Chomga ndi mbalame yosangalatsa yomwe imakhala m'matupi ambiri am'madzi amdziko lathu. Imagawidwa pafupifupi kulikonse. Cholengedwa chamtunduwu sichimapezeka ku Europe ndi Asia mokha, komanso ku Australia, Africa ndi New Zealand.
Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Chomga - chachikulu mbalame, ndipo kulemera kwake kumasiyanasiyana masentimita 600 mpaka kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala okulirapo kuposa achikazi, ndipo kutalika kwawo kwamapiko kumatha kupitirira masentimita 20. Zambiri mwa mbalame zimakhala zofiirira kwambiri, ndipo mutu ndimatsika thupi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyera kapena zopepuka.
Mu nthawi yachilimwe, Chomga ndiwosavuta kuzindikira ngakhale kutali, popeza imakhala ndi mawonekedwe, nthenga zachikuda zomwe zimamera pamutu ngati "nyanga" zachilendo. Chodziwikanso ndi mawonekedwe a chomga ndi "kolala" yapadera, yomwe imakhazikika molunjika pakhosi ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi khosi lofiirira.
Ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira "nyanga" zamtundu wa chomga zimakhala zazifupi, ndipo "kolala" imazimiririka popanda kutsatira. Chomga Ili ndi mlomo wosalala, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi utoto wofiira ndi nsonga yowala.
Pakadali pano, akatswiri a zamankhwala amadziwa za mitundu 18 ya mbalame, ndi mitundu isanu chomgi - m'buku lofiira, ndipo kuwombera kwake kulangidwa mwamphamvu motsatira malamulo ogwira ntchito.
Masiku ano, chomga chili ndi malo okhalamo, ndipo imatha kupezeka ku Europe yonse yamakono, komanso ku Africa, ku Australia, New Zealand, Asia ndi mayiko a Baltic.
Ku Russia, chomga chimakhala ku Western ndi Central Siberia, pafupi ndi Nizhny Novgorod komanso kumwera molowera ku Kazakhstan. Chomga amakonda kukhazikika pakati pa taiga, maponda ndi matupi oyima madzi. Nthawi zambiri ndimakonda kwambiri dera lomwe lili pakati pa masamba ozungulira nyanjayi ndi mitengo yayikulu komanso yayikulu.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Zomera za Chomgi Nthawi zambiri imatha kupezeka m'mitengo ya mabango ndi udzu wamtali pafupi ndi malo okhala ndi madzi kapena ndi madzi opanda mphamvu, komanso kupezeka kwa nsomba, zomwe, zomwe zimadyetsa mbalame, ziyenera kukhala zofunikira.
Gawo liyenera kukhala lotseguka komanso lotenthetsedwa ndi dzuwa. Chomati chikuwombera apa ndi kuyamba kwa masiku a masika, pomwe madzi oundana ayamba kusungunuka kwambiri, komanso nyengo zabwino za moyo wonse wa mbalameyi.
Bakha Chomga, yomwe imakonda kukhazikika awiriawiri, koma nthawi zina zimakhala zotheka kukumana ndi magulu onse a mbalamezi, zomwe zimatuluka mwachindunji kuzungulira malo osungirako bwino komanso ndi unyinji wa nsomba.
Zingwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndikuti nthawi zambiri zimasambira mwachindunji pamadzi, nthawi zina zimapumira pansi pa nyanja kapena kumutu. Chifukwa chake, mbalame imadziteteza motsutsana ndi adani ake, omwe ali nayo yokwanira.
Kupita pakati pa nkhokwe ndi anapiye ake mu chisa, a chomga ali otetezeka, ndipo ngakhale mwezi ukakumana ndi chithaphwi kapena ena amadyera, amabisalira ana ake omwe ndi zambiri, ndikukwera pansi ndi "chuma" chonse ichi pansi, pomwe amakhala mpaka malinga ngati zoopsa sizidutsa.
Chifukwa chomga tsopano ali ndi miyendo yaying'ono yochepa, ndikosavuta kuti asamayende pamtunda. Chifukwa chake, akumva bwino kwambiri pamtunda wa madzi. Ngakhale pansi pa madzi, mbalameyo imayenda mwachangu kwambiri, imagwiritsa ntchito mwaluso mikono yake yaying'ono, yomwe imapatsa mphamvu inayake pakusunthika uku.
Chomga amawuluka kawirikawiri, nthawi zambiri amapanga kuwuluka kwadzidzidzi kokha chifukwa cha dzinja. M'nthawi yonseyi, mbalameyi imakhala yolimba mtima, ikusambira komanso kulowa pansi pa madzi ikufuna chakudya.
Kufotokozera mawonekedwe
Mbalame ya Chomga ndi mbalame zam'madzi za banja la a Pogankov, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndizosowa. Kukula kwake, ndizocheperako pang'ono kuposa bakha wamkulu. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 46-61 masentimita, ndipo mapiko ali ndi masentimita 85-90. Ali ndi khosi loonda komanso mulomo wokulirapo wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ofiira owongoka. Kulemera kwake kumatha kuchoka pa 700 g mpaka 1.5 kg. Amuna nthawi zonse amakula pang'ono kuposa akazi ndipo amakhalanso ndi kulemera pang'ono.
Mu mbalame, thupi lonse limasinthidwa kuti lizisambira. Miyendo yawo imagwira ntchito ngati zomangira ndipo ndi ma chomg okha omwe ali ndi izi. Zala zake zimakhala ndi makatani apadera akhungu. Amatha kutembenuka mozungulira 90 °, kukhala limodzi ndikupitilira kuyenda. Mbalameyo imamira mosavuta m'madzi ngati ngamadzi. Imasambira mosavuta mpaka mamita 6-7 ndipo imatha kusambira mamita 50-60 m'mphindi imodzi yokha. Amakhala ndi chifukwa cha miyendo yake yapadera.
M'nyengo yozizira, mutu wa mbalame ndi imvi zakuda ndi mawanga awiri owala pamtunda wa occipital. Kumbuyo kuli nthenga zakuda zokhala ndi malire owala kumapeto. Chifuwa ndi m'mimba za chomga ndizoyera. Ndi kuyamba kwa msamba, kolala la lalanje lonyansa limawonekera m'khosi. Nthenga zakuda zimamera pamutu, zofanana ndi makutu.
Ili ndi dzina lake lalikulu grisi chifukwa cha nyama yolawa. Imakhala ndi fungo labwino komanso losasangalatsa.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Popeza chinthu chomwe chimakonda kwambiri malo okhala Chomga ndichamadzi, ndimatha kusaka nsomba zamitundu mitundu (kuchokera oyimira ochepa mpaka anyani akuluakulu).
Nthawi zina mbalame imasinthanitsa chakudya chake ndi achule, tizilombo tomwe timadzi am'madzi, crustaceans, masamba omwe amatha kupezeka m'mphepete mwa matupi a madzi ndi zakudya zina zofanana. Njira yayikulu yosaka, yomwe chomgy imagwiritsa ntchito, ikulumphira mpaka mamita anayi, pomwe mbalameyo imatsata nsomba mochenjera kenako ndikuwoneka pansi nayo.
Chomga amadya nsomba
Njira yonseyi simupitilira masekondi khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri, komabe, nthawi yozizira, zimamuvuta iye kuti akasaka, motero nthawi ndi kuya kwake zimakulirakulira.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Monga zambiri za moyo, masewera a matching a mbalamezi amachitika, monga mungaganizire, pamadzi. Mutha kuyang'ana chithunzi chomgykuti athe kuwona kusintha kwa amuna munthawi yosangalatsayi: amayamba kutukula makosi awo, kutengera mawonekedwe opusitsa ndikutsegula mapiko awo ndi phokoso.
Masewera ophatikiza a chomga achimuna ndi achikazi
Awiriwo akakhazikitsa, njira yomangira chisa imayamba, ndipo amunawo amathandiza azimayiwo pantchito yofunika iyi, kupereka "malo omangawo" ndi zinthu zoyenera kwambiri pazolinga izi: masamba, nthambi ndi masamba ena.
Pakadumphidwe kamodzi, zazikazi nthawi zambiri sizibweretsa mazira asanu ndi awiri, pomwe mwezi umodzi pambuyo pake anapiye amayamba. Kukula kwachichepere kumayamba kusiya malire a chisa cha makolo mwachindunji kuchokera masiku oyamba amoyo: amasambira mozungulira, kuyenda pansi pamadzi ndi kuphunzira nzeru zopezera chakudya.
Amayi a Chomga okhala ndi anapiye kumbuyo
Pakatha pafupifupi miyezi iwiri ndi theka, anapiyewo amapangidwa ndi kutumizidwa ku moyo wachikulire. Ku ukapolo, chomga imatha kukhala ndi zaka 25, kuthengo, nthawi yayitali mbalame imakhala pafupifupi 15 mpaka 20.
Dzina la mbalame
Ku Russia, mbalameyi imatchedwa kuti grebe wamkulu, kapena kuti chomga. Zokhudza banja la zonenepa. Zaka zana zapitazo, pamene Dahl adalemba mtanthauzira mawu, chidutswa chachikulu cha banja la loons. Mawu oti Chomga aku Turkic.
Chilankhulo cha Uzbek chili ndi dzina sho sho'in, lomwe limatanthawuza kutsamira, kuthira m'madzi. Mu Chitata - urchin - wopingidwa, wolowa. Great Grebe amatchedwanso crested dive, kapena crested chomga. Amutcha kuti grisi wa nyama yopanda vuto, yonunkhira yomwe imapereka nsomba zowola. Pali mitundu pafupifupi khumi ndi iwiri mu banja la a Pogankov.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Ngakhale ili ndi dzina losasinthika (toadstool), chomga - mbalame ndiyokongola. Tummy yoyera ngati chipale chofewa imasandulika bwino kukhala mbali zofiirira. Mkati mwake, mapikowo amakhalanso oyera ngati chipale chofewa, zomwe zimayamba kuoneka mbalame ikauluka. Kumbuyo ndi kakhalidwe pamutu ndi zakuda.
Mutu umakhazikika kukhosi lokwera komanso lothina. Mosiyana ndi abakha, chomgacho chili ndi mulomo wolowera pang'ono, womwe umagwira nsomba. Maso ndi ofiira. Zimapitilizabe ulemu, munthu akhoza kunena kuti - ndikofunikira.
Koma tcherani khutu. Kupatula apo, a Chomga adzaona nsomba yoyandama mumtsinje, ndipo nthawi yomweyo osakhala chakudya cha kite yokha. Chomga ndiwokongola kwambiri panthawi yakukhwima. Kola yamdima yakuda idawoneka m'khosi mwake, ndi kakhonje pamutu pake. Mwa izi, mbalame zimadziwitsa kuti zakonzeka kukhwima.
Mapira a chomga ndiwobiriwira maolivi mu mtundu, wamfupi, wamphamvu, wokhala pafupi ndi mchira. Ndi kapangidwe kameneka kamene kamamupangitsa kuti azitha kutenga khoma poima pamadzi. Mapazi opanda nembanemba, choncho ambiri mwa madzi am'madzi.
M'malo mwake, pamakhala malembedwe olimba achikopa m'mbali za chala chilichonse. Zala zitatu zikuwonetsa kutsogolo, ndipo zomaliza zikuyang'ana kumbuyo. Ma Chomgi paws sagwira ntchito ngati abakha kapena ma loon. Amawakokera m'mbuyo, ndikugwira ntchito ndi zigawo zotsika, monga masamba ofanana. Dziwani kuti miyendo ya chala yam'manja ndi yam'manja kwambiri komanso pulasitiki. Masezewo akamazizira pa chomga, amawakweza pamwamba pamadzi ndikuwapatula, ngati wochita masewera olimbitsa thupi a twine.
Mwabwino komanso mofulumira kuyenda, miyendo ya chomga sinasinthidwe malo. Toadstool imayenda m'mbali mwa gombelo pang'onopang'ono komanso mosasangalatsa. Thupi poyenda pansi limayima chilili ndikufanana ndi penguin.
Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti, ali pachibwenzi pamadzi, amathamanga kwambiri, ndikuthamanga miyendo mwachangu, ndikusangalala ndi njirayi. Toadstool imathamanga pamadzi pomwe ikuyesera, kapena nthawi yamasewera aubwenzi. Kukula kwa chomga ndi kocheperako kuposa bakha. Zimalemera kuchokera ku 6 mpaka 1.5 kilogalamu. Mtundu, wamkazi umasiyana pang'ono ndi mnzake, koma kukula kwake ndi kocheperako.
Mwa njira, m'mabanja ambiri a mbalame ndi genera, abambo amasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wowala, wowoneka ndi maso, mosiyana ndi akazi, omwe manambala ake ali ndi mithunzi yofananira. Kutalika kwa mapiko ochita kupondaponda kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 20. Mapiko otuluka mumapiko akuuluka afika masentimita 85. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi pafupifupi theka la mita.
Mwachilengedwe, pafupifupi mitundu 15-18 ya grebes amadziwika. Chomga mbalame, - wotchuka kwambiri wa ma greb okhala ku Russia. Dahl mu dikishonale yake adatchulako chomga wopachika, wokhala ndi nyanga, mafuta, wofiira-wared, wared. M'magulu amakono, ma chomgy amatchulidwa mosiyanasiyana.
Iwo adasinthidwa mayina, kapena adamwalira zaka zopitilira zana ndi theka. Mwa njira, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya mbalamezi kwatsika m'zaka zana zapitazi. Chomwe chimapangitsa izi ndi ntchito zachuma za anthu. Tebulo likuwonetsa zina mwazamoyo zamasamba, maonekedwe awo osiyana.
Ma Toadstools omwe amadya nsomba ndi okulirapo, ndipo makosi awo ndiwotalikirapo kuposa malaya omwe amadya tizilombo kapena ma mollusks.
Mitundu ya Toadstools | Habitat | Mitundu yakunja ya mitundu | Kukula kwakukulu | Zomwe zimadya |
Motley mlomo, kapena Karolinskaya | Onsewa ndi mayiko aku America, ochokera kumwera kwa Canada. Ku Arctic North Canada ndi Alaska, mbalameyi sinatero. | M'chilimwe, mzere wakuda umawonekera pamlomo wokulirapo, wowongoka, pomwe adadziyitanira. Mtundu waukulu wa nthenga ndi bulauni. | Thupi limakwezedwa ndi 31 38 cm, kulemera kwa 300-600 gr. Wingspan mpaka 60 cm. | Tizilombo tambiri timadzi |
Zochepa | Kumwera kwa Asia ndi pafupifupi kontinenti yonse ya Africa. | Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira, pafupifupi kwakuda, kuchuluka kwa pamimba ndi siliva. Mlomo wake ndi chokoleti chakuda ndi nsonga yoyera. M'chilimwe, gawo la mutu ndi khosi zimapakidwa ndi auburn ndi tint yamkuwa. Pofika nthawi yachisanu, nthenga zachifuwa zimatha. | Kulemera kuli pafupifupi 100-350 gr. Kutalika kwa mapiko ndi masentimita 9-11. Kukula kwa mazira ndi 38-26 mm. | Tizilombo touluka, mphutsi zawo, timene timabira pansi penipeni, tinsomba tating'ono |
Seroshcheka. Ku Russia ndi Belarus ili pansi pa chitetezo cha boma, ikuphatikizidwa ndi Red Book. | Imakhala pafupifupi m'maiko onse a kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, kusankha magawo a nkhalango. Zosunga chisa, mumakonda dziwe lomwe limakhala ndi duwa lambiri pafupi ndi gombe. | Kuseri kwa khosi, kumbuyo, mbali ya mapiko ndi zofiirira. Nthenga pamimba ndi masaya kumutu ndizoyera. Kutsogolo kwa khosi kuli dzimbiri la lalanje. | Thupi limakhala lalitali masentimita 42-50. Kulemera ndi kilogalamu 0.9-1. Kutalika kwa mapiko kuthawa ndi masentimita 80-85. Mazira -50x34 mm. | Amadyera tizilombo, roach, mwachangu. |
Wofiyira, kapena wokhala ndi nyanga | Ku Eurasia ndi North America. Anthu okhala kumpoto kwenikweni kum'mwera komanso kotentha sakusamuka. | M'dzinja ndi nthawi yachisanu imakhala ndi imvi. Pamutu pokha pali chipewa chakuda ndipo kutsogolo kwa khosi kuli koyera. Mu nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe, Chomga wamakhosi ofiira amasintha: nthenga zofiira kwambiri zimawoneka pamutu, pakhosi komanso m'mbali. | Kutalika kwa thupi - 20-22 cm. Kulemera -310-560 gr. Kukula kwa dzira ndi 48 × 30 mm. | Amadyera tizilombo, nthawi yozizira - nsomba zazing'ono. |
Wakuda-wakuda, kapena wopanda nsanje | Chimakhala kumakondomu onse kupatula Antarctica ndi Australia. Kukhala kumpoto, mbalame zimawulukira kumwera nthawi yotentha. | Chapakatikati ndi chilimwe, mutu ndi khosi zimakhala zakuda ndi sheen wamalaala. Pafupi ndi maso, ngati ma eyelashes a coquette - nthenga zagolide, zowoneka bwino pamaziko oyala. Pofika nthawi yophukira, maula amawuma, amapeza imvi. Kumbuyo ndikuda bii, mbali zake ndizotupa, pamimba ndichopepuka. | Kutalika kwa thupi - 28-34 mm, masekeli 300-600 gr. Kukula kwa dzira ndi 46x30 mm. | Makamaka arthropods. |
Clad's Toadstool | Imakhala makamaka pagombe lakumadzulo kwa North America | Kunenepa kwa Clark ndikokulirapo kuposa Russian zadama. Zomera zimabisika monophonic, yoyera, yomwe imasiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina ya grebes. Akuluakulu ali ndi msuzi wa imvi komanso wokhala ndi matuwa oyera. | Chimodzi mwa zikuluzikulu mu banja lamafuta. Kutalika kwa thupi 55-75 masentimita, kulemera magalamu 700- 1700. Wingspan -90 cm. | Kubaya nyama ndi mlomo, ngati kamwa. Amadyetsa nsomba. |
Kodi chomga chimakhala kuti?
Chomga adakhazikika pafupifupi kuzungulira kontinenti ya Europe. Amakumananso:
- ku Australia,
- New Zealand
- m'mphepete mwa East ndi South Africa.
Anthu okhala kumpoto amakhala moyo wosamukira kumayiko ena. Chomga ndi nthumwi zina zamafuta samangokhala kumpoto ndi Antarctica kokha.
Mafuta akuluakulu amakhala pamadzi ndi m'madziwe, sankhani madzi abwino. Miyendo yaifupi yokha yokhala ndi mafuta bwino sinasinthidwe bwino poyenda pansi. Komanso imawuluka kawirikawiri, koma bwino kwambiri komanso mwachangu. Imatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali.
Asananyamuke, amathamangira pamadzi, akudzithandiza ndi mapiko amphamvu. Komabe iye amakonda gawo lamadzi, komwe amalimva bwino. Ayeretsa ndikuthira nthenga za chomga komanso pamadzi, atagona mbali imodzi kapena inayo. Zowonjezera za mbalamezi zili ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zosunga madzi.
Zodzala, chomga imasankha dziwe ndi masamba ambiri: mabango, mabango. Ndipo, ndikofunikira, kuti theadstool iyambe kuyenda pang'onopang'ono padziwe. Ndipo ndibwino kusakhalapo.
Zomwe zimadya
Kunenepa kwakukulu kumadyako makamaka nsomba, ndipo monga tikuonera pachithunzichi, sichotalikirana. Zimathandizira kadyedwe ndi achule, ma mollusks, tizilombo ta madzi, komanso zochepa kwambiri - algae. M chomga ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino, amawona nsomba yakuzama m'madzi.
Imatha kulowa m'madzi akuya pafupifupi mamita anayi, kukankha mapiko ku thupi ndikugwira ntchito ndi miyendo yokha. A Chomga amadzuka ndi mutu wakuthwa, wothamanga mwachangu pansi. Potere, thupi limakwera pamwamba pamadzi ndi kandulo ndipo nthawi yomweyo limalowa pansi pamadzi mwamphamvu, kapena perpendicular pamwamba pamadzi. Zindikiridwa kuti chomga chimadya nthenga zake zokha.
Izi zitha kuwoneka zachilendo ngati simukudziwa chifukwa. Chomga ameza nsomba zonse.Ndipo kuti mafupa akuthwa a nsomba asawononge matumbo a mbalameyo, nthenga zofewa zimakhala ngati gawo lotetezera lomwe limateteza thupi la mbalame kuti isavulazidwe. Mwina a Chomga amadya algae ndi cholinga chomwecho. Kuti athandize kugaya chakudya chovuta, chovuta kugaya, chomga chimameza miyala ing'onoing'ono.
Utali wamoyo
Chomgy amakhala zaka pafupifupi 10-15. Pali nthawi zina pamene anali muukapolo mbalameyi idakhala zaka 25. Adani ake ndi mbalame zodya nyama, zakuthengo. Pansi, chomga imakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndi adani, chifukwa sichitha kuwuluka pansi, ndikuyenda miyendo yake yayifupi kwambiri.
Akumenyedwa, chomgu chimathamangitsidwa ndi khwangwala ndi bango wokoka. Zikazi zikagwira mazira kukafunafuna chakudya, nyama zodyerazi zimasakaza zisa zam'madzi ndikuba mazira. Ichi ndichifukwa chake chidolecho chimayenera kutetezedwa pakalibe mnzake. Nsomba zokongola nthawi zambiri zimabera anapiye osambira.
Kutalika kwa zadontho kumakhudzidwa makamaka ndikusasamala kwa chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe. Kutaya zinyalala zowopsa m'mafakitare kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mbalame ndi zaka kukhalapo kwake zachilengedwe.
Jiografia yokhala
Mbalame zamtunduwu ndizofala ku Europe, Asia, Australia ndi New Zealand, East ndi South Africa, zimatha kukhala ndi moyo wosamukasamuka komanso wokhala pansi. M'malo okhalamo chimakhala paliponse, kupatula gawo lakumpoto kwenikweni.
Mbalamezi zimakhala pamadzi ndi m'madziwe, chisa m'malo onyowa, pafupi ndi madzi abwino, chikhalidwe chachikulu pakusankha malo okhala malo okhala ndi zomera zam'madzi zambiri.
Chomga mbalame kapena grebe wamkulu. Awiri a chomg.
Mawonekedwe
Mu chithunzi cha chomga, zitha kuwoneka kuti matupi awo akhazikika, valky, ndi mafinya akuda. Zachikuni zazikulu kwambiri si mbalame zazikulu, kutalika kwa thupi lawo ndi 46 - 59 cm, ndipo zochuluka zimachokera ku 600 mpaka 1500 magalamu, ndipo zazikazi ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zazimuna. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi khosi lalitali komanso loonda, pafupifupi. Chosangalatsa ndichoti chomga sichikhala ndi miyendo yosambira pamiyendo yake, ndipo chala chilichonse chimakhala ndi malire. Miyendo ya mbalamezo ndi zobiriwira za maolivi. Mapiko a chomga sakhala aatali komanso m'malo opyapyala, mchirawo ndi waufupi kwambiri kotero kuti suwoneka.
