Pomwe mawu akuti nyerere pafupifupi aliyense adzakhala ndi chithunzi cha nkhokwe yaying'ono, yaing'ono yakuda, yayikulu, kapena mnzake wofiyira nkhalango.

Komabe, pagulu la tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, palinso nyerere zomwe, ngakhale ndizochepa kakang'ono, zimatha kubzala zowopsa ndi mantha osati pakati pa anthu, komanso pakati pa nyama. Uyu ndi msirikali wankhondo.

Asitikali a nyerere (Eciton burchellii).

Maonekedwe a "msirikali"

Kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu wa msirikali ndi masentimita 1.5. Pakati pa oimira ena a banja ili, awa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.

Thupi la nyerere yankhondo lili ndi mtundu wofiirira wakuda, wokutidwa ndi tsitsi loonda pakhungu la thupi, mutu wake ndi wopepuka. Ngakhale kuli kwakuti maso a nyererezi, iye sawona. Kuphatikiza apo, kachilomboka kamakhala ndi maulamuliro amphamvu, akuthwa komanso akuluakulu, omwe kukula kwake ndi wofanana ndi theka la thupi lake. Ndi zida izi mu nyerere zomwe zimakhala ndi zowononga pazamoyo zonse, ndipo zilibe kanthu kuti ndi zochuluka motani.
Ankhondo Ant Habitat

Mitundu imakhala ku Amazon.

Mabanja omwe alipo masiku ano amakhala ku Amazon.

Gulu Lankhondo Lamoyo

Mwanjira yawo, izi tizilombo ndi zolengedwa zachilengedwe mwapadera. Sakufuna anthyl, ndipo samazipanga, chifukwa ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Ali ndi dzina lawo chifukwa chakuti nkhosazi zimaphatikizapo anthu pafupifupi miliyoni, kwenikweni, ndi gulu la anthu wamba. Mfumukaziyo ikatanganidwa kubereka ana, nyerere zimakwapula chigawo chonsecho kuti zizipeza chakudya ndi mbadwo wamtsogolo.

Nyerere Zankhondo sizikusowa anthill.

Chinthu china chomwe chimawasiyanitsa ndi nyerere zina ndi kuthekera kwawo, kugwiritsa ntchito matupi awo, kupanga mapangidwe omangira. Kumamatirana wina ndi mnzake, amapanga chilichonse chomwe chidzagwiritsidwe ntchito kupindulira lonse. Izi sizongokhala “makoma” amoyo okha kuteteza mbadwo wawo ndi mfumukazi yawo ku nyengo zoyipa, komanso milatho yomwe imapangitsa kuthana ndi chopinga chilichonse.

Kuswana

Nthawi ikafika yoti mfumukazi iikire mazira, kuchuluka kwake komwe kungafikire masauzande angapo, nyerere zonse zimayima kuti zisiye. Mphutsi zazing'ono zitatuluka m'mazira, mzerewo, ndikuwakweza mosamala, umayambanso kusuntha, kunyamula imfa ndi kuwonongeka m'njira yake.

Chifukwa cha khungu lawo, asitikali amaukira mnzake, yemwe amapitilira kukula kwawo kambirimbiri.

Zakudya za Ankhondo

Nyerere zamtunduwu zimadya chilichonse chomwe chimabwera munjira yake. Chochititsa mantha kwambiri ndikuti, chifukwa chakhungu, amathanso kuzunza amene wawonjezerera kukula kwawo kambirimbiri. Nyama yomwe imadutsa njirayo, yomwe sinazindikire kuti ili munthawi yoti ichoke pamsewu, kapena ikungogona, imenya nthawi yomweyo ndi gulu lonse. Chifukwa chake, wogwiridwayo alibe nthawi yoti amvetsetse zomwe zikuchitika, amanyansidwa ndikudya wamoyo. Tizilomboti sitifunikira kukoka kwa poizoni kapena kugwiritsa ntchito acidistic, timachita pa psyche ya nyamayo, zimamupangitsa kukhala wopanda mantha.

Thupi la nyerere yankhondo lili ndi utoto wofiira.

Ngati mukukhulupirira asayansi, ndiye kuti asitikali a nyerere samachita izi chifukwa choti ali ndi njala kwambiri, koma chilichonse chomwe chimabwera momwemo chimawonetsedwa ngati chiwopsezo cha dziko lonse.

Nyerere Zankhondo

Aliyense kuyambira paubwana (kuchokera ku zojambulajambula) akudziwa za magawanidwe a tizilombo tochita masewera. Njuchi ndi nyerere zimakhala ndi mfumukazi yomwe imayang'anira kubala ndi kubereka antchito. M'mitundu ina ya nyerere, mitundu ina yapadera yojambulidwa imasiyanitsidwa. Monga, ant pazithunzi nyerere zamtchire (Formica fusca). Imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kokulirapo ndi zibwano zamphamvu, minyewa yomwe imatenga gawo lalikulu la mutu, yomwe mawonekedwe ake amasinthidwa kwambiri pachifukwa ichi poyerekeza ndi nyerere wamba zogwira ntchito.

Kukonzekera kumeneku nthawi zina kumadzetsa mfundo yoti nyerere zankhondo sizingadye zokha popanda thandizo. Pa chithunzi pansipa, mutha kuwona momwe nyerere yogwira ntchito idyetsa nyerere.

Ine sindine katswiri wapadera wa tizilombo, ndipo ndikhulupirira kuti ndazindikira bwino mawonekedwe a nyererezi ngati Formica fusca, kapena nyerere yankhalango yofiirira, yomwe, motsutsana ndi dzina, ilibe mtundu wa bulauni, koma mtundu wakuda kwambiri. Awa ndi akulu (pafupifupi kukula kwa nkhalango yofiira, kutalika kwa 4.5 mpaka 7.5 mm) nyerere zimakhala m'nkhalangomo osamanga anthill okhala ndi mbali zazikulu za mlengalenga.

Mawonekedwe a mutu wa nyerere ya asirikali (amatchedwanso ma dinergats, ma honors, poyerekeza ndi antchito wamba - microergats, ana) ali ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba. Ichi ndi gawo loyenera kukhazikitsa mkati mwa minofu yayikulu yamagalimoto amphamvu.

Ntchito yayikulu ya nyerere za asilikari ndikuteteza chisa ndi gawo, motere, njira zomwe nyerere za antchito zimabweretsa chakudya ku anthill.

Ndi kuwombera pang'ono kwa nyerere zina za chisa ichi, kufanizira kuchuluka ndi kukula kwake.

Ntchintchito imagwirira dzira

Chisa chokhala ndi mazira ndi nyerere antchito akuthamangazungulira

Bullet Ant (Paraponera clavata)

Imapezeka m'nkhalango zotentha kuyambira ku Nicaragua kupita ku Paraguay. Mulitali masentimita 2,5, limakhala pamitengo, motero, limatha kugwera kuchokera pamenepo molunjika ndi cholinga chothamangitsa kuchotsere - pazomwe simunadziwepo, chifukwa mumtengo. Musanachite izi, nyerere zimakuwombani koopsa. Nyererezi ikhoza kufuula.

Imatchedwa nyerere ya chipolopolo chifukwa kuluma kwake mwamphamvu mosazolowereka kumamveka ngati bala la chipolopolo. Mu "Mndandanda wa zowawa kuchokera kulumidwa ndi tizilombo", womwe unalembedwa mu 1990 ndi Justin Schmidt, kuluma kwa nyerereyi kumakhala pamalo oyenera ndipo amadziwika ndi malongosoledwe awa: "Woyera, zakuya, ululu waukulu. Zimafanana ndi kuyenda pamakala amoto otentha ndi msomali wamtali-atatu wa chidendene. "

A aborigine ena amagwiritsa ntchito nyererezi ngati gawo la miyambo inayake yochokera pakubadwa. Mwambowu umachitika motere: tsiku lobadwa munthu wabadwa amatenga chovala chokhala ndi masamba ndi nyerere mazana angapo akumalowetsa mumaluko ndikuluma mkati. Amanjenjemera ndikukhalitsa nthawi yomweyo.

Cholinga ndikugwira kwakanthawi kwa mphindi 10, kenako manja atasinthika kukhala zidutswa zoluma, zopanda ntchito komanso zopindika zosagwedezeka thupi kwa masiku angapo. Ndipo kuti athe kupititsa mayeso ndikukhala munthu, ayenera kuchita izi 20.

Asitikali Ankhondo (Eciton burchellii)

Zimapezeka mumsewu wa Amazon. Palinso mabanja omwe amakhala ku Asia ndi Africa, koma awa ndi odziwika bwino. Nyererezi ndizazikulu - zimafikira masentimita ndi theka, ndipo zimakhala ndi ma machete akuluakulu ngati ma machete ngati theka la thupi. Amadziwika, choyamba, ndikugwetsa zinthu zonse zamoyo m'miyala yomwe amakumana nayo panjira, mosasamala kukula kwake. Alinso akhungu kwathunthu, zomwe zimadetsa chithunzi chonse.

Amadziwika kuti ndi ankhondo, chifukwa gulu lonse, losiyana mkati mwa miliyoni miliyoni, ndi gulu la m'manja la 100%. Sakhazikitsa nyambo ngati abale awo, koma amakonza ndalamayo kwa nthawi yayitali kotero kuti mfumukazi yawo ikayikira mazira masauzande kwinaku asodzi akubalalika kuzungulira malowa kufunafuna chakudya. Kenako, ana akatuluka mazira, gulu lankhondo limapitiliza njira yake yoopsa. Nyerere zimakweza mphutsi zawo mosamala ndikupitilira kuyenda, kusunthidwa komanso kuthamanga pansi m'nkhalangomo, kukumbukira chilichonse chamoyo chomwe chidakhala chopusa kwambiri, chosachedwa kapena kungogona m'njira zawo. Chiwopsezo cha mazana masauzande a nyerere chimaphimba wovulalayo ndikuchigwetsa zidutswa zazikulu kwambiri zamphamvu kwambiri, kukhala khungu kwathunthu kuti mumvetse kukula kwa wogwidwayo, kulingalira mwamtheradi chilichonse chomwe chiri munjirayo monga kuwopseza kukhalapo kwa koloni. Pali umboni wolembedwa wa nyama zazikulu ngati akavalo zomwe agwidwa ndi nyererezi.

Nyerere zankhondo ndi akatswiri pa zomangidwe zachilengedwe. Kuti athandizidwe ndi koloni, nyerere zimagwiritsa ntchito matupi awo kupanga pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe tingaganizire, kumamatirana ndikupanga makoma oteteza nyengo, milatho kuti igonjetse zopinga, zilizonse.

Chinsinsi

Asitikali achinsinsi chodziwika ndi amtundu wawo wosaganizira kwambiri. Zovomerezeka za asirikali ndizitali, zopangika, zokhala ngatiimiseche, zowonda, zopyapyala, zopangidwa ndi nyanga, ndikuwoloka. Mitundu ina ya asitikali imatulutsa guluu yemwe amwaza pa mdani, kapena poyizoni, yemwe amamugwiritsa ntchito mdaniyo, akumumenya. Zida ndi njira zamagwiritsidwe ake zimawonetsera kuti asitikali achinsinsi ndi osayenera pakuwombera ndipo amangothandiza pakudzitchinjiriza. Mitundu ina ya chiswe imadziwika ndi asitikali okha.

Oimira ena a fauna

Chingwe chopanda maliseche chimakhala m'mizungu yomwe anthu akuluakulu osabereka ndi asirikali omwe amateteza nkhosazi ku mabanja ena komanso kwa adani.

Trematode - majeremusi ochokera ku mtundu wa flatworms - amodzi mwa amtundu wamtunduwu Himasthla agawidwa kukhala mfumukazi zikuluzikulu zomwe zingathe kubereka, komanso asitikali ankhondo ambiri omwe akuteteza nkhondoyi kwa adani awo.

Anthu ena okhala m'madera omwe ali ndi vuto loteteza ku Britain amakhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira, kuteteza nzika kwa adani ake.

Nyanja anemone Anthopleura elegantissima m'malo oyenera limakhala duwa lokhala ndi budding, mamembala ake omwe ndi asilikari ndipo amateteza gawo kuchokera kwa ochita mpikisano - ang'ono kuposa abale awo ndipo alibe zodzutsa kugonana.

Bacteria

Bacteria wamtundu wina amatha kudzipereka. Mwachitsanzo, ngati palinso gulu la bakiteriya ena opikikika pafupi ndi khola la Escherichia coli, ndiye kuti m'modzi mwa anthu masauzande ochepa amayamba kupanga chiphe cha bacterium ina ndikufa chifukwa chodzipweteka. Kuchuluka kwa poizoni komwe kumatulutsidwa kumatengera pomwe mabakiteriya amapezeka. Mwachitsanzo, pamene m'matumbo muli kachilombo ka bakiteriya Salmonella typhimurium 15% yokha ya anthu omwe ali m'matumbo lumen amamasula poizoni, ndipo pafupifupi onse pakhoma la matumbo.

Ma virus

Ma virus ena akaphatikizidwa m'chipinda chimodzi ndi ma virus, mwachitsanzo, kachilombo ka HIV, ndiye kuti, mwa anthu osakanikirana, "mitundu yaying'ono" imawoneka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilomboka, omwe ali osiyana ndi ma virus wamba (ali ochepa katatu kapena) genome . Mwinanso amafunikira kuponderezana omwe akupikisana nawo.

Morphology

Monga lamulo, amasiyana ndi anthu ena omwe amagwira ntchito kukula kwakukulu komanso njira zowonongeka zodziwikira, zomwe zimapangidwa kuti ziwononge mdani (mogwirizana ndi nyerere ndi tizilombo tina - nsagwada zazikulupo komanso zamphamvu). Kusiyana kumeneku kumatha kukhala kwamtheradi komanso kogwirizana (maonjezedwe owonjezeredwa mwamphamvu komanso mitu yayikulu kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, mu nyerere za kubala mwana Pheidole ndi Pheidologeton ) M'mabanja a nyerere monga Pheidole Pamodzi ndi asitikali akuluakulu, ochulukirapo (mpaka 10x wofanana ndi ang'ono kutalika ndi mpaka 500x) asitikali akuluakulu amaonekera.

Asitikali a chiswe cha ena m'banjamo Maulemu (m'magulu ocheperako Nasutitermitinae okhala ndi mitu yokhala ndi mphuno yayitali ("mphuno") yopopera mankhwala pazinthu zomwe zimachotsa adani (nyerere ndi ena omwe amadyera).

Polymorphism yakunja imatha kukhala chifukwa cha mitundu ya intraspecific. Komabe, polymorphism ndiyotheka momwe zolengedwa zomwe zimakhala ndi genome yofanana, kutengera mawonekedwe akunja, zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya phenotypic.

Ntchito

Ntchito zapadera ndizodziwika ndi asitikali, monga kuteteza zisa ndi madera, komanso kusaka (ma nomads) Editoninae ), kudula masamba akuluakulu (nyerere zodula masamba), kupera mbewu (nyerere zokuta).

"Zophulika" asilamu Globitermes sulphureus (chiphadzu cha kamikaze, Prestwich, 1988) ndi nyerere Camponotus saundersi (Maschwitz ndi Maschwitz, 1974) amagwiritsa ntchito njira yodzipha, yomwe imadziwika kuti autothosis, ngati njira yoteteza.

Kufotokozera ndi kayendedwe ka nyerere mu koloni

Tizilombo timene timakhala m'banja lalikulu mnyumba zambiri - anthill. Mwachilengedwe, palibe nyerere imodzi kapena hermits. Moyo umamangidwa bwanji mu anthill:

• Aliyense ali ndi ntchito yake ndi kufunika kwake,
• Ntchito yayikulu komanso yodziwika bwino pa chomera chilichonse ndi kuthandizira pa moyo wa anthill.
• Malinga ndikugawa kwa ntchito ndi ntchito, anthu amagawidwa m'mitundu (awa ndi asirikali, nyerere zogwira ntchito ndi chiberekero).

Kulumikizana pakati pa tizilombo toyesetsa kugwira ntchito kumachitika monga ma sign a pheromones. Zizindikiro zakuthupi zimadziwitsa za zoopsa ndi zochitika, ma pheromones ndi ofunikira kuti apange njira zopezera chakudya.

Dziko Lantchito:

Nthawi yomwe nyerere imakhala imakhala ndi moyo wa nsanje.

• Chiberekero chimakhala ndi zaka 20,
• Kugwiritsa ntchito nyerere - zaka 3,
• Amuna ogwira ntchito osaposa milungu ingapo.

Nyumba iliyonse ili ndi maudindo ake omveka bwino ndi omveka bwino. Ndani amagwira ntchito ziti:

1. Chiberekero. Uyu ndiye wamkulu kwambiri pazokambirana. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikubweretsa mazira poyikira mazira,
2. Kugwira ant. Imapeza chakudya, imasamalira chiberekero, imakonza anthill, imabweretsa nyama zazing'ono. Onse ogwira ntchito ndi akazi popanda ntchito yobereka,
3. Asitikali. Tetezani anthill, chiberekero, mazira ndi pupae,
4. Amuna ndi akazi. Chitani ntchito zobereka.

Asitikali

Kukula kwa kachilombo wamkulu ndi 1.5 cm. Kodi anthu amawoneka bwanji?

• Mtunduwo ndi wakuda, thupi limakutidwa ndi tsitsi laling'ono,
• Zikuluzikulu ndi zamphamvu kumapeto kwa mutu,
• Pali maso pamutu, koma msirayo samawona chilichonse.

Ntchito zazikuluzikulu za gululi ndikuteteza anthill ndikuthandizira antchito pogawa nyama yayikulu m'magawo.

Kugwira ant

Gululi ndi lomwe limakhala ndi anthu ambiri okalamba. Nyerere zogwira ntchito ndi akazi omwe ali ndi dongosolo losakhazikika. Alibe mapiko, kapangidwe ka chifuwa kamakhala kosavuta, maso awo ndi ochepa kapena kulibe kwathunthu. Nyerere zogwira ntchito zimagawidwanso m'magulu malinga ndi luso lawo:

• Nannies - yang'anani ana, mazira, pupae,
• Abusa - nsapato za msipu,
• Okonda - amapeza chakudya chofunikira,
• Omanga - kuthyola mayendedwe atsopano, akugwira nawo ntchito yokonza mpandawo.

Kukhazikika kwapadera kungasinthe monga m'badwo uliwonse. Ngati chiwerengero chachikulu cha tizilombo chimafa chifukwa cha chilengedwe kapena matenda anthropogenic, ntchito zonse zomwe zilipo zimagawidwanso pakati pa otsalawo.

Chiberekero

Mayina ena - mfumukazi ya nyerere, mfumukazi. Chimawoneka ngati nyerere ya asirikali, koma chimasiyana ndi icho pachifuwa chokulirapo. Alinso ndi mapiko omwe amawatchingira pambuyo pa umuna wake. Mu anthillipo pakhoza kukhala chiberekero chimodzi - monoginia, kapena angapo - polygyny.

Zokhudza moyo wa chiberekero:

• Chiberekero chimakwatirana ndi nthawi yayitali yamphongo nthawi yayitali (ikamachita izi mlengalenga),
• Imakhala ndi umuna wamphongo ndikuigwiritsa umuna nthawi yonseyi,
• Pambuyo umuna, wamkazi amayamba kupanga chisa mwachangu, kukulitsa anthu oyamba kugwira nawo ntchito,
• Nthawi yomwe chiberekero chimakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 20, pomwe nthawi imeneyi imayikira mazira 500-600 000.

Kodi angakweze kulemera zochuluka motani?

Malinga ndi asayansi, nyerere zimatha kukweza ndi kunyamula zinthu zomwe zimaposa kulemera kwawo nthawi 50. Zitsanzo ndi zenizeni:

• Wodula masamba amawutsa masamba 100 g nthawi
• Ndi kukweza katundu molumikizana, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumachulukitsa kangapo,
• Mphamvu ya 1 ant ndi 24.2 erg / s, 2 - 63.2 erg / s (2 times more),
• Kuphatikiza pazomwe zimakhala ndi katundu wambiri, anthu amatha kupanga milatho yopanda, ma bwalo ndi ma piramidi.

Nyerere ndizolinganiza kwambiri komanso kulimbikira kwa tizilombo tonse. Izi zimawathandiza kupulumuka m'mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo komanso ntchito zake, nyerere zakhala zikuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi.

Kufuna kudziwa chilichonse

Pomwe mawu akuti nyerere pafupifupi aliyense adzakhala ndi chithunzi cha nkhokwe yaying'ono, yaing'ono yakuda, yayikulu, kapena mnzake wofiyira nkhalango.

Komabe, pagulu la tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, palinso nyerere zomwe, ngakhale ndizochepa kakang'ono, zimatha kubzala zowopsa ndi mantha osati pakati pa anthu, komanso pakati pa nyama. Uyu ndi msirikali wankhondo.

Nyerere zangozi kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi nyerere za ankhondo, zomwe zimapezeka munjira za Mtsinje wa Amazon, ku Asia ndi Africa. Kukula kwa nyerere zotere kumayambira 12mm mpaka 3. cm. Amakhala ndi malupanga owoneka ngati lupanga osakwana theka la thupi. Nyerere zankhondo ndizankhanza komanso khungu. Chilichonse chomwe akumana nacho panjira chimasinthidwa kukhala tating'onoting'ono. Samawona ndipo samamva kukula kwa chiwopsezo ndikuwukira chilichonse chomwe chikuyenda.

Dzinalo "ant ant wankhondo" limachokera ku mfundo yoti chikwi cha chikwi sichikhalamo. Kuyenda kwawo kumaima pokhapokha mfumukazi ikamayikira mazira. Pomwe amawalemba, nyerere zimafunafuna chakudya cham'tsogolo. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tikawoneka, nyerere zoopsazi zimapitilizabe kusuntha mbaliyo.

Mwanjira yawo, izi tizilombo ndi zolengedwa zachilengedwe mwapadera. Sakufuna anthyl, ndipo samazipanga, chifukwa ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Ali ndi dzina lawo chifukwa chakuti nkhosazi zimaphatikizapo anthu pafupifupi miliyoni, kwenikweni, ndi gulu la anthu wamba. Mfumukaziyo ikatanganidwa kubereka ana, nyerere zimakwapula chigawo chonsecho kuti zizipeza chakudya ndi mbadwo wamtsogolo.

Chinthu china chomwe chimawasiyanitsa ndi nyerere zina ndi kuthekera kwawo, kugwiritsa ntchito matupi awo, kupanga mapangidwe omangira. Kumamatirana wina ndi mnzake, amapanga chilichonse chomwe chidzagwiritsidwe ntchito kupindulira lonse. Izi sizongokhala “makoma” amoyo okha kuteteza mbadwo wawo ndi mfumukazi yawo ku nyengo zoyipa, komanso milatho yomwe imapangitsa kuthana ndi chopinga chilichonse.

Kuswana
Nthawi ikafika yoti mfumukazi iikire mazira, kuchuluka kwake komwe kungafikire masauzande angapo, nyerere zonse zimayima kuti zisiye. Mphutsi zazing'ono zitatuluka m'mazira, mzerewo, ndikuwakweza mosamala, umayambanso kusuntha, kunyamula imfa ndi kuwonongeka m'njira yake.

Zakudya za Ankhondo
Nyerere zamtunduwu zimadya chilichonse chomwe chimabwera munjira yake. Chochititsa mantha kwambiri ndikuti, chifukwa chakhungu, amathanso kuzunza amene wawonjezerera kukula kwawo kambirimbiri. Nyama yomwe imadutsa njirayo, yomwe sinazindikire kuti ili munthawi yoti ichoke pamsewu, kapena ikungogona, imenya nthawi yomweyo ndi gulu lonse. Chifukwa chake, wogwiridwayo alibe nthawi yoti amvetsetse zomwe zikuchitika, amanyansidwa ndikudya wamoyo. Tizilomboti sitifunikira kukoka kwa poizoni kapena kugwiritsa ntchito acidistic, timachita pa psyche ya nyamayo, zimamupangitsa kukhala wopanda mantha.

Ngati mukukhulupirira asayansi, ndiye kuti asitikali a nyerere samachita izi chifukwa choti ali ndi njala kwambiri, koma chilichonse chomwe chimabwera momwemo chimawonetsedwa ngati chiwopsezo cha dziko lonse.

Adani a Gulu Lankhondo

Pambuyo pazomwe tafotokozazi, mwina sizovuta kuganiza kuti tizilombo tosiyanasiyana titha kukhala ndi adani. Mpaka pano, palibe chidziwitso chomwe chilipo.

Kodi nyerere zankhondo ndizowopsa kwa anthu?

Pali zidziwitso kuti mitundu yambirimbiri ya nyererezi idadya nyama zofanana ndi kavalo. Nyerere zankhondo zimabweretsa mantha ndi mantha kwa anthu okhala ku Africa, pomwe amawononga chilichonse chomwe chikuyenda. Adaphunziranso kudzipangira milatho kuti awoloke mtsinje. Nyerere zikuluzikuluzi zimadya nkhuku, makoswe. Anthu amapeza akavalo akufa ndi agalu atamangidwa. Ndizowopsa ngakhale kulingalira zomwe zingachitike kwa munthu ngati gulu lankhondo likakumana. Amadya nyama yayikulu pafupifupi masiku 6-7.

Kugwiritsa ntchito nyerere zamagulu ankhondo.

Ku Africa, nyerere zankhondo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma opaleshoni. Amabwera nazo pamphepete mwa bala, nyerereyo imaluma, pambuyo pake thupi la nyerere limadulidwa, ndipo nsagwada zimalumikiza m'mbali mpaka lala.