M'nyumba yanyumba, muzomangira, ma sheds, nyumba, mumatha kukumana ndi makoswe otchedwa mbewa ya nyumba. Nyama zing'onozing'onozi zomwe zakhala zikuyenda kuyambira kalekale. Zikuganiza kuti, mbewa zamtunduwu zinayambitsidwa ndi chakudya ndi katundu wina wochokera ku North India kapena Africa, Western Asia. Anthu akhala chifukwa chofalikira padziko lonse lapansi.

Habitats ndi mitundu

Mbewa zapakhomo ndi nyama zopanda vuto. Adakhala ndi dzina lokhalo chifukwa amangomverera bwino ndipo amakhala chete pafupi ndi anthu. Mbewa ya brownie idakhala nthumwi ya zinyama, zomwe zidafalikira mwachangu madera akulu.

Nyama yaying'ono iyi sakonda kuzizira komanso kusowa chinyezi. Okonda zachilengedwe zankhanza komanso zowawa zakumpoto kutali, permafrost, Antarctica, malo okwera sangathe kujambula zithunzi za mbewa zakunyumba kwawo. Sangokhala ndi moyo kumeneko. Koma amakhala mosangalala m'madera aphiri.

M'mayiko asayansi, gulu la mbewa yazipanga. Asayansi afotokoza za anthu pafupifupi zana limodzi mphambu makumi atatu a anthuwa. Mu Latin, nyamayi imatchedwa Mus musculus. Liwu lachitatu mdzina lake likuwonetsa malo okhala. Mwachikhalidwe, mbewa zimagawika m'magulu anayi:

• m. castaneus - khalani ku Southeast Asia,
• m. bactrianus - malo okhala ku Asia, kupatula kumwera ndi kummawa,
• m. apabanja - apeza chitetezo ku America, Australia, Europe ndi dera lalikulu la Africa,
• m. minofu - mbewa izi zimakhala ku Eastern Europe komanso kudera lalikulu la Russia.

Mabungwe othandizira ku Japan M.m. molossinus adawerengedwa kuti ndi masamba asanu otseguka, omwe ali m'gulu lalikulu, koma malinga ndi zomwe zaposachedwa ndizosakaniza za M.m. castaneus ndi M.m musculus.

Izi zimadziwika kuti ku Roma wakale palibe amene adasiyanitsa mbewa ndi makoswe, kotero makoswe ankangowona ngati mbewa yayikulu.

Makhalidwe akunja

Khoswe wanyumba ndi nyama yokhala ndi mchira wautali komanso thupi lopaka. Kukula kwa nyamayi kumayambira masentimita 6.5 mpaka 9.5. Ena ali ndi chidwi ndi funso loti mbewa yakunyumba imalemera zochuluka bwanji ngati mchira, wokutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi komanso miyeso ya horny, pafupifupi 60% kutalika kwa thupi. Yankho lake ndi losadabwitsa ndipo kulemera kwakukulu kwa makoswe ndi pafupifupi magalamu 12-30.

Mbewa yanyumba yomwe ili pachinthunzi ikuwonetsa bwino maonekedwe ake. Koma mtundu wa chovalacho umasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo okhala ndipo umasiyanasiyana kuchokera kumchenga wowala kupita kumutu wakuda. Mimba yamitundu yonse yokhala yoyera kapena imvi. Makoswe omwe amaweta ngati zokongoletsera ziweto amatha kukhala oyera, amtambo-amvi, akuda, achikaso, komanso oboola pakati. Makoswe achimayi achikazi amakhala ndi zimpira 5. Kusiyana pakati pa mitundu pakati pa mitundu sikufotokozedwa bwino.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Mu chaka chimodzi, munthu m'modzi wamkulu amatha kubereka ana 14. Ichi ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha ana aang'ono, chifukwa mu zinyalala zilizonse pamatha kukhala ana atatu kapena khumi ndi awiri.

Makoswe amabadwa opanda tsitsi, akhungu, koma mbewa zapakhomo zimamera msanga:

• Pakatha masiku 10 ali ndi malaya awo akunja,
• Pofika tsiku la 25 liyamba kudzipatula ndikusiya chisa cha kholo,
• Zimatenga milungu isanu ndi iwiri kuti achinyamata ayambe kubereka ana awo.

Mu nyengo yakukhwima, mbewa zamphongo zazimuna, poyesera kukopa zazikazi, zimatulutsa mawu amawu omwe amasiyanasiyana pamtunda wa 30-110 kHz. Kuchititsa chidwi uku, ndi zovuta zake, kukuyandikira kuyimba kwa mbalame. Akazi amathanso kupanga mtundu wina wa mbewa, monga kolonchikovye. Ana, ngakhale izi, amakula athanzi kwathunthu.

Moyo wa mbewa zam'makomo ndizodzaza ndi zoopsa komanso zowopsa. Nthawi zambiri amagwira amphaka, nkhandwe, njoka, mongooses, mbalame zodyedwa. Ngakhale makoswe amapha makoswe othamanga awa. Adani ambiri otere amafupikitsa miyoyo yawo.

Pafupifupi, mbewa yanyumba imakhala miyezi 12 mpaka 18, koma m'ndende, moyo wa mbewa umatha kukula mpaka zaka ziwiri.

Makina am'maso sawoneka bwino, koma ziwalo zina zam'maganizo zimawathandiza kupulumuka: kumva ndi kununkhira:

• kuthekera kwa mbewa zapakhomo kunyamula mawu pafupipafupi mpaka 100 kHz nthawi zambiri kumapulumutsa miyoyo yawo,
• Kukhala ndi fungo lokhazikika kumathandiza kupeza chakudya ndikumazindikiritsa abale awo.

Pa miyendo ya mbewa zapakhomo, pali tiziwalo thukuta tomwe timakhala timene timasiyira chizindikiro panjira ya makoswe. Zowopsa, limodzi ndi mkodzo, zimamasulidwa zomwe zimayambitsa mantha komanso kuthawa kwa abale. Kununkhira kwa chopondapo kumakhala kolimba komanso kuzungulira, kumatha kupitilira maola asanu ndi limodzi. Koma ambiri mbewa zapakhomo amakhudzidwa ndi fungo lomwe limasiyidwa ndi amuna awa. Zochenjeza za pheromone zazikazi zimazindikira makamaka zazikazi zokha.

Habitat

Malo okhala mbewa

Pazinthu zachilengedwe, amakhala pamtunda wofewa, momwe amakumba ndikukula mpaka masentimita 20-30. M'nyengo yozizira, chisa chimatha kuzama mpaka 50-60 cm. Mbewa zapakhomo zimadutsa nyumba zawo mpaka mita imodzi kutalika ndikupita kwadzidzidzi mbali ziwiri zitatu.

Pansi pa mink yokutidwa ndi timitengo tofewa, mapepala, zidutswa za nsalu, nthenga za mbalame. Ngati pali zisa za nyama zina zazing'ono pafupi, mbewa zapakhomo zimatha kukhalabe ndi khosalo kapena kukhazikika ming'alu zachilengedwe ndi mabowo omwe ali pansi.

Ndodo zing'onozing'onozi zimasunga nyumba yawo mwadongosolo komanso mwaukhondo. Ngati zinyalala zikagwa mwadzidzidzi, zimakhala zodetsa kwambiri kapena zokhala ndi majeremusi, mbewa zanyumba nthawi yomweyo zimachoka pachisa ndikupanga zatsopano.

Nyama ndi za nyama zausiku, koma kumakhala ndi anthu, amasinthasintha zochitika zawo. M'malo opepuka, amatha kukhala ofunikira kwa maola 24. Pokhala m'gawo la anthu, mbewa zapanyumba zimayang'ana ma novak ndi crannies pansi, pansi pa zinyalala.

Ngati mukuyang'ana chithunzi cha mbewa zapakhomo, ndiye kuti zitha kuwoneka ngati zotetezeka komanso zopanda chitetezo. Koma pansi pazinthu zina, iwonso akhoza kukhala olusa. Zachilengedwe zinawadalitsa ndi kuyenda:

• thamanga kwambiri (12-13 km / h)
• kudumpha ndikukwera bwino
• kudziwa kusambira bwino.

M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, mbewa zapakhomo zimayesetsa kukhazikika payokha, koma ngati sizingatheke, zimakhazikika m'mabanja ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhala amphongo amodzi ndi akazi angapo okhala ndi ana amuna. M'banja, kuchita zinthu mwankhanza sikawirikawiri. Zilonda zimachitika pakati pa amuna ndi pa nthawi yomwe mbadwo watsopano umapulumuka kuchokera ku chisa.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Mbewa zapakhomo kumwa kumwa 3 ml ya madzi patsiku. Ngati agwa pamalo owuma ndikungodya chakudya chouma, ndiye kuti amafa ndikumatha thupi pakatha milungu iwiri.

Kuyandikana ndi munthu kumawapatsa mwayi wowoneka bwino muzakudya zosiyanasiyana. Amatha kudya osati zakudya wamba, komanso nyama, mkaka, monga chokoleti. Pakalibe eni nyumba, sizovuta kuti ayese sopo, makandulo, guluu ndi zinthu zina zothandiza kwa anthu.

Sinthani manambala ndi kufunikira kwa anthu

Chiwerengero cha makoswe chimasiyana nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka. Zovuta za nyengo yachisanu sizimathandizira kukulira ana mwachangu, kotero mbewa zakunyumba zimadikirira kudza kwa masika ndi chilimwe. Pakuyamba kwa yophukira, kuchuluka kwa nyama kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri, kenako kubereka kumatsika mpaka kasupe wotsatira. M'mikhalidwe yabwino, kubereka kumawonedwa chaka chonse, njuchi zimatha kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwake ndi katatu.

Kwa anthu, mbewa zapakhomo zimawopseza anthu ena. Amatha kukhala gwero la matenda owopsa, monga pseudotuberculosis, leptospirosis, tularemia, mliri ndi ena ambiri.

Matendawa amatha kupatsirana kudzera mu chimbudzi cha zinyama, komanso kudzera mu magazi oyamwa majeremusi, omwe amasintha mosavuta omwe ali nawo ndikuwasamutsira anthu.

Tizilombo ta mammary mammary tumor (kachilombo ka MMTV) chomwe mbewa zimanyamula, malinga ndi asayansi, chitha kukhala chifukwa chodwala khansa ya m'mawere ya anthu.

Ntchito zabwino za nyama zazing'onozi sizingakane. Mbewa zapakhomo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa zasayansi kumalo onse antchito padziko lonse lapansi. Kusankhaku kudagwera paphiri ili chifukwa kuthamanga kwambiri kuswana. Zoyeserera zasayansi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosakanizira zamagulu ena odziwika.

Mbewa zapakhomo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ngati chakudya cha anthu othawirako. Mwina izi sizabwino kwathunthu, koma nyama zamtchire zimatha kudya makoko ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi zokwawa ndi nyama zina zazikulu. Lamulo la kayendedwe ka madzi ozungulira ndi kusungidwa kwa moyo pa Dziko Lapansi silinathebe. Sitiyesanso.

Kufotokozera kwamkati

Kutalika kwa mbewa ya nyumba ndi 6.5-9,5 masentimita. Kutalika kwa mchirawo ndi pafupifupi 60% kutalika kwake, thupi lake limakutidwa ndi mamba owoneka bwino omwe amakhala m'mphete, komanso tsitsi lalifupi. Kuchuluka kwa akuluakulu ndi kuyambira 12 mpaka 30. Makutu ali ozungulira, ochepa. Ubweya wake ndi wakuda kapena wonyezimira, ndipo thumu ndi la imvi kapena loyera. Makoswe a chipululu ndi opepuka, chikhoto chawo ndi chamchenga wachikasu, ndipo m'mimba mwawo ndi oyera. Makoswe okhala ndi mbewa ndi oyera, akuda, achikaso, imvi komanso amtambo. Akazi amakhala ndi ma bulu 5 a nipples.

Zida Zamphamvu Zanyumba Yanyumba

M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, mbewa zapakhomo zimadyera makamaka mbewu zakutchire ndi zomwe zalimidwa. Amakonda mbewu za chimanga, nyemba ndi Asteraceae. Kuphatikiza apo, amadya tizilombo, mphutsi zawo, carrion. Zomera zobiriwira zamasamba zimapanga 1/3 ya kuchuluka kwa chakudya chonse. Ndi chakudya chokwanira, masheya amapangidwa.

Mbewa zapakhomo zimamwa pafupifupi 3 ml ya madzi patsiku, ndipo zimakonda kuperewera madzi m'thupi.

Pokhala pafupi ndi anthu, mbewa zimadyetsa zamafuta onse omwe amapezeka, nthawi zina ngakhale sopo, makandulo, guluu. Mphesa, mpunga, oats, nyama, chokoleti, mkaka zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya zanu.

Nyumba mbewa ikufalikira

Kwina kwa mbewa ya nyumba ndi kumpoto kwa India kapena kumpoto kwa Africa kapena Western Asia; m'magawo onsewa, mitunduyi imadziwika. Pambuyo pake, pamodzi ndi anthu, mbewa yanyumba idafalikira padziko lonse lapansi ndipo lero ndi nyama yachilengedwe chonse.

Makoswe a nyumba sakhala ku North North kokha, ku Antarctica komanso kumapiri. Kukula kwawo kumakhala kocheperako chifukwa cha kutentha pang'ono kwa mpweya komanso chinyezi chambiri. Ku Russia, mbewa zapakhomo sizimakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Siberia, ku Taimyr, pafupi ndi Yenisei ndi Lena, m'phiri la tundra.

Chiwerengero cha mbewa zapakhomo chimasiyanasiyana nyengo, kumapeto kwa dzinja ndiye chocheperako, ndipo kuyambira chakumayambiriro kwa nyengo yophukira ndi kubereka, chiwerengero cha anthu chimakula ndikufika pachilimwe.

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Mouse

Pafupifupi masamba pafupifupi 130 a mbewa zapanyumba afotokozedwera, omwe amaphatikizidwa m'mabungwe akuluakulu am'madera okhalamo:

• Mus musculus musculus amakhala ku Eastern Europe, kuchokera ku Poland ndikupitilira kum'mawa, ambiri a Russia.
• Mus musculus homus - chilengedwe chimaphatikizapo Europe, America, Australia, Africa.
• Mus musculus bactrianus - wopezeka ku Asia, kupatula dera lakumwera chakum'mawa.
• Mus musculus castaneus - amagawidwa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia.

Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti ku Roma wakale, mbewa sizinasiyanitsidwe ndi makoswe, omwe kale amatchedwa Mus Minimus, ndi omaliza Mus Musimimus.

Khola mbewa

Mbewa nyumba ndi wokhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Mtunduwu umalumikizana kwambiri ndi anthu, ndiko kuti, ndi wa mitundu ya mitundu yodziwika bwino, ndipo nthawi zambiri umakhala m'nyumba zogona komanso zotuluka.

Madera akumpoto, kusamuka kwakanthawi ndi chikhalidwe cha mbewa. Chifukwa chake, motsogozedwa ndi chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, amasuntha pafupi ndi malo odyetserako nyumba: nyumba zogona, masamba ndi nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale, nyumba zosungiramo zinthu. Kutalika kwa kusamuka kotereku kumafika ku 3-5 km. Nyani mbewa zimabisala nthawi zambiri mumisamba, m'matumba ndi m'mayikidwe. Chapakatikati, makoswe amabwerera kumalo awo achilengedwe, minda, minda ndi zipatso.

M'madambo komanso zipululu za kum'mwera kwa mapiri, mbewa zapakhomo zimakhala chaka chonse kunja kwa nyumba za anthu, poyandikira pafupi ndimadziwe ndi madamu.

Pansi pazachilengedwe, mbewa zapakhomo zimakhala panthaka zofewa, komwe zimakumba mabowo ang'onoang'ono: mpaka 1 mita kutalika, 20-30 masentimita mwakuzama ndi kulowa kwa 1-3. M'nyengo yozizira, timbewu tambiri timatalikirana mpaka 50-60 cm. Tizipinda tachipindacho ndi 10-25 masentimita, mbewa ndizolocha ndi nsanza zofewa zamasamba. Makina a makoswe ena (ma voles, ma voles mole, ma gerbils) amathanso kukhalamo. Pafupi ndi munthu, mbewa zapakhomo zimakhala pansi, pansi, m'matumba a zinyalala. Chisa chimamangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zilizonse zomwe zimapezeka: pepala, zidutswa za nsalu, ubweya, nthenga, ulusi wochita kupanga, ndipo zimasungidwa. Mwachilengedwe, amakhala ndi nthawi yamadzulo komanso usiku, pafupi ndi anthu kumasinthana ndi zochitika zawo. Mukasuntha, tsatirani njira zosalekeza ndikupanga mayendedwe owoneka ndi milu ya zinyalala ndi fumbi.

Mbewa Zanyumba ndi mafoni, nyama zothamanga, zimathamanga kwambiri (kufikira kuthamanga kwa 12-13 km / h), kukwera, kudumpha ngakhale kusambira, koma sizopita kutali ndi chisa. M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, mbewa iliyonse imakhala ndi gawo lokwanira mpaka 1200 m² yaimuna ndi mpaka 900 m² kwa chachikazi, kapena amakhala m'magulu a amuna ndi akazi omwe ali ndi ana.

Kusamalira mbewa zapakhomo

Nthawi zabwino, mbewa zapakhomo zimaswana chaka chonse. Kwa chaka chimodzi, zazikazi zimabereka ana 5-10, aliyense amakhala ndi ana 3-12. Pofuna kukopa zazikazi, zamphongo zimatulutsa ma phasound mu 30-110 kHz, zomwe ndizofanana ndi zovuta za nyimbo za mbalame. Mimba imatenga masiku 19-21. Pakuwala mbewa kuoneka wakhungu ndi wamaliseche. Patsiku la 10 la moyo, amaphimbidwa ndi ubweya, maso amatseguka masabata awiri atabadwa, ndipo sabata lachitatu, makanda amakhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Amakhala okhwima mu sabata la 5th la moyo.

Chiyembekezo chamoyo m'masiku achilengedwe ndi miyezi 12-18, ali mu ukapolo - mpaka zaka 2-3.

Adani achilengedwe

Mbewa zapakhomo zimasakidwa ndi amphaka, ankhandwe, marten ang'ono, mongooses, abuluzi akuluakulu, njoka, mbalame zamagulule, akhwangwala, akhanda. Makoswe nthawi zambiri amapha ndi kudya abale awo ang'ono.

Koma mbewa zapakhomo zimathanso kukhala olusa. Chifukwa chake, adabwera ku South Pacific Atlantic Island, ku Gough, ndipo mizu idawerengeredwa ndi anthu 700,000. Pambuyo pake, mbewa zazikulu zinayamba kulimbana ndi anapiye a albatross; mchaka chimodzi, amapha anapiye opitilira 1 miliyoni.

Zambiri Zosangalatsa

• Mbewa zapakhomo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ochepa, koma kumva kwambiri. Amatha kuzindikira phokoso lokhala ndi pafupipafupi mpaka 100 kHz (gawo lapamwamba lamphamvu lamphamvu la anthu ndi 20 kHz). M'malo opepuka amawongolera mothandizidwa ndi vibrissa. Fungo lakuthwa limathandizira mbewa posaka chakudya komanso kulowera m'malo, kuzindikira abale.
• Kuvulala kwa mbewa ya anthu kumakhalapo pakudya mbewu, kuipitsa chakudya ndi chakudya cha nyama ndi ndowe ndi mkodzo, mipando yowonongera, zingwe zamagetsi, zovala, mabuku. Kulimbana ndi mbewa zapanyumba kwakhala chimodzi mwazifukwa zothandizira kubwezeretsa amphaka kwa anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, mbewa zapakhomo zimalekerera matenda ambiri owopsa kwa anthu, mwachitsanzo, pseudotuberculosis, vesicular rickettsiosis, leptospirosis, tularemia, ndi mliri.
• Nthawi yomweyo, mbewa zapakhomo zimapindulitsanso anthu, popeza zimaweta ngati zoweta komanso malo antchito, "zimadyetsa" nyama zanyengo. Makoswe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro oyesa ngati nyama zoyesera ndi zolengedwa zachitsanzo, chifukwa chakutha kubereka msanga.
• Mu 2013, chipilala chopangira ma laboratory chinakhazikitsidwa ku Novosibirsk ngati njira yodziwika ndi gawo la zigawo mu genetics ndi mankhwala oyesera (onani chithunzi).

Habitat

Mbewa ya brownie, chithunzi chake chomwe chatchulidwa m'nkhaniyi, ndi nyama yakuthengo. Ali ndi dzina loti azikhala ndi munthu. Makoswe a nyumba amakhala kulikonse padziko lapansi, kupatulapo permafrost, Antarctica, ndi malo okwezeka.Nyama ya Chilatiniyi ndi Mus musculus, ndipo liwonjezera lachitatu, kuwonetsa malo, mwachitsanzo, mbewa zakunyumba zomwe zimakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia ndi Mus musculus castaneus. M'dziko lathu, mbewa zapakhomo zimakhalanso pafupifupi kulikonse: Krasnodar Territory, Rostov Region, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Astrakhan, etc. Kupatula kwokhako ndi zigawo za kumpoto kwenikweni.

Moyo

M mbewa ya nyumbayi imakhala mosiyanasiyana komanso malo okongola, kuphatikizapo malo opangidwa ndi anthu. Amalumikizana kwambiri ndi anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'nyumba zafamu komanso nyumba zogona. Kumpoto, amadzakhala ndi nyengo zosinthira. Mwachitsanzo, kumapeto kwa chilimwe, nyama zimayamba kusunthira malo okondweretsa: malo ogulitsa chimanga ndi masamba, nyumba zogona, ndi nyumba zosungiramo. Kutalika kwa kusamuka kotereku kumatha kufika 5 km. Nthawi zambiri nthawi yozizira imakhala yozungulira, m'makola ndi m'miyala yamtchire. Chapakatikati amasiya "zipinda zawo zachisanu", ndikubwerera m'minda, m'minda yamakhitchini, ndi minda. Kum'mwera kwa masanjidwewo, nthawi zambiri amakhala chaka chonse popanda malo okhala. Pakadali pano, mbewa zapakhomo zimaphatikizidwa kuzosungira zosiyanasiyana, mafuta.

Mwachilengedwe, khazikikani pamtunda wowuma, wofewa. Kumeneko amakumba timitengo yaying'ono ya chida chosavuta. Mkati mwake, amakonza zinyalala, amagwiritsa ntchito kachasu ka masamba kameneka. Zimbudzi za nyama zina nthawi zambiri zimangokhala; ma ma voles, ma voles, ma gerbils - kapena nyumba, amagwiritsa ntchito ming'alu pansi ndi voids zachilengedwe. Amakhala mozungulira munthu, amakonza zisa zawo m'makona otetezedwa kwambiri, okhala pansi, pansi, paliponse pazinyalala ndi zinyalala zapakhomo. Pankhaniyi, zida zilizonse zopezeka kwa iwo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chisa: zopota za nsalu, mapepala, nthenga, ubweya, ulusi wopanga. Makoswe a m'nyumba yawo amakhala chisa mosamala. Poyipitsidwa kwambiri ndi zinyalala, matenda oyambitsidwa ndi majeremusi kapena kunyowa, amangochoka pamalowo, nkusamukira kwatsopano.

Mwachilengedwe, ndi nyama zausiku komanso zamadzulo, koma m'malo okhala, anthu amasintha machitidwe awo a tsiku ndi tsiku ndi moyo wa anthu. Nthawi zina, pansi pazowunikira kokumba, amakhalabe otanganidwa nthawi yonse, ndikuchepetsa nthawi yomwe anthu akugwira ntchito. Nthawi yomweyo, zomwe nyama zimachita ndi polyphase, pamakhala nthawi 20 zodzuka patsiku, zomwe zimakhala mpaka mphindi 90. Monga mbewa zina zambiri, amatsata njira zina zosunthika pamene akusuntha, ndikupanga magulu owoneka bwino omwe ali ndi milu yaying'ono ya fumbi ndi zitosi zomangidwa pamodzi ndi mkodzo.

Mbewa zapakhomo ndizokhazikika, nyama zoyenda, zimathamanga, kudumpha, kukwera komanso ngakhale kusambira bwino kwambiri. Koma kuchokera ku chisa chawo, nthawi zambiri zimakhala kutali. Mbewa iliyonse muchikhalidwe imakhala ndi malo amodzi: amuna mpaka 1200 m2 ndi zazikazi mpaka 900 m2. Koma ndi kuchulukana kwambiri, nyama zanyama zimakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a mabanja kapena zigawo zopanga wamwamuna wamkulu, akazi angapo ndi ana awo. Pakati pa mamembala a dera lino, ubale wamfumu nthawi zonse umakhazikitsidwa. Amuna amakhala ndi chiwawa wina ndi mnzake, akazi sakhala ankhanza kwenikweni. Ziphuphu ndizosowa kwambiri m'mabanja, makamaka kuthamangitsidwa kwa ana omwe adakula kale.

Maonekedwe osiyana

Makoswe a nyumba ndi amodzi mwamgulu lalikulu la anyani padziko lapansi - makoswe. Pafupifupi mitundu 80 ya mbewa imadziwika padziko lapansi. Zofala kwambiri ndi mbewa zapakhomo. Kunja, nyamayo imazolowera akulu, ana aang'ono. Chithunzi cha mbewa zapakhomo chili pansipa.

• Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu kumayambira masentimita 6 mpaka 10. Amatha kufika masentimita 15 nthawi zina. Kuchuluka kwa mbewa ya nyumba kumadalira momwe mulili komanso zakudya. Kulemera kwa mbewa yakutchire kumachokera 12 mpaka 30 g. Kukula kwake, ndizovuta kusiyanitsa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi.
• Mchira wake ndi woonda, wokhala ndi mamba owala. Kutalika kwa mchira ndi 60% kutalika kwa thupi.
• Makutu ang'onoang'ono owongoka amakhala ndi mbali imodzi yolumikizana.
• Maso ozungulira, malo opumira.
• Mbewa zapakhomo zimadziwika ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pofunda pamtunda pali mdima. Zimachitika imvi, zofiirira, zakuda. M'mimba nthawi zonse mumakhala mawu opepuka. Phukusi lofiirira, loyera, lofiira.

Makoswe a m'nyumba amakhala mwakachetechete. Obereketsa amabweretsa nyama zokongoletsera zachikaso, buluu, zakuda, zofiira, zoyera. Pansipa pali mbewa yokongoletsera nyumba pachithunzichi.

Khalidwe

Mbewa zapakhomo ndizopatsa chidwi, zokondweretsa, zanzeru, zanzeru, koma nyama zamanyazi kwambiri. Phokoso losayembekezeka kapena phokoso lakuthwa limawawopsa. Ndi zinyama zachikhalidwe ndipo sakonda kusungulumwa. Popanda kulumikizana ndi chidwi, mbewa za nyumba zimafunitsitsa ndikuyamba kuthamanga. Akazi ndi amayi odabwitsa, ndipo amuna amawonetsa zakukhosi kwa abambo awo pokhapokha ngati palibe amuna amuna m'khola.

Maganizo a ana

Atha kuyambitsidwa m'mabanja omwe ana opitirira zaka 10. Amafuna kukhala ndi chiweto chawo, ngakhale kuti palibe chochita chiziwasamalira. Ambiri ali ndi chidwi ndi funso: "Makoswe a nyumba amaluma kapena ayi?" Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti sizolankhula zamtopola, ngakhale zimatha kuluma mpaka kukhala ndi nthawi kuti zizolowane ndi eni ake komanso chilengedwe, chifukwa chake, muyenera kuthandiza ana kuti azolowerane ndi nyamayo, komanso kuti azisintha. Ana aang'ono kwambiri okhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, tosaoneka bwino komanso tosiyanasiyana sayenera kumangokhala okha.

Kuphunzitsa

Makoswe a m'nyumba ndi nyama zapakhomo zomwe ndi zolengedwa zanzeru kwambiri pakati pa makoswe, pomwe mitundu yokongoletsera imazolowera eni ake ndipo imasinthidwa bwino ngati apatsidwa chisamaliro chokwanira, ndikulankhula mokoma mtima komanso mofewa. Amatha kukumbukira dzina lawo. Makoswe nthawi yomweyo amayamba kuzindikira kununkhira kwa munthu yemwe amabweretsa chakudya, ndipo adzakumana naye ndikusangalala kosangalatsa. Nyama imatha kuphunzitsidwa kuyankha muluzi wosiyanasiyana ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, "Bwera kwa ine!", "Tumikirani!", "Pofikira!"

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti asayansi atenga nthawi yayitali amaphunzira mbewa zapakhomo. Kotenkova E.V. (Doctor of Biological Sayansi), mwachitsanzo, adawononga nthawi yayitali pamagaziniyi, akulemba mapepala angapo asayansi zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chawo, komanso udindo wawo mu nthano zakale.

Mbewa kuvulala

Kuwonongeka kwa mbewa zotere kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka komwe amachititsa m'matangadza amunthu, komanso zida ndi zida zapakhomo.

Makoswe amtchire, omwe anthu akhala akumenya nkhondo kwazaka zambiri, amatha kudya chilichonse. Zotsatira zake, chakudya, makandulo ndi sopo, kuluka, etc., zimadyedwa mnyumbamo.

Nyama zomwe zimasungidwa m'nyumba zosungira tirigu, zimawononga mbewu zamizu zosiyanasiyana, zimadya m'matangadza, kuwonjezera apo, zimadetsa nyumbayo ndi zinthu zomwe zitha kupeza. Amagawa zinyalala zawo mwachangu, chifukwa chake, ndi ochepa omwe amatha kubweretsa mavuto ambiri. Chifukwa chake, nyama sizimadya gawo lalikulu la njere, ndiko kuti, zimadetsa.

Kuphatikiza apo, mbewa zapakhomo (momwe mungazichotsere, tidzaphunzirira pansipa) ndizonyamula kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda matenda osiyanasiyana. Amatha kufalitsa Escherichia coli, mazira a helminth kwa anthu, amachititsa mliri ndi typhoid fever. Tizilombo tomwe timayamwa magazi timakhalamo nthawi zambiri, pomwe pali nthata ndi nkhupakupa, zomwe zimasangalatsa anthu.

Zotsatira zake, mbewa zapakhomo zimatha kuvulaza kwambiri. Tsoka ilo, sikuti aliyense amadziwa momwe angawachotsere. Kuwonongeka kwa akatswiri kukukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kumadera akutali, nyumba zapadera, mabungwe othandizira, komanso magulu osiyanasiyana. Ntchitoyi imatha kuyitanitsidwa kuchokera kumakampani apadera, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mbewa ya mbewa m'njira yakale.

Mbiri pang'ono

Makoswe oyera nthawi ndi nthawi amabadwira zachilengedwe - ma alubino, omwe ndi osatheka kukhalanso ndi moyo, popeza amawonekera kwambiri, komanso nthawi yomweyo amakhala nyama. Koma m'masiku akale ku Kerete amasungidwa monga mawonekedwe amipira omwe amabweretsa zabwino. Amasungidwanso muakachisi, pomwe oyang'anira amawasamalira mwapadera. Zaka 4000 zapitazo, mbewa zinalengedwa ndikusungidwa ku Egypt kale, zikuyang'anira mitundu ya mitundu. Aigupto adawona kuti ali ndi mphamvu zauzimu, kuphatikiza apo, adaziwonetsa pazotengera zawo.

Munthawi ya Roma Wakale komanso m'ma Middle Ages, ochiritsa pama mankhwala azitsamba amagwiritsa ntchito mbewa ndi makoswe, pomwe ku Asia masiku ano amapangika chifukwa cha izi. Ndi kupanga mankhwala azinyama ndi mankhwala oyesera, mbewa ndi makoswe zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito maphunziro osiyanasiyana ngati nyama zothandizira. Amakhulupirira kuti mbewa zokongoletsera komanso zasayansi zimachokera ku mbewa zoyera, zamawangamawanga ndi zakuda, zomwe zafotokozedwa m'buku mu 1787. Limatiuza za nyama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya nkhondo nthawi imeneyo. Ogulitsa aku England adachokera ku Japan. Pambuyo pake, mbewa zimapanga mzere wapadera wa mbewa zapakhomo, pomwe mitundu yokongoletsera idayamba kubereka ngati ziweto.

Pakadali pano, m'maiko osiyanasiyana ku Western Europe ndi America kuli timagulu tachikondi cha mbewa, cholinga chachikulu chomwe ndikupanga mitundu yatsopano ya nyama. Nthawi zambiri, anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana amapezeka: imvi, yoyera, yofiyira, yofiirira, yofiirira kapena yapinki, yokhala ndi mawanga. Ziwonetsero zapadera zowunikira akatswiri zimachitika pamenepo.

Koma mdziko lathu, mbewa zokongoletsera sizidziwika bwino kuposa momwe zilili m'maiko a America ndi Europe, koma pakati pa okonda nyama amakhala otchuka chaka chilichonse. Makalabu apadera a mbewa zokongoletsera apangidwa m'makalabu a mafani osiyanasiyana, malo otsegulira amatsegulidwa omwe amathandizira kuweta ndi kuswana, ndipo zionetsero zimachitidwanso komwe, pamodzi ndi nyama zina zazing'ono, mbewa zokongoletsera nyumba zimasonyezedwanso.

Mawonekedwe a mbewa yakunyumba

Mbewa yakunyumba ndi yaying'ono yayitali yokhala ndi masentimita 6.5 mpaka 9.5. Yofanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi la mchira ndiosachepera 60%.

Pamwambapa ndi yokutidwa ndi mamba opendekeka ngati Horny komanso tsitsi lalifupi. Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu kumachokera pa 12 mpaka 30 g. Makutu ndi ochepa komanso ozungulira. Khungu limakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni kapena mtundu wakuda. Mtundu wam'mimba ndimayera kuchokera pamutu mpaka phulusa. Makoswe a chipululu ali ndi mtundu wamchenga wachikasu ndi pamimba loyera.

Makoswe okhala ndi mbewa za mitundu yosiyanasiyana, amtundu wamtambo, achikasu, akuda kapena oyera. Akazi amakhala ndi zimpira zisanu. Pa mbewa yakunyumba, mtundu wamanyazi sufotokozedwa.

Mbewa Yanyumba (Mus musculus).

Adani anyani anyani

Khoswe wanyumba ali ndi adani ambiri, makamaka adani. Awa ndi mbalame zamadyedwe, njoka, abuluzi akuluakulu, agulugufe, nthumwi zazing'ono za banja lofera, nkhandwe, amphaka, akhwangwala ndipo ngakhale akhwangwala.

Mpikisano waukulu kwa mbewa zapakhomo ndi mbewa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapha komanso pang'ono kudya abale awo ang'onoang'ono.

Mwachilengedwe, mbewa zapakhomo ndizanyama zamadzulo komanso usiku, komabe, m'nyumba zogona anthu, amasintha machitidwe awo a tsiku ndi tsiku ndi zochitika za anthu.

Nthawi yomweyo, mbewa zimatha kukhala ngati zilombo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachilendo kwa iwo.

Nthawi ina, pachilumba cha Gough, chomwe chili kumwera kwa Atlantic, mbewa zidabweretsedwa mwangozi, zomwe zidayamba kale. Popeza kulibe adani achilengedwe pachilumbachi, adachulukana mwachangu ndipo chiwerengero chake chikuyerekeza anthu 0,7 miliyoni. Dziwani kuti mbewa za pachilumbachi ndizokulirapo kuposa katatu kuposa anzawo. Amalumikizana m'magulu ndikuwazunza pazisa za mbalame, kudya ana.

Ndiyenera kunena kuti chilumba cha Gough ndi gulu lofunika kwambiri la mbalame zam'madzi, zomwe mungatchulepo mbalame monga typhoon Schlegel ndi albatross. Palibe kwina komwe mbalamezi zimapeza. Komabe, ngakhale amphaka a albatross amatha kutalika mita imodzi ndi kulemera kupitirira 250 kuposa mbewa za pachilumbachi, sikuti sasunthika ndipo akulephera kudziteteza.

Makoswe amayesetsa kukhala oyera chisa chawo.

Zotsatira zake, mbewa zimabowola matupi a anapiye ndikuwazunza kwambiri. Malinga ndi asayansi, chaka chilichonse mbewa zimapha anapiye opitilila miliyoni pachilumbachi.

Thupi la mbewa

Zomwe ziwalo za makoswe zimapanga bwino. Zowona, masomphenya omwe ali mu mbewa ya nyumba ndi ofooka.

Makoswe a m'nyumba, okhala pafupi ndi anthu, amadya pafupifupi chakudya chilichonse, kuphatikiza guluu, makandulo, sopo.

Monga makoswe ena ambiri, amadziwika ndi kuwona patali. Komanso, ali ndi khutu lokhazikika. Mitundu yamaulendo omwe amawona ndi yotakata kwambiri - mpaka 100 kHz. Poyerekeza, malo apamwamba a anthu ndi 20 kHz. Mwakuchepa, mbewa yakunyumba imakhala yoyang'ana bwino mothandizidwa ndi vibrissae. Udindo wa olfaction ndiwokwera kwambiri m'moyo wa mbewa, zomwe ndizofunikira pakupeza chakudya komanso kuzindikira abale.

Mbewa iliyonse imakhala ndi thukuta thukuta m'matako mwake, mothandizidwa ndi iwo pomwe amalemba gawo. Ngati mbewa imachita mantha kwambiri, ndiye kuti chinthu chopangidwa mumkodzo chomwe chimayambitsa mantha ndikuuluka mu nyama zina. Komanso, kununkhaku ndikokhazikika, ndipo kumatenga pafupifupi kotala tsiku, kudziwitsa mbewa zina za kusakhazikika kwa malowa.

Komanso, ngati chizindikirocho chimasiyidwa ndi mwamunayo, ndiye kuti anthu onse amachitapo kanthu, pomwe azimayiwo amangotengera zomwezo ndi zazikazi, pomwe anyaniwo amazinyalanyaza.

Nyumba mbewa ndi mamuna

Makoswe a m'nyumba ndi tizirombo ndi onyamula matenda angapo owopsa, monga mliri, ndi zina zambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, mbewa zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ngati nyama zothandizira. Pa 1.07.2013, chipilala chopangira ma laboratory chinakhazikitsidwa ku Novosibirsk kuti chithandizire pantchito yoyesera ndi genetics.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Zosiyanasiyana

Makoswe a m'nyumba amakhala paliponse. Zimathandizira pakukweza kosinthika uku. Nyama zimatha kulekerera kuzizira, kutentha, kuzoloŵerana ndi zochitika zilizonse zakhalapo. Amapereka kupulumuka kuyandikira kwakanthawi kochepa kwambiri kwa anthu - ochepa adani, chakudya chochuluka. Oyimira wamba wa mbewa amatha kupezeka mumsewu, m'nyumba. Amakhala m'magalaji.

Mbewa zapakhomo ndizomwe zimayesa kwambiri mu labotale. Kwa zaka zambiri akugwira ntchito, obereketsa mwadala kapena mwadala adabzala mitundu yambiri ya mbewa zapakhomo. Koma angapo amagawidwa.

Makamaka a Mouse House:

1. musculus - idagawidwa ku Poland, Northern, Eastern Europe, madera a Russia,
2. bactrianus - mtundu wosangalatsa wa mbewa zoweta zomwe zimapezeka ku Asia,
3. femus - mtundu wa thermophilic wopezeka kumwera kwa Europe, America, Africa, Australia,
4. castaneus ndi nthumwi ina ya Asia, gawo lake lakumwera chakum'mawa.

Kwa nthawi yayitali panali mtundu wina wa mbewa zoweta - M.m.molossinus. Ndodo zafalikira ku Japan. Komabe, asayansi pambuyo pake adati mtundu uwu sungagawidwe ngati mtundu wina, chifukwa adalandira nyama powoloka M.m.musculus, M.m.castaneus.

Malo Zakuthengo

Khoswe wam'nyumba amakonda kutentha, salekerera chinyezi chachikulu. Nyama sizikhala kumpoto Kwambiri, kufalikira kwa Antarctica, kumapiri. Madera ena onse adasanthulidwira pansi ndi pansi.

Mbewa nyumba amakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu nyengo yotentha. Ndi nyengo yozizira, nkhokwe, nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale, zomangamanga ndi kusamukira kwathu kwathu. Kusamuka kwakanyengo ndi 3-5 km.

Kusunthika kwakukulu kumawonedwa pamikhalidwe yovuta. Moto, kusefukira kwa madzi, chilala, kuzizira kwanyengo zisanachitike kumathandizira kuti zinthu zisamuke. Zina mwa mbewa zakunyumba zimangosiyidwa kuti zizigwira ntchito m'minda mu malo osungirako zinyalala, malamba amtchire, ndi mapira.Ndi isanayambike masika amasiya nyumba, zipinda, amasamukira kumalo achilengedwe okhala.

Kudera lachipululu, komwe kutentha kwa mpweya kumakhala kosavuta kwa mbewa, kusamukira kumakomo kwa anthu sikumachitika. Zodzikongoletsera zimakhala chaka chonse mumafuta, malo abwino ndi kukhalapo kwa dziwe. M'miyala yamiyala, amakhala m'minda yazidutswa zamaluwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa eni.

Nyumba zogona

Nthawi zambiri mbewa zam'makomo zimakhala pamtundu wofewa, osati wowumitsa nthaka. Kuti zitheke kusuntha, makoma oyendetsawo sanawonongeke. Bowo limapangidwa ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 100. Payenera kukhala polowera, panjira ziwiri zadzidzidzi. Amapanga kamera ya chisa pamtunda wa 30 cm kuchokera padziko lapansi. M'nyengo yozizira, kwezani zowonjezereka - mpaka 65 cm. Pakhilala kakang'ono ka chisa ndi pafupifupi masentimita 25. Makoswe a m'nyumba amakonza zinyalala zofewa kuchokera ku nthambi, masamba, mbewa, ndi zinthu zonse zosavuta.

Moyo wa Mouse Wapakhomo

Nthawi zambiri mbewa zakunyumba zimakhala ndi mabowo okonzera kale, ma bulu, hamsters, ndi makoswe ena. Kapenanso amamanga chisa pansi pa miyala, m'malo obisika, pansi pamiyala.

Pazinyumba za anthu, mbewa zakunyumba zimayika zisa zawo m'malo otetezedwa bwino, m'malo obisika. Mumakonda kukhazikika:

• pansi pa pansi
• pakati pa malinga
• m'chipinda,
• pansi pa zitini
• m'malo opezeka zinyalala,
• m'malo osungira masamba.

Pomanga chisa, zida zosiyanasiyana zopezeka, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: udzu, zidutswa za nsalu, nthambi, tsitsi, nthenga, polystyrene, chitho cha polyurethane.

Mu chisa, mbewa ya brownie nthawi zonse imayesetsa kukhalabe aukhondo. Ngati tiziromboti tawonongeka, nyumba yanyowa, idangokhala yosakhazikika, amaponyedwa popanda chisoni, akumanga chisa chatsopano.

Zambiri Zofalitsa

Mbewa zapakhomo zimadziwika ndi chonde chodabwitsa. M'malo abwino, nyumbayo imachulukana chaka chonse. Mu chilengedwe, nthawi imatha nthawi yonse yamasiku ofunda. Amayamba mu Marichi, akutha mu Novembala. Pakuposa chaka, wamkazi amabereka zipatso 10-14, mu zinyalala kuyambira 3 mpaka 11 mbewa. Pambuyo maola 18, okonzekanso umuna. Mimba imatenga masiku 21.

Makoswe amabadwa ali akhungu, amaliseche, opanda thandizo. Pambuyo pa masabata awiri, adakutidwa ndi ubweya, amatsegula maso awo, nthawi yomweyo, mano a incisors amawonekera. Patsiku la 21 la kukhalapo kwawo, ali okonzekera kwathunthu kukhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha, amachotsedwa mu chisa. Chonde kwa mkazi wachichepere chimachitika pakatha masabata asanu.

Amphongo amakopa chidwi cha akazi omwe ali ndi ultrasound. Osayimilira pamasewera azamasewera a chibwenzi, nthawi yomweyo tsikanani. Makoswe a nyumba amawoloka ndi ma subspecies ena popanda mavuto.

Utali wamoyo

Makoswe ali ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe - kuchokera ku hedgehog yopanda vuto mpaka nkhandwe, nkhandwe, galu, mphaka. Kutalika kwa moyo wa mbewa sikupitirira miyezi 18. Muukapolo, ndi chisamaliro chokwanira, chakudya chochuluka, mbewa zapakhomo zimakhala zaka zitatu. Mu labotale panthawi yoyeserera, munthuyu adakhala zaka 5.

Munthu samangotalikitsira moyo wokhala ndi makoswe, komanso amafupikitsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito misampha, ma mbewa zamagetsi, misampha ya ma cell, poizoni wa mbewa ndi njira zina zowongolera.

Chiwerengero cha makoswe chimatha kusinthasintha kwakanthawi. Zawonekeranso kuti kuchuluka kwa mbewa kumachuluka zaka zisanu zilizonse. Pakutha kwa dzinja, kuchuluka kwa nyama kumakhala kosachepera, ndikayamba masika, makoswe amayamba kukwatirana. Pa nthawi yomwe mbewu zikukula, kuchuluka kwa makoswe kumachulukana. Mpaka kutha kwa chilimwe pali kuchepa. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha tizirombo chimawonedwa mu kugwa. Kunyumba, kusintha kwakukulu mu chiwerengero cha mbewa sizimachitika, chiwerengerochi chikuwonjezeka katatu.

Makoswe aunyumba omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kwawo amawononga minda ya tirigu. Osamadulira kwambiri tirigu akamakumba ngalande, amapangira embank. Tsamba limagwera pansi, tirigu akuwonongeka, zovuta zimabuka nthawi yokolola.

Chovulaza chachikulu chochokera ku tizilombo tanyumba chimakhala pakuwonongeka kwa chakudya, chakudya cha nyama. Tizilombo timayipitsa ndi ndowe, mkodzo, kusiya mabakiteriya ambiri, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Mavuto osatsutsika amabweretsedwa ku mipando, zinthu zokongoletsera, mabuku, zovala. Matabwa a gnaw, pulasitiki, mphira, zingwe zamagetsi. Pazifukwa izi, bambo wakale amateteza mphaka yemwe amawononga bwinobwino makoswe.

Mbewa zapakhomo ndizonyamula matenda owopsa:

• matenda am'mimba
• mliri
• pseudotuberculosis
• malungo
• matenda a chiwewe
• tularemia,
• leptospirosis.

Posachedwa, asayansi alengeza za kuthekera kwa kufalitsa khansa ya m'mawere ndi mbewa. Matenda amafalikira kudzera ndowe, mkodzo, malovu, ectoparasites, kuluma. Munthu amangokakamizidwa kulimbana ndi tizirombo pagawo latsambalo, nyumba yake.

Pindulani

Kwa zaka zambiri, mbewa zapakhomo zimaweta ngati zoweta, zowerengera. Chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makoswe azikolola kwambiri muukapolo ndizoyesa zosiyanasiyana. Ntchito yolemba mitundu ya mbewa zapanyumba inamalizidwa mu 2002. Asayansi apeza kuti gene limayenderana ndi munthu 80%. Nyama zimayesa momwe mankhwala atsopano amapangidwira.

Makampani omwe akuyeserera amakhala akuyesa, kuswana ndi ziweto ndi mtundu woyambirira - wofiira, wachikaso, wabuluu, oyera, wowala. Kanyama kakang'ono kokongola kamakondweretsa eni ake, sikuwoneka ngati cholengedwa chowopsa, cha imvi.

Mkuyesa kambiri, adalandira "mbewa kuvina." Pathology muubongo, kuphwanya zida zamagetsi kunapangitsa kuti nyamazo zizipindika osayima, zikukhala malo amodzi, zimayenda mu zigzags. Pafupifupi zaka 350 zapitazo, mbewa zoyimbira zinagulitsidwa ku China. Zokongoletsera zimapanga mawu ngati ma crickets.

Nyama zimagawidwa makamaka m'malo osungirako ziweto kuti zizidyetsa nyama zina - njoka, abuluzi, mimbulu, amphaka, ndi zilombo zina.

Makoswe aganyu ndi amodzi mwazinthu zachilendo kwambiri, zosangalatsa, zachilendo. Kuwononga nyama mwadala sikuyenera, pokhapokha atakhala pafupi ndi nyumbayo, sanakhazikemo.

Kudera

Gawo lakumpoto la Hindustan Peninsula, kumpoto kwa Peninsula ya ku Africa kapena Peninsula ya Arabia kumawerengedwa kuti ndiwo gawo loyamba la mbewa ya nyumbayo, mbewa ya mbewa ya mbewa ya mbewa. Kulikonse komwe amapezako zotsalira za mitundu iyi. Mwachidziwikire, atasinthika kwinakwake mu amodzi mwa madera awa, pambuyo pake adafalikira kumadera oyandikira.

Koma kunena kuti "mwachangu" sizitanthauza kuti mayiyo anachitika zaka makumi kapena mazana. Kusakhazikika mwachangu padziko lonse lapansi kudatheka kokha mothandizidwa ndi munthu, pomwe adayamba kufufuza nyanja.

Kodi makhazikitsidwe adachitika bwanji?

Poyamba, kusinthidwa kwa zolengedwa zamtunduwu mbewa (mbewa zapakhomo) kuchokera kumidzi yawo yoyambira zinangochitika zokha komanso mwachilengedwe. Mapiri, minda, zipululu zokhazokha zinali zachilengedwe cha nyama izi, koma pang'onopang'ono anthu pang'ono adayamba kukhala moyo wokhazikika, wolima bwino. Ndipo munthawi imeneyi munthu atayamba kupanga matangala ake oyamba, makoswe atazindikira kuti safunikira kugula zinthu m'nyengo yozizira, amatha kumangoloza khola komanso nthawi yozizira bwino. Kuyambira pamenepo, mawu oti "mbewa yanyumba" ovomerezeka ambiri adayamba kukhala ndi maziko enieni.

Popeza anthu amadziwa kusambira, mbewa zinayamba kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi zombo zawo, zonse pamodzi kuti zikhale tirigu. Kumpoto kokha ndi kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi sikunatengeke ndi magulu amtundu wamtunduwu, chifukwa nyama izi ndi zotentha ndipo sizimalola kuzizira. Koma okhala padziko lonse lapansi akhala akuchulukana ndi mbewa zoweta kwazaka zambiri. Phindu lokhala ndi chidwi choterechi ndi mbewa chabe. Kwa munthu kuchokera “pagululo” pamakhala zotaika zokha.

Maonekedwe, moyo, zizolowezi, malingaliro, chiyembekezo cha moyo

Makoswe ndi mbewa yabwino kwambiri komanso yachangu. Pamalo otseguka, nyama yotero imatha kuthamanga mpaka 13 km / h, ndipo kufulumira kwake kumapangitsa kuti zolengedwa izi zitha kufupikitsa ndikulanda nyama yomwe imadya, ngakhale zitagwira nayo.

Makoswe oterewa nthawi zambiri amakhala masana kapena usiku. Amachita manyazi kwambiri ndipo ali ndi ziwalo zapamwamba zamagetsi. Mawotchi olimbitsa amatenga kugwedeza kulikonse padziko lapansi, ndipo kunenepa komanso kununkhira kumatha kusiyanitsa kusinthasintha pang'ono kwafungo ndi mafunde.

Pazowongolera zabwinobwino, safunikira kuyatsa konse. Amapangidwa bwino mothandizidwa ndi kununkhira komanso chidwi ndi ma vibrissa. Cholakwika chawo chokha ndikuwona. Imazindikira bwino zomwe zikuchitidwa kwa iwo patali kwambiri, pomwe pafupi ndi chinthu chomwe chili pamaso pawo chikufalikira ndipo chilibe mawonekedwe owonekera.

M'nyengo yotentha, mbewa zimatha kuchoka m'malo okhalamo anthu kupita mumsewu. Amamva bwino m'chilengedwe. Konzekeretsani zingwe zazing'ono ndi kutuluka zingapo. Pakhomo paphimbapo pali nthenga za mbalame ndi masamba owuma. Nyama zomwe zimakhalapo mwa unamwali kudzipatula kwa anthu, zimakakamizika kumata kuti zizitha kudziwa momwe zimasungidwira, momwe nyama zimapezera chakudya nthawi yachisanu. Koma makoswe omwe amakhala m'malire a malo okhala nthawi zonse amabwerera nthawi yachisanu kuti akachotse malo osungirako ana amasiye kapena nyumba zaulimi, komwe nthawi yozizira imakwanira, kupulumutsa, nthawi yomweyo, zovuta zambiri kwa anthu.

Makoswe amtunduwu kuthengo samakhala nthawi yayitali - kuyambira chaka mpaka chaka ndi theka. Koma ali mu ukapolo (ngati mungathe kuyitcha kuti nyumba zobisika za nyumba yosanja zodzala ndi zotchinga) akhoza kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali.

Kubalana komanso kuchuluka

Mbewa zapakhomo ndizambiri. Amayi amodzi nthawi imodzi amatha kubereka ana okhala ndi mbewa khumi ndi ziwiri, ndikuti atenga msanga kwambiri atabereka ndipo ali okonzeka kubereka pambuyo masiku ochepa, amabereka ana mpaka nthawi 10 nyengo yachisanu. Chovuta ndichakuti akazi obadwa kumene pambuyo pa miyezi iwiri kuchokera tsiku lobadwa iwo ali okonzeka kubereka. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yakutentha, mbewa zimachulukana kangapo.

Koma pofika nyengo yachisanu, makoswe ambiri ang'ono amafa, osakhala ndi nthawi yosinthira mikhalidwe kapena pazifukwa zina. Nthawi zambiri chomwe chimayambitsa kufa kwa mbewa ndizovuta kulumikizana m'mabanja.

Herodiya

Mphamvu ya mbewa yakhazikitsidwa munthawi ya chisinthiko ndi iyi: gulu limodzi kapena gulu la mbewa limayang'aniridwa ndi abambo akuluakulu. Pansi pa unzake pali akazi angapo omwe amapitiliza kubereka. Ana amaleredwa m'magulu awiri am'banja mpaka atatha kutha (mpaka miyezi iwiri), kenako "onse atsopano" amachotsedwa m'mudzimo, chifukwa nthawi imeneyi anyaniwa amatha kupanga ana ena. Chifukwa chake, m'banja mulibe oimira mibadwo ingapo nthawi imodzi. Ndi owerengeka okha omwe aposachedwa kwambiri. Ena onse, othamangitsidwa kwawo, amakakamizidwa kuti apange mabanja awo.

Mabanja ambiri, omwe kunalibe malo okhala m'nyumba yogawanika pakati pa "mabanja" (khola, malo okhetsedwa), pofika nyengo yozizira, amakhalabe mumsewu ndikufa.

Masanjidwe

Mitundu yonse ya mbewa zapakhomo ndizofanana kwambiri ndipo akatswiri okhawo omwe ali ndi bizinesi iyi omwe amatha kuwasiyanitsa. Tsopano pali mitundu inayi yayikulu:

1. Mus musculus ndi gawo lapakati la Eurasia, kuchokera ku Poland kupita ku Lake Baikal, kuphatikiza kumwera kwa Russia ndi Kazakhstan.
2. Mus homus - gawo la ku Europe la Eurasia, mayiko aku America ndi Australia, ambiri kumayiko aku Africa.
3. Mus bactrianus - pafupifupi gawo lonse la Asia, kupatula kumwera chakum'mawa.
4. Mus castaneus ndiye gawo lakumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia.

Koma, ngakhale kuti mapendawa amatha kusiyanasiyana pang'ono, maonekedwe, machitidwe awo onse ndi ofanana, chifukwa chake njira zomwe mungagwirane nawo ndizofanana.

Makoswe a Panya Panyumba

Mbewa zokha sizivuta tirigu wokolola anthu. Mokulira, samatafuna tirigu m'malo mwake, koma amakokera iwo kukasamba kwawo. Zimbudzi zawo ndi mkodzo wake zimavulaza. Mafuta owazidwa ndi mkodzo wa mbewa sikuyeneranso chakudya. Ichi ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chimayendetsera anthu kulimbana ndi tizirombo.

Komanso mbewa ndizonyamula mosazindikira matenda oyopsa opatsirana. Chifukwa chake ayenera kumenyedwa nawo.

Mungachite bwanji?

Nkhondo yolimbana nawo ikuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito:

• njira zakuthupi (misampha, mbewa),
• njira zachilengedwe (pogwiritsa ntchito adani achilengedwe a mbewa - amphaka, kadzidzi, ma hedgehogs, njoka, ndi zina).
• njira zamankhwala (ziphe, mankhwala).

Akatswiri salimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oopsa m'nyumba zomwe kuphatikiza achibale achikulire pali ana aang'ono, komanso ziweto. Ndikofunika kutembenukira ku njira zamakina zochotsera thupi. Ma mbewa nyumba yakunyumba ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yotulukirapo. Wina anganene kuti izi ndi njira zosagwira ntchito. Inde, pamsika wamafuta izi si njira. Koma kunyumba, abale angapo atawonongedwa ndi mbewa, banja lonse la mbewa lingaganizire mosamukira kwawo.

Mu nyumba zamafamu momwe simumasungira zakudya kapena tirigu, ziphe zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito momasuka. M'malo ogulitsa akulu, ngati mbewa za nyumba zakhala zikuwonjezeka kwambiri, ntchito zapadera zokhudzana ndi kutulutsa ziyenera kutchedwa.