Monga mmodzi wa otchuka adanena, mu kanema wina wotchuka: "M'nkhalango za ku Brazil kuli nyani wamtchire wambiri." Koma mphaka wamtchire oncilla kuti akumane kumeneko amapambana.
Kupatula apo, oncilla ndi wodabwitsa, wofanana ndi mbawala zazing'ono, zomwe zimatsogolera nyama makamaka usiku, sizinaphunzitsidwe mokwanira ndi akatswiri a sayansi. Komabe, china chake chadziwika kale za iye.
Posachedwa, asayansi akuBrazil adawona kuti mphaka wamtchire wamtchire ali ndi mitundu iwiri yosiyanasiyana ndipo alidi ndi magulu awiri.
Akatswiri ofufuza za sayansi apanga mozama mtundu wina wa amphaka a tiger osankhidwa kuti ayesedwe. Nyama izi, zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi malo okhala, ndizofanana mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake kwa mphaka wamba.
Tsopano mitundu ingapo imayesedwa kuti ndi amphaka amphaka, pakati pawo oncilla:
- Mphaka wa Andean (Leopardus jacobitus)
- Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)
- Oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus)
- Mphaka Wamtali Wautali (Leopardus wiedii)
- Mphaka wa Geoffrey (Leopardus geoffroyi)
- Mphaka waku Chile (Leopardus guigna)
- Katundu wa Pampas (Leopardus colocolo)
- Leopardus pajeros (palibe dzina la ku Russia)
Akatswiri azachilengedwe anali ndi chidwi ndi momwe mitanda yamtanda yambiri imachitikira. Chifukwa chofufuza, zinali zotheka kuzindikira kuti oncilli siamtundu umodzi. Amphaka omwe amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Brazil adawoloka ndi amphaka a Pampas ndikupanga mtundu, womwe tsopano umatchedwa Leopardus tigrinus. Anthu akumwera adapeza mitundu ina mumphaka wa Geoffrey. Mtunduwu umatchedwa - Leopardus guttulus.
Ofufuzawo adawona kuti magawo adathandizira kupatukana uku. Popeza kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo, amphaka amakhala pakati pa zitsamba zowuma za savannah, komanso anthu akumwera m'nkhalango zonyowa za gombe la Atlantic.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosanthula maselo, asayansi akuyesayesa kukonzanso momwe zisinthidwe zakukula kwa nyama komanso moyo padziko lapansi.
Habitat ndi subspecies a oncilli
Amphaka awa amapezeka kuchokera kumpoto kwa Argentina komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Brazil kupita kumpoto kwa Panama ndi Costa Rica.
Komabe, malo omwe amapezeka ndiwowoneka bwino kwambiri komanso okongola. M'malo ambiri am'madera omwe afotokozedwawa, mphaka uyu ndi wosowa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Amazon kulibe. Ndiofala kwambiri munkhalango zam'mapiri komanso zamapiri.
Mtundu wa oncilla umafanana ndi kamguwa kakang'ono.
Zolemba pa oncilla zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kutalika kwa chovalacho, kamvekedwe ka utoto, ndi kumveka kwa pateniyo. Pali mitundu itatu ya nyama izi:
- Leopardus tigrinus pardiniode - amakhala mdera la Ecuador, Colombia komanso kumadzulo kwa Venezuela,
- Leopardus tigrinus guttulus - wopezeka kumpoto kwa Argentina, kumwera kwa Brazil, Paraguay ndi Uruguay,
- Leopardus tigrinus tigrinus - wopezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Brazil, Guyana, ndi kum'mawa kwa Venezuela.
Moyo wa oncilla ndi zakudya
Nyama zotere zimakhala m'nkhalango za madera otentha kwambiri. Ma Oncillas amakonda kwambiri nkhalango zam'mapiri zomwe zimakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri, momwe zimapezeka mpaka mpaka pamtunda wa 3 km kumtunda kwa nyanja. Komabe, m'nkhalango zowuma, mwachitsanzo ku Venezuela, amphaka awa amapezekanso nthawi zambiri.
Khalidwe la nyama izi siliphunziridwa bwino. Monga oimira ambiri a banja la feline, zochitika za oncillus zimawonekera mumdima. Masana amakonda kupuma, akukwera panthambi za mitengo.
Popeza oncilla ndi wadyera pang'ono, zakudya zake zimaphatikizapo mitundu yonse yaying'ono yaing'ono, njoka, abuluzi, achule ndi mbalame. Pali umboni kuti mphaka nthawi zina limadyera anyani ang'onoang'ono.
Zakudya za oncils zimaphatikizapo makoswe ang'onoang'ono, mbalame, njoka zopanda poizoni ndi achule a mitengo.
Zofalitsa
Popeza, monga taonera pamwambapa, mtunduwu sunaphunziridwe pang'ono, ndizotheka kuwerengera ma oncils kokha mwa machitidwe awo ali mu ukapolo. Akazi aakazi sakhala motalika, masiku ochepa. Atakhala ndi pakati, amabereka ana kwa milungu pafupifupi 10 kapena 11. Mu zinyalala, monga lamulo, pali kuyambira 1 mpaka 2 cubs.
Monga amphaka ambiri, ana amphaka amabadwa ali akhungu. Maso awo amatseguka masiku 20 okha pambuyo pobadwa. Nthawi yokhala ndi mkaka wa m'mawere imakhala mpaka miyezi itatu, kenako amphaka amayamba kusinthanitsa ndi ana amphaka kuti akhale chakudya chamagulu. Kutha msanga kwa oncillus kumachitika mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo.
Palibe chomwe chimadziwika pofalitsa ma oncils m'chilengedwe.
Mkhalidwe wotetezedwa wa mitundu
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, a Oncillas anali usodzi wotchuka pakati pa azitape. Mtunduwu unatchuka chotere chifukwa cha kukongola kwa ubweya wake. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa amphaka awa, kuli anthu pafupifupi 50,000. Choopsa chachikulu pamtunduwu chimakhala chakuchera, komanso kupangira khofi, kulimidwa komwe nkhalango zimadulidwa malo okhala oncilli. Kusaka amphaka awa m'maiko ambiri omwe amaphimba malo awo kumakhala koletsedwa ndi lamulo.
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Kufotokozera za Oncilla (Oncilla)
Mphaka woyamba kudzagwiriridwa ndi oncilla. Dzinalo la chirombo potanthauzira kuchokera pachilankhulo chamderali limatanthawuza "jaguar". M'mayiko asayansi, "jaguar" wamphaka amatchedwanso mphaka wamtundu (Leopardus tigrinus) kapena mphaka wa tiger (Felis tigrina). Pali mitundu ingapo yam'madzi am'madzi amtunduwu, yosiyana pakati pawo kutalika kwa chovalacho, mtundu wake ndi kukula kwa zojambulazo.
Ma oncillas adasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yosiyana ndi asayansi yachilengedwe chaposachedwa kwambiri mu 2013. Komanso, kuwunika kwa DNA kunawonetsa kuti nyamayi inali ndi ma chromosome 36 okha, pomwe ambiri oimira banja latsopanolo anali ndi ma chromosome 38. Asayansi adatsimikizanso kuti amphaka a oncilla samagwirizana ndi anthu amtundu wawo, koma amphaka a Geoffrey omwe amakhala m'magawo omwewo .
- Mawonekedwe. Maonekedwe a galu uyu ndiomwe akufanana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wa anyani a South America. Nayi kukula kwake. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 80-96 okha, ndipo kulemera kwa thupi la anthu akuluakulu kumangofika 2,5 kg, komwe kumakhala kokwanira 44 peresenti kuposa kulemera kwa jaguar wamba. Komabe, kamwala kakang'ono kameneka ndikokongola kwambiri. Wodabwitsa wosinthasintha wathanzi thupi, wokhala ndi mafupa olimba ndi miyendo yolimba. Mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi chithokomiro chabwino pakhosi lamtundu wamtunda wautali. Maso okongola achikasu achikasu, makutu akuluakulu ozunguliridwa kumapeto. Chachikulu, ngati kuti "chosindikizidwa", chofupikitsa komanso chofewa kwambiri cha utoto wokongola kwambiri wachikaso chowoneka bwino ndi mawonekedwe "pansi pa jaguar".
Malo ogawa ndi malo okhala. Oncilla imagawidwa ku Central ndi South America konse. Ndizofala kwambiri ku Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Paraguay ndi Ecuador. Dera lozungulira kumpoto kwenikweni ndi Costa Rica. Mbawala zazing'ono zimakonda kwambiri kukhalako osati m'nkhalango zotentha za ku South America, koma nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo owuma, komanso m'malo odulira mitengo ya eucalyptus kapena malo osiyidwa. Nthawi zina mphaka wa mini-jaguar amathanso kupezeka mwachindunji pafupi ndi nyumba ya munthu.
Khalidwe labwino. Feline iyi ndi nyama yodya usiku, yomwe nyama zake zazikulu ndizonenepa ku South America, mbalame, achule amtchire, zodzitchinjiriza (zopanda poizoni), komanso anyani ena ang'ono ndi ana awo. Ndipo ngati kusaka kumatenga usiku wonse, ndiye kuti masana mbalamezi zimakonda kupuma panthambi za mitengo yayitali, kutetezedwa ndi zilombo zokulirapo. Ngakhale kuti kukula kwa oncilla ndizochepa, chikhalidwe chawo chimakhala chankhanza komanso chamagazi. Kuteteza gawo lawo kapena moyo wawo, amatha kudziyimira okha, osawukira wobera malire kapena wowukira.
Adani Ngakhale kuti kukula kwa oncilla ndizochepa kwambiri, sikuti kulibe adani achilengedwe omwe angathe kugwira mphaka wolumpha uyu. Adani ake akuluakulu ndi abodza, akusaka ubweya wake wokongola. Koma masiku ano, ngakhale osaka nyama osavomerezeka (oncilla amatetezedwa ndi pafupifupi mayiko onse) akuwononga kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nyama zokongola izi, koma makampani odula mitengo omwe sanayime amawononga malo omwe amakhala - nkhalango zobiriwira za ku South America.
Ndizodziwika kuti kutha msambo kwa akazi kumachitika zaka pafupifupi chimodzi ndi theka, ndipo amuna azaka ziwiri zokha komanso kuti nthawi yakukula ya nyamazi ndi yochepa kwambiri ndipo ndi masiku ochepa pachaka. Ndi ma kittens akhungu okhaokha omwe amakhala ndi khungu lozama kuposa magalamu 120 omwe amabadwa mu zinyalala. Maso a Kittens amatseguka kumapeto kwa sabata lachitatu lokhalapo. Kudyetsa mkaka kwa makanda ndi amayi amphaka kumatha miyezi itatu. Pambuyo pake amasinthana kwathunthu ndi chakudya cholimba cha nyama. Kukhalapo kwaokha kwa ana kumayambira miyezi khumi.
Codecode Wopanga (Kodkod)
Codecode ndi mtundu wina wamphaka wamtchire womwe umafanana ndi kamphaka kakang'ono m'mawonekedwe ake. Code code, kapena, monga amatchulidwanso, mphaka wa ku Chile (Oncifelis guigna, Felis guigna) ndiye wachibale wapamtima wa oncilla, ngakhale amasiyana pang'ono ndi mawonekedwe ake.
- Mawonekedwe. Kukula kwa woimira banja la mphaka ndi pafupifupi theka kukula kwa oncilla. Kutalika kwambiri kwa thupi ndi masentimita 52 okha. Kulemera kwambiri kwa thupi ndi 2.7 kg. Khodi yotchedwa codecode ndi mphaka wakhungu kwambiri kwambiri ku South America. Mtundu waku Chile umafanana ndi ma oncilla, koma umasiyana pakhungu lowoneka bwino komanso mafupa olemerapo, utoto wonyezimira wakuda kapena wotuwa komanso utoto wonyezimira. Nthawi zina zimachitika konsekonse kolimba mtundu wakuda.
Malo ogawa ndi malo okhala. Mphaka wa ku Chile amakhala makamaka kumwera chakumadzulo kwa South America, m'chigawo chapakati komanso kumwera kwa dziko la Chile (chifukwa chake dzina la mitundu) komanso moipa ku Argentina. Amapezeka zachilengedwe m'nkhalango zotentha komanso zotentha za ku South America, m'malo omwe muli zitsamba zolimba, pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja. Nthawi zina nyamazo zimapezeka pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu (makamaka m'malo otentha kumene kukadula mitengo ndi kusaka nyama sikuchitika).
Moyo. Nambala yake ndi chilombo chomwe chimasaka, nthawi zambiri nthawi yamadzulo. Komabe, ngati malo asungika kwambiri, amatha kusaka masana. Ration ya code ndiyoti yaying'ono ndi mbalame. Nthawi zina - zopanda poizoni ndi tizilombo tina. Sizosowa kwambiri kuti atsekwe am'banja, abakha ndi nkhuku azikhala ndi vuto la mankhwalawo. Khalidwe la mphaka ndilobisalira kwambiri ndipo silinaphunziridwe mokwanira. Zimangodziwika kuti nyama izi zimakhala nthawi yayikulu patsiku pamitengo yayitali, zimangotsika kokasaka kapena kupanga malo okhala, kukula kwake komwe kumafika mpaka pakati pa 2,5 metres. km M'nkhalango zopanda mitengo ndi m'nkhalango, m'nthawi ya nambala nambalayi ikubisala m'nkhokwe kapena kudzipangira pobowola m'miyala ndi m'miyala. Kutha kwa oimira amtunduwu kumachitika pafupifupi zaka ziwiri. Mimba ya akazi imakhala pafupifupi masiku 73-78. Kuyambira pa 1 mpaka 3 agalu amabadwira ana, kudyetsa komwe mkaka umatenga mpaka miyezi itatu. Matenda amoyo, ngakhale atakhala mu ukapolo, ali ochepa - 10-1 zaka. Mu chilengedwe - chimayesedwa chocheperako.
Adani Mphaka wamtchire alibe adani achilengedwe. Kumupeza sikophweka. Chifukwa chake, vuto lalikulu kwa kuchuluka kwa nyama zodabwitsazi ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi anthu m'malo olimapo khofi, komanso kupha poizoni chifukwa cha khungu lokongola la nyama. Alimi nthawi zambiri amapha ma bizinesi kuti abweze nkhuku zathanzi, ndipo nthawi zina nyama izi zimakhala zangozi za nkhandwe kapena kusaka kwa kalulu ndi agalu.
Maonekedwe a Oncilla
Kunja, ma oncilla amafanana kwambiri ndi kamguwa kakang'ono. Dzinali limamasuliridwa - "pang'ono jaguar." Kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 60-85, oncilla ndi amodzi mwa amphaka ang'ono. Ndipo 25-25 sentimita imagwera mchira. Kulemera kwa mphaka kumachokera ku 1.5 mpaka 3 kilogalamu. Mawonekedwe amakutu amphaka amtundu wozungulira. Makutu okhala ndi kachidutswa koyera mkati, ndipo wakuda panja. Ubweya wa mphaka ndi waufupi, wofewa komanso wakuda.
Mwa ena a feline oncilla, mtundu wowala umasiyanitsidwa. M'mphepete ndi kumbuyo, chovalacho ndi chofiirira chachikaso chokhala ndi malo okongola akuda, m'mimba ndi chifuwa cha mphaka wa mphaka ndi zoyera ndipo zimakhala ndimaso akuda. Pamaso, nyamayo imakhala ndi zoyera. Thupi lokwera ndi mikwingwirima yayitali, yomwe imakhala ndi malo amdima ozungulira.
Oncilla nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo obiriwira nthawi zonse. Munkhalango zamapiri, oncilla amatha kupezeka pamalo okwera mpaka mikono 3,000 pamwamba pa nyanja. Amapezeka m'malo omwe ali ndi nkhalango zowonongeka, m'malo obisika a bulugasi, kutali ndi komwe anthu amakhala.
Nanga ndichifukwa chiyani "nthata yaying'ono"? Inde, chilichonse ndichosavuta, oncilla amafanana ndi nyalugwe, kuphatikiza ndi mtundu wake ndizotheka kupanga alendo osakongola kuti amusokoneze ndi kamwana kakang'ono.
Komabe, mukapenda nyama mosamalitsa, zimawonekeratu kuti mphakayu ndiye amphaka ang'ono kwambiri m'dera la neotropic. Ndiocheperako kakang'ono kuposa abale ake - ocelot ndi mphaka wautali.
Kutalika kwa thupi la oncilla kumangofika masentimita 65. Mchirawo ndi masentimita 40. Kulemera kwamphongo kumatha kufika 3 makilogalamu, koma malinga ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu. Mapazi amphaka wamtchire ndi wautali. Ndipo makutu ndi maso ake ndi okulirapo kotero kuti amapatsa chilombo chionekedwe chabwino kwambiri komanso chosawoneka bwino.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa za ma oncillas ndi mtundu wake. Mtundu wowala wa ubweya umasiyanitsa mphaka ndi ena am'banja. M'mphepete ndi kumbuyo, chovalacho ndichachikasu chachikaso ndi malo abwino okuda. Koma m'mimba ndi chifuwa ndi choyera ndi mawanga akuda. Kuphatikizira kwawonso ndi kwamawanga, kokha apa nawonso ma oyera oyera amawonjezeredwa. Mchirawo umakutidwa ndi mawanga amdima omwe amaphatikiza ndi mphete pafupi ndi nsonga (kuyambira mphete 7 mpaka 13).
Maso amatha kukhala opepuka kwa bulauni lakuda.
Mwa ma oncils, zosungunulira nthawi zambiri zimapezeka - pafupifupi aliyense wachisanu. Amphaka oterewa amawoneka ngati ubweya wakuda wakuda.
Moyo wa oncilla
Nyama zotere zimakhala m'nkhalango za madera otentha kwambiri. Ma Oncillas amakonda kwambiri nkhalango zam'mapiri zomwe zimakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri, momwe zimapezeka mpaka mpaka pamtunda wa 3 km kumtunda kwa nyanja. Komabe, m'nkhalango zowuma, mwachitsanzo ku Venezuela, amphaka awa amapezekanso nthawi zambiri.
Khalidwe la nyama izi siliphunziridwa bwino. Monga oimira ambiri a banja la feline, zochitika za oncillus zimawonekera mumdima. Masana amakonda kupuma, akukwera panthambi za mitengo.
Popeza oncilla ndi wadyera pang'ono, zakudya zake zimaphatikizapo mitundu yonse yaying'ono yaing'ono, njoka, abuluzi, achule ndi mbalame. Pali umboni kuti mphaka nthawi zina limadyera anyani ang'onoang'ono.
Zakudya za oncils zimaphatikizapo makoswe ang'onoang'ono, mbalame, njoka zopanda poizoni ndi achule a mitengo.
Oncilla, monga amphaka ambiri amtchire, amakhala moyo wopanda kanthu. Mphaka wamtundu wamtunduwu amagwira ntchito kwambiri madzulo, ndipo masana amapuma munthambi za mitengo. Oncilla ndi mphaka wa m'nkhalango, ndipo chakudya chake ndi chofanana ndi amphaka onse amtchire: mbalame, nyama zazing'ono (makamaka makoswe), zopanda pake zapoizoni, zolengedwa zazing'ono, ndi achule a mitengo.
Habitat
Oncilli, omwe amadziwikanso kuti amphaka ang'onoang'ono opanda banga ndi akambuku ang'ono, adalembedwa pamtunda wa 3200 m pamwamba pamadzi. Amakonda malo okhala m'nkhalango ndipo amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi nkhalango, kuphatikizapo nkhalango zowirira zomwe zili pamalo okwera mpaka mamita 1,500 pamwamba pa nyanja.
Kuyambira 350 mpaka 1,500 m, ma oncils amatha kupezeka munkhalango zotentha kapena zotentha. Kuchokera pa 1,500 m mpaka pamwamba, mtunduwu umatha kupezeka m'nkhalango zanyontho zamapiri kapena m'nkhalango zotentha. Zambiri zomwe zikupezeka zikuwonetsa kuti chiwerengero chawo chikuchulukirachulukira m'nkhalango zowuma komanso zam'madera otentha, ndipo ku Brazil, zimatha kuyenda bwino m'malo otetezeka ndi zitsamba zobiriwira. Ngakhale kuti mitengo ya oncillas imakwera mosamala, izi ndi nyama zapadziko lapansi.
Udindo wa anthu ndi chitetezo cha oncilla
Oncilla amawongolera bwino. Chifukwa cha ubweya wokongola, mphaka walenje wakhala akusaka nthawi yayitali. Kuwonongeka kwa malo komwe kudalipo chifukwa cha kudula mitengo komanso kupha nsomba kumadzetsa kuchepa kwa mitundu yamtunduwu.
M'malo mwake, zochepa kwambiri zimadziwika za moyo wa ma oncils; ichi ndi chobisalira komanso chosowa kwambiri nyama. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi amphaka izi zimapezeka chifukwa chowonera mu malo osungira nyama padziko lapansi. Mukamvetsetsa, chidziwitsochi sichingakhale chokwanira.
Choopsa chachikulu, monga nthawi zonse, ndi munthu. Kuyambira kale, osaka nyama amasaka nyama chifukwa cha ubweya wake wokongola. Panali nthawi yomwe anthu pafupifupi 100,000 anaphedwa chaka chilichonse (nyama 13000 zinaphedwa mu 1977 ndi 84,500 mu 1983), koma tsopano chiwerengero cha oncilli, malinga ndi ziwerengero, ndi amphaka pafupifupi 50,000 okha.
Oncilla amathiridwa kunyumba. Komabe, sichisowa ku malo osungira nyama ku Europe.
Chiyembekezo chokhala mu ukapolo chikufika zaka 20. Mu chilengedwe - zaka 12-15.
Oncils adalembedwa mu Zakumapeto I CITES.
- Leopardus (Felis) tigrina [tigrinus] tigrina [tigrinus] - ku Costa Rica.
- Leopardus (Felis) tigrina [tigrinus] guttula - ku Central Brazil.
- Leopardus (Felis) tigrina [tigrinus] pardiniode - ku North Andes.
- Leopardus (Felis) tigrina [tigrinus] tigrinis - ku Northeast Brazil ndi Guiana.
Khalidwe
Ma oncillas nthawi zambiri amakhala usiku, koma nthawi zina amagwira ntchito masana. Ngakhale kuti kwenikweni ndi nyama zapadziko lapansi, amphaka amatha kusinthika kuti akwere. Amawonedwa kawiri nthawi yakuswana, koma amaonedwa kuti ali okha. Kuthengo, amuna amatha kukhala ankhanza kwambiri kwa akazi. Sizachilendo kuti amphakawa apha nyama kuposa iwowo.
Habitat
Nyama yodabwitsayi imakhala ku South America. Moyenera, imapezeka m'magawo a Costa Rica, Panama, Brazil komanso kumpoto kwa Argentina. Tikaganizira kuti mtundu wa oncilla sapezeka m'mphepete mwa Amazon, ndibwino kunena kuti nyamayi imakonda nkhalango zam'mapiri ndi zokhala madera otentha, obiriwira osakhalapo kuposa mazana atatu mazana awiri pamwamba pa nyanja. Koma ngati nkhalangoyi ndi yotentha, ndiye kuti kutalika kokwanira kufika 1500 metres.
Pali umboni kuti amphaka a tiger amapezekanso m'nkhalango zodula mitengo, m'malo omwe muli mitengo ya bulugamu, komanso nkhalango zowuma za ku Venezuela.
Ku Brazil, a Oncillas adadzaza bwino malo oterera, zitsamba zaminga za m'chipululu komanso mabango amodzi a bulugamu.
Osakonda usiku
Monga nyama zambiri zomwe zimadyera, oncilla amapita kokasaka usiku, kapenanso usiku. Zowona, m'nkhalango zobiriwira, komwe kumakhala kuwala pang'ono, mutha kukumana ndi mphaka masana.
Mphaka wamtundu wamtundu wamoyo umakhala payekha. Mwa akazi, kukula kwa gawo kukufikira 2.3 km2. Amuna ali ndi mulingo wokulirapo - kuchokera pa 4.8 mpaka 17 km2, ndipo izi ndi zokulirapo kuposa momwe zingaganiziridwe, chifukwa cha kukula kwawo.
Zakudya zake zimakhala ndi makoswe komanso mbalame zazing'ono (zimatha kuyeretsa mbalame za nthenga zawo zisanadye). Pali lingaliro kuti limatha kusaka njoka zapoizoni ndi achule a mitengo. Pali malipoti oti ku Brazil, oncilli amadyanso anyani ang'onoang'ono. Amapha onse omwe amawazunza ndi kuluma kamodzi - kuboola chigaza ndikufika ku ubongo.
Amphaka awa ndi "okwera" abwino kwambiri pokhudzana ndi mitengo, komabe amakonda kukhala pansi.
Nyamayo ndi yopanda mantha - a oncilla amatha kuchita nawo ndewu ndi oimira feline makamaka kupitirira kukula kwake. Ndizosangalatsa kuti pankhondo zotere nthawi zambiri amapambana.
Ndipo nyama izi zimasambira kwambiri! Zowona, monga amphaka am'nyumba, sakonda kudzitama kwambiri. Kuti alowe m'madzi amapanga zadzidzidzi zokha.
Wabwino
Ma oncil anali akusakidwa mosaloledwa m'malo awo onse chifukwa cha khungu lokongola lomwe limawoneka ngati chovala cha ocelot ndi amphaka amtali wautali (margay). Pakati pa 1976 ndi 1982, zikopa za oncil zinali zina mwa amphaka ogulitsa kwambiri ogulitsa. Akugulitsidwa pamsika wogulitsa nyama wamba.
Mphaka wa Geoffroy
Ndipo nkhwangwa ina yaku South America - mphaka Geoffrey (Leopardus geoffroyi, Felis geoffroyi, Oncifelis geoffroyi), wotchulidwa polemekeza yemwe adatulukira zamtunduwu, wasayansi wachilengedwe wachilengedwe wa ku France a Geoffre Saint-Hilaire. Ndiwonso wachibale wapafupi ndi mini-jaguar oncilla.
Pakadali pano, magulu anayi a nyama iyi yomwe ikukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana afotokozedwa:
- Felis geoffroyi geoffroyi - m'chigawo chapakati cha Argentina,
- Felis geoffroyi Paraguayae - ku Southern Brazil ndi Uraguay,
- Felis geoffroyi Euxantha - ku Bolivia,
- Felis geoffroyi Salinarum - m'dera la Chaco.
Kufotokozera za mtunduwu:
- Mawonekedwe. Nyama iyi ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi oncilla yomwe tafotokozayi, ikungosiyana pocheperako pang'ono kukula kwake ndi kukula kwake (chifukwa cha mafupa akulu). Kulemera kwa mphaka wamtchire Geoffrey amafika pafupifupi 5 kg mwa amuna ndi mpaka 4 kg mwa akazi. Kutalika kwa thupi - kuchokera pa masentimita 45 mpaka 75. Mtundu wa nyamayo ndi wachikasu chagolide wokhala ndi mitundu yakuda yophatikiza mawanga, mabwalo, mikwingwirima ndi mphete. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala anthu akuda amalavu kwathunthu.
Malo ogawa ndi malo okhala. Mphaka wa Geoffrey amagawidwa kumwera kwa South America - kumwera kwa Brazil, kumwera kwa Argentina komanso kumwera kwa Patagonia. Malo omwe amakhala ndi malo okhala kumapiri ndi kumapiri otsika, mapepala, zipululu za solonchak, madera a nkhalango zazing'ono, zitsamba zowirira komanso madambo. Mphaka wa Geoffrey ndi nyama yosinthasintha mosiyanasiyana yomwe imatha kukhala bwinobwino m'malo okhala ndi nyengo ndi nyengo. Chilombochi sichikhala pafupi kwambiri ndi anthu.
Adani Mdani wamkulu wa chilombochi ndiwamuna yemwe samangomufunafuna ubweya wake wokongola (kusaka ndi kusinthanitsa nyama izi tsopano zaletsedwa kulikonse), komanso akuwonongeranso malo ake achilengedwe, kukhetsa madambo, kudula nkhalango ndi zitsamba. Nyama izi sizikhala ndi adani achilengedwe omwe angawononge anthu.
Moyo. Mphaka wa Geoffrey, monga mamembala ambiri amphaka, amakhala moyo wawekha. Zimasaka pamtunda, pamitengo, m'mitchi kapena m'madziwe oyandikira, makamaka mumdima. Ziwawa zokasaka sizimangokhala ndi makoswe tating'ono komanso mbalame, komanso nkhumba zonyamula, agouti, nyama zouluka, tizilombo, mazira a mbalame ndi nsomba zamtsinje. Chilombochi chimasambira mwangwiro ndipo sikuchita mantha konse ndi madzi. Zimachitika kuti nyamazo zimawombera ziweto zazing'ono (chifukwa zomwe zimakhudza alimi nthawi zambiri zimadzisakira). Masana, mbalameyi imakonda kubisala m'tchire kapena pamtengo (pamalo opanda mitengo). Mapulani awo okhala malo okhala moyenera komanso pafupipafupi. Kukula mwachizolowezi kwa chiwembucho kumafikira 4 mpaka 10 mita. km
Kutha msinkhu mu amphaka amtunduwu amapezeka wazaka ziwiri. Matenga amapezeka, nthawi zambiri pamtengo. M'malo a nkhalango, ana a nkhanda obadwa kumene (omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala m'maenje) amawasungamo. M'malo opanda kanthu, mphaka wa Geoffrey amadzaza chobisalira m'matumba kapena m'miyala yamiyala. Kuyambira pa 1 mpaka 3 kittens amabadwira mu zinyalala (nthawi zambiri mpaka malita awiri pachaka). Kuchepetsa kumatenga pafupifupi miyezi itatu, kenako ana amasinthana ndi chakudya cholimba cha nyama.
- Utali wamoyo nyama zokongola zachilengedwe izi sizabwino, m'ndende nthawi zina zimakhala ndi zaka 14.
Mphaka Fisher (Prionailurus viverrinus)
Pomaliza, zamphaka, zomwe zimawonekanso ngati nkhwangwa pang'ono, koma zimakhala kutali kwambiri - ku Southeast Asia. Dzina lake ndi asodzi amphaka kapena mphaka wa mphaka.
- Mawonekedwe. Mphaka wa Viverra amafanana ndi viverra zonse (chifukwa chake chidatchedwa dzina) ndi mphaka wamtchire wina yemwe samadziwika bwino ndi gulu lonse la anyani - jaguarundi omwe amakhala ku South America. Thupi lomweli lolimba, thupi lalitali lamphamvu lokhala ndi mutu waukulu pakhosi losapindika, miyendo yochepa. Kukula kwa mphaka wa wyverrow sikokulira: thupi la akazi limafikira masentimita 70 kutalika, amphaka ndiokulirapo - kuchokera pa 85 mpaka 117 sentimita. Kulemera kwa akazi ndi akazi mpaka 7-7,5 makilogalamu, mwa amuna - mpaka 12 kg. Inde, msodzi wa amphaka ndi nyama yolemetsa, koma yolusa kwambiri komanso yothamanga. Ubweya wa nyamayo ndi wandiweyani komanso wowuma, wopaka utoto wamafuta azitona wokhala ndi mawanga amdima komanso owala.
Malo ogawa ndi malo okhala. Malo okhala nyamazi ndi Hindustan Peninsula, komanso zimapezeka kuzilumba za Java ndi Ceylon. Zawonekeranso mobwerezabwereza ku Malaysia ndi Thailand. Kwenikweni, nyama izi zimakonda malo osangalatsa a kuchilumbako, olemera m'mitsinje, mitsinje ndi matziwe, odzala ndi bango kapena mitengo yamangati, zomwe zimawalola kuti azingopanga mtundu wawo womwe amakonda - kusodza, komanso kubisala molondola kwa nyama zomwe zitha kudya ngati zikufunika.
Adani Mwachilengedwe, mphaka yemwe ndi mdulidwe alibe adani, ndipo ndiwosokonekera kuti uchokere kwa nthawi yayitali. Ziwopsezo zazing'onozi sizimakonda kulumikizana naye chifukwa choti ndi wankhanza komanso wamiseche. Chifukwa chake, mdani wamkulu wa galu uyu ndi munthu yemwe, kudzera muzochita zake, amawononga malo omwe amazolowera ku Asia. Kusaka kwa mphakayu, chifukwa cha ubweya wake ndi mafangayi, kunayambitsanso kuvulaza anthu. Tsopano asodzi a amphaka adalembedwa mu Red Book ndipo kulikonse amatetezedwa ndi malamulo.
Mphaka wa Viverra ndiwosaka yekhayekha kusaka nthawi iliyonse masana ndipo amakonda kuwombera kwa nthawi yochepa chabe kuti atole. Ndiyenera kunena kuti msodzi wa amphaka ali ndi zovuta komanso zowopsa, nthawi zambiri amakangana ndi achibale ake komanso anthu ena okhala m'nkhalango ya mangong ndi malo ena ozungulira.
Nthawi yakukhwima kwa nyama izi imakhala kangapo pachaka, nthawi yonse, mkati mwa sabata limodzi. Mimba ya amphaka am'madzi imakhala masiku 64-70. Kuyambira pa ana atatu mpaka atatu, amaberekera zinyalala, zomwe amazi amadya mkaka kwa miyezi itatu. Kittens amakhala achikulire ndipo pafupifupi amafunika kudziyimira pofika miyezi isanu ndi inayi.
Kutalika kwa zaka za nkhono zazing'onozi m'chilengedwe sizinakhazikitsidwe ndendende, chifukwa nthawiyo ndi zaka 15 mpaka 24.
Onani zambiri zamphaka wakuthengo mu vidiyoyi: