatenga miyezi 1.5-3 ndikutha ndi metamorphosis.
M'zaka zouma ndi zotentha, kuyanika koyambirira kwa matawuni kumabweretsa kufa kwa anthu onse awiri omwe ali m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, komwe, madzi akaphwa, amachotsedwa m'malo ozama. M'mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri, mphutsi zambiri zimangotsalira kuti metamorphosis, ndipo ikamalizidwa, achule ang'onoang'ono ambiri nthawi yomweyo amachoka m'malo osungirako. Pakadali pano, nthawi zambiri amafa chifukwa chowuma, pansi pa magudumu a magalimoto kapena kukhala nyama yazodyedwa zamtundu uliwonse. Iwo omwe adakwanitsa kupulumuka, amadya kwambiri kuti apulumuke nthawi yayitali yozizira.
Achule a udzu amafikira kutha msamba mchaka chachitatu cha moyo. Mu nyengo zachilengedwe amakhala pafupifupi zaka 6-8.
Adani
Pali okonda ambiri kusangalala ndi achule, makamaka ang'onoang'ono.Awa ndi ma mbewa, ma weyala, mimbulu, nkhandwe, njoka, akhwangwala, akambuku, matsenga, ndi zina zambiri.
Ngakhale mazira a amphibians omwe ataphimbidwa ndi zipolopolo zotsekemera samakhala okoma kwambiri, koma osaka nawonso ali nawo - mapulani, tizilombo, mphutsi za nyama zina zapamadzi, ndi zina.
Kuti musunge chule kunyumba, muyenera malo okwanira 3040 malita. Kutentha kwachipinda, kutentha kwowonjezera ndi kuyatsa sikufunikira. Malo otetezedwa sangathe kuyikidwa pamalo owotcha dzuwa, ndibwino kuti mupeze malo owazizira (mtunduwu simalola kutentha kupitilira 25 ° C).
Popeza mtunduwu umafunikira chinyontho, musaiwale kupopera madzi kamodzi patsiku. Kuphatikiza apo, dziwe lalikulu, koma osati lakuya, liyenera kuyikidwa mu terarium.
Ndikofunika kuti muziyika malo odyera pansi pakona ya nkhalangoyi.
Amadyetsa chiweto ndi ntchentche, maphemwe, kachilombo ka magazi, zitumbuwa, chitoliro, ndi zina zambiri.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Oyimira ambiri a nyama iyi ndiwobiriwira wopepuka komanso wamtambo wamitundu yaying'ono. Chule chagalasi osapitirira 3 cm, ngakhale mitundu imapezeka kuti yayikulu pang'ono kukula.
Ambiri aiwo, m'mimba mokha mumawonekera, momwe, ngati angafune, ziwalo zonse zamkati zimatha kupimidwa, kuphatikiza mazira a amayi apakati. M'mitundu yambiri ya achule agalasi, ngakhale mafupa ndi minofu yam'mimba imawonekera. Pafupifupi palibe aliyense woyimira nyama yanyama yemwe angadzitamandire katundu wa khungu.
Komabe, izi sizokhazokha za achule awa. Maso awo nawonso ndi apadera. Mosiyana ndi wachibale (achule a mitengo), maso a achule a galasi amawala moperewera ndipo amawongoka molunjika, pomwe maso a achule ali kumbali ya thupi.
Ichi ndi chizindikiro cha banja lawo. Anawo ndiopingasa. Masana, ali munjira yazochepera, ndipo usiku, ana amakula kwambiri, amakhala pafupifupi ozungulira.
Thupi la chule ndi lathyathyathya komanso lalikulu, monganso mutu. Miyendo ndi yayitali, yopyapyala. Pamiyendo pamakhala makapu ena oyamwa, mothandizidwa ndi omwe achule amapachika mosavuta pa masamba. Achule otsogola amakhalanso ndi maubwino komanso kutulutsa bwino.
Malingaliro oyamba a amphibians awa adapezeka zaka za m'ma 1900. Kugawika kwa Centrolenidae kumasintha mosalekeza: tsopano mu banja la amphibian pali mabanja awiri ocheperapo komanso mitundu yopitilira 10 ya achule agalasi. Anazindikira ndi koyamba kufotokozedwa ndi a Marcos Espada, katswiri wamasamba aku Spain. Pakati pawo pali anthu osangalatsa kwambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, Hyalinobatrachium (chule chagalasi yaying'ono) amaphatikiza mitundu 32 ya anthu omwe ali ndi mimba komanso mafupa oyera. Kuonekera kwawo kumalola kuwona kwamkati pafupifupi ziwalo zamkati - m'mimba, chiwindi, matumbo, mtima wamunthu. M'mitundu ina, gawo la chakudya chokwanira limakutidwa ndi filimu yowala. Chiwindi chake chimakhala chozungulira, ndipo achule a mtundu wina amakhala ndi masamba atatu.
Mu genus Centrolene (gecko), yemwe amaphatikiza mitundu 27, anthu omwe ali ndi mafupa amtundu wonyezimira. Paphewa pali malo ena okokerako mbedza, omwe amuna amagwiritsa ntchito bwino tikameta, kumenyera gawo. Mwa onse a abalewa amawerengedwa kuti ndi akulukulu.
Mwa oimira achule Cochranella, mafupa ndiwobiriwiranso mtundu ndi filimu yoyera mu peritoneum, yophimba mbali yamkati. Chiwindi cholumikizidwa, zibowo zamapewa sizikupezeka. Ali ndi dzina lawo polemekeza dokotala wazinyama, a Doris Cochran, yemwe adafotokozera za mitundu iyi ya achule a galasi.
Pakati pawo, mawonekedwe osangalatsa kwambiri ndi chule wokhala ndi galasi (Cochanella Euknemos). Dzinalo lochokera ku chilankhulo chachi Greek limamasuliridwa "ndi miyendo yokongola." Mbali yodziwika bwino ndi mphonje yamtsogolo kutsogolo, miyendo ndi manja.
Kapangidwe ka thupi
Kapangidwe ka chule chagalasi Zothandiza kwa malo okhala ndi moyo wake. Zimagwira ntchito pakhungu lake.Imakonda kupukutira zipolopolo ndikusunga chinyontho pamalo awo.
Amatetezanso nyama ku tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Khungu limatenganso gawo pakusinthana kwa mafuta. Popeza madzi amalowa m'matupi awo pakhungu, malo okhala ndi chinyezi komanso malo onyowa. Pano, pakhungu, ululu ndi zolandirira kutentha zimapezeka.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa za kapangidwe ka thupi la achule ndi malo apafupi ndi mphuno ndi maso omwe ali kumtunda kwa mutu. Mnyamatayu amatha, kuyandama m'madzi, kugwira mutu ndi thupi lake pamwamba, ndikupumira ndikuwona zozungulira.
Mtundu wa chule chagalasi umadalira kwambiri malo. Mitundu ina imatha kusintha mtundu wa khungu kutengera nyengo. Kuti muchite izi, ali ndi maselo apadera.
Ziwalo zam'mbuyo za amphibian uyu ndizitali zazitali kuposa kukula kwa kutsogolo. Izi ndichifukwa choti kutsogoloku adasinthidwa kuti azithandizira ndikuyika, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi kumbuyo amayenda bwino m'madzi ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Achule ochokera kubanja lino alibe nthiti, ndipo msana umagawika m'magawo anayi: khomo lachiberekero, kuphipha, chifuwa, ndi thunthu. Chigoba cha chule wowoneka bwino chimalumikizidwa ndi msana ndi vertebra imodzi. Chifukwa cha izi, chule amatha kusuntha mutu wake. Miyendo yolumikizidwa ndi msana ndi kutsogolo ndi lamba kumbuyo kwa miyendo. Amaphatikizapo mapesi amapewa, sternum, ndi mafupa a pelvic.
Mphamvu yamachule ndi yovuta kwambiri kuposa nsomba. Amakhala ndi chingwe cha msana ndi ubongo. The cerebellum ndi yaying'ono m'malo, chifukwa awa omwe ali ndi moyo wabwino amakhala moyo wokhala pansi ndipo mayendedwe ake amakhala osangalatsa.
Njira yogaya imakhala ndi zina. Pogwiritsa ntchito lilime lalitali, lomata pamkono wamkamwa, chulecho chimagwira tizirombo ndi kuwagwira ndi mano omwe amapezeka pachiwono chachikulu. Kenako chakudyacho chimalowa m'mero, m'mimba, kukonzekera pambuyo pake, kenako ndikusunthira matumbo.
Mtima wa ma amphibians awa ndi zipinda zitatu, wapawiri wa atria ndi ventricle, komwe magazi ndi malo osakanikirana amadzimadzi amasakanikirana. Pali magulu awiri oyenda magazi. Mphamvu ya kupuma kwa achule imayimiriridwa ndi mphuno, mapapu, koma khungu la amphibian limaphatikizidwanso pakupuma.
Njira yopumira imakhala motere: mphuno ya chule imatsegulidwa, nthawi yomweyo pansi pamiyeso yake ya oropharynx ndi mpweya umalowa. Mmphuno utaphimbidwa, pansi pamatuluka pang'ono ndipo mpweya umalowa m'mapapu. Pa nthawi yopuma ya peritoneum, mpweya umachitika.
Dongosololi likuyimiriridwa ndi impso, pomwe magazi amasefa. Zinthu zopindulitsa zimatengedwa mu aimpso tubules. Kupitilira apo, mkodzo umadutsa mureteni ndikulowa mu chikhodzodzo.
Achule agalasi, monga amphibians onse, amakhala ndi metabolism yochepa kwambiri. Kutentha kwa chule kutengera kutenthetsa ndi kutentha kwake. Ndi nyengo yozizira pomwe, amangochita zanyengo, kufunafuna malo obisika, ofunda, kenako osasangalatsa.
Ziwalo zamagetsi zimamva kwambiri, chifukwa achule amatha kukhala pamtunda ndi m'madzi. Zapangidwa mwanjira yoti amphibians amatha kuzolowera moyo wina. Ziwalo zomwe zili kumbuyo kwa mzere wamutu zimawathandiza kuyendetsa bwino malo. Mwawonekedwe amawoneka ngati mikwingwirima iwiri.
Kuwona kwa chule chagalasi kumakupatsani mwayi wowona zinthu zoyenda bwino, ndipo siziwona bwino zinthu zoyenda. Mphamvu ya kununkhira, yomwe imayimiriridwa ndi mphuno, imalola chule kuyenda bwino ndi fungo.
Ziwalo zamakutu zimakhala ndi khutu lamkati komanso pakati. Pakati ndi patali inayake, mbali inayo imakhala ndi potulutsa mu oropharynx, ndipo inayo imalunjikitsidwa pafupi ndi mutu. Palinso eardrum, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi khutu lamkati pogwiritsa ntchito mafupa. Ndi kudzera mwa iye momwe mawu akumvekera ku khutu lamkati.
Moyo
Achule agalasi nthawi zambiri amakhala usiku, ndipo masana amapumula pafupi ndi dziwe pa udzu wonyowa. Amadyera tizilombo masana, pamtunda.Pamenepo, pamtunda, achule amasankha mnzake, kukwatirana ndi kugona pa masamba ndi udzu.
Komabe, ana awo - ma tadpoles, amakula m'madzi okha ndipo atasandulika chule amapitanso kumtunda kukakulitsa. Chosangalatsa ndichikhalidwe cha amuna, omwe, pambuyo poti mayiyo akaikira mazira, amakhala pafupi ndi ana ndikumuteteza ku tizilombo. Koma zomwe mkazi amachita pambuyo pomanga sizikudziwika.
Habitat
A Amphibians amakhala momasuka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yachangu, pakati pa mitsinje, m'nkhalango zotentha ndi mapiri. Achule agalasi amakhala masamba a mitengo ndi zitsamba, miyala yonyowa komanso zinyalala. Kwa achule awa, chinthu chachikulu ndikuti pali chinyezi pafupi.
Utali wamoyo
Kutalika kwa moyo wa chule chagalasi sichinaphunzirepo kale, koma zimadziwika kuti mwachilengedwe moyo wawo ndi wofupikitsa. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha chilengedwe chosavomerezeka: Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kumachotsedweratu madzi akuchimbudzi zosiyanasiyana. Amaganiziridwa kuti chiyembekezo cha moyo wa chule galasi m'malo achilengedwe chimatha kukhala zaka zisanu mpaka zisanu.
- Padziko lapansi, pali mitundu yopitilira 60 ya achule a galasi.
- M'mbuyomu, achule agalasi anali gawo la banja la achule.
- Atagona, chachikazi chimasowa ndipo sasamalira ana.
- Njira yakukhwimira achule imachedwa amplexus.
- Woimira wamkulu wa chule chagalasi ndi Centrolene Gekkoideum. Zomwe zimakwaniritsidwa zimafika 75 mm.
- Vocalization yamtundu wa amuna imawonetsedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana - phokoso, kufinya kapena kutulutsa mawu.
- Moyo ndi chitukuko cha ma tadpoles sizinaphunzire.
- Achule agalasi amaphimbidwa mothandizidwa ndi mchere wa bile, womwe umapezeka m'mafupa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati utoto winawake.
- Achule a m'banjali ali ndi masomphenya owonera, i.e. amatha kuwona bwino ndi maso awiri nthawi imodzi.
- Dziko lakale la achule owoneka bwino ali kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa South America.
Chule chagalasi ndi cholengedwa chapadera komanso chosalimba, chomwe chimapangidwa mwachilengedwe, chokhala ndi mawonekedwe ambiri am'mimba, kubereka komanso moyo ambiri.
Chule: Kufotokozera
Banja la achule limasiyanitsidwa chifukwa chakuti alibe khosi lotchulidwa, choncho zikuwoneka kuti mutuwo umakhala ndi thupi lonse. Nyama izi zimasiyanso mchira, womwe umawonetsedwa muzina lachitetezo ndipo ndi mawonekedwe ake. Achule amangokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera, pomwe amatha kuwongolera malo okhala mkati mwa madigiri a 360.
Mawonekedwe
Chule zimakhala ndi mutu waukulu, wosalala, wokhala ndi m'maso mwake m'mphepete mwake. Nyama izi, poyerekeza ndi ena oimilira a dongosololi, ali ndi awiriawiri a eyel - otsika komanso apamwamba. Pansi pa eyelid pamakhala ulusi wonyezimira, womwe umatchedwanso "zana lachitatu." Kumaso kwa nyumbayo kuli eardrum, yomwe imakhala m'dera lophimbidwa ndi khungu loonda. Pamwamba pakamwa lalikulu kwambiri, mphuno ziwiri zimatha kuwoneka zokhala ndi ma valves apadera. Pakamwa pa chule pali mano ang'onoang'ono.
Miyendo yakutsogolo ya chule ili ndi zala zazifupi kwambiri, poyerekeza ndi miyendo yakumbuyo, yomwe imapangidwa bwino ndikumapeto ndi zala zisanu, pakati pomwe zimayikidwa membrane wapadera wachikopa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chule lizimva bwino m'madzi. Zala za achule zilibe zolakwika, zomwe zimawerengedwa kuti ndi banja losiyana. Kumbuyo kwa thupi kumakhala kotchedwa cesspool, komwe kumayimira gawo lokhalo lazakudya zophatikizidwa. Thupi la chule limakutidwa ndi khungu lamaliseche, lomwe limakutidwa ndi ntchofu wapadera, womwe umatulutsidwa ndimatumbo ambiri achule.
Mphindi yosangalatsa! Chule ku Europe sichikula kuposa masentimita 10, pomwe chule wa ku goliath ku Africa amadziwika kuti ndi woimira banja lalikulu, akukula mpaka theka la mita kutalika ndikupeza ma kilogalamu angapo.
Monga lamulo, kukula kwa achule zimatengera mitundu yawo, ngakhale kukula kwake kuli pamtunda kuchokera pa 0.8 mpaka 32 cm. Mtundu wa achulewo ndi wosiyanasiyana, womwe nthawi zambiri umasiyana mu mtundu wa motley wa matupi awo. Nthawi zambiri, mtundu wamtundu wa nyama izi umagwirizanitsidwa ndi malo okhala, zomwe zimawalola kuti azitha kubisika mosavuta pakati pa masamba osiyanasiyana, pakati pa zitsamba, etc.
Nthawi zambiri, mtundu wowala wa nyamayo ndi umboni wa poizoni wawo, pomwe zinthu zapoizoni zimapangidwa ndi timadzi tambiri tomwe timakhala pakhungu la nyama. Zinthu izi zitha kukhala zowopsa osati kwa nyama zokha, komanso kwa anthu. Mitundu ina imatha kutsanzira utoto wa “achule” poizoni pofuna kudziteteza kwa adani achilengedwe.
Zochita ndi moyo
Achule amatha kudziwika kuti ndi banja lapadera, chifukwa amasuntha mosavuta pamtunda, amapanga kulumpha kwakukulu, kukwera mitengo mosavuta, kukumba mabowo pansi, komanso kusambira, kuthamanga, kuyenda, kuphatikiza dongosolo kuchokera kutalika, kutengera mitundu.
Kuzindikira kwa achule ndikuti amatha kuyamwa mpweya kudzera pakhungu. Izi zimathandiza kuti nyamayo imve bwino, madzi ndi nthaka. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mitundu yomwe imatumizidwa ku matupi amadzi kokha panthawi yakuswana.
Chosangalatsa kudziwa! Nyama zikuwonetsa ntchito zawo kutengera mitundu. Mitundu ina imakonda kusaka kokha mumdima, pomwe ina imawonetsa kuchita kwawo kwa maola 24.
Chosangalatsa chingaganizidwe kuti mapapu a achule amathandizira makamaka kupanga mawu ofanana ndi kubowola. Kukhalapo kwa thovu komanso zomveka zololeza chinyama kumathandiza kuti nyamayo ipange mawu osiyanasiyana. Izi zimachitika makamaka pakubala, popeza nyama zimayenera kukopa anyamata kapena atsikana.
Achule akuluakulu, nthawi ndi nthawi, amagwetsa khungu lawo ndikudya pamenepo, pambuyo pake amakhala podikirira mpaka khungu latsopano likhale ndi ntchito zonse zofunika. Pafupifupi onse oyimira banjali amakonda kukhala moyo wongokhala, pomwe amatha kusamukira patali nthawi yazaka. Achule omwe amakhala m'malo otentha amatha kuzizira nthawi yozizira.
Kukula kwa mawuwo
Mukuyankhula kwachilendo, nyama zochokera munkhokwe za anthu opanda zingwe amatchedwa "achule" kapena "zala" (ndizotheka kujambula kufanana ndi mawu achi Chilatini ogwiritsa Lat. Rana kwa liwu loti "chule" ndi Lat. Bufo ku liwu loti "toad"). Kusiyanitsa kowoneka kwa ena kuchokera kwa ena ndikuti khungu lamasamba ndilowuma. Poyesera kukakamiza mawu oti "chule" ndi "phokoso" pagulu lolandidwa, sizingachitike kuti mabanja onse opanda zingwe amaphatikiza onse awiri. Olemba maphunziro osiyanasiyana amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chule" m'malo mwake kutanthauza oyimira mabanja onse amtundu wa Tailless, kapena oyimira okha achule enieni a banja (Ranidae), kapena ngakhale pang'ono mwa oimira genus Real achule (Rana) .
Dera
Chule ndizofala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. Zosiyana ndi zipululu zazikulu zamchenga za Sahara ndi Rub al-Khali, madera ozizira kwambiri ndi Greenland, Taimyr ndi madera ena okwera kwambiri a Arctic, Antarctica, komanso zilumba zina zakutali ndi mayiko. Kuphatikiza apo, achule achilengedwe sanaphatikizepo chisumbu chakumwera kwa New Zealand, koma atayesayesa kokhazikitsa njira zopanga, mitundu iwiri (Litoria ranformis ndi Litoria ewingii) idakhazikika pa iwo. Mitundu yambiri ndi yogawa mochepa chifukwa cha nyengo kapena malo okhala, mwachitsanzo, zovuta, malo ammapiri, zipululu, anthu amathanso kudzipatula chifukwa cha zopinga zomwe zimapangidwa ndi anthu - misewu yayikulu, kudula kwamapiri, ndi zina zambiri.M'madera otentha, mitundu ya mitundu yambiri imakhala yotalikirapo kuposa madera otentha. Mitundu ina ya achule imasinthidwa kuti ikhale ndi moyo wopanda kupulumuka mwachitsanzo, mu chipululu kapena nyengo yozizira. Chifukwa chake, Rana sylvatica, yemwe dera lake lopatula gawo la Arctic Circle, adayikiridwa m'nthawi yachisanu. Ngakhale nthaka idayamba kuzizira, kuchuluka kwa glucose m'matimu kumapangitsa chule kuti akhalebe wozizira nthawi yozizira.
Chifukwa cha khungu lowongolera, achule ambiri satha kukhala m'madzi amchere komanso opanda mchere. Chosiyana ndi chule wakhwangwala (Fejervarya cancrivora), yemwe amakhala m'ming'ung'ono ya ku Southeast Asia. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa urea m'magazi, chule ndi ma skadpo amatha kulolera mchere wamchere (kwa nthawi yayifupi) ndikukhala m'madzi opanda pake kwa nthawi yayitali.
Achule ankakhala m'malo otentha mvula ku Cretaceous.
Gulu
Achule onse ndi amtundu wa amphibians opanda mchira. Makhalidwe okalamba a chule wamkulu amaphatikiza, mwa zinthu zina, 9 kapena zochepa pre-pelvic vertebrae, yayitali, yolunjika kutsogolo, kukhalapo kwa urostyle ndi kusapezeka kwa mchira, kufupikiratu kutsogoloku poyerekeza ndi miyendo yakumbuyo, yolumikizidwa palimodzi ndi ulnar ndi radius ya kutsogolo Ndi ulusi wa miyendo yakumbuyo, buluku lokwera, chisa cham'munsi chaching'ono komanso malo opindika a pakhungu pakati pa khungu ndi minyewa. Mphutsi za achule (ma tadpoles) zimakhala ndi malo amodzi apakati otsegulira (chowaza) ndi zitseko za pakamwa zokhala ndi mano a keratin.
Mitundu ina ya achule imakhala ma hybrids. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, chule chowoneka ndi chosakanizidwa mwachilengedwe (Pelophylax minimonaendi lake (P. ridibundus) achule.
Zodziwika bwino
Achule akuluakulu ali ndi miyendo yopingasa mikono isanu, yodziwika bwino yokhala pansi. Thupi ndilotakata, lalifupi komanso lothothoka. Akuluakulu alibe mchira (amawuwononga panthawi ya metamorphosis), gawo la mchira limasinthidwa kukhala urostyle yooneka ngati ndodo, ndipo palibe nthiti. Ali ndi miyendo yolimba, miyendo yakumbuyo ndiyitali kuposa kutsogolo, ali ndi minofu yamphamvu kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amasintha kuti idumphe. Khungu lamaliseche la achule limakhala ndi timatumbo tambiri ndipo limapezekanso madzi ndi mipweya.
Nyali
Kapangidwe ka malekezedwe a achule amasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku mitundu ina kupita ku mitundu ndipo zimadalira malo - malo, madzi kapena nkhuni. Monga lamulo, achule amatha kusuntha, komwe kumapangitsa kuti azigwira nyama zomwe zimadyera kale komanso zopanda chidwi. Njira zoyenda moyenera zimaperekedwa ndi magawo angapo a kapangidwe ka miyendo:
- Achule ambiri omwe amakhala m'malo am'madzi amakhala ndizosambira pakati pa zala zawo. Pali kulumikizana pakati pa dera lachiberekero ndi gawo lomwe nyama imathera m'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, mwachitsanzo, mu chule waku Africa wa mtundu Hymenochiruskumakhala moyo wam'madzi wokhawokha, malo osambira amatseka kwambiri kusiyana pakati pa zala, pomwe chule ku Australia Litoria caeruleayomwe imakhala nthawi yayitali yambiri pamitengo, masamba obisika kuchokera kotala kufikira theka la malo a mipata iyi.
- Achule omwe amakhala ndi moyo wosakonda zambiri amatha kuwona mapepala apadera pazala zawo, kuwalola kuti akhale pamtunda. Kutsatira kwabwino pamalo owoneka bwino kumatsimikiziridwa ndi ma microgrowths a mano a epithelium pamwamba pamapulogalamu awa. Kuphatikiza apo, pali tiziwalo tambiri tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa timiyulu tambiri pakati pa maselo a pads, omwe amawoneka ngati tubules tochepa.Mucus imanyowetsa malo osalala ndipo imalola kuti isakhalepo chifukwa cha kukopeka. Achule ambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a kapangidwe ka chikazi, chomwe chimawalola kuyenda osangodumphadumpha (ngati achule ena), komanso pamasitepe. Mu achule a mitengo omwe amakhala pamtunda wokwera, munthu amatha kupezanso zigawo zingapo. Mumtunduwu, nembanemba amasinthidwa kuti achepetse kugwa, ndipo mwa mitundu ina ngakhale pokonzekera.
- Mu achule apadziko lapansi, kusintha pamwambapa kulibe. Miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, monga lamulo, imakhala ndi minofu yokulirapo, poyerekeza ndi anzawo ndi madzi ndi nkhuni. M'mitundu ina ya padziko lapansi kukumba, chimanga chaching'ono chosinthika kuti chizikumba chimapezeka pamanja.
Kukula kwa miyendo kumakhala kovuta nthawi zina:
- Chimodzi mwa miyendo ya kumbuyo ya tadpole imatha kudyedwa ndi nyama yomwe imadya, mwachitsanzo, mphutsi ya chinjoka. Nthawi zambiri, izi siziteteza kusinthika kwa miyendo yonse, koma nthawi zina imatha kusinthika kapena kusakumba konse (komabe, nyamayo imatha kupulumuka ndi miyendo itatu).
- Parasitic flatworm wa mtundu Ribeiroia, yomwe imalowetsa kumbuyo kwa thupi la tadpole, imatha kusintha ma cell a nthambi zam'mimba. Izi nthawi zina zimabweretsa kukula kwa dzanja limodzi kapena awiri owonjezera.
Chikopa
M'mitundu yambiri ya achule, khungu limavomerezedwa kuti liperekedwe lamadzi (malo ovomerezeka kwambiri pakhungu ndi dera la pelvic). Izi zimayambitsa chiopsezo cha achule amadzi otayika ndikuzimitsa. Mu achule ena a mitengo, kusinthasintha mawonekedwe a khungu lowonjezera kopanda madzi kumatha kupezeka. Achule ena amachepetsa kuchepa kwa madzi posinthika ndi machitidwe: machitidwe ausiku, kukhazikitsa mawonekedwe omwe amachepetsa malo olumikizana ndi khungu, mwachitsanzo, amapuma m'magulu atapanikizana kwambiri.
Khungu la achule limawathandiza kudzipenda. Oimira ena mwa mitundu ina amatha kusintha kamvekedwe ka khungu kuti aphatikizane bwino ndi maziko ozungulira.
Mitundu ina ya achule amasintha khungu lawo kutengera mtundu wa kuwunikira ndi chinyezi cha chilengedwe. Mphamvu imeneyi imaperekedwa ndi maselo apadera omwe amadzazidwa ndi pigment, kukula kwake komwe kumasiyanasiyana mothandizidwa ndi kuwala komanso chinyezi. Kusintha khungu kukhala kolekera mpaka kumdima kumathandizira kuti mitundu iyi ipangidwe.
Vutoli
Achule ambiri amapanga zinthu zapoizoni zomwe zimaziteteza zonse kuziteteza komanso kuziteteza. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala a sumu ya chule kutengera mitunduyo ndipo kuphatikiza zikopa, khungu, maukosi am'mitsempha, vasoconstrictors, poizoni omwe amachititsa kupweteka, ndi ena. Ziwombankhira zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina ya achule, monga lamulo, zimasinthidwa kukhala mtundu wa poizoni wampangidwe amtunduwu, koma nyama zosasankhidwa, monga anthu, zimatha kuvutika kwambiri chifukwa chokhudzana ndi ululu wa chule, womwe nthawi zina umatha kupha.
Zomwe zimayambitsa zinthu za poizoni mu achule sizimodzimodzi. Achule ena amapanga poizoni, pomwe ena amagwiritsa ntchito poizoni womwe amapezeka kuchokera ku chakudya (nthawi zambiri amachokera ku arthropods). Monga lamulo, achule amawonetsa kuwopsa kwawo ndi mtundu wowala, wolemera, "chenjezo". Palinso mitundu ina yopanda poizoni yomwe imatsata mitundu ya poizoni ndi utoto wawo, yomwe imawopseza adani.
Njira yothandizira ndi kufalikira kwa magazi
Khungu la achule limavomerezedwa ndi mamolekyulu a oxygen, kaboni dayokisi ndi madzi. Mitsempha yamagazi yomwe imakhazikika pansi pa khungu imawalola kupumira akamizidwa kwathunthu m'madzi, chifukwa mpweya umachoka m'madzi kudzera pakhungu kupita m'magazi. Pamtunda, achule amapuma ndi mapapu awo.Alibe dongosolo lamatumbo (pamimba, diaphragm ndi intercostal), lomwe limapereka chida cha kudzoza-kutayika mu nyama zoyamwitsa. M'malo mwake, chule limakhala ndi khosi lomwe limatambasulidwa, mpweya umalowa m'mphuno, kenako kufinya minofu yam'manja yomwe imayendetsa mpweya kupita kumapapu. Mu Ogasiti 2007, malingaliro achule adapezeka Barbourula kalimantanensiskukhala moyo wamadzi. Uwu ndi mtundu woyamba wa achule amene alibe mapapo.
Achule ali ndi mtima wopinda-mbali zitatu, komanso zokwawa (kupatula zingwe zamkati, momwe mtima umakhala ndi zipinda zinayi). Magazi olemera ndi okosijeni ochokera m'mapapu amalowa mu mtima kudzera mu atrium ya kumanzere, ndipo magazi amathandizidwa ndi mpweya wa kaboni kuchokera mu minofu, komanso magazi olemera a m'mitsempha ya pakhungu, kudzera kumanja. Chifukwa chake, achule amakhala ndi magazi owonera kumanzere kumanzere, ndi magazi osakanikirana kumanja. Valavu yapadera yomwe imayang'anira kutuluka kwa magazi kuchokera ku mtima wamkati kupita ku aorta kapena m'mitsempha ya m'mapapo, kutengera mtundu wa magazi. Njira imeneyi imapatsa magazi kusakanikirana kochepa ndi mpweya wambiri ndi magazi okwanira ndi mpweya woipa, motero zimapangitsa kagayidwe kogwira ntchito kwambiri.
Mitundu ina ya achule amasinthidwa kuti apulumuke m'madzi okhala ndi mpweya wochepa wa okosijeni. Mwachitsanzo, achule Telmatobius culeus, yomwe imakhala munyanja yayitali ya Titicaca, yachita khungu ndi malo owonjezereka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya usinthane. Monga lamulo, chule uyu sagwiritsa ntchito mapapu ake oyipa. Kupenyetsetsa kwawonetsa kuti nthumwi zamtunduwu, zomwe zimakhala m'munsi mwa nyanjayi, nthawi ndi nthawi zimayenda mozungulira mmwamba ndikutsika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi azungulira mozungulira.
Matumbo oyenda
Mano a achule, otchedwa. mano opendapendekera omwe amapezeka m'nsagwada yapamwamba, mothandizidwa ndi nyama yawo amasunga chakudya asanameze. Mano awa alibe mphamvu zokwanira kuluma kapena kugwira wozunzidwa. Achule amagwira chakudya chawo (ntchentche ndi nyama zina zazing'ono zoyenda) ndi lilime lokhazikika. M'kamwa momangika, lilime limakulungika pakamwa. Imaphatikizika kutsogolo kwa nsagwada, ndipo chule imatha "kuwombera" patsogolo ndikuibweza mwachangu kwambiri. Achule ena alibe lilime, ndipo amadziunjikira chakudya pakamwa pawo ndi kutsogolo kwawo. Mwa ena, maso amatha kujambulidwa kudzera pazitseko mu chigaza ndipo, kukanikiza chakudya chomwe chili pakamwa, ndikuzikankhira kummero. Zakudya zowongoka zimadutsa m'mphepete kulowa m'mimba, pomwe zimakonzedwa ndi michere. Pambuyo pake, imalowa m'matumbo aang'ono, momwe imapitilirabe kugayidwa. Katulutsidwe wa kapamba wamadzimadzi ndi bile lomwe limapangidwa ndi chiwindi ndikudziunjikira mu ndulu limapezeka m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono. Kuphatikiza kwakukulu ndi michere kumachitika kumeneko. Zakudya zomwe sizinatsekulidwe zimalowetsa m'matumbo akulu, pomwe atamwa madzi ochulukirapo, amadutsa mu cloaca.
Kachitidwe kodziyimira
Dongosolo la ma chule achilengedwe limafanananso ndi nyama zomwe zimayamwa. Zimakhazikika pa impso ziwiri (mesonephros) zomwe zimasefa urea ndi zinthu zina zofunika kuchokera m'magazi. Mchitidwe wama impso wokhazikika umakhazikika mu mkodzo, pomwe umadutsa mu ureter ndikudziunjikira mu chikhodzodzo. Kuchokera pa chikhodzodzo, zinthu zofunika kwambiri mthupi zimalowa mu zovala zamkati kuchokera pamenepo kupita kunja.
