M'magulu ampikisano kumadula amaganiza pafupifupi woimilira wamkulu. Mu Eastern Hemisphere, ilibe ofanana kukula. Koma ku West kokha capybara titha kufananizidwa ndi iwo - nyama, yomwe pakati pamipango ya mapulaneti onse ndiwopambana kukula.

Koma za okongoletsa, iwo omwe amakhala m'chigawo cha Eurasia ali ndi mita, ndipo kupitirira pamenepo, kukula, kulemera kwawo kufika 32 kg. Komabe, ku Canada kuli nthumwi za banja lanjala ndipo ndizokulirapo. Kulemera kwa okalamba kumatha kufikira zizindikiro za 45 kg.

Wojambulidwa

Ndipo si choncho zokongoletsa The New Worlds ali kukula kwakukulu (nthawi zambiri zosiyana), amangokula muubwana, komanso moyo wonse, chifukwa chake, pamsinkhu amatha kutulutsa milingo yakulemera. Kuphatikiza apo, mu mpikisano wa kugonana kwa nyama izi zomwe zimakhala pamakondomu onse awiri, ndizofanizira za theka laakazi zomwe zimawongolera pachilichonse, kuphatikiza kukula ndi kukula.

Ndizosangalatsanso kuti makolo akale a zodzikongoletsera zamakono - zolengedwa zomwe zidachokera ku magwero osiyanasiyana ku Asia kapena North America kumapeto kwa Eocene (zaka 40 miliyoni zapitazo) ndipo zidalipo Padziko Lapansi pambuyo pake, zimakhala ndi kukula kwakukulu pafupifupi mamilimita atatu ndi unyinji wa pafupifupi makilogalamu 350 (izi ndizabwino zifanizo zakale za nthawi zomwe amaphunzira ndi akatswiri a paleontologists).

Beaver amakono ali ndi izi. Thupi lake limawoneka ngati squat chifukwa cha miyendo yayifupi, ndipo miyendo imakhala ndi zala zisanu zokhala ndi zala zamphamvu. Mutu wa nyama ndi wocheperako, kupukutira ndi kotakata, pamphumi ikuyenda.

Maso amadzindikiritsidwa m'mabwalo ang'onoang'ono akuda, monga mphuno yayikulu. Makutu a beaver ndi otakata, aafupi, ngati kuti afesedwa. Izi ndi zolengedwa zopanda madzi am'madzi, chifukwa chake mwachilengedwe amakhala ndi tsatanetsatane wa mawonekedwe omwe amawathandiza kukhala mwamtendere m'malo ano.

Ndipo choyambirira, ndimazizindikiro onyansa ndi mchira wautali wopota, wokutidwa ndi ubweya wocheperako komanso mamba opindika, komanso pafupifupi ubweya wonyowa. Wotsirizirayo ali ndi undercoat yofewa, yapamwamba pomwe imakhuthala komanso tsitsi la coarser limakula. Ubweya wake ndi wonyezimira komanso wokongola kwambiri; umatha kukhala wakuda, mgoza mumitundu yosiyanasiyana kapena bulauni.

Mitundu ya zakumwa

Banja la okonza m'nthawi za prehistoric limayimiridwa mochuluka kwambiri kuposa pano. Koma lero zikuphatikiza mitundu iwiri yokha yomwe tanena kale pamwambapa, chifukwa adalekanitsidwa ndendende ndi malo okhala.

Wokongoletsa mtsinje

Izi ndi mitundu ya ku Europe ndi ku Canada. Zitha kufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane, ndikumanenanso kuti zonsezo ndizophatikizidwa. Mpaka pano, pakati pa makoswe, monga genetics yazindikira, ma bea alibe abale apamtima, ngakhale kuti m'mbuyomu ankawaganizira kuti ndi gawo lama protein.

1. Mtsinje (wamba) wamchere - monga momwe zimakhalira kutchula mitundu ya ku Europe. Amapezeka ku Russia, amakhalanso ku China ndi Mongolia. Nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi malo osungira nkhalangoyi (maiwe, dziwe kapena mitsinje yokhala chete), m'mphepete mwake muli mitengo yambiri yamitengo.
2. Mbidzi ya ku Canada imakhala kumwera kwa Canada komanso kumayiko ena a USA. Chochititsa chidwi, osati kale kwambiri, mitunduyo idalowa (makamaka, idalowetsedwa) ku Scandinavia. Pamenepo adazika mizu ndikuyamba kufalikira kummawa. Oimira izi, komanso mitundu yam'mbuyomu, amakhala pafupi ndi madzi ndipo sangakhalepo popanda iwo. Ndi chifukwa ichi chomwe amakhala gawo lalikulu la moyo wawo.

M'mawonekedwe, ziwalo zonse ziwiri ndizofanana. Koma okhala mu Old World ali ndi mutu wokulirapo komanso wopendekera pang'ono, phokoso, poyerekeza ndi abale omwe ali nawo, ndilofupikitsa, osati olemera kwambiri pansi, mchira wopapatiza ndi miyendo yaying'ono. Thupi laanthu okhala ku America ndilowera, makutu amakhala akulu ndipo miyendo ndiyotalikirapo, zomwe zimawathandiza kuyenda ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo. Amakhala ndi mtundu wofiirira kapena wakuda.

Wokongoletsa ku Canada

Pakufufuza kwa mitundu iwiriyi, kusiyana kwachilengedwe kunalinso kofunika. Chiwerengero cha ma chromosomes awo (48 mu mtsinje ndi 40 ku Canada) sichikugwirizana, zomwe zimafotokoza kuthekera kwakuti kudutsa ziwirizi zokhudzana koyamba, ngakhale kuti sizinachite bwino ndi asayansi mobwerezabwereza.

Zaka zana zapitazo, nthumwi za anyani izi zinali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kutha. Anthu opanga ma Russia anali osiyana ndi izi. Koma njira zowateteza zidatengedwa ndikuwathandiza. Tsopano nyama izi zimakhala m'chigawo chachikulu cha dziko lathu, kuyambira ku Siberia mpaka ku Kamchatka.

Mawonekedwe

Amakhulupilira kuti nyanja yam'madzi ndi yomwe imakhala kwambiri ku Russia komanso mayiko oyandikana nawo.. Kukula kwa Beaver, kapena kutalika kwa beaver, ndi kupitirira mita, kutalika kumafika masentimita 40. Kulemera kwa beaver kuli pafupifupi 30 kg.

Ali ndi ubweya wokongola wonyezimira, pafupifupi wopanda madzi. Pamwamba - tsitsi lakuda la Coarser, pansipa - undercoat yofewa. Mtundu wa chovalacho ndi mgoza wakuda komanso wopepuka, woderapo kapena wakuda.

Nyamayi imakhala ndi thupi lanyama, miyendo yayifupi yokhala ndi malimba osambira opindika asanu komanso zopindika zolimba. Mchirawo umafanana ndi oar mu mawonekedwe, wokhala ndi kutalika kwa 30 cm, wokutidwa ndi mamba owoneka bwino ndi tsitsi lakunja. Makoswewo ali ndi maso ang'ono, makutu ndi afupi komanso akulu. Kulongosola kwake kwa beaver sikungamulole kusokonezedwa ndi makoswe amadzi.

Moyo & Habitat

Dera lomwe ma bea idakhazikika ndilosavuta kusiyanitsa ndi ena mwa zizindikiro zoonekera kwambiri. M'malo omwe nyama izi zimachita ntchito yake yofunika, nthawi zonse pamakhala mitengo yambiri yodulidwa yokhala ndi chitsulo chatsopano. Ogwira ntchito molimbika amafunika zinthu ngati izi pomanga ndi kupanga. Zachidziwikire, chinthu chofunikira kupezeka kwa ma beared m'dera linalake ndi kukhalapo kwa nkhokwe: nyanja, madzi osungira, mtsinje, kapena ngati mtsinje.

Mwakutero, nyama zam'madzi izi sizingokhala popanda madzi, koma popanda mpweya zimatha kukhala pafupifupi kotala la ola. Chifukwa chake, pangozi iliyonse, mwachitsanzo, kubisala kwa zilombo: nkhandwe, chimbalangondo kapena nkhandwe, izi zimatsikira pansi pamadzi, pomwe zimakhala. Amakhala m'mabanja ambiri okhala ochezeka, ndipo mamembala awo, ngati pakufunika kutero, akhoza kufotokozera anzawo za tsoka lawo lomwe likubwera. Nthawi ngati izi nyama yonyamula akumenyetsa madzi molimba ndi mchira wake. Ndipo chizindikirochi chimadziwika nthawi yomweyo kuchokera ku kampani yake, yemwe ali mkati mwa nkhokwe.

Zolengedwa izi zimagwira ntchito mosatenthetsa nthawi yotentha, koma zimagwira ntchito kutacha, zikugwira ntchito usiku wonse mpaka mbandakucha, ndipo zimapuma masana. Ntchito yawo ndi kugwetsa mitengo ndikumanga. Ndipo pamenepa amathandizidwa ndi mano awo osazolowereka, omwe amatha kudula nkhuni mosavuta. Beaver imatha kugwetsa mtengo wochepa thupi mkati mwa theka la ola, koma nthawi zina imagwira ntchito pamtunda waukulu komanso wokulirapo kwa mausiku angapo motsatana. Nthawi yomweyo, zoyesayesa zake sizikuwoneka zokha, komanso zomveka, ndipo mamita zana kuzungulira ndikumveka kwamawu.

Zoyeserera za nyama izi ndi malo odalirika otetezedwa ku nyengo zoyipa ndi adani. Kuti apange nyumba yawo, zolengedwa ngati izi zimakumba mabowo, ndikusankha m'mphepete mwamtunda kwa izi m'malo omwe dothi ndilolimba. Mizere ya Beaver ili ndi mawonekedwe a maze ovuta. Misewu mwa iwo imatha ndi zipinda zazing'ono, zazikulu "zazing'ono" ndipo zimakhala ndi zimbudzi zam'madzi. Makoma a nyumbayo amalimbikitsidwa ndi dongo komanso silika, pomwe pansi, ndiko kuti, mtundu wa pansi, wokutidwa ndi zokutira nkhuni.

Nyama zolimbazi zimapanganso nyumba, zomwe ndizopangidwa ndi nthambi, zopangidwa ndi silika ndi dongo. Luso lokometsera mwaluso ndi madamu oyamwa. Zomangidwe zotere nthawi zambiri zimamangidwa pamitsinje, ndipo mwatsatanetsatane kuchokera kumunsi kwa nyamazo. Mfundo yake apa ndi yoti athandizire kuti mtsinjewo ukhale wopanda madzi komanso kuti madzi ake asamaoneke pafupi ndi nyumbazo.

Beavers amapanga madamu ochokera pamitengo

Ndipo izi zimathandiza kwambiri pakundikundikira chakudya, komanso zimachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa madzi osefukira mdera lomwe nyama zimakhalamo, zomwe ndi njira yothandiza kuonjezera chitetezo cha moyo. Beavers amapuma mokwanira pantchito nthawi yozizira, amakhala nthawi yayitali munyumba yawo ali mtulo. Nthawi zina amatuluka, koma kukangoluma.

Kumbali ina, zodzikongoletsera zimavulaza chilengedwe. Komabe, zimabweretsa zabwino kwambiri ku zachilengedwe. M'malo momwe madamu amangidwa ndipo kusefukira kwamadzi kumachitika, nsomba zambiri zimaswanidwa, tizilombo tambiri m'madzimo timaberekana bwino komanso madera ambiri amadziwe.

Nyama izi, zowononga, zimawononga mitengo yambiri, koma yambiri yokha yomwe imamera pafupi ndi madzi imagwera. Samadzitengera zochulukirapo. Beavers amagwiritsa ntchito bwino mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo yakugwa kuti apange madamu, koma nthambi, mbali zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, masamba ndi makungwa zimagwidwa.

Mtsinje

Ichi ndi nyama yamadzi am'madzi, yayikulu kwambiri makulidwe, yomwe imakhala M'dziko Lakale, dera la Russia, Mongolia, China. Amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje mosayenda pang'ono, ngalande zothirira, nyanja ndi matupi ena amadzi, omwe m'mphepete mwake mumakhala mitengo ndi tchire.

Waku Canada

Maonekedwe, imasiyana ndi beaver mtsinje wokhala ndi thupi lopendekera, mutu wamfupi komanso makutu akulu. Colouring - chakuda kapena chofiirira. Amakhala pafupifupi ku United States (kupatula Florida ndi ambiri a Nevada ndi California), ku Canada, kupatula zigawo zakumpoto.

Adadziwitsidwa ku maiko aku Scandinavia, kuchokera komwe adalowa mwachilungamo ku Chigawo cha Leningrad ndi Karelia.

Mitundu iwiri iyi ya ma beaver imakhala ndi ma chromosome osiyanasiyana ndipo samadutsa.

Habitat

Komwe ma bea akukhala sikovuta kudziwa. Poona mitengo yomwe yawonongeka yokhala ndi mawonekedwe opindika pafupi ndi dziwe, komanso mitengo yomwe idapangidwa ndi madamu, titha kunena kuti ili pafupi. Kunyumba kwa beaver kudzakhala bwino kwambiri - ichi ndichizindikiro chovuta kupezapo banja labwino. Amakhala m'nkhalango, ndimalo pang'ono, mitsinje yaying'ono, mitsinje, malo osungira, nyanja.

M'zaka khumi zapitazi, zomangira zachilengedwe zachilengedwe zimatha kudzimiririka m'maiko ambiri. Kupatula Russia anali Russia. Mwamwayi, zinthu zinakonzedwa chifukwa cha njira zomwe zinatengedwa kuteteza nyama izi.

Wokongoletsayo tsopano amakhala womasuka pafupifupi m'dziko lonselo. Gawo la ku Europe la Russia, beseni la Yenisei, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Siberia yaku Western, Kamchatka - awa ndi malo omwe okongoletsa khofi amakhala.

Moyo ndi zizolowezi

Popanda mpweya m'madzi, wowumayo amatha kukhala pafupifupi kotala la ola. Poopa ngoziyo, nyamayo imalowa pansi pamadzi. Nthawi yomweyo, amamenya mchira wake m'madzi, womwe umakhala ngati kaphokoso kwa abale ake.

Chitetezo chodalirika kwa adani (chimbalangondo, nkhandwe, nkhandwe) ndi chisanu ndi chipinda chake cholimba kwambiri. Ngakhale mu chisanu chambiri kumakhala kotentha, nthunzi imayenda pamadutsa panyumba m'nyengo yachisanu - zimamveka bwino momwe nyengo yozizira imayendera.

M'chilimwe, makoswe amapeza chakudya, amapanga madamu ndi nyumba. Amagwira ntchito ndi madzulo kufikira kutacha. Mano akuthwa olimba amata mano, mwachitsanzo, aspen ndi mainchesi 12 cm mu theka la ora. Mitengo yopyapyala imatha kugwira ntchito masana angapo. Phokoso lamtunduwu limamveka kwa mamita zana.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Njira yayikulu pakusankha malo okhala nyama mwachilengedwe ndi kupezeka kwa chakudya. Beaver zakudya zosiyanasiyana.

Amadya makungwa a mitengo yomwe imamera pafupi ndi dziwe, zomera zam'madzi. Amakonda kusangalala ndi khungwa la aspen, linden, msondodzi. Bulrush, sedge, nettle, sorelo ndi mbewu zina ndizomwe anthu omwe amadya nyama amakonda kudya.

Asayansi omwe adawona moyo wawo komanso zomwe amadya zachilengedwe atenga mitundu 300 yomwe imakhala chakudya cha nyama.

Ambiri okongoletsa amakhala m'mabanja ndipo amasamala za thanzi la "abale" awo - amamanga nyumba, ndizokwanira kupeza chakudya nthawi yachisanu. Amagona pansi pa nthambi zamtengo zomwe zimadyedwa m'nyengo yozizira. Masheya oterewa pa banja lililonse amafikira mamilimita 12 kapena kupitirira.

Ngati, chifukwa cha njira ya mtsinje, sizingatheke kuyika “m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba” chake, owotcha amatuluka panja nthawi yozizira kukadya chakudya. Zimakhala zowopsa kwambiri: othamangitsa pang'onopang'ono amagwera pansi mosavuta m'mizere ya anthanthi zamiyendo inayi, nthawi zambiri mimbulu.

Kufotokozera kwamkati

Kulemera kwa thupi la beaver ndi pafupifupi 30 kg, kutalika kwa thupi kumafika 1-1,5 m, zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulupo pang'ono kuposa zazimuna. Makoko ake amakhala ndi mawonekedwe onyansa, makutu ndi ochepa, miyendo ndiyifupi, lamphamvu ndi zibwano zamphamvu. Ubweya wa beaver umakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri: pamwambapo pali ubweya wakuthwa wofiirira, ndipo pansi pake pali mkanda wamiyendo womwe umateteza beaver ku hypothermia. Mchirawo ulibe kanthu, wakuda, wosanja komanso m'lifupi, wokutidwa ndi mamba. Pansi penipeni pa mchirawo pali tiziwalo timene timatulutsa fungo labwino kwambiri lotchedwa beaver river.

Mapumidwe

M'misika yayitali yomwe ili ndi nthaka yolimba, anthu okumbawo akumba mabowo. Khomo la iwo lili pansi pa madzi. Nora beaver ndi njira yovuta ndi mfundo zingapo, makamera, kulowa ndi kutuluka. Zigawo pakati "zipinda "zi zimadzaza bwino, ukhondo umasungidwa mkati. Nyama zimaponya zotsalira za chakudya mumtsinje ndipo zimatengedwa ndi mtsinje.

Dzinalo lanyumba ya beaver, lomwe ndi losiyana ndi bowo, lingamveke bwino ndi mawonekedwe ake, lofanana ndi nyumba yaying'ono yokhala ndi denga lotsetsereka. Nyama imayamba kumanga "chipinda" chimodzi mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka.

Gwiritsani ntchito nthambi za kutalika kosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe, dongo, udzu. Khoma limapangidwa ndi silika komanso dongo, limawasambitsa, kuluma nthambi zomata. Tchipisi thuni timaphimba "pansi". Iyi ndi nyumba yonyamulira.

Ndi kukula kwa banja, mutu wake wosamala amamaliza ndikukulitsa malo ake okhala. Chinyumba chokongoletsera chimapangidwanso ndi "zipinda" zatsopano, pansi ina ikumangidwa.

Nyumba ya Beaver imatha kufika mamita atatu kuphatikiza! Kugwira ntchito molimbika ndi luso la nyamayo ndizodabwitsa.

Zolemba Za Chakudya cha Beaver

Beavers ndi makoko a herbivorous. Zakudya zawo zimaphatikizapo khungwa ndi mphukira zamitengo (aspen, msondodzi, popula, birch), mitundu yambiri yazomera herbaceous (kakombo wamadzi, dzira laling'ono, iris, katitala, bango). Amathanso kudya hazel, linden, elm, chitumbuwa cha mbalame. Acorn amadya mwakufuna kwawo. Mano akulu ndi kuluma kwambiri amathandizira kudya chakudya chokhazikika chomera, ndipo microflora yamatumbo awo imagaya bwino chakudya chama cell.

Chakudya chatsiku ndi tsiku chimafikira 20% ya kulemera kwa beaver.

M'nyengo yotentha, chakudya cham'madzi chimayamwa kwambiri pakudya kwa okongoletsa; nthawi yophukira, makoswe amatuta chakudya chamtengo nthawi yozizira. Banja lililonse limasungira nkhuni 60-70 m3. Beavers amasiya m'matangadza awo m'madzi, pomwe amakhalanso ndi thanzi mpaka kumapeto kwa dzinja.

Kufalikira Kwa Beaver

Mpaka zana la makumi awiri, ma beawa anali ofala kwambiri, koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo, malo awo tsopano atsika kwambiri. Beaver wamba amapezeka ku Europe, Russia, China ndi Mongolia. Wachibale wake wapamtima, waku Canada yemwe amakhala, amakhala ku North America.

Wamba kapena River Beaver (Fota ya Castor)

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 1-1.3 m, kutalika kuli pafupifupi 35,5 masentimita, kulemera kuli mndandanda wama 30-32 kg. Thupi ndi squat, miyendo imafupikitsidwa ndi zala zisanu, miyendo yakumbuyo ndiyolimba kuposa kutsogolo. Pakati pa zala pali malo osambira. Zovala ndizolimba. Mchirawo umakhala wowumbika bwino, wopendekera, wotalika masentimita 30, kutalika kwa 10-13. Mchirawu umapindika pokhapokha, mbali yake yonse imakutidwa ndi zishango za nyanga.Maso ndi ang'ono, makutu ali akulu, afupiafupi, akuwonekera pang'onopang'ono pamalopo. Pansi pa madzi, makutu am'makutu ndi mphuno pafupi, pamakhala mawonekedwe owoneka bwino pamaso. Beaver wamba amadziwika ndi ubweya wake wokongola wopangidwa ndi ubweya wakunja wopota ndi undercoat wakuda. Mtundu wa chovalachi umachokera ku mgoza wowala mpaka woderapo, nthawi zina wakuda. Mchira ndi miyendo yake ndi zakuda. Kukhetsa kumachitika kamodzi pachaka.

M'dera la anal muli tiziwalo ta m'matumbo, wen komanso otchedwa "beaver river", fungo lomwe limawongolera owotcha ena, momwe limanenera malire a banja.

Zakumwa zodziwika bwino zili ponseponse ku Europe (maiko aku Scandinavia, France, Germany, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine), ku Russia, Mongolia ndi China.

Khalidwe

Beavers nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, mitsinje ndi nyanja. Samakhala m'mitsinje yotambalala komanso yachangu, komanso malo osungira omwe amakhazikika pansi nthawi yozizira. Kwa makoswe awa, masamba obiriwira mitengo m'mphepete mwa malo osungira, komanso kuchuluka kwa zomera zam'madzi komanso zam'madzi ndizofunikira. M'malo abwino, amamanga madamu kuchokera kumitengo yakugwa, amapanga ngalande, ndipo amasungunula matope kupita nawo ku damu.

Beavers ali ndi mitundu iwiri ya nyumba: burows ndi nyumba. Malo okhala amawoneka ngati zisumbu zoyandama za osakaniza ndi matope, kutalika kwake ndi mita 1-3, mulifupi mpaka 10 m, khomo lili pansi pamadzi. M'malo oterowo, omwe amakonda kudya usiku wonse amakhala usiku, kuphika zakudya m'nyengo yozizira, kubisala kwa adani.

Mizere imakumbidwa ndi ngalawa m'mphepete mwa phompho; awa ndi makina ovuta a 4-5 olowera. Makoma ndi mulingo wapamwamba komanso wopopera. Mkati, pakuya kwa mita 1, chipinda chokhalamo chimakonzedwa mpaka 1 kutalika ndi 40-50 cm.Pansi pake ndi 20 cm pamwamba pamadzi.

Beavers imasambira ndikulowera kwambiri, pansi pa madzi imatha kukhala mphindi 10-15, ndikusambira nthawi iyi mpaka 750 m.

Beavers amakhala amodzi munthawi imodzi ndi mabanja a anthu 5-8. Banja lomwelo lakhala m'dziko lawo kwazaka zambiri. Beavers sayenda mamita 200 kuchokera kumadzi.Zikwangwani zimayang'ana malire am'deralo ndi mtsinje wa beaver.

Nthawi yayitali yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi usiku ndi nthawi yamadzulo.

Beaver kuswana

Beavers ndi magulu oyenda monogamous. Kubala kumachitika kamodzi pachaka. Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba mkatikati mwa Januwale ndipo imatha mpaka kumapeto kwa February. Mimba imatenga masiku 105-107. Mu ana amodzi, ana 1-6 amabadwa mu Epulo-Meyi. Ana amabadwa osawona, osapindika bwino, kulemera kwawo ndi pafupifupi 0,45 kg. Patatha masiku angapo amatha kusambira. Akaziwo amawaphunzitsa kusambira, kuwakankha kunja kwa nyumbayo kupita mumphepo yamadzi. Pakadutsa masabata atatu, amwewo amayamba kudya masamba ndi zitsamba, mpaka miyezi itatu, mayi amawadyetsa mkaka. Kukula kwachichepere kumakhala ndi makolo mpaka zaka ziwiri, kenako kumayamba msinkhu ndikuyamba kukhala wodziyimira pawokha.

Muukapolo, omwera amakhala ndi moyo wa zaka 35, mwachilengedwe zaka 10 mpaka 17.

Zambiri Zosangalatsa

• Beaver wamba ndiye makoswe akuluakulu kwambiri ku Europe komanso wachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi pambuyo pa capybara.
• Mawu oti "beaver" amachokera ku chilankhulo cha ku Indo-European ndipo sikokwanira kutchula dzina brown.
• Mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, ubweya waubweya unkakhala wotchuka kwambiri ku America, Europe ndi Russia, chifukwa chomwe kuchuluka kwa nyama izi kunachepetsedwa: anthu ochepa okha a 6000 a anthu 1200 adatsala. Kusungitsa mawonekedwe, kusaka nyama yoletsedwa kunali koletsedwa. Tsopano beaver wamba ali ndi chiwopsezo chochepa kwambiri, ndipo chomwe chimawopseza kwambiri ndi njira zobwezeretsanso nthaka, kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi zida zamagetsi.
• Kuphatikiza pa ubweya wokongola komanso wolimba, ma beaver amapangira mtsinje wa beaver, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zonunkhira komanso mankhwala. Nyama ya Beaver imapezekanso, koma imatha kukhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a salmonellosis. Malinga ndi canons amatchalitchi amawona kuti ndi opunduka.
• Mu 2006, chosema cha beaver chinapezeka mumzinda wa Bobruisk (Belarus). Komanso, zojambula za pentiyi zili mu malo a Alpine (Innsbruck, Austria).

Mawonekedwe ndi malo okhala ndi zokolola

Motsogola ndimiyendo, nyanjayi ndi imodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri, yolemera 30 makilogalamu ndi zina zolemera. Thupi limakhala lotalikirana mpaka 1.5m kutalika, mpaka kutalika kwa 30 cm.Miyendo yayifupi ndi zala zisanu, pakati pomwe pali nembanemba. Miyendo yakumbuyo yamphamvu kwambiri kuposa kutsogolo.

Zovala ndizolimba, zopindika komanso zopindika. Pa chala chachiwiri, chovala chimakhala chofunda, chofanana ndi chisa. Izi ndi zomwe nyamayi imagwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza ubweya wokongola komanso wamtengo wapatali. Ubweya umakhala ndi tsitsi lolimba lakunja ndi undercoat yolimba, chitetezo chodalirika ku hypothermia, chifukwa chinyowa m'madzi.

Dongosolo lamafuta osunthika, omwe amasunga kutentha kwamkati, amapulumutsanso kuzizira. Mtundu wa ubweya umachokera pachifuwa mpaka wodera wakuda, pafupifupi wakuda, ngati mahatchi ndi mchira.

Chifukwa cha ubweya wofunika komanso wokongola, nyamayo idatsala pang'ono kuwonongeka ngati mtundu: panali anthu ambiri omwe amafuna kupeza chikhoto cha ubweya ndi chipewa kuchokera pakhungu la nyama. Pambuyo pake kumadula kuwonjezera pamndandanda nyama zofiira.

Mchira wa nyamayo umafanana ndi oar 30 cm mulifupi ndi 11.13cm mulifupi. Pamunsi pake amaphimbidwa ndi mamba akulu ndi mabatani olimba. Kapangidwe ka mchira wake ndi zinthu zina zimasiyanitsa munthu wodziwika bwino kwambiri ku Europe kapena wowonekera wamba ku wachibale waku America (waku Canada).

Pam mchira pali tezi ndi tiziuza timene timapangira zinthu zonunkhira, zomwe zimatchedwa kuti beaver river. Chinsinsi cha wen ndikusunga chidziwitso cha munthu (m'badwo, jenda), komanso kununkhira kukuwonetsa malire a gawo lomwe mukukhala. Chosangalatsa ndichapadera ndimtsinje wa beaver, ngati chala cham'manja mwa munthu. Thupi limagwiritsidwa ntchito pazonunkhira.

Chithunzicho chimakhala chowala

Makutu afupiafupi akutuluka ku ubweya amawonekera pakabowo kakang'ono. Ngakhale kukula kwa ziwalo zomvekera, khutu la nyamayo ndiabwino. Mphuno zikamizidwa m'madzi, makutu a nyama ndikutseka, maso amatetezedwa ndi "zana lachitatu" ndipo amatetezedwa kuvulala.

Kutulutsa kwamaluwa kumakupatsani mwayi kuti muwone nyamayo m'madzi akuthwa. Milomo ya beaver imapangidwanso mwapadera kuti isasunthike, madzi samalowerera pakamwa pakamwa.

Mapapu akulu amakulola nyamayo kusambira, osawoneka pamadzi, mpaka 700 m, ikugwiritsa pafupifupi mphindi 15. Kwa nyama zapamadzi zam'madzi, izi ndi ziwerengero.

Live onyamula nyama m'madzi akuya oyenda pang'onopang'ono. Awa ndi nyanja zam'madzi, maiwe, mitsinje, mitsinje, mabanki amadzimadzi. Mkhalidwe waukulu ndi zomera za m'mphepete mwa miyala yosalala, zitsamba ndi udzu. Ngati mawonekedwe a malo siabwino kwenikweni, ndiye kuti wokongoletsayo amagwira ntchito pakusintha zachilengedwe, ngati womanga.

Nthawi zina nyama zidakhazikika ku Europe ndi Asia, kupatula Kamchatka ndi Sakhalin. Koma kuwonongedwa ndi ntchito zachuma zinapangitsa kuti mbali yayikulupo ithe. Ntchito yobwezeretsa ikupitabe mpaka pano, anthu okonza njuchi amakhala m'madzi momwe mungakhalire.

Makhalidwe a Beaver ndi moyo wawo

Beavers ndi nyama zokhala m'madzi zomwe zimakhulupirira kwambiri m'madzi, zimasambira mokongola, kuyenda pansi pamadzi, komanso kumtunda kumadula Zakhala kuwona chovuta chinyama.

Zochita za nyama zimawonjezeka mamawa komanso kumayambiriro kwa usiku. M'nyengo yotentha amatha kugwira ntchito kwa maola 12. M'nyengo yozizira yokha, nthawi yozizira kwambiri, satuluka m'nyumba zobisika. Burrows kapena zotchedwa huts - awa ndi malo okhala mabanja a beaver.

Zitseko za mbewa zimabisika ndi madzi ndipo zimatsogolera kudutsa kovuta kwa madera agombe. Kutuluka kwadzidzidzi kumapangitsa kuti nyama zizitetezeka. Chipinda chokhalamo chachikulu kuposa mita ndi pafupifupi 50 cm nthawi zonse chimakhala pamwamba pa madzi.

Wokongoletsa amatha kumanga madamu omwe amathandizira mosavuta kulemera kwa munthu.

Kokosi yapadera imateteza malowa pamtsinje womwe dzenje lake limachokera kuzizira kozizira. Kuchenjera kwa zokongoletsa zofananira ndi ukadaulo wa opanga. Ntchito yomanga nyumbazi imachitika pamakoma kapena m'mabanki otsika. Awa ndimapangidwe opangidwa ndi cone mpaka 3 m kutalika kwa brashi, silt ndi dongo.

Mulifupi mkati mwake, mpaka ma metimita 12. Pamwambapa pali dzenje la mpweya, ndipo pansi pake pali manholes omiza m'madzi. M'nyengo yozizira, kutentha kumasungidwa mkati, wopanda ayezi, ma beavers amatha kumizidwa mu chosungira. Nthaka pamwamba pa nyumbayo tsiku lachisanu ndi chizindikiro cha nyumba yoti anthu angathe kugonamo.

Kuti asunge madzi ofunikira ndikusunga malo ogona ndi mabowo, owotchera malo amaika madamu odziwika, kapena madamu, ochokera kumitengo yamtengo, brashi ndi silika. Ngakhale miyala yolemera mpaka 18 kg imapezeka kuti ilimbikitse nyumbayo.

Monga lamulo, chimango cha damu ndi mtengo wakugwa, womwe umakulitsidwa ndi zida zomangira mpaka 30 m kutalika, mpaka 2 m kukwera, ndi mpaka 6 m. Kapangidwe kake kamalimbana ndi kulemera kwa munthu aliyense.

Mu chithunzi, Nora Beaver

Nthawi yomanga imatenga pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Kenako okonzawo amayang'anitsitsa chitetezo cha chinthu chokhazikikacho ndikuchita "kukonza" pakufunika. Amagwira ntchito m'mabanja, amagawa maudindo, ngati kuti chifukwa chotsatira zolondola komanso zopanda vuto.

Zolocha zimatha kupirira mosavuta m'mphindi 5 ndi mitengo mpaka mainchesi 7-8, ndikukuta mitengo ikuluikulu pansi. Ndi mitengo yokulirapo, mpaka masentimita 40, imapilira usiku. Kudula mzidutswa, kudumphira nyumba kapena damu kumachitika mwadongosolo komanso mosasokonekera.

Ndiwo mtundu wanji wanyama wanyama m'nyumba mwake, wowoneka mokhalamo. Osati nyumba zokhazokha, komanso njira zomwe zida zomangira ndi chakudya zimaphatikizidwira, mulibe zimbudzi ndi zinyalala za chakudya.

Mayendedwe, nyumba, mapulani omangira - chilichonse chimalumikizidwa ndikutsukidwa. Malo apadera amapangidwa, omwe amatchedwa beaver. Kulumikizana kwanyama kumachitika mothandizidwa ndimankhwala apadera onunkhira, kutulutsa kaphokoso, kofanana ndi likhweru, nkhonya zam mchira.

Madzi pop - alamu ndi lamulo lobisala pansi pamadzi. Adani akuluakulu m'chilengedwe ndi mimbulu, nkhandwe, zimbalangondo zofiirira. Koma kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa anthu okongola kunachitika ndi anthu.

Beaver - chinyama-ogwira ntchito komanso yolumikizana yokhala chete pabanja. Mu nthawi yawo yaulere, amasamalira chovalacho, chothira mafuta ndi zotchinga kuchokera ku zotupa za sebaceous, kuziteteza kuti zisanyowe.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Akazi amalamulira mabanja a beaver; Nthawi yaukwati imadutsa nthawi yozizira, kuyambira pakati pa Januware mpaka February.

Mu chithunzichi, mwana wamwamuna wokongola

Mpaka Meyi, kugundidwa kwa ana omwe amabadwa kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 6 pa 0,5 kg wolemera kumatenga. Ana ambiri nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ana awiri a 2-4. Beavers, owona ndi aubweya, atatha masiku awiri akusambira kale m'manja mwa amayi awo.

Makanda amazunguliridwa ndi chisamaliro, kudyetsa mkaka kumatenga masiku 20, kenako amasinthana kubzala zakudya. Kwa zaka ziwiri, achichepere amakhala mdera lazolowera makolo, ndipo atatha kutha msanga, amapanga gawo lawo komanso malo atsopano. Mwachilengedwe, moyo wam'madzi wamtsinje umatha zaka 12 mpaka 175, ndipo ukapolo umawonjezereka.

Magulu awiri okongola okhala ndi ana a zaka zoyambirira ndi zachiwiri za moyo amakhala magulu am'banja momwe angathe kukhazikikamo. Kukhazikika kwawo, monga lamulo, kumakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pazachilengedwe zachilengedwe.

Pali nthawi zina pomwe nyumba zokongola zam'misewu zimapangitsa kukokoloka kwa misewu kapena njanji. Koma nthawi zambiri zophophonya zamakungwa kulemera ndi madzi oyera komanso nsomba, mbalame, okhala m'nkhalango.

Kodi ma beawa amawoneka bwanji?

Ndisanafotokozere zomwe zimawoneka ngati zokongola, ndikufuna ndikulongosolereni pang'ono. Nthawi zambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu okongoletsa ndi kukongoletsa, anthu amatanthauza chinthu chomwecho - ndiye kuti makulidwewo amadzionera okha. Koma mawu awiriwa ali ndi matanthawuzo osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, beaver ndi dzina la nyama, ndipo ubweya wake umatchedwa kuti wowaza.

Ndiye kodi ma bea akuwoneka bwanji? Wodzikongoletsa wamba amawoneka ngati tambala wamkulu. Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama kumafika mita imodzi, kutalika - mpaka 35 masentimita, ndi kulemera kwa 32 kg. Kutalika kwa mchira wa beaver ndi kutalika kwa 30 cm, ndipo m'lifupi mwake ndi mpaka 13. Chodabwitsa cha makoswe awa ndikuti zazikazi ndizokulirapo kuposa zazimuna zazitali.

Beaver wamba amakhala ndi miyendo yochepa komanso thupi la squat. Miyendo yakumbuyo ya beaver yamphamvu kwambiri kuposa kutsogolo. Chala chakumaso cha miyendo yakumbuyo chimakhala ndi zovunda zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zikhale zowoneka bwino. Nyama izi zimasamalira bwino “malaya” awo.

Pamiyendo yake, makulidwewo amakhala ndi timinyewa tosambira komanso totupa tosiyanasiyana. Beavers amawoneka osazolowereka chifukwa cha mchira wawo wodabwitsa. Mchira wa beaver umafanana ndi beseni, ndi lathyathyathya, lopanda tsitsi komanso yokutidwa ndi mamba owala.

Beaver wamba ali ndi mutu wawukulu wokhala ndi chizungulira chopapatiza, maso ang'onoang'ono ndi zofunikira zazikulu kutsogolo. Mano a beaver ndi apadera, amakhala ophatikizika ndi enamel wolimba, amakula moyo wawo wonse komanso kudzilimbitsa. Beaver wamba amakhala ndi makutu ang'ono ndi aafupi, omwe sawoneka bwino mu ubweya wakuda. Ngakhale izi, nyama imamva bwino kwambiri.

Beavers imawoneka ngati ubweya weniweni wa ubweya, chifukwa amakhala ndi ubweya wokongola wonyezimira. Ubweya wokongoletsera umakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pentiyo ikhale yofunda komanso yowuma kuzizira. Danga loyambirira la beaver limakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali, ndipo lachiwiri ndi undercoat yayitali kwambiri. Komanso chakumwa chamtsinje chimazizira chimateteza kukhalapo kwamafuta pansi pa khungu.

Beavers imawoneka yopatsa chidwi chifukwa cha mtundu. Ubweya wophika wamba umakhala ndi mgoza wowoneka bwino kapena mtundu wakuda, nthawi zina ngakhale wakuda. Mchira ndi miyendo ya nyamayo ndi yakuda. Mchira wa beaver wamba umakhala ndi adipose komanso tiziwopsezo tapadera.

Zonunkhira zomwe zimapanga tinthu timene timayamwa timatchedwa kuti mitsinje ya beaver. Ndipo chinsinsi cha wen chili ndi zonse zokhudzana ndi mwini wakeyo, chimanyamula zaka zake komanso jenda. Ponena za anthu ena onena za malire a gawo lanyumbali ndi fungo la mtsinje wa beaver, womwe ndi wapadera kwa aliyense. Kuthengo, nyama yodziwika bwino imakhala pafupifupi zaka 15.

Kodi okongoletsa amakhala kuti?

Beavers amakhala ku Europe (mayiko a Scandinavia), ku France (madera otsika a Mtsinje wa Rhone), ku Germany (chigwa cha Elbe) komanso ku Poland (chigwa cha Vistula river). Beavers imapezekanso m'malo a nkhalango ndi nkhalango zokhala ku Europe kwa Russia, ku Belarus, ku Ukraine.

Ku Russia, munthu wokongoletsa zakudya amakhala ku Northern Trans-Urals. Beavers amakhala mosiyana madera akumtunda kwa Mtsinje wa Yenisei, ku Kuzbass (Kemerovo Region), m'dera la Baikal, m'chigawo cha Khabarovsk, ku Kamchatka, m'chigawo cha Tomsk. Kuphatikiza apo, ma beaever amapezeka ku Mongolia ndi Northwest China.

Beavers imakhala ndi zida zonse zopezeka kuti ndizamoyo wamadzi. Makutu awo ndi mphuno zawo zimakhala pafupi ndi madzi. Ndipo zimagwira ntchito zapadera zotsekemera zimatseka maso awo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azitha kuwona bwino m'madzi. Mitsempha ya pakamwa idapangidwa kuti madzi asalowemo pomwe nyama ikugwira pansi pa madzi. Ntchito yamayendedwe am'madzi imachitidwa ndi mchira wa womata.

Nyanja zimakhala, zimakonda kusewera m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja, mapwe ndi maiwe. Amapewa mitsinje yofulumira komanso yotakata, komanso maiwe omwe amawuma pansi nthawi yozizira. Kwa makoswewa, kupezeka kwa mitengo kuchokera ku mitengo yolimba, kupezeka kwa masamba am'madzi, udzu ndi zitsamba zobiriwira m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'mphepete mwa malo osungira ndikofunikira.

Beavers imalowa pansi ndikusambira mwangwiro. Chifukwa cha mapapu awo akulu, amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi 15 ndikusambira nthawi iyi mpaka 750 metres. Chifukwa chake, othira mtengo amakhala ndi chidaliro m'madzi kuposa pamtunda.

Kodi anyaniwa amakhala bwanji?

Beavers amakhala m'mabanja (mpaka anthu 8) kapena pawokha. Banja limakhala ndi okwatirana komanso ma beawa achichepere (ana oyang'anira zaka ziwiri zapitazi). Tsamba limodzilo lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mabanja m'mibadwo. Madziwe ang'onoang'ono amakhala ndi banja limodzi kapena banja limodzi. Malo akuluakulu okhala ndi mabanja angapo, ndipo kutalika kwa banja lirilonse kumakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuyambira pa 300 mita mpaka 3 km. Beavers amakhala pafupi ndi madzi ndipo sasuntha kupitirira 200 metres kuchokera pagombe.

Kutalika kwa chiwembu cha banja kumadalira kuchuluka kwa chakudya. M'malo omwe masamba ndi ochulukirapo, magawo amtunduwu amatha kudutsana komanso kudutsana. Malire a madera awo okhala ndi chizindikiro. Beavers amalankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala onunkhira.Beavers amalankhulana pakati pawo mothandizidwa ndi ma poses, kuwombedwa ndi mchira pamadzi ndikulira ngati milungu. Pakakhala zoopsa, mbalameyi imatsitsa mchira wake m'madzi ndikutsamira. Kuwomba motere kumapereka chiphokoso kwa onse onyamula khutu.

Usiku ndi nthawi yamadzulo, anthu okongoletsa zakudya amakhala mokangalika. M'nyengo yotentha, amachoka kunyumba kwawo nthawi yamadzulo ndipo amagwira ntchito mpaka kucha. Panyengo yophukira, anyaniwa amakonzekera nthawi yozizira ndikuyamba kukolola chakudya. Tsiku logwira ntchito limachulukitsidwa mpaka maola 10. M'nyengo yozizira, okongoletsa zakudya samakhala otanganidwa, ntchito zogwira ntchito zimachepa ndikuyenda masana Beavers yozizira, pafupifupi sikuwoneka pamtunda, koma samagwera. Kutentha kotsika −20 ° C, wokondayo amabisala pamalo ozungulira banja lake, amakhala kunyumba yake yotentha.

Beavers akumanga nyumba yatsopano kumapeto kwa Ogasiti. Okonza mosilira sachita nawo nyumba, koma okongoletsa mabanja amagwira ntchito molimbika. Koma nyumba yankhokwe imatchedwa chiyani? Pamalo amodzi okongola, mitundu iwiri ya nyumba zimapezeka. Poyambirira, nyumba yonyamulayo imatchedwa burrow. Beavers amakhala m'makola, amawakumba m'mphepete mwa phompho. Chitetezo, khomo lanyumba yokongola chotereyi nthawi zonse imakhala pansi pa madzi. Beaver burrows ndi mtundu wa labyrinth yomwe ili ndi 4 kulowa. Makoma ndi matayala amkati mwa beaver amatsekeka mosamala.

Nyumba yokhala ndi beaver mkati mwa bowo ili pamalo akuya mita imodzi ndi mulifupi mwake kupitirira mita, kutalika kwa masentimita 50. Pansi nthawi zonse pamakhala pamwamba pa mulingo wamadzi. Madzi mumtsinje ukakwera, wokondayo amadzuka, ndikusesa pansi kuchokera padengapo. Ntchito zonse zomanga zokomera zimawonetsedwa ndi chikhumbo chawo cha chitetezo ndi chitonthozo. Pomwe sizingatheke kukumba mabowo, nyumba zimamangidwa mwachindunji pamadzi pamalo osaya. Nyumba yokomera nyama yotereyi imatchedwa kuti nyumba ndipo okonza nyumbawa amapanga matabwawo munyumba pomanga Dam.

Malo omata a Beaver amaoneka ngati kakhoma kokhala ngati kontrakitala yoyambira m'madzi. Kutalika kwa nyumba yokongoletsera imeneyi kumafikira mamita atatu ndi awiri a mamita 12, khomo lanyumbayo ili pansi pa madzi. Chinyumba chokongoletsera chimapangidwa kuchokera ku mulu wamtengo, womwe umamangidwa pamodzi ndi silt komanso nthaka. Beavers mosamala amakutira makhoma a nyumba zawo ndi silika ndi dongo. Chifukwa chake, nyumba yonyamulirayo imasandutsidwa linga lolimba, ndipo mpweya umalowa mwa dzenje m'ndendemo.

M'kati mwa beaver muli ndima malo amadzi ndi nsanja, yomwe ili pamwamba pa madzi. Zisanu zikadzafika, ma beaver amathanso kuikapo dongo latsopano munyumbayo pogwiritsa ntchito zida za kutsogolo. M'nyengo yozizira, nyumba zopangira ubweya zimakhalabe kutentha, madzi am'mipanda saphimbidwa ndi ayezi wokutidwa, ndipo owongolera amatuluka pansi mozizira. M'nyengo yozizira, nthunzi imakhala pamwamba pa nyumba zokhala anthu okhala. Ma bea enieni amakhala oyera, amayang'anira ukhondo wa nyumba yawo, osasanja.

M'matupi amadzi pomwe madzi amasinthasintha, ma beavers amapanga madamu kapena madamu. Ndipo chifukwa chiyani mitengo yopanga ma beam imapanga madamu? Damu la beaver limawalola kukweza ndi kusungira madziwo m malo osungira, kuwongolera kotero kuti zolowera kuzinyumba sizithiridwa. Damu liwonetsetsa kuti nyumba yolumikizana ndi chitetezo ndi chitetezo. Beavers amapanga madamu kuchokera kumitengo, mitengo ya mitengo ndi mitengo ikuluikulu, ndikuikhwimitsa ndi dongo, silika ndi zida zina. Ngati pali miyala pansi, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pomanga.

Beavers amapanga madamu m'malo omwe mitengo imamera pafupi ndi gombe. Kupanga kwa dziwe la beaver kumayambira poti ma beavers amathira pansi ndikukhazikika pamiyendo pansi, kulimbitsa mipata ndi nthambi ndikudzaza matope ndi miyala, dongo, miyala. Ngati pali mtengo womwe udagwera mumtsinje, nthawi zambiri umakhala ngati mtengo wochirikiza. Beavers pang'onopang'ono imakutira kumbali zonse ndi zida zomanga. Nthawi zambiri nthambi za madamu a beaver zimayamba kuzika mizu, zomwe zimapatsanso mphamvu mphamvu yake.

Damu lokhala ndi beaver nthawi zambiri limafikira kutalika kwa 30 metres, m'lifupi mpaka 6 metres, ndi kutalika kwa 2 metres, koma nthawi zina mpaka 4 metres. Damu la beaver ndi gawo lolimba, limatha kuthandizira mosavuta kulemera kwa munthu. Pafupifupi, kumanga damu m'mabanja okongoletsa kumatenga pafupifupi mwezi. Beavers amayang'anitsitsa mosamala kuti dziwe lisasunthike ndikuwukonza nthawi yomweyo kuwonongeka.

Pomanga dziwe labwino komanso kukolola, olemba mitengo amadula mitengo. Amazikulira pansi, nthambi zaudzu, ndipo thunthu logawika magawo. Mtengo wokhala ndi m'mimba mwake wamtali wa 7 cm umagwa mphindi 5. Mtengo wokulirapo masentimita 40, ndikudula ndikugwedezeka usiku, kotero kuti m'mawa mumangotsala chitsa komanso mulu wokutira.

Thunthu la mtengowo, pomwe wowumayo adagwirapo kale, koma osagwa, amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a "ola logawika". Nthambi zina za mtengo wakugwa zimadyedwa ndi omwe akukolola nthawi yomweyo. Amagwetsera pansi ena onse kapena kuyandama pamadzi kupita kumalo omangira matamu kapena nyumba yawo.

Chaka chilichonse, misewu yomata ma bea pang'onopang'ono imadzaza ndi madzi, ndikupanga njira zopangira beaver. Pa iwo nyama zimapaka nkhuni chakudya. Kutalika kwa njira zotere kumatha kufika mamitala. Beavers nthawi zonse amakhala oyera njira.

Dera lomwe lidasinthidwa chifukwa cha zochitika zokomera zitsamba limatchedwa beaver lands. Mwa kuthekera kwawo pakusintha chilengedwe, amakhala wachiwiri kwa munthu. Beavers ndi amodzi mwa nyama zapadera, chifukwa amatha kuphunzira ndikusintha luso lawo moyo wawo wonse.

Kodi amadya chiyani?

Beavers ndi nyama zamasamba, ndi nyama zamtundu wobiriwira zokha. Beavers amadya makungwa a mitengo ndi mphukira. Beavers amakonda birch, msondodzi, aspen ndi popula. Beaever amadyanso mitundu ya herbaceous: maluwa amadzimadzi, maluwa amphaka, amphaka, mabango, ndipo mndandandawu uli ndi mayina ambiri.

Mitengo yambiri yamtundu wa softwood ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zizikhala. Hazel, linden, elm, chitumbuwa cha mbalame ndi mitengo ina sizofunikira kwambiri komanso ndizofunikira pakudya kwawo. Nthawi zambiri samadya alder ndi oak, koma amawagwiritsa ntchito ngati nyumba. Koma wokondayo amadya zipatso mosalolera. Mano akulu amalola owaza kuti asamalire mosavuta chakudya cha nkhuni. Nthawi zambiri, zokolola zimangodya mitundu yochepa yokha.

M'chilimwe, kuchuluka kwa udzu womwe amadyetsa ubweya kumakulirakulira. Panyengo yophukira, onyamula nyumba amayamba kukola nkhuni nthawi yozizira. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yozizira, anyani amadya m'matangadza awo. Zodzikongoletsera zawo zimayikidwa m'madzi, pomwe zimakhalabe ndizopatsa thanzi nthawi yonse yozizira.

Kuchuluka kwa masheya pa banja lililonse kumatha kukhala kwakukulu. Popewa kuzizira kwa madzi oundana, ma beavers nthawi zambiri amasungunula pansi pamadzi. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale dziwe laphimbidwa ndi ayezi, chakudya chitha kukhalabe chinyama ndipo banja lidzapatsidwa chilichonse chofunikira.

Beaver Cuba

Beavers ndi ogwirizana, amagwirizana kamodzi, amakhala limodzi moyo wawo wonse ndipo amakhala okhulupilika kwa wina ndi mnzake. Wamkaziyo amalamulira banja. Beavers imatha kubereka muzaka 2. Ziphuphu zimabweretsedwa kamodzi pachaka. Nthawi yakukhwima imatha kuyambira pakati pa Januware mpaka kumapeto kwa mwezi wa February. Kutalika kwa pakati ndi miyezi 3.5.

M'mwezi wa Epulo-Meyi, anthu 2 mpaka 6 amabadwa. Ana obadwa ndi beaver amabadwa amawonera, atakulungidwa ndi tsitsi komanso amalemera pafupifupi 0,5 kg. Pakatha masiku awiri, ana ombetsetsa amatha kusambira. Beavers amasamalira ana awo.

Pazaka 1 zakubadwa, ana a beaver amasinthana kuti adye zakudya, koma pitilizani kudya mkaka wa amayi kwa miyezi itatu. Olimidwa nthawi zambiri samasiya makolo awo kwa zaka zina ziwiri, pambuyo pake kukula kumapangidwanso.

Kodi zokongola ndizothandiza ndi chiyani?

Ma bea ndiwothandiza chifukwa maonekedwe ake mumitsinje amakhala ndi phindu pa chilengedwe. Beaver imathandiza kwambiri pomanga madamu ake. Nyama zambiri ndi mafoni am'madzi amakhala momwemo, zomwe zimabweretsa mazira a nsomba m'matumbo awo, ndipo nsomba imawonekera padziwe. Ma bea amafunikira chifukwa madamu awo amathandizira kuti ayeretse madzi, amachedwetsa kuchepa komanso amachepetsa mpweya.

Beavers ndi nyama zokonda mtendere, koma zilinso ndi adani mwachilengedwe - awa ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira, mimbulu ndi nkhandwe. Koma choopseza kwambiri chakumwa chakumwa anthu. Zotsatira zakusaka, munthu wamba wakunyanja anali atatsala pang'ono kutha pofika kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20. Nyemba zimapsa chifukwa cha ubweya wawo. Kuphatikiza apo, amapatsa mtsinje wa beaver, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zonunkhira ndi mankhwala.

Kuti asunge chiweto chamtengo wapatalichi, njira zofunikira zinatengedwa kuteteza ndi kubwezeretsa ziwerengero. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 zino, anthu ochulukirachulukira ayambiranso. Tsopano wokongoletsa wamba ali ndi mwayi wokhala pachiwopsezo chochepa mu Buku Lofiira Lapadziko Lonse. Pakadali pano, choopseza chachikulu kwa iye ndi kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi kapangidwe kazomera zama hydropower.

Ngati mumakonda nkhaniyi ndipo mumakonda kuwerenga zolemba zosangalatsa zanyama, lembetsani patsamba lathu zosintha kuti zikhale zoyamba kulandira zolembedwa zaposachedwa kwambiri komanso zosangalatsa kwambiri za nyama zosiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.

Mutu

Liwu loti "beaver" limachokera ku chilankhulo cha pre-Indo-European (cf. German Biber, jam. Bėbros), lomwe limapangidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi dzina la brown. Malo osinthidwanso * bhe-bhru-.

Malinga ndi zinenedwe za mu 1961, mawuwa kumadula ikuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza chinyama kuchokera pamakedzedwe a makoswe okhala ndi ubweya wofunikira, ndipo kumadula - Mukutanthauza ubweya wa nyama iyi: kolala ya beaver, zovala pa ubweya wa beaver. Komabe, m'chinenedwe, mawu kumadula omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati liwu lofanana ndi liu kumadula (monga nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe, khwimitsa mtima ndi khwimitsa mtima).

Malinga ndi 2004 Spelling Dictionary, kuchuluka kwa matchulidwe kumakudya, kumakumwa (chinyama, ubweya).

Kupanga madamu

Chomwe chimadabwitsanso komanso chosangalatsa ndi moyo wa nyama ndi momwe ma bea amapangira damu. Amapezeka kumunsi kwa malo awo okhala.

Zomerazi zimathandiza kuti mtsinjewo usamire ndipo zimathandiza kuti madzi ake atunduke. Ndipo, chifukwa chake, gwiritsani ntchito kukhazikitsanso zinyama m'malo omwe madzi osefukira, onjezerani mwayi wofufuza chakudya. Ichi ndichifukwa chake okongoletsa amapanga madamu.

Malingaliro oterewa amafunidwanso kuti athandize anthu kukhala otetezeka. Uku ndikulongosolanso kwina komwe kakhalira kuti amange damu.

M'lifupi ndi kuya kwa mtsinje, kuthamanga kwa komwe kuli komwe kumadziwika kuti ndi dziwe labwino liti. Iyenera kuletsa mtsinje kuchokera ku banki ina kupita ku ina ndikulimba mokwanira kuti isawononge mitsinje. Nyama zimasankha komwe kuli malo abwino kuyamba kumanga - mtengo wakugwa, njira yopapatiza.

Ogwira ntchito molimbika amapanga damu, lomwe limamangirira mfundo ndi matabwa pansi ndikudzaza mipata pakati pawo ndi miyala yamwala, silika, dongo. Madamu a Beaver nthawi zonse, mwezi ndi mwezi, chaka ndi chaka amafunika kulimbikitsidwa kuti asatsukidwe. Koma izi sizimaletsa kukongoletsa! Zotsatira zake, madamu amakhala olimba, tchire ndi mitengo imamera. Pa iyo mutha kupita kuchokera ku gombe lina kupita ku lina.

Ndipo sizinthu zokhazo zomwe zokongoletsa ndizothandiza. Madamu omwe adapangidwa ndi iwo amawonjezera madzi, omwe ndi abwino kwa tizilombo toyambitsa m'madzi, amathandizira kuwonjezeka kwa nsomba.

Chiyambi

Beavers amapezeka koyamba ku Asia, pomwe mabwinja awo amakhalapobe ku Eocene. Ma bea otchuka kwambiri osowa kwambiri ndi zimphona za Pleistocene, Siberian Trogontherium cuvieri ndi North America Castoroides ohioensis. Kukula kwa chomaliza, kukuweruza kukula kwa chigaza, kufika pa 2.75 m, ndipo ukulu ndi 350 kg.

Mtengo wachuma

Kuyambira kalekale, ma beawa akhala akumba mgodi chifukwa cha ubweya wokongola wamtengo wapatali. Kuphatikiza apo, ndege ya beaver imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazamankhwala ndi mafakitale onunkhira.

Nyama ya Beaver imadyedwa. Mokondweretsa, Akatolika amati izi zimatsamira chakudya. Mchira wolimba umasocheretsa, chifukwa chomwe makoswewo amaonedwa kuti ndi nsomba. Beaver ndiowopsa chifukwa cha maseru onyamula salmonellosis.

Mahawa ndi madamu

Beavers amakhala m'malo obisika. Khomo lanyumba ya beaver nthawi zonse limakhala pansi pamadzi kuti mutetezeke. Burrows ikubowoleza m'mphepete mwa mapiri ndi phompho; ndi labu yovuta ndi 4-5 yolowera. Makoma ndi kudenga kwa bowo amapindika mwaluso ndi kukongoletsa. Chipinda chochezera mkati mwa dzenje chimakhala pakuya kosaposa mita 1. M'lifupi mwake m'chipindacho ndichipitilira mita, kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 40-50. Pansi liyenera kukhala masentimita 20 pamwamba pamadzi. Madzi mumtsinje ukakwera, wokondedwayo amakweza pansi, ndikukuta pansi padenga. Kuti gawo la mtsinje pamwamba pa khomo lolowera dzenje nthawi yozizira siziwumitsa ndi kutseka nyama mdzenjemo, amadzaza malowa ndi pompopompo. Nthawi zina matope a burongo amawonongeka ndipo m'malo mwake timadontho tokhazikika pansi timitengo ndi burashi timakonzedwa, ndikusandutsa burongo kukhala mtundu wopumira - pang'onopang'ono. Mu kasupe, m'madzi akulu, opanga ma bea amapanga timiyala pamwamba pa tchire kuchokera kunthambi ndi nthambi zokhala ndi udzu wouma.

Nyumbazi zimamangidwa m'malo omwe kukumba mabowo ndi kosatheka - m'mphepete mwa dambo komanso pamphezi. Beavers nthawi zambiri amayamba kumanga nyumba zatsopano kumapeto kwa Ogasiti. Zingwezo zimawoneka ngati mulu wowoneka ngati burashi, womata ndi silika komanso m'mimba mwake, mpaka ma mita 1-3 ndi mainchesi 10-12.Makoma am'nyumbamo amavekedwa bwino ndi silt ndi dongo, kotero kuti amasintha kukhala bwalo lenileni, losagawanika kwa adani, mpweya umadutsa dzenje mu denga. Ngakhale pali chikhulupiriro chofala, ojambula amawaza dongo mothandizidwa ndi kutsogolo, osati mchira (mchira umangokhala ngati mkondo). Mkati mwam'kati mwake muli manholes m'madzi ndi nsanja yomwe imakwera pamwamba pamadzi. Ndi matumba oyamba, ma beavers amakhalanso amateteza matumba ndi dongo latsopano. M'nyengo yozizira, kutentha kumasungidwa m'malo otentha, madzi a manholes samawuma, ndipo okongoletsa mwayi amakhala ndi kutuluka kwa ayezi. Wozizira kwambiri pamizuyo pali nyini, komwe kumakhala chizindikiro cha nyumba. Nthawi zina mdera lokhala ndi phokoso mumakhala zimbudzi. Beaers ndi oyera kwambiri, samawononga nyumba zawo ndi zinyalala ndi chakudya.

M'malo osungira okhala ndi madzi osintha, komanso m'mitsinje ndi mitsinje yopanda, mabanja a beaver amapanga madamu. Izi zimawathandiza kukweza, kukonza ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa madzi osungira madzi kuti zitseko zanyumba ndi zotchinga zisachotsedwe ndikufikiridwa ndi adani. Madamu ali pansi pa tawuni yabwino kwambiri yamitengo yamitengo, nthambi zamtchire ndi mitengo yamtengo, yokhala palimodzi ndi dongo, silika, ziguduli ndi zinthu zina zomwe anthu onyamula mano amabweretsa. Ngati madzi am'madzi amatuluka mwachangu ndipo pali miyala pansi, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zomangira. Kulemera kwa miyala nthawi zina kumatha kufika 15-18 kg.

Pomanga madamu, malo omwe mitengo imamera pafupi m'mphepete mwa gombe amasankhidwa. Kupanga kumayamba ndi ma beavers omata nthambi ndi mitengo kuti ikhale pansi, kulimbitsa mipata ndi nthambi ndi mabango, ndikumadzaza matopewo ndi dothi, dongo ndi miyala. Monga chingwe chothandizira, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mtengo womwe wagwera mumtsinje, ndipo pang'ono pang'onopang'ono umawunjika mbali zonse ndi zomangira. Nthawi zina nthambi za madamu a beaver zimamera, zimawapatsa mphamvu zowonjezera. Kutalika kwamadamu wamba ndi 20-30 m, m'lifupi m'munsi ndi 4-6 m, kutalika kwake ndi 1-2 m, kutalika kumatha kufika 4,8 m, ngakhale kawiri kawiri mamita 2. Damu lakale limatha kupirira kulemera kwa munthu. Zomwe zimapangidwa pomanga madamu, sizokhala wamba, koma za okongoletsa ku Canada - damu lomangidwa ndi iwo pamtsinje. Jefferson (Montana), afika kutalika kwa 700 m. (Ku New Hampshire, kuli damu lotalikirapo - 1,2 km.) Maonekedwe a damu amatengera kuthamanga kwa komwe kuli - komwe kumachedwa, madamu ali pafupifupi owongoka, akuyenda mitsinje yothamanga molowera zamakono. Ngati nyanjayi ili yolimba kwambiri, ma bea okwera amatseka madamu ena owonjezera kumtunda. Kukhetsa kumapangidwa nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwenikweni kwa damu kuti lisadutse madzi osefukira. Pafupifupi, banja lokwera mtengo limatenga pafupifupi sabata kuti limange damu la 10 m. Beavers amayang'anira bwino mayendedwe a damu ndikuyigwira ngati ikudontha. Nthawi zina mabanja angapo omwe amagwira ntchito mashifiti amatenga nawo mbali pomanga.

Kuthandizira kwakukulu pa chikhalidwe cha anthu opanga mikanda pomanga madamu ndi a Sweden a Don Wilson [en] (1971) ndi katswiri wazowona zanyama ku France Richard (1967, 1980). Zinapezeka kuti chomwe chimalimbikitsa kwambiri pantchitoyo ndi phokoso lamadzi oyenda.Pokhala ndi kumva kwabwino kwambiri, ma beaver adazindikira molondola komwe mawuwo adasinthira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti panali kusintha kwa madamu. Komabe, sanasamale za kusowa kwa madzi - momwemonso, ma beaver adamva phokoso lamadzi lojambulidwa pa tepi chojambulira. Kuyesa kwinanso kunawonetsa kuti kuwoneka, sikuti ndiye kokha komwe kumalimbikitsa. Chifukwa chake, zokongoletsera zomwe zidayikiridwapo padawundikirana ndi silt ndi nthambi, ngakhale zitadutsa pansi ndikuti "zinali zosavomerezeka". Nthawi yomweyo, sizikudziwikiratu momwe ma bea amagawana maudindo pakati pawo pantchito yonse. Amatha kugwira ntchito ngati magulu, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kapena okha. Koma onse ophatikiza ndi omanga odziyimira pawokha amachita mogwirizana ndi pulani yachilendo, yolondola ndimalingaliro onse.

Pomanga ndi kuphika chakudya, anthu odula mitengo amadula mitengo, kukukutira pansi, kukukutira nthambi, kenako ndikugawa thunthu. Beaver imagwetsa pansi ndi mulifupi mwake masentimita 5-7 mumphindi 5, mtengo wokhala ndi mainchesi 40 ndikugwa ndikuwudula, kotero kuti pofika m'mawa chitsa chokhacho ndi chikwapu. Thunthu la mtengo wolumidwa ndi womata umakhala ngati galasi la ola. Nthenga za Beaver, zikukwera pa miyendo yake yakumbuyo ndikupuma mchira wake. Nsagwada zake zimakhala ngati bokosi: kuti ikagwetse mtengo, beaver imapumira pakhungwa lake ndi zitsulo zake zam'mwamba ndikuyamba kusuntha mwachangu nsagwada yake yam'munsi mbali ndi mbali, ndikupanga mayendedwe a 5-6 pamphindi. Zowongolera za beaver ndizodziwongola nokha: mbali yakutsogolo yokha ndi yopanda mutu, kumbuyo kumakhala dentin wovuta. Wokometsa zakudya akamatsitsa china chake, dentin amapukutira mwachangu kuposa enamel, ndiye kuti m'mphepete mwa dzino kumakhala lakuthwa nthawi zonse.

Bea amadya nthambi zina za mtengo wakugwa pomwepo, zina zimagwetsa pansi ndikumata kapena kuyandama pamadzi kuti zikhale kapena malo omanga damu. Chaka chilichonse, kutsatira njira zomwezo za chakudya ndi zomangamanga, amaponda m'mphepete mwa njira zomwe zimasefukira pang'onopang'ono ndi madzi - mayendedwe a beaver. Amapangira chakudya nkhuni limodzi nawo. Kutalika kwa msewu kumafika pamamita mazana ndi mulifupi mwake masentimita 40-50 ndikuzama mita 1. Beavers nthawi zonse amasunga njira kuti zikhale zoyera.

Dera lomwe lidasinthidwa chifukwa cha zochitika za beaver zomwe zidakhazikika pamenepo limatchedwa malo okongola.

Habitat

Beavers ndi a banja la a Castaridae, omwe amaphatikiza amtundu wa Castor ndi mitundu iwiri yokha:

1. beaver wamba (Castor fiber) (aka mtsinje kapena kummawa),
2. Can beanver beaver (aka North American) (Castor canadensis).

Masiku ano, ma bea aku North America amapezeka ku kontrakitala yonse, kuyambira pakamwa pa Mtsinje wa Mackenzie ku Canada kumwera mpaka kumpoto kwa Mexico. Koma sizinali choncho nthawi zonse. Anthu akhala akusaka nyama kwazaka zambiri chifukwa cha nyama, ubweya, komanso mtsinje wa beaver. Zotsatira zake, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Canada kudakhala kotsutsa, ndipo m'malo awo okhala ambiri adawonongedwa, makamaka kummawa kwa United States. Mabungwe aboma ndi oyandikana nawo adapereka chiphokoso, ndipo nyama zinayamba kutumizidwa kuchokera kumadera ena. Adayambitsidwanso ku Finland, Russia, komanso m'maiko angapo a Central Europe (Germany, Austria, Poland). Chimodzi mwa zikuluzikulu kwambiri za makoswe aku Canada lero zilipo kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Finland.

Zakale zam'mbuyomu m'mbuyomu zinkakhala ku Europe ndi North Asia konse, koma si anthu onse omwe adakwanitsa kukhala ndi moyo pafupi ndi anthu. Pofika kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, anthu ochepa chabe olemba zinthu pamodzi ndi anthu 1,200 omwe adapulumuka ku France, Norway, Germany, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, China ndi Mongolia.

Chifukwa cha kubwezeretsanso ndi kukhazikitsanso mapulogalamu a nyama izi, zomwe zinayamba kugwira ntchito m'zaka zoyambirira za zana lomaliza, kuchuluka kwa ma beaver pang'onopang'ono kunayamba kukula. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za XXI, panali anthu pafupifupi 500-600, ndipo malo awo adakula ku Europe ndi ku Asia.

Mitundu yonseyi imapezeka kudera la Russia lero, ngakhale kuti ndi yemwe amakhala kale. Dera lake limakhala pafupifupi dera lonse la nkhalango ku Russian Federation - kuchokera kumalire akumadzulo kupita kudera la Baikal ndi Mongolia, komanso kuchokera kudera la Murmansk kumpoto kupita ku Astrakhan kumwera. Kuphatikiza apo, mtunduwu udavomerezedwa ku Primorye ndi Kamchatka.

Beanver waku Canada mdziko lathu adawonekera mu 50s ya zaka zapitazi, modzala ndi anthu ambiri a Karelia ndi Leningrad Region ochokera kumadera oyandikana ndi Finland, ndipo mu 70s chilombochi chidayambitsidwa m'chigwa cha Amur River ndi ku Kamchatka.

Kufotokozera kwa Beaver

Maonekedwe a beaver ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a oyimilira ena a gulu lothamanga, omwe akufotokozedwa ndi njira yamoyo yam'madzi yathu. Kuchokera pakuwoneka wasayansiyo, mawonekedwe odabwitsa a chilombocho ndi zinthu zake zazikulu, mchira wokhazikika komanso miyendo yakumbuyo yokhala ndi kakhalidwe kapadera "kokanda" pachala chachiwiri, komanso mbali zingapo za kapangidwe ka pharynx ndi chimbudzi.

Beavers ndiye ndodo zazikulu kwambiri za zolengedwa za Old World ndi zomata zazikulu kwambiri pambuyo pa ma capybaras aku South America. Thupi la nyamayo ndi squat, wandiweyani, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe apangidwe, mbali yake yakumbuyo imakulitsidwa, kokha pamizu ya mchiraawo imachepa. Kutalika kwa thupi 80 - masentimita 120. Akuluakulu amalemera pafupifupi 20-30 makilogalamu, kawirikawiri kulemera kwake kumatha kufika 45 kg. Kukula kwa mitundu ya ku Canada ndikokulirapo pang'ono kuposa masiku onse.

Mutu wocheperako pang'ono wokhala ndi khosi lofatsa komanso lakuda pafupifupi sukutembenuka. Maso ndi ang'ono, ali ndi mwana wowongoka komanso mawonekedwe owoneka bwino (kuteteza maso pansi pa madzi). Makutu ndi ochepa, osatulutsa ubweya. Makutu ndi mphuno zakunja zimakhala ndi minofu yapadera yomwe imayamba kumizidwa m'madzi. Kutuluka kwa milomo kumatha kutseka zodzilimbitsa, kupatula mkamwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma bea azilimitsa masamba pansi pamadzi osatsegula pakamwa pawo.

Maso a nyama samangoona kusunthasuntha, kupenya kwamaso kopepuka kuposa kungomva bwino komanso kununkhira bwino, komwe ndi mphamvu zazikulu pamtunda.

Mchirawo ndi wosalala, wamtali masentimita 30, mulifupi 13 cm, ndipo wamfupi komanso wofalikira mu beaver waku Canada. Gawo looneka ngati matayala limakulungidwa ndi mamba akulu a horny, pakati pake pali mabatani olimba kwambiri.

Malingaliro a mikono isanu afupikitsidwa, ali ndi ziwalo zopukutira bwino pamiyendo yakumbuyo (pamatsogolo ali m'mimba). Miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala yofooka kwambiri kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama ngati manja - mothandizidwa ndi, beaver imakoka zinthu, kukumba njira ndi mabowo, imapangira chakudya. Chigawo chachikulu cha mayendedwe a nyama ndi miyendo ya kumbuyo. Pa chala chakumanzere chakumaso kuli chovala chokhala ndi mbali ziwiri, mbali ziwiri zapamwamba - zoloza komanso zochepera - zazitali, zosunthika. Khungu limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chilombochi pofuna kukonza ukhondo - limatsuka ndikusakaniza tsitsilo ndikasungunuka, limachotsa majeremusi.

Ubweya wokongoletsera umakhala wonyezimira mpaka wakuda, nthawi zambiri wofiirira. Nthawi zina anthu a pinto omwe ali ndi mawanga a mithunzi yosiyanasiyana amapezeka. Mkati wamkati ndi wakuda, wakuda. Gawo lakumunsi la thupi ndiensenscent denser.

Amadziwika kuti mtundu wonyezimira wowoneka bwino ndi wakale, udapulumuka nthawi ya ayezi, chifukwa chake zotheka zotere zimatha kuzolowera nyengo yozizira, pomwe anthu amtundu wakuda amapezeka kwambiri kumayiko akumwera.

Madamu ndi nyumba

Mwina aliyense wamvapo za luso lodabwitsa lolimbitsa nyamayi. Chifukwa chotopa, okonza ndege aphunzira kusintha chilengedwe kuti izitha kupeza zosowa zawo. Madamu omwe adapangidwa ndi iwo amawonjezera zachilengedwe, amakulitsa malo am'madzi, amawonjezera kuchuluka kwa madzi, komanso amasintha mawonekedwe. Monga maziko a damu, mtengo womwe wagwera mumtsinje nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Imakutidwa ndi nthambi, mbali zina zamatanda amiyala, miyala, nthaka, masamba, mpaka madamu amafikira 100 metres (m'mphepete mwa damu amatalikirana kwambiri ndi mtsinjewo), ndipo kutalika nthawi zambiri kumafika mamita atatu. Potere, kusiyana kwa madzi kumafika pamtunda wa mamita awiri. Zimachitika kuti banjali limamanga madamu angapo nthawi imodzi, chifukwa chotsatira madamu onse amapangidwa. Zodzikongoletsera ndizodzipereka makamaka pakupanga madamu kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, ngakhale ntchito ingapitirize chaka chonse.

Madamu a Beaver

Beavers ndi akatswiri okumba miyala mwaluso. Nthawi zambiri amakumba mabowo ambiri pamalo abanja, omwe atha kukhala njira zosavuta kapena zopendekera kuchokera kumphepete mwa mtsinje kapena damu kupita m'chipinda chimodzi kapena zingapo. M'mabotolo ambiri, makokawo amagwiritsa ntchito burrows ngati malo oyambira.

Chimawoneka ngati nyumba yokongoletsera

Njira ina yanyumba yakugombe ndi kanyumba. Zomangira zawo zimamanga m'malo omwe sipangakhale mabowo. Nyamazo zimagwiritsa ntchito chitsa chakale, gombe lotsika kapena kukwera pansi ngati chimbudzi. Kunja, nyumba yotereyi ndi mulu waukulu wa mitengo yaminga, mitengo yazipatso, yomangidwa paliponse ndi dothi, silt, zinyalala za mitengo. Mkati, chipinda chochezera chimakonzedwa, kuchokera pomwe gawo limayenda pansi pa madzi. Pafupifupi, mainchesi am'nyumba amafikira mamita 3-4. Zovuta zowonjezera zimakhala ndi zipinda zingapo pamlingo wosiyanasiyana. Ma nyalawa amatha kukhala osakhalitsa komanso osatha, ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri. Zotsirizirazi zimatsirizidwa nthawi zonse ndipo zimatha kufika mainchesi 14 kutalika ndi mamitala awiri kutalika.

Mwa zina zomanga zofunikira kwambiri, kukumba ngalande ndizovuta kwambiri. Ndi kutsogolo kwawo, amatenga matope ndi matope kuchokera pansi pa mitsinje yaying'ono ndi njira zazitali, ndikuziponyera kumbali zawo. Zotsatira zake zimapangitsa kuti nyama zizikhala m'madzi, kuyenda pakati pa madamu kapena malo odyetsa. Nthawi zambiri, makoswe amachita izi m'chilimwe, madzi akakhala ochepa.

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ma beaan aku Canada amakhala akhama akhama pantchito komanso omanga kuposa wamba. Nyumba zawo ndizovuta komanso zolimba, chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito miyala pomanga.

Zakudya

Beavers ndi nyama zokhazokha zokha. Zomwe chakudya zimasiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Mu kasupe ndi chilimwe, maziko a zakudya zawo amapangidwa ndi masamba, mizu, zitsamba, algae. Pofika nthawi yophukira, amasinthana ndi nthambi zoonda za mitengo ndi zitsamba, kusankha spen, msondodzi kapena alder.

Kuyambira pakati pa Okutobala, makoswe amayamba kukolola nkhuni nthawi yozizira. Itha kukhala nthambi zambiri komanso mbali zina za mitengo yayikulu ya buluzi, msondodzi, chitumbuwa cha mbalame, chopota, birch, komanso chiwerengero chochepa cha conifers. Mitengo yodulidwa imadulidwamo tiziduswa tating'onoting'ono ndi zinyama ndikusungidwa pansi pa madzi m'malo ozama pafupi ndi kamakumba ndi pogona. Beaers amatha kusambira kupita kumadzi kwawo osasiya dziwe lotetezeka.

Ngati chakudya chopanda nkhuni chokwanira, nyamazo zimakhutira ndi zomerazo. Nthawi zina anthu amathawidwa m'minda yolimidwa yomwe inali ndi masamba komanso masamba.

Ma bea ambiri aku Europe samasunga nyengo yozizira. M'malo mwake, amapita kunyanja nthawi yozizira kukafunafuna chakudya.

Castoreum

Chizindikiro cha nyamayi ndi kupezeka kwa "mitsinje ya beaver" yopangidwa ndi zofunikira zapadera. Ndizinthu zovuta kuphatikizira mazana a zigawo zikuluzikulu, kuphatikizapo ma alcohols, phenols, salicylaldehyde ndi castoramine. Dzina lasayansi pazinthu izi ndi castoreum.

Kuyambira kale, mphamvu zochiritsa zauzimu zadziwika kuti ndi mitsinje ya beaver. M'zaka za zana la Y-IY BC Hippocrates ndi Herototus adagwira ntchito yake pochiza matenda ena ake. Ndipo lero, mankhwalawa apezeka kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala a wowerengeka, koma amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa zonunkhira.

Wokongoletsayo yekha amagwiritsa ntchito chinsinsi chake chofukizira polemba chizindikiro. Ma tagula onunkhira ndi njira imodzi yomwe akatswiri athu amasinthanirana chidziwitso. Mitundu yonse iwiri yaku Canada ndi mitsinje imasiya zonunkhira pamiyala yomwe imapangidwa pafupi ndi madzi kuchokera ku silt ndi mbewu zomwe zimakwezedwa pansi pa posungira.

Ubwenzi wabanja

Nthawi zambiri, ma beawa amakhala m'magulu a mabanja (mabanja), koma pali ena omwe amakonda kukhala pawokha. Pazifukwa zopanda chakudya, kuchuluka kwa nyama imodzi kumatha kufikira 40%.

Banja limakhala ndi banja lokalamba, ana a chaka chino, ana am'mbuyomu, ndipo nthawi zina wachinyamata m'modzi kapena kuposerapo omwe adasiyapo kale. Kukula kwa mabanja kumatha kufikira anthu 10-12.

Utsogoleri wolamulira umakhazikitsidwa molingana ndi zaka zaka, ndi udindo wamkulu wa okwatirana. Kuwonekera kwaukali kwakuthupi ndikosowa, ngakhale mabala akumisala amatha kuwoneka m'malo owala akumwa. Izi ndi zotsatira za ndewu ndi alendo osowa kufupi ndi malire.

Pweya wamitundu iyi umakhala wokhazikika komanso wopitilira mu moyo wonse wa olandiranawo. Gulu la mabanja likhazikika, mwanjira ina chifukwa cha kuswana kochepa. Amabweretsa mwana m'modzi pachaka, kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 5 cubs mu beaver wamba, mu chonde ku Canada ndiwokwera - mpaka 8 cubs. Komabe, nthawi zambiri mu ana mumakhala ana a 2-3.

Mpikisano umayamba mu Januware (kumwera kwa masheya) ndipo umatha mpaka Marichi. Mimba imatenga masiku 103-110.

Kuyang'ana kumene, kubala kwambiri, komwe kumayamba kupindika. Amayi amadyetsa ana mkaka (womwe umakhala wonenepa kwambiri kuposa mkaka wa ng'ombe) kwa masabata pafupifupi 6, ngakhale ali ndi zaka ziwiri, owolawo amayamba kulawa masamba omwe makolo awo amabweretsa. Pazaka 1 zakubadwa, mbadwo wachichepere umayamba kusiya pang'onopang'ono chisa ndikudya pawokha.

Ngakhale ana ali ochepa kwambiri, bambo amakhala nthawi yayitali kuteteza chiwembu cha banja: amayenda m'malire ndikuwasiya ma fungo. Yaikazi panthawiyi yatanganidwa kudyetsa ana ndikuwasamalira. Ana amakula msanga, koma amafunikira miyezi yambiri yochita bwino kuti aphunzire maluso opangira madamu ndi nyumba. Makolo amaphunzitsa kuti azitenga nawo mbali pazinthu zonse za banja, kuphatikizapo zomanga.

Nthawi zambiri, achinyamata amasiya mabanja awo ndikupita kukafunafuna tsogolo lawo mchaka chachiwiri ndikumakhala moyo wawekha mpaka atapeza banja.

Kuberekera kwa Beaver kumachitika mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo, koma zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimayamba kubereka zaka zisanu ndi zitatu za moyo.

Njira yayitali kwambiri yodziwikitsira nyama yachilengedwe ndi zaka 17-18, Canada - zaka 20. Komabe, mu vivo nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka zoposa 10. Zaka zapamwamba kwambiri za zolembera izi zolembedwa pa nazale zidafika zaka 30.

Kulankhulana

Kuphatikiza polemba chizindikirochi, ma beaver amalankhulana wina ndi mnzake pomawomba mchira wawo m'madzi. Nthawi zambiri ndimomwe anthu achikulire amauza alendo kuti adawaona. Makoko omwe adalowa m'dera lomwe mukukhalalamo akuwomba m'manja, kumulola kuti awone kukula kwa zolinga zake komanso kuchuluka kwa zomwe akuwopseza.

Njira ina yolumikizirana imadutsa mosiyanasiyana, komanso mawu: nyama zitha kung'ung'uza ndi kulira.

Ubwino ndi zopweteketsa za zakumwa

Monga tanena kale, ma bea omwe amadziwika kuti amalakalaka ntchito yomanga: kukonzekeretsa nyumba zawo, amapanga madamu omwe amawongolera kuchuluka kwa madzi m'matupi amadzi. Zotsatira zake, madzi amatha kusefukira madera akuluakulu m'nkhalangoyi ndikuwononga. Madera ndi misewu zitha kuvutika.

Mitu yachiwiri yosatsutsika ndiyoti madamu akuipiraipira momwe nsomba zimatayira, pokhala chotchinga matcheni amtundu wamtambo, nsomba zoyera, nsomba ndi nsomba zina zomwe zimamera mumitsinje yaying'ono.

Tsopano tiyeni tiwone zochitika za nyama izi kuchokera mbali inayo. Kwa nthawi yayitali, madamu a beaver omwe adalipo pamtsinjewo amasungunuka ndikusintha kwamadzi, ndipo izi zimachepetsa kusefukira kwamadzi panthawi yamadzi, kusefukira pansi komanso kugumuka kwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kufupikitsa nyengo yamadzi yotentha, ndikuthandizanso kuyambiranso kwa akasupe ndi mitsinje yowonongeka chifukwa cha ntchito za anthu. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti nkhalango yokhalamo nyama ikhale yodetsa, motero sichitha kuwononga moto wamitchi.

Kuchepetsa kusefukira kwa mtsinje, madamu amalimbikitsa kuchulukitsa, ndikupanga njira yachilengedwe yachilengedwe yomwe imachotsa zodetsa zoopsa m'madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, madzi akuchulukirachulukira amayambitsa mapindu ena, monga, mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwachilengedwe.

Beavers imathandizanso chakudya cham'mimbulu, nswala, kudya "zotayidwa" za zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga madamu, ndipo izi zimakopa nyama zolusa.

Chifukwa chake, makoko awa amatenga gawo lofunikira mu machitidwe am'madzi oyandikira, ndipo munthu amangokulitsa chidziwitso chake pazosowa zawo zachilengedwe ndikupanga njira zomwe zingalole anthu onse komanso owotcha kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe.