Njoka yodziwika bwino imakhala yayikulupo pofikira wachibale wake - njoka yotereyi. Kutalika kwake pamodzi ndi mchira kumafika 60-70 masentimita, nthawi zina pamakhala masentimita 80. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakula pang'ono kuposa amuna.

Zomwe zimatha kusiyanitsa ndi njoka wamba ndi izi:

• mutu waphimbidwa, kuphatikiza ang'ono, ndi zikopa zazikulu zitatu,
• thupi ndi lambiri
• mchira wake ndi waufupi, wakuthwa kwambiri mpaka kumapeto,
• nsonga ya udzu yozungulira,
• zotseguka zamkamwa zimadulidwa pakati pazotchinga zammphuno (mu stepp viper - pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwake),
• Makala m'thupi okhala ndi nthiti,
• mwana mu mawonekedwe a khosi yokhazikika.

Utoto wamatamba wamba kuchokera pamwamba umasiyana kwambiri kuchokera ku imvi ndi zofiirira mpaka zofiirira, zamkuwa ndi zakuda. Kumbuyo kuli kofanana ka chingwe cha zigzag chamdima kuyambira kumutu kupita kumchira. M'mphepete mwa thupi pali malo ochepa akuda. Mimba ndi yofiirira, imvi kapena yakuda. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala anthu omwe ali ndi khungu lakuda. Nsonga ya mchira ndichikasu kuchokera pansi (kuyambira chikasu chamtondo wachikasu). Amuna akuda okha ndi omwe amakhala ndi mchira wakuda kwathunthu. Pamutu mutha kuwona mawonekedwe akuda a x. Iris ndi yakuda.

Habitat

Njoka zodziwika kale ndizofala kwambiri. Amakhala munkhalango ndi malo otsetsereka a ku Europe, North Asia chakum'mawa mpaka ku Sakhalin ndi Northeast China. Pa gawo la USSR yakale imapezeka paliponse m'malo omwewo, kuyambira kumalire akumadzulo mpaka Kummaŵa kwa Far East, kuphatikiza. Kumpoto kumafika 67 ° N, ndipo kummawa amagawidwa kum'mwera - mpaka 40 ° N

Malo okondweretsa a njoka wamba ndi malo obisalamo m'nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango ndi zitsamba, malalanje ndi zipatso, mapiri am mitsinje yamapiri, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, miyala yamatanthwe. Nthawi zambiri, amapezeka m'malo otentha, m'minda ya zipatso yosiyidwa kale ndi minda ya mpesa, pafupi ndi madamu a mitsinje. Pewani malo ouma, malo olimidwa.

Mawonekedwe a moyo wa njoka wamba

Vipers, monga lamulo, amakhala moyo wongokhala, wokhala pafupi ndi mabowo nthawi yachisanu. Izi mwina zikufotokozera kuti amagawanidwa mosagawanika m'gawo lonse ndikupanga "njoka foci". Malo amenewa akasiya kukhuta zokwanira ndi zakudya zamafuta, amasamukira kumamita angapo kapena makilomita angapo.

Zochita za njoka zimatengera nyengo. Mu nthawi yophukira ndi yophukira, imagwira ntchito masana kwambiri. M'nyengo yotentha, nyengo yotentha imabisala pobisala masana, ndipo imawonekera pamwamba m'mawa, madzulo kapena usiku. Nyengo yamvula komanso yamvula, njokayo imasowa pobisalira.

Njoka zodziwika bwino zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale kusokonezedwa, nthawi zambiri zimakonda kubisala kapena kubisala pobisalira. Pangozi, malingaliro, amakhala ndi mawonekedwe otchingira (mawonekedwe owoneka ngati gawo lachitatu la thupi, mutu umaponyedwa kutsogolo), koma ngakhale nthawi zambiri umatha kubweza ndikuyesera kuti uchokere.

Kuswana

Masabata awiri atatha nthawi yachisanu, nthendayi zimayamba nthawi yake yakukula. Pakadali pano, ndewu "zolimbana" zimachitika pakati pa anyamata a uchi, omwe samatha. Kukulitsa thupi lakumtunda ndikugundana, omenyanawo amayesa kukanikizana pansi ndikuwonanso nthawi yomweyo. Amuna ogonjetsedwa abwerera, ndipo chachikazi chimakwawa kwa wopambana, ndikuwonera kulimbana kuchokera kumbali. Nthawi yakukhwima ndiyifupi, imatha pafupifupi sabata limodzi.

Njoka yodziwika ndi njoka yamphamvu. Kuchuluka kwa mazira mu oviducts kumachokera ku 5 mpaka 18, kutengera zaka komanso njoka. Pakatha pafupifupi miyezi itatu (kumapeto kwa Julayi - koyambirira kwa Ogasiti), wamkazi amabweretsa pafupifupi ana a 8-12. M'masiku oyamba amoyo, njoka zazing'ono sizigwira ntchito ndipo zimadyetsa zilipo zotsalira m'thupi. Mwa njira, kuluma kwa njoka zatsopano kumakhala kale ndi poyizoni.

Masiku angapo pambuyo pake, molt woyamba umayamba mu ana, ndipo kumapeto kwake amayenda kudutsa gawo lonse kukafunafuna chakudya. Amadyetsa makamaka tizilombo, akangaude, nyongolotsi, etc. Achinyamata olowa mtsogolo nthawi zambiri - 1-2 kawiri pamwezi. Amakula pang'onopang'ono. Akazi amakhala okhwima pofika zaka 4-5, amuna pachaka chathachi.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Chithunzi: Common Viper

Njoka wamba ndi nthumwi yoyipa ya njoka yakuthengo ya njoka zenizeni, za gulu lanjoka. Pa abale ake onse, ndiofala kwambiri komanso wotchuka. M'dziko lathu, njoka iyi imapezeka kulikonse. Mutha kuthana nazo ngakhale m'munda mwanu. Kuyambira Meyi mpaka Seputembara, nambalayi imagwira ntchito kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amasokonezedwa ndi njoka, yomwe nthawi zina imabweretsa zotsatira zomvetsa chisoni.

Njoka wamba imatha kutchedwa yayikulu-kukula, izi zimakonda kutalika masentimita 60 mpaka 70. Palinso mitundu ina yayikulu ya njoka yoposa mita ndi kulemera theka la kilogalamu. Koma nthawi zambiri, kutalika kwa nambalayi sikokwanira kupitirira mita imodzi, ndipo misa samapitilira magalamu mazana awiri, osiyana 50 mpaka 200 g. Ndizodziwika kuti amuna ndi ochepa kuposa akazi.

Kanema: Viper wamba

Poizoni wa mphiri wamba ndi owopsa, koma ndi osowa kwambiri kupha, zinthu zowonongeka zomwe zili mu poyizoni sizimamangiririka kwambiri mpaka kupha munthu wamkulu kuti afe. Mavuto a zinthu zoopsa m'thupi la ana ndi owopsa kwambiri. Pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi awiri peresenti ya iwo omwe alumidwa akhoza kumva kuti alibe kalikonse, kapena adzamva ululu woyaka pamalo a kuluma, komwe nthawi zambiri kumatupa, kufooka komanso kutupa.

Anthu ozindikira amatha kumva kuti ali ndi chizungulire, kuseka mseru kumabwera, kutsegula m'mimba kumachitika kawirikawiri, khungu limawonedwa, kupweteka kumachitika pafupipafupi, kuzizira kumachitika, amaponyedwa thukuta. Zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri, munthu amatha kukumbukira, kugwa, munthu akhoza kutupa, kuthinana kumatsika kwambiri, zonsezi zimatsatana ndi kukhudzika. Nthawi zambiri, mavuto onse omwe amayamba chifukwa cholumidwa ndi njoka wamba amatha patapita masiku ochepa, nthawi zina amathandizira mankhwalawo kwa nthawi yayitali, koma izi zimachitika kangapo.

Pofuna kuti musatenge njoka wamba ya njoka yopanda vuto, muyenera kukhala ndi lingaliro la zizindikiro zake, kotero muyenera kumvetsetsa bwino za kunja kwa njoka yaying'ono iyi, kuti mukayiwona, mukudziwa bwino lomwe kuti ndi ya banja liti ndikuyesera kupewa.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Njoka zaku Europe ku Russia

Tazindikira kale kuti kukula kwa njoka ndizochepa. Zadziwika kuti njoka zazikulu zimapezeka m'malo ena akumpoto. Mutu wa njokayo ndi wokulirapo, wosalala pang'ono, wokhala ndi choponderezedwa. Ili ndi zida zazikulu zitatu: zakutsogolo komanso ziwiri za parietali. Phata lakutsogolo lamkati limapezeka m'derali pakati pa maso, ndipo kumbuyo kwake ndikolowera parietal. Zimachitika kuti pakati pa mitundu iwiri iyi ya chishango pali chishango china chaching'ono. Pansi pazikopa zammphuno mumakhala zotsegula zamkati.

Maso a njoka ang'onoang'ono ndi ana amapezeka mowongoka. Mawonekedwe akhungu owala pang'ono, omwe amawoneka kuti amawoneka pamwamba pa maso, amapanga chithunzi chokwiya komanso choyipa cha chokwiracho, ngakhale sichikhala ndi malingaliro. Mafupa a nsagwada yapamwamba ya njokayo ndiyosayenda komanso yafupi, ali ndi mafinya am'mimba kamodzi kapena awiri ndi mano ang'onoang'ono anayi. Mafupa omwe amakhala m'mlengalenga amakhalanso ndi mano ang'ono. Mutu wa njoka umasiyanitsidwa bwino ndi thupi lake ndi chiberekero cha khomo pachibelekeropo.

Thupi la njoka silitali ndipo pakati silikhala lothinitsidwa. Imayenda momasuka ndikudutsa mchira wawung'ono, womwe umakhala wocheperapo kuposa kutalika kwa thupi lonse ndipo umakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Masikelo amaphimba thupi lonse la nyama zam'madzi, mkati mwa njokayo pali zidutswa 21, pamimba yaimuna zimayambira 132 mpaka 150, zazikazi - mpaka 158, ndi mchira wa amuna - kuyambira 32 mpaka 46 ma sikelo, mwa akazi - kuchokera 23 mpaka 38 awiri

Utoto wamtundu wamba uyenera kusamalidwa mwapadera, chifukwa umasiyana kwambiri komanso umakhala ndi mithunzi yotsatirayi:

• zofiirira
• zakuda
• imvi
• chikasu chamtengo
• oyera-oyera (pafupi ndi imvi),
• zofiirira ndi ma toni a maolivi oterera
• mkuwa wokhala ndi tint yofiirira.

Chosangalatsa: Nthawi zambiri simumatha kuwona njoka yotchedwa "yotentha", mtundu wake ndi wofanana. Gawo limodzi la thupi la njokayo limapakidwa utoto, ndipo linalo ndi lakuda bii, kotero zikuwoneka kuti lawotchedwa pang'ono.

Mitundu yambiri komanso yofala kwambiri imakhala imvi mwaimuna komanso yofiirira mwa akazi.

Utoto wopindika siwodziwikayerekezera ndi mitundu yonse, palinso anthu ena okongoletsedwa ndi mitundu yonse ya zokongoletsera:

• zigzag, njira yofotokozedwera bwino,
• ngakhale milozo
• mawanga amdima m'mbali.

Utoto wa njoka, choyambirira, ndi mawonekedwe osawoneka bwino, ndichifukwa chake amasiyana mitundu yonse yamitundu ndi mitundu, monga malo omwe akukhala mosiyanasiyana.

Chosangalatsa: Ndizosatheka kukumana ndi alubino pakati pa njoka, ngakhale njoka zina nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi izi.

Kodi njoka wamba imakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Poison Viper

Kugawana kwina kwa njoka wamba kumakhala kochulukira. Gawo la dera la Europe, limakhazikika ku Sakhalin, kumpoto kwa Korea, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China kupita kumpoto kwa Portugal ndi Spain. Kumbuyo kwa Arctic Circle, nyanjayo idakhazikika kudera la Lapland Reserve, lomwe lili m'chigawo cha Murmansk, ndipo imakhalanso ku Nyanja ya Barents. Kumadzulo kwa Siberia ndi ku Transbaikalia chinyama ichi chimapezekanso.

Njoka yodziwika bwinoyi ndiyosiyana ndi ena chifukwa imatha kukhala kumpoto komwe kumakhala nyengo yabwino yozizira, yomwe njoka sizikudziwika. Osanyalanyaza njoka ndi mapiri osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, mapiri a Alps. Za dziko lathu, zitha kufotokozedwa mwachidule kuti wowonjezera pamagawo aku Russia amakhala mumsewu wapakati: kuchokera ku Arctic kupita kumadera akumwera kwenikweni kwa steppe. Zosamalidwa bwino ndizambiri: ndizosowa kwambiri m'malo ena, kwina kuchulukitsa kwawina.

Nthawi zambiri, njoka wamba imakhala m'malo amenewo momwe mumakhala kutentha kwa usana ndi usiku.

Njoka imayamikiradi maderawo ndi chinyezi chachikulu:

• Madambo otentha
• madera amphepete mwa mitsinje ndi madzi ena,
• kudula mitengo
• madera odula
• malo otseguka ndi udzu wouma.

Njokayo imakonda tchire ndi miyala yopanda pansi pa miyala, yomwe imakhala pothaŵirako ndi kuwateteza ku kusintha kwa nyengo. Mwambiri, njoka zimawerengedwa, koma nthawi zina zimasamukira kumalo okhala, zikukwawa mpaka makilomita asanu. Ngakhale madziwo si chopinga kwa iwo, njoka zimatha kudutsa mtunda wautali. Njoka wamba sizimapewa malo okhala anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'mapaki, paminda yaumwini, minda yolimidwa, ndipo imatha kukhazikika munyumba zamitundu yonse ndi nyumba zosiyidwa, zowonongeka kapena zosawonongeka.

Kufotokozera

Njoka zitha kukhala zazitali komanso zazifupi. Pankhani yakulongosola kwa njokayo, imatha kukula mpaka mamita anayi. Komabe, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti njoka zina sizitha kupitirira masentimita 30. Pakadali pano, matupi awo amakhala afupikitsa, koma amakula kuposa a nambala wamba. Wachikulire wa mtundu wamtunduwu amatha kulemera mpaka 20 kg.

Mutu wawo ndi wokumbukira, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe otchinga mbali. Monga momwe mungadziwire kale, njoka zambiri zimakhala ndi maso opangidwa bwino, ndipo njoka sizinachite chimodzimodzi ndi izi. Kuyenera kwa izi kumagona ndi ana okhazikika, omwe, popanda kuwala, amakula, ndipo amatha kudzaza ndege yonse ya diso. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kameneka, njoka zimatha kuwona usiku.

Njoka ndi za mitundu ya njoka za njoka, ndipo chifukwa chake zimakhala ndi ma fangala odziwika omwe amakhala pamwendo wapamwamba, komanso zisa zomwe zili ndi poyizoni. Mafangayi amatha kufikira masentimita anayi kutalika. Pakamwa pakatsekedwa, amapinda.

Ngati zingafunike, njoka imatha kutsegula pakamwa pake madigiri 180. Pofuna kutaya poyizoni, njokayo imayenera kukola minofu yomwe yazungulira ma fangayo.

Kodi njoka wamba imadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Grey wamba njer

Viper menyu amatchedwa osiyanasiyana. Kwambiri, imamwa chakudya chomwe chimapezeka m'dera linalake.

Nyoka wamba imadya:

Ndi repitles zazing'ono zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika pamtundu uliwonse wa tizilombo: dzombe, agulugufe, nsikidzi, zonyansa, maulesi, nyerere.

Chosangalatsa: Mwa njoka, zinthu zosasangalatsa ngati cannibalism nthawi zina zimachitika. Wamkazi amatha kudya ana ake obadwa kumene. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa chosowa chakudya.

Ponena za zakudya, nthenda wamba imatha kuthamanga kuchoka ku ina. Kumbali ina, ali ndi chidwi chofuna kudya ndipo ali wolimba kwambiri, zomwe zimamupangitsa kuti azitha kudya mitundu iwiri ya achule kapena mbewa nthawi imodzi. Komabe, nyama ina ikhoza kudya kwa miyezi yoposa isanu ndi umodzi (kuyambira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mpaka isanu ndi inayi). Nthawi zanjala zotere zimachitika nthawi yozizira, pamene njoka imalowa mu stupor inayake, ndikuchepetsa machitidwe onse a thupi, kudya mafuta omwe amapezeka munyengo yachilimwe. Chifukwa china chakudya chotere chotere chimakakamizidwa, ndi chifukwa chakuchepa kwa malo osungirako zakudya m'gawo la nambalalawo.

Nyoka wamba ili ngati msaki wabwino kwambiri, ikaombera nkhonya yake mwachangu, osachedwa. Kuukira kumatha ndi kuluma poyizoni. Pambuyo pa izi, pamabwera mphindi yakuyembekezera kuti imfayo kapena kufooka kwa womenyedwayo, pokhapokha njoka imayamba kudya. Atatopa, amapuma kumalo ake kuti agaye zomwe adya, njirayi nthawi zambiri imatha masiku angapo. Njoka imakhalanso ndi chinyezi chokwanira mu chakudya, koma nthawi zina imamwa mame kapena madzi amvula.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Njoka yamanjoka

Mitundu yogwira ntchito imayamba m'ngululu, nthawi imeneyi imagwera pa Marichi-Epulo. Amuna ndi oyamba kutuluka mu stupor yawo, ndiye azimayi nawonso amakokedwa. Kwa amuna, ndikokwanira kuti mpweya uziwotha kuchokera ku madigiri 19 mpaka 24, zazikazi zimakonda kutentha kwambiri - pafupifupi madigiri 28 okhala ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera.

Mitengo imakonda kuyaluka dzuwa loyamba la masika, nthawi zambiri imakwawa pamiyala yolusa, zitsa, ndi mitengo yakugwa, imatha kukhala njirayo pomwe kuwala kwa dzuwa kukugwera. Zachidziwikire, nthawi yotentha, amabisala kutentha kosasunthika m'malo awo obisalamo. Kuchepetsa, njoka zimagona padzuwa, ndikutambuzira nthiti zake kumbali, kotero zimawoneka ngati zopindika. Ngati nyama yamphaka ikuda nkhawa ndi zinazake, ndiye kuti thupi lake limakhala lolimba, lozungulira komanso lokonzeka kuponyera, ngati masika.

Ikamawombana ndi munthu wopanda nzeru, ndiye kuti njoka zimathamanga mothamanga, zimadumphira pakati, kuchokera pakati pomwe khosi ndi mutu wake zimawonekera. Dona wokwiya wokwera njoka akuwonekera modabwitsa, akukankhira patsogolo gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a thupi lake losinthika, mu mphete yolimba iye akupita patsogolo pa mdani.

Chinyama chamtchire chimayamba kusaka nthawi yamadzulo. Ndiwowonekera momwe amasinthira, ndikukhala oipitsitsa, achidwi, cholinga, poyerekeza ndi nthawi yamasana, pamene njoka imachita mosaganizira, mwaulesi komanso pang'ono pang'ono.Mukasaka chakudya, njoka imagwiritsa ntchito kupenda mayenje, mitundu yonse ya malo otseguka, masamba ogwa, kukula kwamtchire. Fungo labwino kwambiri komanso maso abwino kwambiri ndi omwe amathandizira kwambiri pakusaka kwamadzulo.

Kuzizira komanso zitsulo zam'mimba za njoka nthawi zina zimangokhala zodabwitsa, zimatha kukhala nthawi yayitali osayendayenda kamodzi, kudikirira kuti zisagwe. Zimachitika kuti ngakhale tambala sazindikira, akukwera mwachindunji m'thupi la wowononga. Njokayo imadikirira kufikira munthu amene akufuna kuti alowe m'malo mwake mwa kuponya kwakupha kuti alume mobisalira. Ngati chiwopsezo sichikupambana, chinjokacho sichithamangitsa, koma chimayamba kudikirira moleza mtima kuti chidzagwire.

Njoka ikakhala kuti siyatanganidwa ndi kusaka, siyikhala ndi mkwiyo wankhanza ndipo siyamba kuyamba kudziyambitsa yokha. Kuwona munthu, amayesetsa kupuma pantchito, ngati sakumuyambitsa mwanjira iliyonse. Vipers ndiwanzeru kwambiri, chifukwa chake amakhazikika pasanakhale malo awo obisalamo nyengo yachisanu isanayambe chisanu kulowa, amakhalamo mpaka masiku ofunda a kasupe. Njoka zina zambiri zimazizira kwambiri nyengo yachisanu yozizira, koma njoka ndizosiyana ndi izi.

Pali zambiri kuposa izi:

• m'malo obisalamo nthawi ya chisanu, njoka zimasankha tating'onoting'ono timene timayamwa ndi mbewa ndi timadontho, koma sikuzizira, popeza kuli kokwanira.
• Nthawi zambiri chimabisala hibernate gulu lonse, wolumikizidwa mpira waukulu, potenthetsana,
• Njoka zake zimakhala zathanzi kwambiri ndipo zimatha kudziwa nthawi yomwe chisanu chisanayambe.

Kubisala kwa njoka kumatha pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ndipo kutayamba kwa masika, njoka zimatuluka m'malo osungirako zinthu zotentha kuti dzuŵa lidzawonekenso dzuwa ndi dzuwa.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Njoka zam'mimba zimayamba kukhwima pafupi ndi zaka zinayi kapena zisanu. Zimaswana chaka chilichonse, koma anthu okhala kumpoto chakum'mwera, komwe nthawi yachilimwe ndiyofupikira, amabereka ana kuchokera chaka chatha umuna atabereka. Nyengo yaukwati wa njoka imagwera pa Meyi; imatha pafupifupi masiku makumi awiri. Munthawi imeneyi, njoka zimangoyenda awiriawiri, koma nthawi zambiri zimapinda mitundu iwiri ya njoka. Amuna amapeza omwe angathe kukwatiwa ndi fungo.

Kugonjetsa kwa dona wa mtima kumayendera limodzi ndi kumenyana kwamphamvu kwa ochita masewera othamanga, amakumbukira kuvina kwamwambo. Ma Duelists amayimirira moyang'anana, akugwedeza mitu yawo, asanaponye. Pamene kulimbaku kuyambika, pamenepo, kupatikirana, obwezeretsa amayesa kukankhira wotsutsa pansi. Yemwe adapambana, amapeza ufulu wokhala wokwatirana ndi mkazi wosankhidwa.

Chosangalatsa: Chodabwitsa ndichakuti pakumenya nkhondo, matupi aamuna samalimbana.

Pambuyo umuna wa mnzake, mwamunayo amusiya, ndipo mayi wamtsogolo akuyembekezera kuti mbewuyo izioneka yokha. Njoka zam'kati mwa njoka za ovoviviparous, sizimayikira mazira, zimacha ndikukula m'mimba mwa amayi. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa mazira a fetal kumasiyana kuchokera pa 10 mpaka 20, komabe mazira ena amasinthidwa, kotero kuti njoka imakhala ndi ana 8 mpaka 12. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi miyezi itatu. Kunja, makanda obadwa kumene ali ofanana kwathunthu ndi makolo awo, ochepa kwambiri, kutalika kwawo sikupitirira 16 cm.

Chosangalatsa: Makanda obadwa kumene a njoka wamba amakhala atadziimira kale, ali ndi poizoni, amatha kudziteteza ndikuluma.

Nthawi zina mkati mwa maola ochepa, ndipo nthawi zina atatha masiku angapo, makanda amayamba kusungunuka, kotero kuti samasokera kuchoka chisa. Makala atangolowa m'malo, njoka zimabalalika posaka chakudya, kugwira mitundu yonse ya tizilombo. Kukula kwacinyamata kumakula nthawi yayitali, kenako, limodzi ndi abale okhwima, kumatsitsidwa. M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, njoka zimakhala zaka 15, ngakhale zimakhala nthawi yayitali.

Adani achilengedwe a njoka wamba

Chithunzi: Red Book Viper

Ngakhale kuti njokayo ndi yoopsa komanso ndi poyizoni, ili ndi adani ambiri mwachilengedwe omwe saopa poizoni wake ndipo samakonda kudya nyama ya njoka. Modabwitsa, m'modzi mwa anzeru am'madzi wamba, amalowerera ndewu ndi njoka, chifukwa amakhala ndi poizoni. Ming'oma ili ndi machitidwe awo osatalikirana pakumenya: wolumayo amakwanitsa kuluma thupi ndi thupi, kenako amapendekera mpira mwachangu, povumbulutsa nthenga zake zakuthwa, zomwe njoka singathe kupirira nayo. Izi zimachitika mobwerezabwereza mpaka njoka itafooka ndikufa.

Kuphatikiza pa hedgehogs, pakati pa adani a njoka mutha kuwona:

Osati nyama zokha, komanso mbalame zina zimagwira bwino agalu, awa ndi: kadzidzi, chiwombankhanga, njoka, agulugufe. Musaiwale kuti nthawi zina njoka zimadyanso, zikuvutika ndi matenda.

Komabe, adani oopsa kwambiri komanso osagonjetseka a njoka ndi anthu omwe amasokoneza moyo wawo wa njoka, akuwononga malo okhazikika. Anthu amagwira njoka za m'minda yopanda chiphe, kuwononga njoka mosaloledwa chifukwa cha chakupha chake, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala. Kutengera ndi zonse zomwe tafotokozazi, mukumvetsetsa kuti moyo wa repitili siophweka ndipo kupulumutsa sikophweka.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Njoka wamba yakuda

Monga tazindikira kale, kuchuluka kwa njoka wamba kumakhala kochulukirapo, koma kuchuluka kwa malo osangalatsa a nyama akuchulukirachulukira. Cholinga chake ndi mbiri yoyipa yamunthu. Kulera zachiwawa, anthu saganizira za abale awo ang'onoang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo nthenda wamba. Kukula kwa mizinda, kuwerengera kwa misewu yatsopano, kuwuma kwawouma, kulima madera akuluakulu omwe alimidwa, kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango - zonsezi zimabweretsa imfa zambiri zomwe zidasowa malo okhala komanso chakudya chochuluka. Zamoyo zonse za njoka zimasowa m'malo omwe amakhala kale.

Kuphatikiza pa kuwonjezeka kwa anthu mdera la njoka, njoka zimavulazidwanso chifukwa cha poyizoni wawo, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mankhwala, chifukwa umalimbana ndi kutupa, umagwira mayankho, komanso umagwira ntchito mokwanira. Makampani opanga zodzikongoletsera, ululu wa njoka ulinso wofunikira.

Monga tanena kale, m'dziko lathu lino njoka imabalalitsidwa mosiyanasiyana: m'malo ena Kuchulukana kwake ndi kokwanira, ndipo kwina sikokwanira. M'malo ena, pang'ono ndi pang'ono zimazimiririka. Izi ndichifukwa cha mikhalidwe yabwino kwa moyo wa nyama zapambuyo m'dera linalake, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadalira anthu.

Ziribe kanthu kuti akudziwa zowawa chotani, kuchuluka kwa agulu akuchepera chaka chilichonse, choncho ku Russia njokayo idalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira la zigawo zina ndi ma republic. M'mayiko a ku Europe, nkhani zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa njoka zoyipa kwambiri.

Kuteteza njoka wamba

Chithunzi: Common Viper

Tidapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa njoka wamba kumachitika pazinthu zambiri zoyipa, makamaka zomwe zimachokera kwa anthu, chifukwa chomwe chiwerengero chake chikucheperachepera. Mwamuna amachotsa njoka m'malo mwake mokhalitsa chifukwa chakutukuka kwa madera ake, nthawi zina osakhwima komanso odzikonda. Njoka zimayenera kusamukira ndikukhazikika m'malo atsopano, zomwe zimayambitsa kuphedwa kwa anthu ambiri.

Ku Europe, njoka nthawi zambiri zimawonongedwa popanda chilolezo ndikugwera kumayiko ena. Ku Romania, njoka zimazunzidwa mosaloledwa, zomwe zimatengera poizoni wake wogwiritsidwa ntchito pazamankhwala ndi cosmetology. Ngakhale nyanjayo idatha kufalikira pafupifupi dera lonse la Europe, imawopsezedwa ngati mtundu. Chifukwa cha izi, njokayo idatetezedwa ku Germany kwa nthawi yoposa chaka chimodzi.

Mdziko lathu, chinjoka wamba chinayambanso kutha kuchoka m'malo ambiri momwe chimawonedwerapo kale, chifukwa chake zofunikira zimalembedwa mu Red Book of the Samara, Moscow, Saratov, Orenburg ndi Nizhny Novgorod. Zalembedwanso mu Buku Lofiyira la republic monga Mordovia, Tatarstan ndi Komi. Mkhalidwe wa njokayo walembedwa kuti "mtundu wopanda chiopsezo, wochepera." Anthu nthawi zambiri ayenera kuganizira zotsatira za zochita zawo, zomwe zimaphetsa kwa ambiri oimira.

Pomaliza, zikuwonjezera kuti njoka wamba osati owopsa komanso okwiya momwe amaganiza za iye. Chonde ichi chimabweretsa zabwino mwakuwongolera kuchuluka kwa makoswe ovulaza, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala onyamula matenda owopsa. Kuphatikiza apo, mafakitale azopangira mafuta ndi zodzikongoletsera amagwiritsa ntchito poizoni njoka iyi pazolinga zabwino. Osawopa chinjoka wamba, chifukwa popanda chifukwa chodziwikiratu kutiukira kwake ndikosavuta.

Zochita ndi moyo

Ntchito yofunikira kwambiri ya njoka imalumikizidwa ndi nthawi yachisanu, motero ntchito zake zimawonekera ndikuyamba kwa kasupe, pomwe kuwala kwadzuwa kumayamba kutentha dziko lapansi. Dothi likayamba kutentha kutentha mpaka madigiri 20, amuna amayamba kuonekera pansi. Akazi amayamba kusiya malo awo otentha pakatentha pafupifupi 28.

Nyoka ilibe miyendo kapena zopindika zina, motero, momwe imagwirira ntchitoyo imakhudzana mwachindunji ndi kuthekera kwake. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yayitali masana, nyanjayo imakhala pobisalira kapena imayatsidwa ndi dzuwa. Nthawi yomweyo, njoka imatha kugona m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kutengera nyengo yakukhala. Chonde chikakhala kuti chimakhazikika, ndiye kuti nthiti zake zimasunthidwa ndipo thupilo limakhala lathyathyathya, kotero kuti lizitha kutenthedwa kwambiri ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa. Pakakhala ngozi, thupi la nambalilo limakhala lambiri, ngati kasupe, pomwe limatha kukhala m'malo omwewo.

Mphindi yosangalatsa! Njoka imachita bwino, motero nthawi iliyonse imatha kuchokapo pangozi ndikuponya njira yomwe ingagwire.

Pangozi, njoka zimapinda mpira, kuchokera pakati pomwe mutu wake umatuluka, pakhosi lopindika, lofanana ndi chilembo "S". Ngati ndizofunikira, njokayo imayamba kupanga mawu abwino kwambiri ndikuponya mutu wake patsogolo. Nthawi yomweyo amasuntha izi kuti zisafike pangozi.

Madzuka kapena usiku, namburayo amasaka kukafunafuna chakudya. Nthawi yomweyo amasuntha ndikusanthula m'malo osiyanasiyana momwe nyama zosiyanasiyana zomwe ndi gawo la zakudya zake zimatha kubisala.

Nyoka ili ndi masomphenya abwino komanso fungo labwino. Izi zimamupangitsa kuti azilowa ngakhale m'makola a makoswe, momwe amatha kuthana ndi onse akuluakulu ndi ana.

Njoka imatha kungodzifunira chakudya yokha, komanso kufunkhidwira, kudikirira kufikira yomwe idagwira yokha ikatulutsidwa ndi njokayo. Njoka ikakhala yopanda mwayi, ndipo imasowa, ndiye kuti sangathamangitse womutsatira, koma azikhala ndi mwayi mpaka akhale ndi mwayi. Njoka ikakhala yabwino, ndiye kuti kwa masiku angapo siyikuwoneka pansi, koma ikhala pogona pake, ikigaya chakudya.

Njoka yodyetsedwa bwino kapena imodzi yosasaka nthawi yoyamba siyikhala yankhanza. Chifukwa chake, akakumana ndi zoopsa kapena ndi munthu, amayesera kukwawa kupita kumalo otetezeka, makamaka ngati akwiya.

Pazizindikiro zoyambirira za kuziziritsa, njoka zimayesetsa kukhazikika "m'nyumba" zawo nthawi yachisanu, kotero kuti kuzizira kwa izi zokwawa sikudzadabwitsidwa. Nthawi yomweyo, ziyenera kudziwika kuti pafupifupi anthu onse amakhalapo mpaka kumapeto kwa mvula, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mafotokozedwe angapo.

• Pobisalira njoka, mabowo akumata ali pansi pa nthaka yozizira.
• Vipers yozizira pagulu loyandikira la anthu angapo, akuwotcha wina ndi mnzake.
• Vipers imatha kuneneratu za kuzizira pang'ono. Amachita bwanji, pomwe asayansi sakudziwa.

M'nyengo yozizira "chipinda" chautchi chimakhala mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndipo nthawi yopuma yokha, ndikayamba kutentha kwenikweni, zimawonekera padziko lapansi.

Ndi njoka zingati zomwe zimakhala

Kuthengo, njoka sizikhala zaka zosapitilira 15 zokha. Kwa nyama zamtundu wamtunduwu, iyi ndi nthawi yayitali, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimasokoneza kukhala ndi moyo. Vipu zosungidwa m'malo opangira njoka, malo osungirako njoka, komanso zikhalidwe zapakhomo, zakhala zaka pafupifupi 20. Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa, popeza amadya pafupipafupi, amakhala m'malo okhala pafupi ndi chilengedwe, alibe adani achilengedwe, ndipo kupatula apo, ali ndi thandizo lanyama lanyama.

Chosangalatsa kudziwa! Akatswiri amati kuphuka kwa njoka kumadalira kuchuluka kwa kukhwima. Chifukwa chake, anthu okhala m'madera ozizira amakhala nthawi yayitali.

Vuto la njoka wamba

Viper poiz siachilendo kuposa kuchuluka kwa maselo olemera omwe amapanga mapuloteni omwe amatha kukhala ndi hemolytic komanso necrotizing pa kapangidwe ka magazi. Kuphatikiza pazinthu zomanga thupi, kapangidwe kake ka poizoni kamaphatikizira ma neurotoxins, omwe ali ndi zotsatira zoyipa pakugwira ntchito kwa mtima. Kuphatikiza apo, kuluma kwa njoka wamba sikomwe kumabweretsa kufa kwamunthu, popeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowonongeka sikokwanira kwambiri kupha munthu wamkulu. Za ana, komanso ziweto, kulumidwa ndi njoka kungadzetse mavuto ambiri, monga:

• Gwedeza dziko.
• Kuphatikiza magazi.
• Mawonekedwe a kuchepa magazi m'thupi.

Pambuyo pakulumwa ndi njoka, ngakhale pankhani ya thandizo loyamba komanso kusintha kwathanzi, ndikofunikira kukaonana ndi dokotala posachedwa.

Vuto la Viper, oddlyly, lili ndi mphamvu zochiritsa, chifukwa chake limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mankhwala popanga mankhwala a analgesic, odzipereka, odana ndi kutupa komanso a analgesic. Kuphatikiza apo, njoka za ma viper zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zodzola. Pankhaniyi, njoka wamba imadziwika kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri pakukonda zachuma ndi sayansi.

Habitat

Nyoka yotchuka ili ndi malo okhalamo ambiri, motero imatha kupezeka ku kontinenti ya Europe, kuchokera ku Sakhalin, kumpoto kwa Korea, komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China ndikutha ndi Spain ndi kumpoto kwa Portugal. Kudera la Russia, nyanjayi imafalikira ku Middle Strip, kuyambira ku Arctic mpaka kumapeto kumunsi. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu, kutengera zachilengedwe, amagawidwa mosagawanika:

• M'malo omwe sangakhale moyo wa njoka, kachulukidwe ka anthu kumakhala kokwanira mpaka 0,15 mbali imodzi ya njira.
• M'magawo abwino kwambiri amoyo a nthiwatiwa, kachulukidwe ka anthu kumatha kufikira zidutswa za 3.5 pamtunda umodzi wa njira.

Nthawi zambiri, m'malo achilengedwe, njoka zimapezeka m'malo otsetsereka kwambiri, m'nkhalango, pakuwotcha kwina, m'nkhalango zosakanizika, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi m'malo osiyanasiyana amadzi. Viper imapezekanso m'mapiri, pamitunda yotalika mpaka 3 3,000 metres.

Monga lamulo, njoka zimangokhala ndipo nthawi zambiri sizimawawona kupitirira 100 metres kuchokera ku zisa zawo. Ndikayamba masika, mayendedwe ena achikulire mpaka mtunda wa makilomita 5 ndi otheka, pomwe njoka zimatha kusambira mitsinje ndi madzi ena ambiri. Vipers imapezekanso m'mizinda ndi malo ena momwe imakhazikika m'malo opanda nkhalango, komanso m'malo apansi a nyumba zosiyanasiyana, m'minda ndi malo ena alimi.

Amadya chiyani

Zakudya zachikhalidwe za nyama zouluka izi zimakhala ndi nyama yamagazi ofunda, ngakhale nthawi zina amatha kusangalalanso ndi nthumwi zozizira za ziphuphu, monga achule ndi abuluzi. Pali nthawi zina pamene njoka imadya ana ake. Vipers amatengedwa ngati zolengedwa zowoneka bwino ndipo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito achule angapo kapena makoswe poyenda limodzi.Ngakhale izi zikuwonetsa, njoka zimatha kukhala popanda chakudya kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena kupitirira. Makhalidwe omwewo amayikidwa pamachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo:

• M'nyengo yozizira, nthendayi imakhala ngati ili ndi makanema ojambula, ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito madzi osungirako m'thupi mwake kutsimikizira njira zofunika kwambiri.
• Njoka zimatha kufa ndi njala chifukwa chosowa chakudya.

Chakudya chachikulu cha zokwawa zimawagwiritsa ntchito, ngakhale nthawi zina njoka zimapeza chinyezi chifukwa cha mame kapena mvula yamkuntho.

Momwe zimaswana

Kwina kwina mu chaka cha 4 kapena 5 cha moyo, njoka zimakhala zokhwima pakugonana. Monga lamulo, izi zapambuyo zimaswana chaka chilichonse, kupatula kumadera ozizira, komwe ana amabadwa kamodzi zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Nthawi yakukhwima imagwera m'mwezi wa Meyi ndipo imatha mpaka milungu itatu. Munthawi imeneyi, njoka zimapezeka m'magulu awiriawiri, kapena anthu angapo opindika. Amuna ndi omwe amawona komwe akazi amakhala ndi fungo, pomwe amakonza ndewu zapadera kuti azimayi azimayi azimvera chisoni. Mwambiri, uwu ndi mtundu wina wa miyambo yomwe ili ndi malamulo ake.

Amphongo akuima patsogolo pa wina ndi mnzake, ndikukweza mitu yawo ndikuwapukutira mbali ndi mbali asanaukire wina ndi mnzake. Amawombana ndi matupi awo ndikuwoneka kuti alumikizana ndi iwo, pomwe aliyense wotsutsana naye amayesera kukakamiza wotsutsayo pansi, ndikumugwetsa kumbuyo kwake. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti sagwiritsa ntchito chida chawo chachikulu motsutsana wina ndi mnzake, motero samaluma pakulimbana uku. Wopambana amakhalabe ndi ufulu wophatikiza akazi. Ntchito yaimuna pakadali pano imatha, chifukwa mkazi wankhatala azisamalira ana ake. Pakutha nyengo yakukhwima, anyamatawa amapuma pantchito ndikukhala ndi moyo wosiyana.

Vipers ndi a oyimira viviparous a banja lotere, chifukwa chake, kukula kwa mazira kumachitika mkati mwa akazi, pambuyo pake ana amphongo amabadwa okonzekera moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Chiwerengero cha mazira chimatha kukhala cha 10 mpaka 20, pomwe ana samawoneka kuchokera dzira lililonse. Nthawi zambiri, zina zimayamba kuzimiririka kenako zimatsimikiza, motero pafupifupi njoka 10 zimawonekera padzuwa. Akakhwima, amabadwa kwinakwake patatha miyezi itatu, kuyambira pakati pa Julayi mpaka Seputembala. Anawo amatalika pang'ono kuposa 15 cm, pomwe akuwonetsa makope athunthu a makolo awo.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa! Ana obadwa kumene mwa njoka amasiyanitsidwa chifukwa chakuti ndiwowopsa monga makolo awo, motero ndikwabwino kuwadutsa.

Pakupita masiku angapo, ana ang'ono amayamba kutha, pambuyo pake amafalikira mbali zosiyanasiyana pofunafuna chakudya. Kwa nthawi yotsala mvula isanazizire, agulugufe akukulira mwachangu, akudya tizilombo ndi mphutsi zosiyanasiyana. Amadzibisalira ndi akulu m'malo awo okhala.

Adani achilengedwe a njoka

M'chilengedwe muli nyama zambirimbiri zomwe sizikuopa nyama zamiyendo yam'madzi. Izi zikuphatikiza:

Kuphatikiza pa zinyama, miimba imasakidwa ndi mbalame zolusa monga:

Nthawi zambiri, nkhuku zamtchire zimalimbana ndi njoka, ngakhale kuti zokwawa sizili m'zakudya zawo. Ndipo, mdani wamkulu wa njoka ndi munthu amene saganiza konse, pakufunika komanso ngati sikofunikira, amawawononga. Amavutika chifukwa choti nthawi zonse amasakidwa ndi njoka kuti apeze poizoni. Anthu ambiri osaka nyama otha kugwira nawo nsomba amathanso kugwira njoka, chifukwa masiku ano kwakhala kwachilendo kusungira ziweto kunyumba.

Viper kuluma

Vipers ndi njoka zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zomwe zimasinthidwa kukhala malo ochepetsa kutentha, chifukwa chake zimapezeka ku UK ndi Scandinavia. Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, nthano zambiri zabadwa, zomwe zimayenderana kwambiri ndi mantha omwe munthu amakhala nawo akakumana ndi njoka. Zoyambirira kwambiri za izi ndizakuti njoka, ngakhale zitakhala zamtundu wanji, ndizakufa. M'malo mwake, kulumidwa ndi njoka sikumayambitsa imfa ndipo pamakhala malongosoledwe a izi. Kuzunza kwa poizoni kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kotero kuti sikungatulutse zotsatira zoyipa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti njira yopangira poizoni ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo njokayo imasunga nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake, achikulire athanzi sayenera kuopa kulumidwa ndi njoka, koma kwa ana, komanso anthu ofooka, njoka imatha kukhala yakufa.

Nthano yachiwiri ndiyoti njoka imadziwika kuti ndi yakuba kwambiri. M'malo mwake, vutoli silikhala mumanjoka, koma mwa mwamunayo, yemwe angachititse kuti njoka ziukire. Pangozi pang'ono, nyokayo imayesa kubisala msanga momwe ingathere. Chachikulu ndikuti munthu amakhala tcheru nthawi zonse komanso kupewa malo owopsa. Zochita zoterezi zimatha kusiyanitsa mwayi wolumidwa ndi njoka.

Ngati njoka yayuma, ndiye kuti muyenera kulumikizana ndi achipatala msanga. Ngati izi sizingatheke, ndibwino kuti muchitepo kanthu poyambira kuchotsa zotsalazo. Kwa munthu uyu ndikofunikira kukhazika mtima pansi ndikugona, kumamupatsa chakumwa chochuluka.

Monga lamulo, m'madera omwe njoka zimakhala, anthu amatemera kuti zotsatira za kuluma kwa njoka ndizochepa. Kupanda kutero, thupi limenya nkhondo zolimba kwa masiku angapo. Monga momwe moyo ukusonyezera, anthu ambiri amalimbana ndi iwo okha ndipo pokhapokha ngati nthawi zambiri ndimwalira.

Viper akuukira

Nyoka ya Dinnik imakonda kupezeka kumapiri kumpoto kwa Caucasus. Ali ndi mtundu wowala kuposa abale ake. Pamenepo mutha kukumana ndi njoka Kaznakov, njoka Lotiev ndi njoka Orlov. Amapezeka m'mapiri okhaokha a North Caucasus. M'mapiri a Krasnodar Territory ndi Adygea, pamakhala chiphokoso.

Kudera lokhala m'nkhalango ku Russia kuli njulu za Nikolsky ndi nyatwa yakum'mawa.

Mtundu wina wamtundu wa njoka zowona ndi mtundu wa Sakhalin. Amakhala ku Sakhalin, m'malo a Primorsky ndi Khabarovsk, komanso kuzilumba za Shantar.

Oyimira oopsa kwambiri komanso oopsa amanjoka ndi amphaka akuluakulu. Imodzi mwa mitunduyi imapezeka ku Dagestan, ndi gyurza. Njokayo imadziwika kuti ndi wamkulu kwambiri m'banja lake.

Monga choncho thokozani njoka!

Amvera kuChingwe changa cha ng'ombe , pamaso pa zambiri zosangalatsa za nyama.

Ngati ilumidwa ndi chowonjezera

Njoka wamba sikuukira munthu woyamba kapena nyama (kupatula yomwe imagwira ntchito). Pakakumana ndi munthu, njokayo imayesetsa kukwawa kumbali ndikubisala. Nthawi zina, akamazunzidwa, amakakamizidwa kudziteteza, pogwiritsa ntchito mano oopsa. Nthawi zambiri kuluma kumapha. Monga lamulo, ozunzidwawo amachira m'masiku ochepa. Kuluma kowopsa kwambiri m'mutu ndi m'khosi, makamaka poyizoni atalowa mwachindunji mumtsempha wamagazi akuluakulu.

Kuchokera pakuluma kwa njoka, chilondacho chimakhala ndi mfundo ziwiri - ndikutsata mano owopsa, ndipo ngati kuluma kuli kwakuya, ndiye kuti pali mfundo zinayi.

Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti ngati m'munda mutha kuchotsa gawo lalikulu la ululu womwe wabweretsa ndi njoka pachilondacho, umatha kutopa mukangoluma mkati mwa mphindi 3 mpaka 10. Komabe, ambiri amawona kuti njira yopanda pake ndiyopanda tanthauzo ndipo ngakhale imakhala yoyipa. Ndipo zomwe siziyenera kuchitidwa ndikukhometsa malo opangidwa ndi chingwe, mphira kapena zinthu zina, chifukwa izi zitha kuyambitsa magazi. Simuyeneranso kumwa mowa mukamaluma. Mowa nthawi yomweyo umachepetsa mitsempha yamagazi ndikuthamangitsira kuyamwa kwa poizoni.

Thandizo lenileni kwa yemwe wakhudzidwa ndi mano a njoka ndi kumapita naye kuchipatala posachedwa, komwe angamupatse jekeseni wa antivenom seramu.

Ngakhale kuopsa kwa mamba, palibe chifukwa chobweretsera nkhondo. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mwachilengedwe njoka izi sizolusa, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kukuchepa chaka chilichonse m'madera ambiri. Ululu wa njoka ndiwofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga mankhwala, chifukwa chake njira zoyenera ziyenera kutetezedwa ndi njoka izi.

Zindikirani!

Ngati mutayenera kuwona chithunzi cha njoka, ndiye kuti mungadziwe kuti chilengedwe chidawadalitsa ndi mitundu yambiri. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kukumana ndi abambo a imvi ndi akazi - a bulauni. Mtundu nthawi zambiri umakhala wothiriridwa ndi mawonekedwe, mawanga ndi mikwingwirima yomwe imapita kumbuyo.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Tsopano popeza tikudziwa momwe njoka yamanjayo imawonekera, titha kulankhula zomwe zimakonda ngati chakudya. Choyamba, njoka ndi nyama zolusa zomwe zimadikira nyama yazo ndikuwukira kuchokera kumalo obisika komanso kosawerengeka.

Nthawi zambiri amasaka usiku, chifukwa nthawi iyi yamasana imakhala ndi mwayi chifukwa chowona, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuzizindikira.

Maziko a chakudya chake ndi nyama zazing'ono, mbalame, achule kapena abuluzi. Ndi njoka zazing'ono, zonse sizosangalatsa konse - nyama ndiyosowa kwa iwo, chifukwa cha kukula, chifukwa chake amakhutira ndi agulugufe, nsikidzi ngakhale dzombe.

Adani

M'mbuyomu, tidaganiza ngati njoka ndi njoka yaululu kapena ayi, chifukwa chake titha kuganiza kuti adani amtunduwu ndi nyama zomwe sizikuopa poizoni wawo, kapena atha kuthana ndi njokayo osadziluma. Vipers imatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 20, koma zaka zawo zitha kufupikitsidwa ndi badger, nkhandwe kapena ferret.

Ndikufuna kusankhanso nkhumba zamtchire - izi ndizomwe zimachitika pamene mdani sasamala za chiphe cha njoka. Nguluwe zakuthengo sizikhudzidwa ndi chiphe cha njoka iyi, chifukwa chake musazengereze kuzilimbana nazo ngati zingatheke.

Viper kapena Kale

Imodzi mwa mitu yodziwika bwino m'derali, komanso pachifukwa. Zonse chifukwa njoka ndiyo njoka yodziwika bwino m'maiko a CIS. Kunja, ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, chifukwa chomwe mungathe kuchita mantha ndi, kapena kuvutika kwambiri.

Choyamba muyenera kuyang'ana mosamalitsa mawonekedwe, chifukwa amapezeka m'malo omwewo. Chochititsa chidwi ndi njokayo ndi mawanga achikasu pamutu. Amatha kukhalabe lalanje, koma amapezeka nthawi zonse.

Komanso, onani kukula kwake - nthawi zambiri njoka zimakula kutalika kuposa njoka, koma mwina simungakhale ndi mwayi. Poterepa, mumakumana mwangozi kapena njoka yochepa kuposa masiku onse, kapena njoka yayitali kwambiri.

Poterepa, yang'anani mchira - wamfupi, koma wokulirapo mumimba. Pankhani ya njoka, mosiyana ndi chowonadi - chotalikirapo, koma chochepa thupi. Chowoneka bwino kwambiri ndi choti ndi njoka, njoka ilibe, koma njoka yakupha ilinso nayo.

Chikhalidwe komanso mtundu wa njoka

Vipers sitha kutchedwa othamanga, chifukwa ndiyosachedwa. Amatha kukhala tsiku lonse atagona osayenda osafunikira. Koma kumayambiriro kwamadzulo, njoka zimagwira ntchito kwambiri ndikuyamba kusangalala - kusaka.

Dziwani kuti anthu ambiri atha kugona kwanthawi yayitali, akuyembekeza kuti nyamayonso igwera m'dera lomwe lakhudzidwalo, pomwepo njoka singasowe mwayi wakudya chifukwa choti iyemwini adabwera kwa iye ngati chakudya chamadzulo.

Chochititsa chidwi chachikulu cha njoka ndi chakuti zimasambira mwaluso, kuti awoloke mtsinje waukulu kapena madzi ambiri ndiopangika.

Ichi ndiye chifukwa chake njoka zimakonda kupezeka m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi, komanso sizipewa madambo, ndipo pano zikungodzaza. Nthawi zambiri anthu amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chithaphwi chodzaza ndi njoka", ndipo sizomveka.

Vipers amakonda kukhazikika m'malo otentha

Aliyense amadziwa kuti njoka zilibe miyendo, koma izi sizikuwavutitsa. Kupatula apo, amatha kuyenda momasuka mothandizidwa ndi pulasitiki wawo wachilengedwe komanso msana wofewa. Zikuwoneka mokongola pakati pa miyala, zolengedwa zokwawa zimatha kupanga liwiro labwino.

Koma Ambuye sanapatse zolengedwa izi khutu labwino komanso zowoneka bwino. Mu njoka, kutseguka kwa nyumba kulibe konse, ndipo zogwirizira zamaso ndizophimbidwa ndi ubweya wowoneka bwino. Ma eyoni a repitili amalumikizidwa, kotero sangathe kupindika.

Zimadziwika kuti njoka yakuda njoka yapoizoni. Yemwe akuyimira kalasi imeneyi sakuwaopsa kwa anthu. Zizindikiro za njoka: njoka zili ndi mano akuluakulu awiri omwe sumu imadziunjikana.

Pachithunzichi pali njoka yakuda

Chidacho chimapangidwa ndi tiziwalo timene timapangidwa mbali mbali zonse za maso, ndipo zimalumikizana ndi mano ndi mavu. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mitundu yonse imakhala ndi mano osangalatsa. Canine wa poizoni ali pa fupa, lomwe limayenda kwambiri.

Chifukwa chake, pakamwa pakasungidwa njoka, mano amakhala mmalo oyimilira, koma ngati cholengedwa chikutsegula pakamwa pake, chiphe chakupha chimakhala chosakanikirana - chimakhala malo okhazikika.

Njoka wamba. Njoka yamtunduwu imadziwika kuti ndiyofala kwambiri. Izi zofikira zimafikira theka la mita, koma zazikulu kwambiri zimapezeka, zomwe kutalika kwake kuchokera kumutu mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira ndi masentimita 80.

Chomwe chimasiyanitsa njoka ndi mtundu wake wa zigzag

Kapangidwe ka mutu wake ndimakongoletseka, pomwe mbali iyi imawoneka bwino m'thupi. Zachilengedwe zapereka njoka zamitundu yosiyanasiyana - kuchokera imvi yosafikirika mpaka yofiirira. Palinso njoka zakuda, maolivi, zasiliva, zobiriwira.

Chizindikiro cha utoto ndi chida chakuda chikuyenda m'mbali zonse. Osati nthawi zambiri mumatha kukumana ndi chowonjezera ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Pamutu pa zolembedwazo pamakhala chizindikiritso cha zilembo V kapena X.

Kudzera pakatikati pa maso, mzere wakuda wowonekera umadutsa dera lonse la mutu. Chochititsa chidwi: ogwiritsa ntchito njoka adawerengera masikelo pamthupi la njokayo ndipo anapeza kuti mozungulira thupi lonse mkati pali masikelo 21 (kawirikawiri 19 kapena 23).

M'malo mwake, njoka sikaluma anthu osalakwa. Pokhapokha ngati mlendo wosamala sangam'gwire, ndiye kuti angamupatsenso mwayi. Njoka zoterezi zimatchedwa zamtendere. Amakonda kuchoka mwachangu pamalo pomwe angaoneke ndikubisika.

Steppe viper. Mtundu wamtundu wamtunduwu ndiwocheperako poyerekeza ndi mitundu yam'mbuyomu, ndipo munthu wamkulu, mwachizolowezi, sangafikire theka la mita. Mosiyana ndi wachibale wake, njoka wamba, njoka yokhala ndi mbewa yoluka imakhala ndi chizuwira chowoneka bwino.

Vipers sakhala ndi maso opepuka, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi kuyankha kwake mwachangu

Mphuno kudula m'munsi mwa mphuno septum. Mzere wakuda wopindika utali wathunthu wathunthu wa thunthu ukupezekanso. Malo amdima akuwoneka bwino m'mbali. Mukatembenuza nsabwe kumbuyo kwanu, mutha kuwona kuti m'mimba mwake muli imvi ndi mitundu yambiri yamithunzi.

Ngati mungafananize kuluma ndi poizoni, ndiye kuti njira yoyamba siyikhala yoopsa kwa anthu. Gabon njoka. Woimira wamkulu wa njoka zapoizoni zaku Africa. Uyu ndi munthu wolimba.

Njoka ya Gabon imapezeka ku Africa

Thupi lake limakhala lakuda - mamita 2.0 kapena kuposerapo, ndipo unyinji wa anthu onenepa umafika 8-10 kg. Njokayo ndi yodabwitsa kwambiri chifukwa cha utoto wake wonyezimira wa motley, womwe umakhala ngati kalipentala wopaka ndi manja.

Zojambulazo zimadzaza ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a geometric a mitundu yowala yambiri yowala - pinki, chitumbuwa, ndimu, mkaka, buluu-wakuda. Njoka iyi imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa zakupha kwambiri, koma chifukwa chakuti ndizabwino kwambiri, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti sizowopsa monga momwe aliyense amaganiza nayo.

Itha kukwezedwa ndi nsonga ya mchira popanda kuwopa thanzi, kuyikiranso, koma sakufunanso mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Koma ndikosayenera kuseka njoka, chifukwa kukwiya imakhala kwakanthawi ndipo sikungatheke kuti "ipange chiwembu" chake.

Mwa zina, njoka ya ku Gabon imakhala ndi mano atali kwambiri, odzaza ndi poizoni. Kuyang'ana chithunzi cha njoka mutha kuwona zazizindikiro.

O.Njoka sizoyimira njoka. Kusiyanitsa kale kuchokera njoka zotheka m'malo owoneka bwino a lalanje omwe ali pambali ya mutu. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi ana owoneka ndi maso, komanso mitundu yomwe tafotokozeredwa kale, ndi ina yonseyo, wophunzirayo amakhala woponderezedwa ndipo amapezeka molunjika.

Komanso, njoka yamtunduwu sikhala ndi chizimba pamsana pake. Ngakhale mtundu wa njoka yamadzi umafanana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa nambuyo, chifukwa anthu ambiri amasokoneza madongosolo azowoneka ndi mawonekedwe a gira pafupi ndi mgomo.

Pachithunzichi pali madzi am'madzi, omwe, chifukwa cha mtundu womwewo, amasokonezedwa ndi njoka zapoizoni

Koma tsekani pafupi mutha kuwona kuti mawanga asokoneza, ndipo osati zigawo zongotuluka. Kuyambira mutu mpaka nsonga ya mchira wofanana pakatikati ndi mawonekedwe atatu, mutuwu ndi wachilendo kwa iye.

Kufalitsa

Njoka zodziwika bwino zimagawidwa m'nkhalango ku Eurasia kuchokera ku Great Britain, France ndi kumpoto kwa Italiya kumadzulo kupita ku Sakhalin ndi chisa cha Korea kummawa. Ku France, malo okhala amakhala mkati mwa Central Massif. Ku Europe, malire akum'mwera kwa malowa amadutsa kumpoto kwa Italy, kumpoto kwa Albania, kumpoto kwa Greece komanso ku Europe gawo la Turkey. Ku Eastern Europe, njoka nthawi zina zimadutsa ku Arctic Circle - mwachitsanzo, imakhala ku Lapland Nature Reserve komanso m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Barents. Kum'mawa - ku Siberia ndi Far East - kugawa m'malo ambiri kumachepera ndi kusowa kwa mabowo abwino nthawi yozizira. Zowonjezerazi zimapezeka kumpoto pa mtsinje wa Lena mpaka pa 62th parallel, ku Western Siberia mpaka parallel 64, kum'mawa kwa Transbaikal Territory. Kuchokera kum'mwera, mtunduwu umangokhala zigawo za steppe. Mphepete chakum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa malo ogawikirako kumapezeka ku Mongolia (Mongolia Altai), kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi China kumpoto chakum'mawa (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ndi Chigawo cha Jirin).

Moyo

Chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo chimatha kufikira 15, ndipo malinga ndi zomwe zina, zimatha mpaka zaka 30. Komabe, zomwe ananena ku Sweden zikuwonetsa kuti njoka sizikhala ndi moyo zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu za kubereketsa, zomwe zimapatsidwa kutha msinkhu, zimapereka zaka zakubadwa zisanu ndi zisanu. Nyanjayo imasinthasintha mwachangu mdera lililonse, ku Swiss Alps imakwera mpaka 2600 m pamwamba pamadzi. Malo okhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa malo, komwe njokayo imakonda kukhala ndi ma peat boo, moorlands, kufotokozerana nkhalango zosakanikirana, m'mphepete mwa malo osiyanasiyana osungirako madzi, madambo onyowa, m'mbali mwa minda, malo okhala, mapanda. Kummwera kwa Europe, mitengo ya biotopes imangokhala malo okhala amtunda okhaokha kumapiri. Kugawidwa mosasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kupezeka kwa malo oyenera kuzizira. Saddles, monga lamulo, samasunthanso mamita 60-100. Kupatula kukakamizidwa kusamukira kumalo okazizira, njoka pamenepa zitha kupitilira mtunda wa 2-5 km. Kukazizira nthawi zambiri kumachitika kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Novembala mpaka Disembala-Epulo (kutengera nyengo), kumpoto kwa mtunduwu kumakhala mpaka miyezi 9, pomwe njoka imasankha kukhumudwa pansi (mabowo, mafupa, etc.) pakuya kwa mita 2, kumene Kutentha sikutsika pansi + 2 ... +4 ° C. Pakakhala kuperewera kwa malo ngati amenewa, mazana angapo aanthu amatha kudziunjikira malo amodzi, omwe amakwiririka pansi kumapeto kwa chilimwe, zomwe zimawonetsa kuwoneka kwakukulu. Pambuyo pake, njoka zake zimayamba kukwawa.

M'nyengo yotentha, nthawi zina chimagona padzuwa, koma nthawi zambiri imabisala pansi pazitsa zakale, m'makola, ndi zina. Njokayo siyolusa ndipo, munthu akafika, amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wake wamtundu momwe ungathere, kapena kungosokera. Pokhapokha ngati munthu wayamba mwadzidzidzi kapena wakwiya, akhoza kuyesa kumuluma. Khama losamala limafotokozeredwa ndikuti amafunika mphamvu zambiri kuti apange poizoni pakusintha.

Amamadya kwambiri makoswe onga mbewa, amphiri ndi abuluzi, ndikuwononga zisa za mbalame zomwe zili pansi. Chiwerengero cha zakudya zosiyanasiyana chimatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi kupezeka kwanu komanso malo ena. Chifukwa chake, pakuwonekera kwa mamba ku Netherlands, zidawululidwa kuti amakonda achule ndi ma pike, komanso abuluzi wanyenyezi. M'madera ena, timadontho tating'ono, tchuthi, matanga, anapiye, skate, ndi ma bundi amatha kukhala chakudya. Njoka zazing'ono zimagwira tizirombo - dzombe, kafadala, mbozi, agulugufe, nyerere, mavuu ndi nyongolotsi. Akangofika masentimita 30, chakudya chawo chimayamba kufanananso ndi thanzi la achikulire. Asanachitike hibernation koyamba mu Okutobala-Novembala, samadya, chifukwa asanachitike hibernation ayenera kugaya chakudya chomwe amadya kuti apewe zovuta za metabolic.