Njira yobereka
Njira yoberekera achule, kupatula zina, imadalira umuna wakunja. M'mitundu yambiri ya achule, amuna ndi ochepa kuposa akazi. Amuna amakhala ndi zingwe zaphokoso, ndipo mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi zotupa zapakhosi, mothandizidwa ndi iyo yomwe imatulutsa mbewa yayikulu munyengo yakukhwima. Ma testes awiri amaphatikizidwa ndi impso, umuna umadutsa impso, pambuyo pake umalowa m'matumbo, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo kupita ku cesspool. Pakusowa mbolo, umuna umaponyedwa kuchokera ku mazira omwe amaikira mazira omwe mayi amayala nthawi yayitali.
Akazi amakhala ndi utoto wamavuto omwe ali pafupi ndi impso. Mazira amapita kudzera m'mazira ovala kupita kunja.Pa nthawi yayitali, mphamvu yaimphongo imalimbikitsa mazira achikazi. Mazira nthawi zambiri amakhala atakulungidwa ndi mawonekedwe osalala.
Machitidwe amanjenje
Mphamvu ya achule imakhala ndi ubongo, chingwe cha msana ndi mitsempha, komanso ma peripheral nerve ganglia. Magawo ambiri a ubongo wa chule amagwirizana ndi mbali zina za ubongo wa munthu. Ubongo umakhala ndi ma lobes awiri olonicory, ma hemispheres awiri am'mimba, pineal gland, lobic awiri, cerebellum ndi medulla oblongata. Mphamvu ya cerebellum imayendetsa kugwirizanitsa kwa minofu ndikuwongolera, ndipo medulla oblongata imayang'anira kupuma, kugaya, ndi ntchito zina za thupi. Kukula kwachilengedwe kwa achule ndi kocheperako poyerekezera ndi kwa anthu. Amakhala ndi magulu awiri amisomali 10 am'mimba yama cranial ndi 10awiri ya mitsempha ya msana, poyerekeza ndi zinyama, mbalame ndi zirombo, zomwe zimakhala ndi awiriawiri a mitsempha ya cranial. Achule alibe khutu lakunja, ndipo eardrum imatsegukira kunja. Monga ma tetrapod, makutu achule amaphatikizira zida zamakono. Pokhala ndi nkhono yaifupi yaifupi, achule amagwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi (mosiyana ndi zinyama zazam'makina) kuzindikira mawu.
Zowongolera masomphenya
Maso a achule amakhala pamwamba pamutu ndipo nthawi zambiri amakankhidwira kutsogolo. Izi zimawapatsa malo owoneka bwino, chule amatha kumiza thupi lonse m'madzi, kungosiyira maso ake pamwamba. Maso amatetezedwa ndi ma eyidi oyenda ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino oteteza maso pamene ali m'madzi. Mtundu wa iris komanso mawonekedwe a phunziroli mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi yosiyana.
Achule amawona zinthu zakutali bwino kuposa zapafupi. Achule okhotakhota nthawi yomweyo amakhala chete akaona kuti chitha kuopseza ndipo ngakhale chithunzithunzi chake, koma akamayandikira kwambiri chinthucho, chimakhala chovuta kwambiri. Chule ikayatsa lilime lake kuthamangira nyama, imagwira chinthu chaching'ono chosasunthika bwino. Amakhala ndi cholinga pasadakhale, popeza mawonekedwe a thupi amatulutsa iye kuti atseke maso ake ndikutambata lilime lake. Funso la kukhalapo kwa masomphenya amitundu mu achule silinathetsedwe. Kuyesaku kunatsimikizira kusintha kwa achule ku kuwala kwamtambo.
Achule ali ndi zida zapadera zowoneka pakati pa ma vertebrates. Mukufufuza, zidapezeka kuti pafupifupi 95% yazidziwitso zimalowa mu gawo la ubongo. Izi zimadzetsa kuti chule saona komwe ili. Mapeto ake ndi oti achule amangoona zinthu zoyenda zokha.
Magulu akumva
Achule amamva pansi komanso pamadzi. Alibe khutu lakunja, koma, monga lamulo, pali eardrum kumbuyo kwa diso lililonse. Phokoso limayambitsa kugwedezeka kwa nembanemba, lomwe limalifikitsa kumtunda wapakati komanso wamkati. Kukula kwa eardrum ndi mtunda pakati pawo amalumikizana ndi pafupipafupi phokoso lomwe chule ili limakhazikika. Mwa mitundu ina, mwachitsanzo, chule wa ng'ombe, kukula kwa ziwalo zomwe zimafanana ndi kukula kwa maso kumawonetsa jenda. Ziwalo zamphongo zimakhala ndi maso ochulukirapo, ndipo zazikazi zimakhala zofanana. Monga lamulo, achule samadalira kokha pakumva, ndipo sangathenso kumvanso mkokomo mpaka awone gwero lake.
Anabiosis
Nyengo zikafika pachimake, mitundu ina ya achule imagwa ndikugwedezeka ndipo mwina satha kuchita chilichonse kwa miyezi ingapo. M'malo ozizira, achule amakhala mu nthawi yozizira. Mitundu ina imabisidwa m'miyala kapena m'manda masamba owuma. Zamoyo zam'madzi (mwachitsanzo, chule wamphongo), monga lamulo, zimagona pansi pa chosungiramo, chomamizidwa pang'ono pang'ono, komabe zimapezabe mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi. Kagayidwe kake kamachepetsa, ndipo amapulumuka pakudya mphamvu zamkati zamkati. Achule ambiri amatha kupulumuka kuzizira. Ngakhale makhiristu a ayezi amapanga pansi pa khungu lawo komanso m'matumbo amthupi, ziwalo zofunika zimatetezedwa kuti zisazizidwe chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa glucose m'misempha.Ikuwoneka ngati chule yopanda moyo, chisanu chitha kupuma ndikuyambiranso ntchito ya mtima ngati yatenthedwa.
Mbali inayi, Cyclorana alboguttata nthawi yotentha ku Australia imagwera mu nyengo ya dzuwa (hibernation yachilimwe), yopanda chakudya ndi madzi kwa miyezi 9 mpaka 10 pachaka. Chule chija chimadzigoneka pansi ndikuwazungulira mchoko wokuteteza, womwe umapangika khungu lake. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti nthawi yamapangidwe, chule metabolism imasintha kuti mphamvu ya mitochondrial iwonjezeke, kulola kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu zochepa zomwe zimapezeka kwa chule mu hibernation. Poyesa kuyankha funso chifukwa chake makinawa sakhala ofala mu ufumu wa nyama, ochita kafukufukuwo adazindikira kuti ndizothandiza kwa nyama zokhala ndi magazi okhaokha zomwe zakhala zikungoyimitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe mphamvu zake ndizotsika kwambiri, popeza sizifunikira kuti zizipanga nthawi zonse kutentha. Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti kukwaniritsa zosowa zochepa zamagetsi, achule amayambitsa minofu yambiri (kupatula minofu ya miyendo yakumbuyo).
Kulankhulana
Mtundu uliwonse wa chule uli ndi mtundu wake wamakhalidwe. Croaking ndikumveka komwe mpweya umadutsa pamkokomo. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi masinthidwe owonjezereka omwe amawongolera mawu omwe amapanga - matumba ammero, omwe ndi otambasuka pakhungu lomwe limakhala pansi pakhosi kapena pamphepete pakamwa. Achule ena (mwachitsanzo, Nornitsa ndi Neobratrahus) alibe matumba ammero, koma komabe amatha kupanga kaphokoso kwambiri, chifukwa pakamwa pawo pamakhala zooneka bwino komanso zokulirapo kuti azigwira ntchito ngati chitsa. Mitundu ina ya achule imamveka kutali kwambiri kuposa kilomita. Mitundu ya achule omwe amakhala m'madzi ambiri nthawi zambiri samatha kusintha mawu, chifukwa phokoso limapangitsa kuti kulankhulana kosamveka kukhale kosathandiza. M'malo mwake, mitunduyi imagwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana (“semaphore” wina ndi mnzake).
Monga zomwe awonetsa, gawo lalikulu la kulumikizana kwa achule limagwera pokopa akazi. Amuna amatha kuboweka m'mayendedwe, ndipo amatha kupanga nyimbo pamene abambo ambiri asonkhana m'malo abwino. Akazi a mitundu yambiri ya achule (i.e. Polypedates leucomystax) komanso osagonja poyankha mafoni ochokera kwa amuna, omwe angakulitse ntchito yakuberekera kwanuko. Akazi amakonda abambo omwe amapanga mawu okweza komanso otsika, zomwe zimawonetsa wamwamuna wathanzi komanso wamphamvu amatha kubereka ana abwino kwambiri.
Gulu lowomba la phokoso limapangidwa ndi amuna kapena akazi osasangalatsa achisoni achimuna wina. Ichi ndi chizolowezi chomveka chomwe chimagwirizana ndi kugwedeza kwamthupi. Mtengo ndi mitundu ina ya achule apadziko lapansi ali ndi mawu abodza oti mvula ikubwera, yomwe imatuluka pomwe nyengo zina zimaphatikizidwa, komanso phokoso lomwe limathamangitsa amuna achilendo mdera lomwe akukhudzidwalo. Mawu awa onse achule amatuluka ndi pakamwa lotsekeka.
Achule ena omwe ali pachiwopsezo chakufa amatulutsa chizindikiro chamkamwa ndi pakamwa lotseguka, kulandira phokoso lokweza kwambiri. Monga lamulo, imasindikizidwa ndi chule wogwidwa ndi chilombo. Nthawi zina nyama yolusa yomwe imangosiyidwa ndi kulira kumeneku imatulutsa chule, ndipo nthawi zina nyama zina zomwe zimakonda kudya zimathamanga, zikusokoneza nyama yomwe yagwidwa, yomwe imawathandiza kuthawa.
Kudumpha
Achule amatengedwa ngati opanga bwino kwambiri pamtundu wonse wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu (kutalika kwa kudumpha kofanana ndi kukula kwa thupi). Chule waku Australia Litoria nasuta amatha kudumpha mtunda wopitilira kutalika kwa thupi lake (masentimita 5.5) nthawi zopitilira 50. Kupita kuthamangira kumatha kulowa 20 m / s 2. Mitundu ya achule ndi osiyana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake mu kuthekera kwawo kudumpha.Mkati mwa mitunduyo, pamakhala kulumikizana kwabwino pakati pa kukula kwa munthu ndi kutalika kwa kudumpha, koma kutalika kwa kudumpha (kutalika kwa kudumpha komwe kumawagawa kutalika kwa thupi) kumachepa. Chule wachi India Euphlyctis cyanopilyctis Imatha kulumpha kuchokera m'madzi kuchokera pamalo abata pamwamba. Achule ang'ono Acris crepitans imatha "kudutsa" pansi padziwe ndi kulumpha kwakanthawi.
Kutha kulumpha achule chifukwa chakuti ambiri am'misempha yawo amasinthidwa kuti adumphe. Mwendo wotsika, phazi ndi mapazi amaphatikizidwa kukhala fupa limodzi lolimba, komanso ma radius ndi zilonda zam'mbuyo (zimachepetsa inertia ikamatera). Metatarsus ndiwokwera, ndikuwonjezera kutalika kwa mwendo, komwe kumapangitsa chule kutuluka pansi kwanthawi yayitali, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu. Ilium imapangidwanso ndipo imapanga cholumikizira chosakanikirana ndi sacrum, yomwe ndi achule otsogola monga Ranidae ndi Hylidae, imagwira ntchito ngati cholumikizira miyendo, ndikukulira mphamvu. The caudal vertebrae anasakaniza kwa urostyle, yomwe ili mkati mwa pelvis. Zimakupatsani mwayi wofalitsa kulumikizana kuchokera ku miyendo kupita ku thupi.
Momwemonso, minofu ya achule imasinthidwa. Monga nyama zina zokhala ndi miyendo, mu achule akale mayendedwe awo ankayendetsedwa ndi awiriawiri a minofu - mphamvu ndi zowonjezera. Mu achule amakono, minyewa yomwe imalimbikitsa kulumpha imapangidwa mopanda dongosolo (minyewa yayikulu yamiyendo imapanga zoposa 17% ya kuchuluka kwa chule), pomwe minofu yomwe imabwezeretsa miyendoyo pamalo ake oyambirirayo imakhala ikukula. Kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kumawonetsa kuti minyewa ya mwendo imatha kusintha pang'onopang'ono. Poyamba zimatambasulidwa (ngakhale chule akupitiliza kukhala), ndiye kuti amalumikizana ndikuwongoka, ndikutumiza chule mumlengalenga. Pakadumpha, kutsogolo kumakanikizidwa pachifuwa, ndipo miyendo yakumbuyoyo imakhala yotalikirapo. M'mitundu ina ya achule (i.e. Osteopilus septentrionalis ndi Zojambula za Rana,, mphamvu yayikulu yolumikizidwa ndi minofu pa kulumpha imatha kupitilira mphamvu zawo zakuyerekezera. Izi ndichifukwa choti atasinthasintha ndikusinthika kwa minofu kwa nthawi yoyamba, mphamvu zomwe adalandira zimapita kwa tendon yotambasuka, yomwe imapinda kuzungulira fupa la phewa. Pakukakamiza kwachiwiri kwa minofu, tendon iyi imamasulidwa ngati mphaka, ndikupatsa chule liwiro lomwe sizingatheke pokhapokha ngati mutachita khama. Makina ofanana adapezeka mu udzu wina, kuphatikiza ndi dzombe.
Kuthamanga ndi kuyenda
Mitundu ina ya achule ali ndi miyendo yayifupi ya kumbuyo ndipo amayenda masitepe osati kudumpha. Kuyenda mwachangu kwa nthumwi zamtunduwu zimaperekedwa ndi kuthamanga kwa miyendo (kuyenda mwachangu), kapena kulumpha mwachidule. Chule Kassina maculata ali ndi miyendo yayifupi komanso yopyapyala, osasinthasintha chifukwa chodumpha. Chule ichi chimatha kuthamanga, kusunthira miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Kuyenda kwapang'onopang'ono kunawonetsa kuti chule cha achule sasintha kutengera kuthamanga (mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku kavalo yemwe amathamanga pa liwiro lalitali komanso amapita kuchilala chothamanga kwambiri). Mtunduwu umadziwanso momwe angakwerere mitengo ndi tchire, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu usiku kugwira tizilombo. Chule wachi India Euphlyctis cyanopilyctis imakhala ndi miyendo yayitali ndipo imatha kuthamanga mamita angapo nthawi imodzi pamwamba pamadzi.
Kusambira
Chule lomwe limakhala m'madzi limatha kusambira, miyendo yawo yakumbuyo komanso kupezeka kwa ziwalo zosiyanasiyananso ndi mbali ya kapangidwe ka thupi lawo. Tinthu timene timakulitsa malo a phazi (ngati mapepala) ndikuthandizira kuyenda kwa achule m'madzi. Mamembala am'banja Pipidae khalani ndi moyo wam'madzi chifukwa chake ndi oyenera kukhala pamtunduwu.Amakhala ndi msana wosasunthika, thunthu lake limapindika ndipo limadumphadumpha, miyendo yam'mbuyo yamphamvu imakhala ndi ziwalo zikuluzikulu, ndipo pofuna kuyang'ana bwino m'madzi pali gawo la mzere wotsatira. Mikwapulo, monga lamulo, imakhala ndi zipsepse zazikulu za caudal, ndikupereka mathamangitsidwe kutsogolo, mchira ukasunthira mbali ndi mbali. M'madzi, achule amathandizira kwambiri panthawi ya metamorphosis, pomwe mchirawo umakhala utagonjetseka kale ndipo miyendo yake sigwira ntchito kwenikweni.
Kukumba dzenje
Achule ena adazolowera moyo wapansi ndipo, monga zotulukapo, kukumba mabowo. Achule awa, monga lamulo, ali ndi thunthu lozungulira, miyendo yayifupi, mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi maso opunditsa, ndipo miyendo yakumbuyo imasinthidwa kuti ikumbe. Chitsanzo cha akatswiri apaderadera pankhaniyi ndi Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis, mawonekedwe akumwera aku India. Amadyanso chakudya chambiri ndipo amakhala pansi moyo wake wonse. Imadzuka kwakanthawi kachulukidwe, pamene kupuma ndi kubereka kumachitika m'matumba. Chule ichi chimakhala ndi mutu waching'ono wokhala ndi chopindika komanso thupi lozungulira. Chifukwa cha moyo wawo wapansi panthaka, mtunduwu udangofotokozedwa kokha mu 2003, ngakhale zinali zodziwika bwino kwanthawi kwawo
Mtundu wina wophulika, Horioporus albopunctatus waku Australia, umakhala ndi moyo wosiyana kotheratu. Chule'chi chimakumbira bowo pagombe kapena pansi pa mtsinje ndipo nthawi zambiri chimawombera chakudya. Matani ndikuyika mazira kumachitika mchisa mkati mwa dzenje. Mazira amakula mpaka kufika penapake, koma tadpoles sawasiya mpaka burg izadzaza ndi mvula yambiri. Pokhapokha ndipamene timapenga timasambira m'madzi otseguka, pomwe timamaliza msanga kukula. Achule aku Madagascar ochokera ku mtundu Scaphiophryne ikani masamba owuma. M'modzi mwa oimira dzikolo, Scaphiophryne marmorata, ali ndi mutu wowoneka bwino komanso wopindika bwino pamiyendo yake yakumbuyo, ndikuwathandiza kukumba. Pa miyendo yakutsogolo ya chule ili pali ma disc okukulira omwe amathandiza kuti adutse tchire. Chule zamtunduwu zimaswanitsa maudzu omwe amawoneka mvula ikamagwa.
Kukwera kwa Dart
Achule a mitengo amakhala m'makona a mitengo, pomwe amakwera pamtengo, singano ndi masamba. Ena aiwo satsika konse padziko lapansi. Achule a “Real” ndi achule a mitengo ya banja, kapena achule a mitengo, koma pali oimira mabanja ena achule omwe ali ndi moyo pamtengowo.
Chifukwa chake, pakati pa achule a mitengo pali oimira mabanja a woodpeckers, springbok, galasi ndi Copepods. Achule ambiri samapitirira 10 cm ndipo ali ndi miyendo yayitali ndi miyendo italiitali yokhala ndi mapepala ataliitali pazala zawo. Achule a mitengo amakhala ndi zida zapapangidwe kayendedwe kazinthu ndipo amatha kugwira kachilombo popachika pa nthambi kumtunda chala chimodzi, kapena kukhala pabango lomwe likuwombedwa ndi mphepo. Ena oyimira mabungwe ang'onoang'ono Phyllomedusinae pali zala zotsutsana pamapazi. Chule Phyllomedusa ayeaye ali ndi chala chimodzi kutsogolo chilichonse ndi zala ziwiri zotsutsana ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Izi zimamupangitsa kuti azilumikizira pazomera zam'mbali.
Kukwera ndege
M'mbiri yonse ya chisinthiko, mitundu yambiri ya achule yosagwirizana yasintha momwe ndege zimapangidwira .. Mitundu ina ya achule mu nkhalango zotentha imakhala yokhazikika pakukonzekera mitengo kapena kukhala ndi luso lotha kudumpha kuchokera pamtengo mpaka pansi m'njira yolamulidwa ("parachuing"). Woimira wamba ndi chule Rhacophorus nigropalmat, yemwe amakhala ku Malaysia ndi Borneo. Ali ndi miyendo yayikulu, zala zake zimakulitsidwa ndipo zimakhala ndi zomata zolumikizira, pali ziwalo zowuluka pakati pa zala, ndipo pali zikutilo zowonjezera pakhungu mbali ya miyendo ndi pelvis. Chule ndi miyendo yoluka, chule imatha kukonzekera mtunda wautali (mpaka 15) pakati pamitengo, ndikusintha mayendedwe ake ngati pakufunika
Kudziteteza
Poyang'ana koyamba, achule amawoneka osatetezeka chifukwa cha kukula kwawo, kuyenda kwapang'onopang'ono, khungu loonda komanso kusowa kwa zida zoteteza (mwachitsanzo, nyanga, mano ndi zibwano). Achule ambiri ali ndi utoto wosaloledwa womwe umawalola kuti asawonekere motsutsana ndi kumbuyo kwa chilengedwe (pomwe chule ndi chosayenda). Ena amatha kudumpha pamtunda kupita pamadzi, zomwe zimawathandiza kuthawa adani.
Achule ambiri amapanga zinthu zapoizoni (ma bufotoxins), zimawapangitsa kukhala osagwirizana ndi omwe amadyera masuku pamutu. Achule ena ali ndi tiziwalo tambiri tating'ono tomwe timakhala kumbuyo kwa maso komwe kamasokoneza ntchofu ndi ziphe zomwe zimapangitsa kuti achule azitha kuterera komanso kupha nthawi imodzi. Ngati vuto la poizoni limamveka nthawi yomweyo, wolusa amatha kumasula chule. Ngati poizoni wachedwa kuchita, sangapulumutse chule amene wagwira, koma wolungamayo (akapulumuka) apitiliza kupewa oyimira amtunduwu.
Achule, monga chisonyezo, amawonetsa kuwopsa kwawo ndi khungu lowala (njira yosinthira yotchedwa paleeticism). Mitundu ina yopanda poizoni imatsata poizoni. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, chule cha Allobates zaparo sichiri poizoni, koma chimatsutsa mitundu iwiri yosiyanasiyana yomwe ilimo m'chigawo chake. Pamaso pa mitundu yonseyi limodzi, Allobates zaparo amatulutsa poizoni wochepa
Caviar
Monga lamulo, chule roe amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri za galatinous, zomwe zimapatsa mazirawo chitetezo china ndipo sizimalepheretsa kupita kwa mpweya, kaboni dayokisi ndi ammonia. Ulalo wotetezawu umatenga chinyezi ndipo umatupa ndimadzi. Pambuyo umuna, mkati mwa zakumwa za mazira, zomwe zimapereka ufulu woyenda kwa mwana wosabadwayo. M'mitundu ina (mwachitsanzo, chule wokhala ndi miyendo yofiira ndi Rana sylvatica), mwala wobiriwira wopanda unzeru umapezeka mu zinthu za gelatinous. Amanenanso kuti zimathandizira kukula kwa mluza, kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe umapangidwa nthawi ya photosynthesis. Mitundu yambiri ya mazira ndi yakuda kapena yofiirira yakuda, yomwe imawalola kuti azitenthedwa ndi dzuwa kuposa chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, kutentha mkati mwa tsambalo la Rana sylvatica caviar kunali kokwanira 6 ° C kuposa kutentha kwa madzi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mazira
Kukula ndi mawonekedwe a caviar agglomerate ndi mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse. Achule a pabanja Ranidae amakonda kupindika masango. Mzungu wa ku Cuba pang'ono amayikira mazira amodzi nthawi imodzi ndikuwakhomera panthaka yonyowa. Leptodactylus pentadactylus amapanga chisa chithovu mdzenje, ndikuyika mazira chikwi. Miphika imabadwa ngati madzi amadzaza dzenje, ndipo nthawi zina kukula kumachitika chisa. Chule chokhala ndi maso ofiira amaikira mazira pamasamba omwe amakhala pamwamba pa madzi osungira. Kumaswa, nthenga zimagwera masamba kuchoka m'madzi.
M'mitundu ina, pamtundu wina wa kukula, mazira mu mazira amatha kugwedezeka chifukwa cha zilombo (mavu, njoka) ndi kuwaswa patsogolo pake kuti asunthe komanso kupewa kufa. Mwambiri, kutalika kwa gawo la kakulidwe ka mazira kumatengera mitundu ndi chilengedwe. Monga lamulo, ma tadpoles amaswa mkati mwa sabata pambuyo poti dzira laphulika mchikakamizo cha timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi tomwe timayambira.
Mapaipi
Mphutsi zachisanu zochokera ku mazira zimadziwika kuti ma tadpoles. Amakhala moyo wam'madzi mokwanira, koma kupatula kumodzi komwe kumadziwika - ma tadpoles amtundu wa Nannophrys ceylonensis ndi theka lapansi ndipo amakhala pakati pa miyala yonyowa. Thupi lawo, monga lamulo, limakhala ndi mawonekedwe owotcha, mchirawo ndi wautali, wopindika, wokhazikika, wosinthika kusambira. Tadpoles tili ndi mafupa a cartilaginous, maso alibe matope, pali chiwalo cha mzere wammbali, ma gill amatumikiridwa kupuma. Poyamba, ma tadpoles amakhala ndi matumba akunja, ndipo mkati mwake (gawo la gill limaphimba gill ndi miyendo yakutsogolo).Mapapu otukuka amatumikiranso monga chiwalo chowonjezera chopumira. Mitundu ina imakumananso ndi dzira, ndipo mazira amaswa. Mapaipi alibe mano kwenikweni, koma mitundu yambiri ya nsagwada imakutidwa ndi mizere yofanana ya denticles ya keratin (mizere iwiri pachiwono chapamwamba, mizere itatu pamilomo yotsika komanso yamphongo). Kuchuluka kwa mizere ndi kutsimikiza kwa kamwa kumasiyana mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo zimatha kukhala chizindikiritso. Zojambula zakale zapabanja (kupatula mtundu Hymenochirus) khalani ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tating'ono timapangitsa kuti tiwoneke ngati tinsomba tating'ono
Ma besules nthawi zambiri amakhala ma herbivorous ndipo amadyetsa zakudya zamafuta kuchokera m'madzi kudzera m'matayala. Mitundu ina ndi nyama zomwe zimadyera kale tadpole ndipo zimadyanso tizilombo (ma tadpoles a Osteopilus septentrionalis kuchita cannibalism), komanso kudya nsomba zazing'ono. Mapaipi, miyendo yakukula koyambirira, amatha kukhala ozunzidwa ndi anzawo.
Mapaipi amasakidwa ndi nsomba, salamanders, carnivores ndi mbalame (mwachitsanzo kingfisher). Ma tadipu ena ndi oopsa. M'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya achule, gawo la tadpole limatha sabata limodzi mpaka miyezi ingapo ndipo zimadalira njira yobala.
Metamorphosis
Pambuyo pa kumaliza gawo la tadpole, achulewo amakumana ndi njira ya metamorphosis, pomwe machitidwe a thupi amapangidwanso mwachangu kuti akhale achikulire. Monga lamulo, metamorphosis imakhala pafupifupi tsiku limodzi. Zimayamba ndikupanga mahomoni a thyroxine, omwe amakhudza kukula kwa minofu. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwa kupuma kumaphatikizanso kukulira kwa mapapu motsatana ndi kuzimiririka kwa ma gill ndi gill sac. Kutsogolo ndiwonekere. Nsagwada yam'munsi imakhala ndi chizolowezi chomenya, matumbo amafupikitsidwa. Mchitidwe wamanjenje umasinthasintha ndikuwona masisitere ndi kumva, komanso njira zatsopano zoyenda ndi zakudya. Maso amasunthira kumtunda, ma eyel komanso mawonekedwe a gland. Ziwalo zomva zimasinthidwa (membrane wamkamwa ndi khutu lapakati amawonekera). Khungu limakhala lalikulupo ndikulimba, ziwalo zam'mbali zimasowa (m'mitundu yambiri), ndipo mawonekedwe a tiziwalo ta khungu. Pa gawo lotsiriza la metamorphosis, mchirawo umazimiririka, minofu yake yomwe imapita kukakulitsa miyendo.
Rana temporaria chule mphutsi tsiku lisanachitike metamorphosis
Pakati pa metamorphosis - nsagwada zimasinthidwa, maso amakulitsa, zotsalira za gill sac zikuwoneka
Mchira wa mchira, metamorphosis pafupifupi umatha
Akuluakulu
Achule omwe adakumana ndi metamorphosis amakhala m'malo okhala mitundu yawo. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya achule akuluakulu ndi nyama. Amadyera ma invertebrates, kuphatikizapo arthropods, mphutsi ndi nkhono. Pali cannibalism, onse interspecific ndi intraspecific. Pali mitundu ikuluikulu yomwe imadya nyama zina zapamadzi, zolengedwa zazing'ono zazing'ono ndi mbalame. Ena opanda chingwe amagwira nyama yawo yomwe ili ndi lilime lolimba, pomwe ena amangobisala chakudya pakamwa pawo ndi milomo yawo. Chule cha mtengo Xenohyla truncata ndiwosiyana chifukwa chimaphatikizapo zipatso muzakudya zake. Odyera nyama ambiri amadyera achule, kuphatikiza heron, akambuku, nsomba, salamanders, njoka, raccoon, skunks, Fergo ndi ena.
Achule ndi omwe amadyera, ndi gawo limodzi lofunikira mu chakudya. Pokhala nyama zamagazi ozizira, amagwiritsa ntchito bwino zakudya zomwe zadyedwa, akumangogwiritsa ntchito gawo lawo laling'ono lamphamvu pazochita za metabolic ndikusintha zina kukhala zotsalira. Amakhala chakudya cha anthu ena omwe amadyera limodzi, ndipo iwonso amadya ma arthropods, makamaka herbivores. Chifukwa chake, pakudya ogula chomera, achule amalimbikitsa kukula kwa mbewu, zomwe zimathandizira chilengedwe.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa achule mu vivo sikumveka bwino. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira za nthawi ya mafupa, nthawi ya moyo wa chule Rana muscosa imayezedwa ndi kusintha kwasintha kwakanthawi kwamalawi a zala.Zomwe zidapeza zikuwonetsa kuti njira yayitali kwambiri ya moyo wa munthu wamkulu ndi zaka 10, ndikupatsidwa gawo la tadpole, lomwe mwa mtunduwu limatenga pafupifupi zaka 4, nthawi yayitali zaka 14zi.
Kusamalira Makanda
Njira zosamalira ana a achule sizimamveka bwino. Pafupifupi 20% ya mitundu ya amphibian amaganiza kuti amasamalira ana amtunduwu munjira ina. Pali ubale wosagwirizana pakati pa kukula kwa nkhokwe yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pobereka komanso kuchuluka kwa chisamaliro cha makolo chosonyezedwa ndi achule. Mitundu ya achule yomwe imaswana m'madzi ang'onoang'ono imawonetsa kusamalira kwovuta kwa makolo. M'malo ambiri osungira, ambiri a caviar ndi ma tadpoles amadyedwa ndi omwe amadyera. Poona izi, mitundu ina ya achule atha kuyikira mazira pamtunda. Makamaka, amasamalira kuti caviar ikhale yonyowa pansi pazouma. Chisamaliro chowonjezereka cha makolo chimawonekera mukusunthira kwa ma tadpoles omwe amakodwa kumtunda kupita ku dziwe.
M'matupi ang'onoting'ono amadzi pamakhala zilombo zochepa, ndipo kupulumuka kwa ma tadpo kumawongoleredwa makamaka ndi mpikisano wamkati. Mitundu ina ya achule imapewetsa mpikisanowu posamutsa ma tadpoles atsopano kukhala ang'onoang'ono oyimitsa (lat. Phytotelmata) odzaza ndi madzi. Ngakhale kusowa kwa mpikisano, matanthwe oterewa ndi osakwanira pazinthu, motero makolo amayenera kudyetsa ana awo. Mitundu ina imadyetsa mazira ndi mazira osabereka. Chifukwa chake, nkhuni yaying'ono (Oophaga pumilio) imayikira mazira pansi m'nkhalango. Yaimuna imateteza caviar ku nyama zomwe zimadyera ndipo imanyowetsa ndi madzi a cloaca kuti isaphe. Tadpoles ikaswa, wamkazi amawasunthira kumbuyo kwa khola la ena oimira banja la bromeliad, ndikusiya tadpole imodzi pachomera chilichonse. Zitachitika izi, zazikazi zimakonda kuyendera ana, kenako zimayikira mazira awiri kapena awiri osabereka monga chakudya, ndikupitilabe kuzidyetsa mpaka metamorphosis italowa. Mofananamo, nthumwi za mitundu ya Oophaga granulifera amasamalira ana awo.
Njira zosamalira makolo pakati pa achule ndizosiyanasiyana. Mwana wamwamuna wamng'ono kwambiri Colostethus subpunctatus amateteza mazira ake omwe ali pansi pa mwala kapena chipika. Tadpoles ikasokonekera, amawasinthira kumbuyo (kuthira mafuta m'mimba) kumalo osungirako kwakanthawi, komwe, mwa kumizidwa pang'ono pang'ono m'madzi, amatulutsa tadpoles imodzi kapena zingapo, kenako ndikupita kuchosungira chotsatira. Chule wa ku South America wotchedwa Engystomops pustulosus amapanga chisa kuchokera ku chitho chomwe chimayikira mazira. Chithovucho chimakhala ndi mapuloteni komanso lectin ndipo amatha kukhala ndi antibacterial. Achule angapo amatha kumangira chisa cholumikizira. Mwakutero, "raft" imayamba kumangidwa, kenako achule amayikira mazira pakati pake, ndikusintha kuyika mazira ndi kupanga chithovu, kumaliza ntchitoyi ndikupanga thonje pamwamba pa mazira.
Mitundu ina ya achule imasunga ana m'matupi awo. Akazi a rheobatrachus (mwina atha pang'ono) anameza mazira awo okhathamira, omwe amakhala m'mimba mwawo. Pakadali pano, achule anasiya kudyetsa ndikumatulutsa timadziti tam'mimba, ndi ma tadpoles omwe amadyedwa ndi dzira yolk. Pakatha milungu isanu ndi umodzi mpaka isanu ndi iwiri, zazikazizo zinatsegula pakamwa pawo ndikumanga tadpoles. Mtundu wachikazi wa Darwin rhinderm wokhala ku Chile umayikira mazira 40, omwe amatetezedwa ndi wamwamuna, pansi. Nthenga zam'mimba zikagunda, zamphongozo zimazimeza ndi kuzigwira m'chikhosi mwake. Miphika imamizidwa mu madzi owoneka ndi thovu, omwe kuphatikiza pa yolk amawapatsa zakudya. Amakhala mchikwama kwa milungu isanu ndi iwiri mpaka khumi, kenako amapita ndi metamorphosis, ndikusunthira mkamwa wamphongo wamphongo ndikudumpha.
Pophika
Miyendo ya achule m'maiko osiyanasiyana amadyedwa.Njira yachikhalidwe yokwaniritsira msika wakomweko chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa achule am'derali yakhala yosatheka m'zaka zaposachedwa chifukwa kuchepa kwa anthu awa. Pakadali pano, pali bizinesi yapadziko lonse yotukuka miyendo ya achule. Omwe akutumizira ndi France, Belgium, Luxembourg ndi USA, ndipo omwe akutumiza ndi Indonesia ndi China. Zogulitsa zamphongo zamphongo zaku America (Rana catesbeiana), zomwe zimagulitsidwa ku China, zimafika matani 2.4,000. Maiko ena, mwachitsanzo, Belarus, posachedwapa ali ndi chidwi ndi ntchito yolima achule.
Pankhani yakufufuza
Achule anagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyesa sayansi. M'zaka za zana la 18, wasayansi wazomera Luigi Galvani adapeza kudzera poyesera ndi achule kulumikizana kwa magetsi ndi dongosolo lamanjenje. Mu 1852, G.F. Stannius adagwiritsa ntchito mtima wa chule poyesa dzina lake, zomwe zidatsimikizira kuti ma cell a pacemaker amatha kutulutsa mosiyanasiyana mimbulu yosiyanasiyana mumitengo ya mtima ndi atria. Chule chofewa cha Spur chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 poyesa kutenga pakati pambuyo poti katswiri wofufuza zanyama ku England Lancelot Hogben atazindikira kuti mahomoni a chorionic gonadotropin amapezeka mumkodzo wa mayi woyembekezera, yemwe amachititsa kuti chule lotere lizikhala. Mu 1952, a Robert Briggs ndi a Joseph King adasunga chule poyika ma cell a senatic cell (mwanawankhosa wa Dolly pambuyo pake adapangidwanso mwanjira yomweyo). Uku kunali kuyesera kopambana poyesa kusokoneza ma vertebrates mwa kupatsirana nyukiliya. Achule amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakufufuza pa embryology. Achule a Spur adakhalabe choyimira chachitsanzo pakupitilira kwamoyo ngakhale atapangidwa mayeso amakono opitilira masiku ano, chifukwa ndiosavuta kuyang'anira mu labotale, ndipo mazira awo ndi akulu kwambiri kuti athe kudulira. Nthawi yomweyo, achule otentha amalowa m'malo ndi wachibale wocheperako, Xenopus tropicalis, yemwe amafikira kukhwima pakugonana pa miyezi 5 (osati chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, ngati chule losalala), lomwe limafulumira maphunziro omwe amafunikira achule angapo. Genome X. tropicalis pofika chaka cha 2012 ali mnjira yotsatira.
Kuphatikizika kwapadera kwa poizoni wopangidwa ndi achule kwadzetsa chidwi cha "biochemists" mu "mankhwala achilengedwe." Alkaloid epibatidine, wolumikizira, wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa morphine, amapezeka mwa mitundu ina ya genus listolaz. Peptide inalekanitsidwa ndi khungu la chule lomwe amati limaletsa kubereka kwa kachilombo ka HIV.
Achule amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabungwe olowera m'masukulu ndi m'mayunivesite. Monga lamulo, amathandizidwa asanaperekedwe ndi ma pigment kuti athe kupeza kusiyana pakati pamagulu osiyanasiyana a thupi. Poganizira za kayendedwe ka ufulu wa nyama, mchitidwewu wasinthidwa posachedwa ndi zigawo za "digitized" - mapulogalamu apakompyuta omwe amayendetsa chamoyo cha chule.
Kupanga Poizoni
Kuyambira kale, sumu za chule zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mibvi ndi mikondo yapoizoni. Mothandizidwa ndi khungu la khungu latsamba lowopsya, Amwenye aku South America adapanga mivi yapoizoni. Chipsicho chidakhuthulidwa kumbuyo kwa chule, mivi idawombera kuchokera ku chitoliro cha mphepo pa kusaka. Kuphatikiza kwa poizoni awiriwa yemwe amapezeka m'matumba amenewa (batrachotoxin ndi Homobatrachotoxin) kumakhala kwamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti poyizoni wa chule m'modzi akuti ndi wokwanira kupha mbewa 22,000. Mitundu ina iwiri ya achule, tsamba lamasamba agolide ndi tsamba lokhala ndi masamba awiri, idagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati poyizoni, koma kuyika kwambiri m'makutu kumakhala kochepa, kuti poizoniyo ayambe kutulutsa ayenera kuwotchedwa. Zoyipa izi zimayesedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mankhwala.
Chitetezo
Kafukufuku yemwe adayamba mu 1950 akuwonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa achule.Zoposa gawo limodzi mwa zitatu za mitunduzi zikuwopsezedwa kuti ziwonongeka. M'malo ena, kuchepa kwa achule chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, zodetsa, kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa zilombo zakunja, majeremusi ndi mpikisano. Matenda opatsirana a chitridiomycosis ndi ranavirus amawonedwa kuti ndi owopsa kwambiri kwa achule.
Ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kuchuluka kwa chidwi kwa anthu amphibians mokulira komanso achule makamaka kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumalumikizidwa ndi zinthu monga malo awo apakatikati mu chakudya, khungu lolowerera komanso nthawi yamoyo, yomwe imaphatikizapo gawo lamadzi (tadpole) ndi moyo wapadziko lapansi wachikulire. . Mitundu yocheperako ya achule momwe gawo lamadzi limakhalira kuchepa kapena kulibe paliponse imagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuipitsidwa kuposa achule wamba omwe amakhala m'madzi kuyambira gawo la mazira mpaka kumapeto kwa metamorphosis.
Chiwerengero cha kusintha kwa masinthidwe ndi zolakwa zamtundu zomwe zimawonedwa mu achule zidakwera panthawi yowonera kuyambira 1990s mpaka 2003. Chimodzi mwazovuta zomwe zimapezeka ndikusowa kapena miyendo yowonjezera. Malingaliro osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuperewera kumeneku amaphatikizapo kuwonjezereka kwa radiation yama ultraviolet kuchokera ku mazira, kuipitsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizirombo ndi matenda am'mimba, monga matenda a Ribeiroia ondatrae trematode. Ndizotheka kuti zinthu zonsezi zimagwirira ntchito limodzi (radiation ndi kupanikizika kwa mankhwala kumachepetsa kukana kwa chamoyo ndi majeremusi). Kuchepa kwa miyendo kumapangitsa kuti kusuntha kusunthe komanso, chifukwa chake, mwayi wa nyama osakhalako akutha msanga.
Kafukufuku yemwe adachitika ku Canada mchaka cha 2006 adawonetsa kuti kuchulukana kwambiri kwa magalimoto kumakhala kowopsa kwa achule kuposa kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala. Nthawi zina, mapulogalamu obwezeretsa ku ukapolo adakhazikitsidwa, omwe nthawi zambiri anali kuchita bwino. Mu 2007, kafukufuku adasindikiza akuwonetsa kuti mabakiteriya ena achilengedwe amatha kukulitsa kukana matenda achule. Pulogalamu yotchedwa The Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project idapangidwa kuti isunge mitundu ina ya achule a kum'mawa kwa Panama omwe amafa ndi matendawa, kuphatikizapo njira zaminda zogwiritsirira ntchito ma proiotic. Bungwe la World Association of Zoos and Aquariums lalengeza kuti chaka cha chule ndi 2008 kuti anthu ambiri adziwe za kuteteza achule.
M'mabuku
M'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi, achule akhala akugwirizana ndi zinthu zingapo zosasangalatsa. Pa chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina, chule amayimira Yin. Mzimu wa chule wa Qing-wah Sheng umalumikizidwa ndi machiritso komanso zabwino zonse pabizinesi. Chizindikiro chakuti "chule pachitsime" chikutanthauza munthu wapafupi. Mu chikhalidwe cha ku Peru wakale wa Moche, opanda zingwe anali amodzi mwa nyama zotchuka ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala akuwoneka kuti ndi zojambulajambula. Nthano ya ku Panama imati mwayi ndi amene amawona chule wagolide wa Panamanian (Atelopus zeteki). Nkhani iyi imati akamwalira, achule amenewa amasanduka mascot agolide aukwati.
M'mabuku
Achule nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati zolembedwa. Ntchito yoyamba ya zaluso yomwe yatifikira, mu dzina lomwe achule amatuluka, ndi nthano ya Aristophanes "Frogs", yoyamba kuchitika mu 405 BC. e. Zitsanzo zina zimaphatikizapo:
- Batrachomyomychia - ndakatulo yakale yachi Greek yolembedwa ndi hexameter yokhudza nkhondo ya mbewa ndi achule.
- Frog Princess ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu wamba achi Russia.
- Mu "Alice ku Wonderland" olembedwa ndi Lewis Carroll pakati pa ogwira ntchito a Duchess pali lackey-chule.
- Mlongo Frog - mawonekedwe a "Tales of Uncle Remus" a Joel Harris.
- Frog King ndi munthu wotchuka mu nkhani ya "Fale of the Frog King," kapena ya Iron Henry.
Kuswana kwachule
Monga mamiliyoni a zaka zapitazo, chule imayamba moyo wake m'madzi.Masika aliwonse, munthu amatha kuwona mwachidule njira yomwe nthawi ina idapangitsa kusintha kwa makolo ngati nsomba kukhala nyama zapamtunda.
Tadpole imakula kuchokera ku mazira omwe amaikidwa m'madzi. Pakadali pano, sizili zosiyana ndi nsomba zamkati. Koma apa akuyamba mndandanda wa kusinthika, komwe kumakhala magawo makumi atatu osintha. Wotsiriza ndiye wamkulu. Sabata - ndipo kusintha kwakukulu kumachitika mu ziwalo zonse. Sabata - ndipo tadpole imatembenuka "nsomba" kukhala nyama ya pamtunda. Kuyambira pano, chule limakhala pamtunda, ndendende, pamalire a dziko ndi madzi.
Chule: Kufotokozera, kapangidwe, kakhalidwe. Kodi chule chimawoneka bwanji?
Kulumikizana kosalekeza ndi malo am'madzi kumabweretsa mawonekedwe angapo pazamoyo za achule. Tadpoleyo adapumira m'mapapo, ndipo chule wamkulu amapumira pakamwa pake, mapapu ndi khungu. Chigawo chachikulu choterechi cha kupuma chimadziwika ndi amphibians okha. Chule ili m'madzi, imapuma pakhungu, ndipo ikakhala pamtunda - ndi kamwa ndi mapapu. Dongosolo la konsekonse ndi kuzungulira. Magawo awiri a mtima amagwira ntchito m'madzi, ndipo magazi osakanikirana amayenda kupita mthupi, ngati nsomba. Pamtunda, atrium ya kumanzere imalumikizidwa ndi ntchitoyi, ndipo magazi oyera enieni a oxygen alowa mu ubongo. Chifukwa chake, pakuwombera chilichonse cha chule, njira yopumira imasinthira nthawi yomweyo.
Zikafika nthawi yachisanu, chule chimadzamira pansi. Ngakhale chule ali pansi, kuligwira ndikosavuta. Ndipo yesani kumusaka pafupi ndi madzi. Sichokayikitsa kuti mupambana. Mafupa onse a chule amasinthika modabwitsa. Miyendo ya kumbuyo ndi yayitali, yopangidwa ndi opindika khumi. Makungu khumi omwe amathandizidwa nthawi imodzi ndi minofu yamphamvu kwambiri. Ndipo lamba wakutsogolo ndi chipangizo choganiza bwino chopangidwa ndi "zofewa".
Ngakhale nthawi zambiri achule ndi ma chule a moor amathera pamtunda, akuwoneka kuti akupitirirabe kumalo achinyontho. Khungu lawo limakhala lopanda ndipo limakutidwa ndi ntchofu, motero ntchito ya chule imatsimikizika kuti siyikhala ngati nyama zina - pofika tsiku, koma makamaka ndi chinyezi ndi kutentha kwa mpweya. Chule chimatha kusaka nthawi iliyonse. Ndipo ngati izi zimachitika usiku, zimangokhala chifukwa usiku nthawi zambiri zimakhala chinyezi. Masana, nyengo iliyonse iye amakonda mvula yotentha ya bowa.
Maso a achule
Mphamvu, zachilengedwe komanso kudalirika kwa kapangidwe ka ziwalo za chule zikuyamba kukopa akatswiri. Apanga kale "diso lamagetsi" - chipangizo chokhazikitsidwa ndi mfundo ya maso a chule.
Monga mukudziwa, gawo lofunikira kwambiri la diso ndi retina, lomwe limapangidwa ndi ma photoreceptors, magawo angapo a maselo am'magazi ndi gawo limodzi la ma cell a ganglion. Photoreceptors - ndodo ndi ma cones - amawunika kuwala, amasintha kukhala ma biocurrents, kukulitsa ndi kufalitsa ma cell a bipolar. Bipolar imafufuza zomwe zalandira ndikuzifalitsa ku ganglia. Nthambi za mitsempha ya maso, komwe ma biocurrents amapita ku ubongo, akuchoka kale ku ganglia. Koma zidapezeka kuti magulu osiyanasiyana a ganglia ndi apadera. Ena a iwo amawona kusiyanitsa kokha, ena - m'malire osunthika, ena - m'mphepete yopindika, wachinayi - kuwunikira kosiyana.
Mtundu uliwonse wamkwiyo umafalikira kudzera mu minyewa ya m'maso ake kupita ku ubongo winawake. Mu ubongo, zomwe zalandilidwa zimakonzedwa, ndipo nyamayo imazindikira nkhani yonse.
Kodi achule amakhala kuti?
Achule amakhala pafupifupi kulikonse, amatha kukumana padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula ku Antarctica. Popeza achule samakonda kwenikweni kuzizira, samapezeka kawirikawiri m'malo ozizira a Arctic (ngakhale pali mitundu ingapo yomwe imakhalamo). Koma mitundu yambiri ya achule imalekerera kwathu nyengo yotentha. Monga tidalemba pamwambapa, nthawi ya chisanu acisanu amamira pansi pa malo osungira, ndiye kuti amadutsa mumadziwo, kuti ikadzayamba masika ayambirenso pansi.
Komanso mitundu yambiri ya achule imakhala m'malo otentha kwambiri ku Africa, Asia ndi South America.
Kodi achule angati amakhala?
Kutalika kwa masiku achule zimadalira mitundu yawo.Pafupifupi, amakhala zaka 10-20. Zachidziwikire kuti, mwachilengedwe, achule amakhala ndi adani ambiri, nthawi zambiri samakhala okalamba. Koma ngati palibe chomwe chikuwopseza, mwachitsanzo, achule amadziwe omwe amakhala m'madambo amakhala modekha mpaka zaka 20, ndipo kamodzi pakadakhala kuti vuto limodzi litakhala zaka 32, molingana ndi chule lidadzakhala chiwindi choona chachitali.
Kodi achule amadya chiyani?
Mbiri yayitali yachitukuko cha chule yatulutsa mkhalidwe wofunika kwambiri monga kusasamala komanso kusowa chakudya. Chakudya chosakwanira - chule limafa ndi njala tsiku ndi sabata.
Zambiri - zimadya chilichonse mzere, chilichonse chomwe chiri pamalo opatsidwa panthawi yopatsidwa. Zosintha ndizosiyanasiyana. Mimbulu ndi agulugufe, njuchi ndi mavu, nyerere ndi nsikidzi, nkhandwe ndi mahatchi, mphutsi zosiyanasiyana, nkhono, akangaude ndi mbewa, maulesi ndi mphutsi ndi zina zotero. Komanso, zokonda ndizofanana kwa pafupifupi achule onse, kupatula achule am'madzi.
Omaliza mwachiwonekere ali ndi vuto lankhanza - limatha nsomba mwachangu ngakhale ma tadpoles awo. Pali nthawi zina pamene achule awa amadya anapiye.
Koma kodi ndi achilengedwe angati omwe achule angawononge? Katswiri wa herpetologist B. A. Krasavtsev adawerengetsa kuti pamalo ena okwana 24,000 metres mita ya dambo ndi munda pali pafupifupi achule 720. Ngati chule mmodzi amadya pafupifupi tizilombo 7 patsiku, ndiye nthawi yakadzuka (miyezi isanu ndi umodzi: kuchokera hafu ya Epulo mpaka theka la Okutobala), imaseseratu makope 7 X 180 = 1,260. Kuchulukitsa chiwerengerochi ndi kuchuluka kwa achule omwe ali pamalowo, tapeza zochuluka: 907,200. Pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni!
Kugwiritsa ntchito achule
Koma komwe ma chule ali abwino kwambiri, ndiye, mu sayansi ndi mankhwala. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, akatswiri azamankhwala amagwiritsa ntchito achule m'mayesero osiyanasiyana ndipo amawakonda ngati nyama zina. Chule idalemekezedwa ndi ulemuwu chifukwa cha kupirira komanso mphamvu zake, zomwe zidatenga nthawi yayitali yolimbana kuti ikhalepo.
"Kukonda" kotereku komwe akatswiri amafufuza ndi okwera mtengo kwa achule. Amagwidwa ndi mazana a mazana. Mwa zosowa zake zachuma, munthu amachotsa magawo atsopano achilengedwe. Ndipo ngati nkhalango, mitengo ndi mitsinje idatetezedwa, ndiye kuti madambo ndi madzi osakhalitsa - malo okhala achule - amadziwika kuti ndi malo opanda ntchito. Amakhala odziwika bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa kuchuluka kwa achule kumapangitsa kuti phokoso lawo likhale lachilendo: amakula pang'onopang'ono. Chule imatha kubereketsa mchaka chachitatu, ndipo pofika nthawi imeneyi imafika m'miyeso yokwanira kuyesera. Chifukwa chake, kuwononga kulikonse kwa munthu motsutsana ndi chilengedwe (madzi osasamba, kusefukira kwamadzi, kusefukira kwamtunda) kumawakhudza achule. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi zochitika zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana, koma sangathe kulimbana ndi luntha la munthu.
Zabwino za chule isanafike sayansi yachilengedwe, zamankhwala ndi ulimi sizingalephereke. Palibe chodabwitsa kuti m'maiko ena zipilala zakhazikitsidwa kale kuti amupatse ulemu.
Chipilala cha chule ku Paris.
Chifukwa chake tiyeni tikhulupirire kuti zipilala zathu zamtsogolo komanso zamtsogolo kwa chule zizikhala mwayi kwa mayiyu, osati kupepesa chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa woimira wina yemwe sangayimitse mpikisanowu limodzi ndi chitukuko.
Zochititsa Chidwi Zosangalatsa
- Chule cha goliath chomwe chimakhala ku Cameroon ndi chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kulemera kwake kumafika kilogalamu zitatu ndi theka, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 32. Garlic ochokera ku Seychelles amadziwika kuti ndi achule kwambiri padziko lapansi. Nyama zachikulire sizidutsa sentimita 1,8 - 1.9.
- Kulira kwa chule wamphongo, komwe kumapezeka kumpoto kwa North America, kumamvekera pamtunda wa makilomita angapo ndikufanana ndi kubangula kwa ng'ombe yamphongo.
- Achule akuuluka amakhala kuzilumba za Indonesia. Ziwalo pakati pa zala zimagwira ngati parachute.Pa chule chowuluka kuchokera pachilumba cha Borneo, dera la membrane limafikira masentimita 19.
- Ma poizoni wa poizoni ali ndi mphamvu ngati malekezero. Akasaka aku South America amagwiritsa ntchito iyo kusaka nkhandwe ndi agwape, akumamiza mivi yapoizoni.
- Chule yemwe ali ndi mayendedwe atatu (Brazil, Peru, Guiana) poyambirira amasamalira ana ake. Chidacho chikauma, mankhwalawo amamatirira thupi la kholo, ndipo amawanyamula kukasungamo chatsopano.
- Mbale wachimuna yemwe amakhala ku Chile ameza mazira ndikupanga nawo m'chikwama chake cha mawu.
- Pipa wamkazi (ku Brazil, Guiana), kugwiritsa ntchito rectum (ovipositor), amaikira mazira 40 mpaka 114 pamsana pake. Kenako maselo okhala ndi lids amapangidwa mozungulira mazira. Kukula konse ndi kusinthika (masiku 82) kumachitika m'maselo amenewa, pomwe achule amapuma.
Kuwerenga koyenera ndi maulalo ofunikira
- Maslova I.V. Kukopa kwanyengo pazinthu zina za moyo wa amphibians ndi zapamtunda (rus.): Kutoleza / Comp. A.O. Kokorin. - Moscow: WWF Russia, 2006. - P. 111. - 97 5895640370. - Bibcode: 26.23B58.
- Ananyeva N. B., Borkin L. Ya., Darevsky I.S., Orlov N. L. Mtanthauzira mawu wa zilankhulo za mayina a nyama. Amphibians ndi zilombo. Latin, Russian, English, Germany, French. / kusinthidwa ndi Acad.
- Ferrell, Mzinda. Kugawidwa kwa Dera. Evolution Encyclopedia, Buku Lachitatu: Zachidziwitso cha Chisinthiko (Marichi 4, 2012). Dahl, Chris, Novotny, Vojtech, Moravec, Jiri, Richards, Stephen J. Beta achule osiyanasiyana m'nkhalango za New Guinea, Amazonia ndi Europe: motsutsana madera otentha ndi otentha (Chingerezi) // Journal of Biogeography (Chingerezi) Russian : magazini. - 2009. - Vol. 36, ayi. 5. - P. 896? 904. - DOI: 10.1111 / j.1365-2699.2008.02042.x.
- Shabanov D. A., Litvinchuk S. N. Achule obiriwira: moyo wopanda malamulo kapena njira yapadera yakuwonekera? (Russian) // Chirengedwe: Zolemba. - Science, 2010. - Ayi. 3. - P. 29-36.
- Kartashev N.N., Sokolov V.E., Shilov I.A. Zolemba pa vertebrate zoology.