Nthawi yakuswana, nthenga za kumbuyo zimakhala zakuda ndi zofiirira, ndipo pamimba ndi khosi zimakhala zoyera. "Khola" lofiira m'matumba limayikidwa pamutu, ndipo nthenga ziwiri za nthenga zimakhala pa korona wamutu. M'nyengo yozizira, magulu am'manja awa ndi amachoka. Kuyerekeza zogonana sikungakhaleko.
Chomga. Chomga.
Chifukwa chiyani Chomga amatchedwa Great Grebe?
Mbalameyi ndi nthumwi ya gulu longa mafuta. Koma sizikugwirizana ndi bowa wapoizoni. Mbalameyi idatchedwa Big Grebe chifukwa nyama yake imakhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa. Ndizosatheka kudya, popeza kukoma kumasiya kwambiri.
Zofananazo zimapulumutsa chomga kwa osaka. M'masiku amenewo pamene kusaka bakha kuvomerezedwa, palibe amene amasokoneza moyo wa chinyama chansalu ichi.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi?
Mtundu wa ma plumage mwa anthu osiyana mitundu umakhala wofanana. Akazi ndi amuna onse ndi abuluzi wakuda, ndipo mutu ndi thupi lotsika limakhala loyera, beige kapena chikasu. Pakhosi pali mtundu wamtundu wa "kolala" yofiyira yofiyira. Koma mutha kuziona zokha munthawi yotentha. M'chilimwe, mbalameyi ndiyosavuta kuzindikira nthenga zachikuda zomwe zimamera pamutu pake, zomwe zimafanana ndi "nyanga". Ndikayamba nyengo yozizira, imakhala yofupikirapo, ndipo "kolala" imazimiririka popanda kutsatira.
Kuti mudziwe kugonana kwa cholengedwa chachilendo ichi ndizotheka kokha mwa kukula kwake. Kutalika kwa mbalame ndi masentimita 45 mpaka 40, ndipo kulemera kwake pafupifupi kilogalamu 0.5 - 1.6. Amuna ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa akazi. Izi zimadziwika kwambiri kukula kwa mapiko awo, kutalika kwake kupitilira masentimita 20. Kukula kwawo kulinso kwakukulu, ndi masentimita 85-90.
Chomga amamanga zisa zake pamadzi
Chomga amakonza malo okhala mozungulira malo osungirako ndi madzi oyimilira, pamalo opondera kapena taiga. Mbalame zimamanga zisa zawo pamadzi pomwepo. Mathanthwe a mabango, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale pansi pa nyanjayo, amakhala ngati othandizira maboti azinyumba. Nyumba yokhala ndi nyumba yotereyi imathandiza kuti cholengedwa chokhala ndi tchire chiziteteza komanso kuteteza ana ake kwa adani. Mwambiri, kuti mukhale ndi moyo wabwino, zolengedwa izi zimafunikira malo otseguka pomwe kuwala kwa dzuwa kumalowa. Ndikofunikanso kuti mbalame zizikhala pafupi ndi malo omwe amakhala ndi chakudya chokwanira.
Chomga ndikusambira kodabwitsa
Pamtunda, mbalameyi imamva bwino. Miyendo yaying'ono yayifupi siyimuloleza kuyenda pansi mwachangu. Chifukwa chake, mbalameyi imapangitsa kuti ikhale yovuta kwambiri.
Koma Chomga amasambira mwachangu mokwanira, akuyenda molimbika mothandizidwa ndi miyendo yake. Cholengedwa chodabwitsachi chimadziwanso kuthawa mwakuya kwambiri - pafupifupi 25-30 metres. Pansi pamadzi, imatha kukhala mphindi 3-4. Koma nthawi ino ndikokwanira kudziteteza nokha ndi ana anu kwa adani. Pakuopseza, anapiye amabisala m'matumba apadera, omwe amakhala ku chomga pansi pa mapiko. Pamodzi ndi makanda obisika, amangodumphira pansi ndikuyembekezera kuti angawadutse.
Kodi kuswana kwa chomga kuli bwanji?
Asanayambe kukhwima, wamwamuna ndi wamkazi amasewera "kuvina kokweza". Othandizana nawo adazungulira nthawi yayitali pamwamba pamadzi, akugwirana patsogolo. Nyengo ikangotha, banjali limamanga chisa cha masamba ndi nthambi. Kenako yaikazi imayikira mazira awiri mpaka 6, omwe amaswa awiri onse awiri. Matchutsi amawaswa pambuyo masiku 27-29. Masabata atatu oyamba, makolo amawanyamula pamsana ndikuwateteza mosamala ku zoopsa. Ana ali ndi tubercle yaying'ono pamphumi pawo. Ngati amadzaza ndimwazi ndikusandulika wofiira kuchokera pamenepa, ndiye kuti izi zikutanthauza kuti mwana wankhuku ali ndi njala kwambiri. Makolo amadyetsa ana awo ndi nsomba zazing'ono ndi zina zazing'ono zam'madzi. Pakatha milungu 10 mpaka 11, anapiye amayamba kudzilamulira okha.
Mwachilengedwe, mbalame zimakhala zaka 15-20. Ali ku ukapolo, nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka 25. Mitundu ina ya chomga imawonedwa ngati yosowa. Amalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira ndipo kuwasaka nkoletsedwa.
Habitat
Mtundu wa mbalamezi ndi wofala, koma ambiri a chisa cha chomga chomwe chili m'gawoli:
Amatsogolera moyo wokhalitsa kumadera akumwera okha. M'nyengo yozizira amawulukira kumadera otentha. Kwenikweni amasamukira kum'mwera kwa Europe ndi Asia. Zida zazikulu kusamukira kumadera akumwera ndi kotenthangati m'malo awo madzi m'nyengo yozizira amakutidwa ndi ayezi.
Pochepetsa sankhani malo osungira ndi madzi osayenda kapena kuyenda kwambiri. Zomera zowirira pamadziwe ndizofunikira kuti zisalemo masamba a bakha.
Moyo
Pakati pa sushi, chomga sichimva bwino kwambiri. Amamuyenda bwino, chifukwa ali ndi mafupi. China china ndi madzi, pomwe mbalame imayenda mowoneka bwino, chifukwa imadziwa kusambira ndi kulowa mwamphamvu. Ikamira pansi pamadzi, imangokhala ndi miyendo yake, kuthamanga mtunda wautali pansi pamadzi. Bakha wonunkhira amasunthira mapiko ake mthupi, zomwe zimapangitsa hydrodynamics. Pakakhala ngozi, chomga yomweyo chimalowa m'madzi akuya.
Great Grebe ndichopambana samakonda kuuluka m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Ndi nyengo yozizira yokha, mbalamezi zimayenda maulendo ataliatali zikuuluka. Bakha amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi. Imatha kuwoneka pansi pamadzi kapena m'madzi, kawirikawiri ndimathawa ndipo mwina siyowonso kugombe. Amatha kupita kumtunda kuti angotenthedwa kapena kukhala oyera. Pamtunda, chomgy clumsy ndi kusunthira kolimba, kotero ali mu changu kubwerera ku malo awo ozolowereka komanso omasuka.
Mbalame zodya nyama ndizomwe zimadana kwambiri ndi bakha wonenepa. Izi zikuphatikiza:
Mbalamezi zimasokoneza chisa cha chomg podyetsa mazira. Akapanda akaoneka, ayenera kusamala ndi nsomba zazikulu zomwe zimadya.
Panali nthawi yomwe chomg nthawi zambiri imasakidwa chifukwa cha nthenga. Izi ndichifukwa cha mafashoni azodzikongoletsera za ubweya kuchokera ku nthenga zamafuta akulu. Kuchulukitsa kotero kunapangitsa kutsika kwa mitundu. Tsopano vutolo lithetsedwa ndipo mbalameyo siziwopsezedwa kuti idzatha.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Ma Toadstools ndi gulu losiyana kwambiri ndi mbalame mwa mitundu yawo. Poyamba tinkakhulupirira kuti amaphatikizidwa ndi ma loon, omwe amakhalanso amadzi oyenda pansi, ndipo mabanja onsewa adagawika ngati gulu limodzi. Mu 1930s, izi zidafotokozedwa ngati chitsanzo cha kusinthika kwa kusinthika komwe kudachitika chifukwa cha luso losankha lomwe mitundu yosagwirizana ya mbalame imatsogolera njira yomweyo ya moyo. Ma Loon ndi ma grebes tsopano adagawidwa ngati magawo awiri a Podicipediformes ndi Gaviiformes.
Chosangalatsa: Kafukufuku wama molekyu ndi kusanthula kwa zochitika samalola kuyanjana koyenera kwa ubale pakati pa grebes ndi mitundu ina. Komabe, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti mbalame izi zimapanga mzere wakale wa chisinthiko, zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi kukakamizidwa kosankha maselo, osalumikizidwa ndi ma loon.
Kafukufuku wodziwika bwino kwambiri wa phylogenomics ya mbalame, omwe adasindikizidwa mu 2014, adawonetsa kuti ma grebes ndi flamesos ndi mamembala a Columbea, nthambi yomwe imaphatikizanso nkhunda, grouse, ndi mesitic. Kafukufuku waposachedwa wawonetsa ubale ndi flamos. Ali ndi mitundu khumi ndi imodzi yomwe mbalame zina zilibe. Zambiri mwazomwezi zimadziwika kale mu flamesos, koma osati mu grebes. Zoyimira zakale zam'madzi oundana zimatha kuwerengedwa pakati pa flamesos ndi grebes.
Ma grebes enieni amapezeka mu zinthu zakale ku Late Oligocene kapena Miocene. Pomwe pali mitundu ingapo ya kubadwa kwa prehistoric komwe tsopano kuthe. Thiornis (Spain) ndi Pliolymbus (USA, Mexico) adayamba nthawi yomwe pafupifupi mitundu yonse yakale idakhalako. Popeza ma greb anali okhaokha, adayamba kupezeka pazinthu zakale za North Hemisphere, koma mwina zidatulukira ku Southern Hemisphere.
Vidiyo: Chomga
Ma Toadstools ndi a 46 mpaka 52 cm ndipo ali ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 59 mpaka 73. Amalemera pakati pa 800 ndi 1400 g. Kugonana kwa akazi okhaokha kumangotchulidwa pang'ono. Amuna ndi okulirapo pang'ono ndipo ali ndi kolala yokulirapo pang'ono komanso yovala yayitali povala. Mlomoyo ndi wofiyira mu zovala zonse ndi zisa zofiirira komanso pamwamba kowala. Iris wa mtundu wofiira ndi mphete yowala ya lalanje yophimba mwana. Miyendo ndi ma lobes oyandama ndi amtambo wobiriwira.
Anapiye a chomga omwe aswa posachedwa ali ndi zovala zazifupi komanso zazifupi. Mutu ndi khosi zimapakidwa mizere yakuda ndi yoyera yomwe ili mbali zamtunda wautali. Madontho a bulauni osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana amawonekera pakhosi loyera. Kumbuyo ndi mbali za thupi poyamba sizisiyanasiyana, zofiirira zofiirira komanso zamtambo wakuda. Thupi lotsika ndi chifuwa ndi zoyera.
Kodi chomga chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Chomga ku Russia
Great grestes grebes amakhala ku Western ndi Eastern Europe, Great Britain ndi Ireland, madera akumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Africa, Australia ndi New Zealand. Kuchuluka kwa mafuko kumapezeka ku Eastern Europe, kumwera kwa Russia ndi Mongolia. Pambuyo pakusamukira, kuchuluka kwa nyengo yozizira kumatha kupezeka m'madzi am'mphepete mwa Europe, kumwera kwa Africa ndi Australia, komanso m'matupi amadzi kumwera kwa Asia.
Chomga amabzala m'malo obzala m'mphepete mwa nyanja zamchere. Mapulogalamu P. s. Cristatus amapezeka ku Europe ndi Asia konse. Chimakhala kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa malo ake, koma chimachoka m'malo ozizira kupita kumalo otentha. Nyengo za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zamchere ndi m'malo osungira madzi. Mabizinesi a ku Africa a P. s. infuscatus ndi subspecies ya ku Australia P. c. australis nthawi zambiri amangokhala.
Chidwi chochititsa chidwi: Chomgi amatha kupezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana am'madzi, kuphatikizapo nyanja, maiwe oyimbira, mitsinje yoyenda bwino, madambo, mitsuko ndi madambo. Malo okuberekera amakhala ndi malo osungira osaya ndi madzi abwino kapena otayika. Pakuyenera kukhalanso zomera pagombe ndi m'madzi kuti zizipeza malo abwino zisa.
M'nyengo yozizira, anthu ena amasamukira kumadziwe omwe amakhala kotentha. Nyanja ya Geneva, Nyanja ya Constance ndi Nyanja ya Neuchâtel ndi ena mwa nyanja za ku Europe, kumene m'miyezi yachisanu mumakhala ma chomgs ambiri. Amakhalanso nthawi yozizira pagombe la Atlantic ku West European, kumene amafika ochuluka mu Okutobala ndi Novembala ndipo amakhalabe kumapeto kwa mwezi wa February kapena koyambirira kwa Marichi.
Madera ena ofunika nthawi yachisanu ndi Nyanja ya Caspian, Nyanja Yakuda ndi madzi ena a mkati ku Central Asia. Ku East Asia, nyengo yachisanu kumwera chakum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa China, Taiwan, Japan, ndi India. M'malo mwake amakhalanso m'mbali mwa nyanja.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Chomga kapena Great Grebe
Chomgi sakhala malo am'miyezi yozizira, ambiri mwa iwo ndi mbalame zokhazokha. Munthawi yakubereka, mawonekedwe awiriawiri, komanso awiriawiri nthawi zambiri kulumikizana kwakung'ono kumawonedwa. Magawo osakhazikika okhala ndi magulu awiri amapangidwa nthawi zina. Zambiri zimatha kupezeka ngati pali kuchepa kwa malo oyamba oswana kapena ngati malo oyamba oswana akuikidwa m'magulu.
Magulu awiri amitundu amateteza malo okhala. Kukula kwa magawo omwewo kumasiyanasiyana kwambiri pakati pa maanja ndi anthu. Amuna ndi akazi awiriawiri amateteza abale awo, chisa ndi anapiye. Nthawi yakuswana, kuwombana pafupipafupi kumawonedwa ku malo amodzi osungira. Kutetezedwa kwa malo atha pambuyo kubereka kwatha.
Chochititsa chidwi: Chomgi amadya nthenga zawo. Amaziameza nthawi zambiri pakakhala zinthu zina zopukusira zakudya m'zakudya, ndipo akukhulupirira kuti iyi ndi njira yopangira ma pellets omwe amatha kutaya kuti achepetse mawonekedwe a tiziromboti mumatumbo.
Ma Chomk ndi mbalame zomwe zikudumphira m'madzi ndipo amakonda kulowa pansi ndi kusambira m'malo mouluka. Iwo ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zam'madzi, ndipo amafunafuna chakudya masana. Komabe, panthawi ya chibwenzi, mawu awo amamveka usiku. Mbalame zimapuma ndi kugona pamadzi. Pokhapokha pa nthawi ya kubereka pomwe nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito nsanja zosakhalitsa kapena zisa zomwe zatsalira atagwira. Amadzuka pamadzi patangopita nthawi yochepa. Kuuluka mwachangu ndi kuwomba mwachangu kwamapiko. Panthawi yothawa, amawongola miyendo kumbuyo ndi khosi kutsogolo.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chomga Chick
Mbalame za Chomgi sizimatha kufikira kutha kwa chaka choyamba cha moyo, koma nthawi zambiri siziswana bwino mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo. Amakhala ndi nthawi yaukwati wokwatiwa. Amafika ku Europe kumalo osungira nyama mu Marichi / Epulo. Chiyambireni nyengo ya kuswana ndiku kuyambira kumapeto kwa Epulo mpaka kumapeto kwa mwezi wa June, nyengo yabwino, komanso mu March. Amakula kuchokera ku ana awiri mpaka awiri pachaka. Awiriwa amatha kuyamba kupanga mu Januware. Kamodzi kumalo osungira nyama, chomgi imayamba kuyesayesa kubereka pokhapokha ngati pakufunika kutero.
Chofunikira kwambiri chodziwitsa kuyamba kwa kuswana ndi:
- kuchuluka kwa malo okhala malo okhala
- nyengo yabwino
- kuchuluka kwa madzi m'matupi amadzi,
- kukhalapo kwa chakudya chokwanira.
Ngati madzi apamwamba, madzi ambiri ozungulira adzasefukira. Izi zimapereka chophimba chowonjezera cha zisa zotetezedwa. Kutentha kwambiri komanso zakudya zopatsa thanzi kumatha kuyambitsanso kuberekana koyambirira. Zingwe zimamangidwa kuchokera ku namsongole wamadzi, mabango, nthula ndi masamba a algae. Zopangira izi zimapangidwa kukhala zomera zam'madzi zomwe zilipo. Zingwe zimayimitsidwa m'madzi, zomwe zimateteza kumanga kwa adani olanda.
"Chisa chenicheni," momwe mazira amayikiramo, chimatuluka m'madzi ndikusiyana ndi nsanja ziwiri zoyandikana, imodzi yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutengera, ndipo inayo kupumula nthawi yomwe ikulowetsedwa komanso kuphitsidwa. Kukula kwa Clutch kumasiyana kuyambira mazira 1 mpaka 9, koma pafupifupi 3 - 4. makulitsidwe kumatenga masiku 27 - 29.Amuna ndi akazi amalowerera chimodzimodzi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waku Russia, chomga chimasiya zisa zawo kwa mphindi 0 mpaka 28 zokha.
Chosangalatsa: Makulidwe amayamba dzira loyamba litaikidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kukulitsa mluza komanso kudzipereka kwawo. Izi zimayambitsa gulu lalikulu la abale pomwe anapiye amaswa.
Chisa chimaponyedwa pambuyo poti chhuku chomaliza chasungidwa. Kukula kwa ana nthawi zambiri kumakhala anapiye 1 mpaka 4. Chiwerengerochi chimasiyana ndi kukula kwa msambo chifukwa cha mpikisano wa abale, nyengo yoipa, kapena kusokonezedwa kwa kuwaswa. Ana aang'ono amakwana azaka za pakati pa 71 ndi 79 masiku.
Adani achilengedwe a Chomga
Makolo amaphimba mazira ndi zinthu kuchokera pachisa asanachisiye. Khalidweli limateteza motsutsana ndi nyama zomwe zimadya kwambiri, yomwe ndi nyama ya Fulica atra, yomwe imagwira mazira. Pakachitika zoopsa, kholo limatseka mazira, kulowa m'madzi ndikuyandama m'malo ena akutali ndi chisa. Njira ina yotsutsa nyama yomwe imathandizira ma chantuchi kubisa mazira ndi zisa zomwe zimayimitsidwa kwathunthu kapena pang'ono m'madzi. Izi zimateteza mazira kwa adani onse okhala panthaka.
Chidwi chochititsa chidwi: Popewa kudyedwa, akulu amakhala ndi anapiye m'misana yawo mpaka milungu itatu atawaswa.
Ma Ravens scavenger ndi matsenga amenya chomg chaching'ono makolo awo akawasiya. Kusintha kwamadzi ambiri ndi chifukwa china chotengera ana. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana ku UK, Continental Europe ndi Russia, kuyambira 2.1 mpaka 2.6 cubons amagwera pa clutch iliyonse. Ena mwa anapiyewa amafa ndi njala chifukwa amasiya kulumikizana ndi mbalame ya kholo. Mavuto azanyengo omwewo amakhala ndi vuto chifukwa cha anapiye opulumuka.
Chosangalatsa: Kutetezedwa kwa chomga m'zaka za zana la 19 kukhala cholinga chachikulu cha Britain Association for the Defense of Animal. Mitengo yambiri, yofiyira ya chifuwa ndi m'mimba panthawiyo inali yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito yamafashoni. Opanga mafashoni adamupanga kukhala ngati zidutswa za kolala, zokutira ndi zotumphukira. Chifukwa cha kuyesetsa kuteteza RSPB, nyamazo zasungidwa ku UK.
Popeza nsomba ndiye gwero lalikulu la chakudya cha chomga, anthu akhala akuulondola. Choopsa chachikulu chimachokera kwa asodzi okonda nsomba, osaka ndi okonda masewera am'madzi omwe amakonda kupitanso m'madziwe ang'onoang'ono ndi malo awo ogombetsa, motero mbalameyo, ngakhale ikusamalira malo achilengedwe, ikukula kwambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Duck Chomga
Chiwerengero cha chomgas chitachepa chifukwa cha kusaka ndikuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, njira zinatengedwa kuti achepetse kusaka kwawo, ndipo chiwonjezeko chachikulu cha anthu chikufotokozedwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa 1960s. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe awonjezera kwambiri dera. Kuwonjezeka kwa ziwerengero komanso kukula kwa chigawochi kumachitika chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwa madzi chifukwa chomwa madzi ambiri, motero, kupezanso chakudya, makamaka nsomba yoyera. Kupanga madamu a nsomba ndi malo osungira madzi kunathandizanso.
Chochititsa chidwi: Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Europe kuyambira pa 300,000 mpaka 450,000 awiriawiri. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu ku Europe ku Russia, komwe kuchokera pa 90,000 mpaka 150,000 mitundu iwiri yoberekera imapezeka. Mayiko okhala ndi mitundu yopitilira 15,000 yoberekera ndi Finland, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Sweden ndi Ukraine. Ku Central Europe, pakati pa 63,000 ndi 90,000 zimaswana.
A Chomg akhala akusaka chakudya ku New Zealand ndi ma plamu ku Britain. Sakuwopsezedwanso kusaka, koma akhoza kuopsezedwa ndi zovuta zomwe zimapangidwa ndi anthu, kuphatikizanso kusintha kwa nyanja, chitukuko chakumizinda, zikamera za mpikisano, mawonekedwe a zilombo, maukonde osodza, kukhesa kwamafuta ndi chimfine cha mbalame. Komabe, pakadali pano, malinga ndi IUCN, ali ndi malo otetezedwa, omwe samakhala ndi vuto lililonse.
Chomga amodzi mwa mitundu yomwe imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikusintha kwa nyengo. Gulu lofufuzira lomwe likuwerenga momwe mbalame zaku Europe zitha kugwiritsidwira ntchito kutengera nyengo. Malinga ndi fanizoli, malo ogawikawa adzachepa ndi pafupifupi chitatu ndipo nthawi yomweyo amasamukira kumpoto chakum'mawa. Magawo omwe akhoza kugawidwa mtsogolo akuphatikizapo Kola Peninsula, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia.