Great Arctic Reserve - wamkulu kwambiri mdera osati ku Russia kokha, koma ku Europe konse. Pali masamba asanu ndi awiri pano: Dikson-Sibiryakovsky, "Zilumba za Kara Sea", Pyasinsky, "Middendorf Bay", "Nordenskjöld Archipelago", "Lower Taimyr" ndi "Polar Desert". Madera omaliza, omwe amatchedwa Chelyuskin Peninsula, ali ndi chipululu chachikulu kwambiri ku Arctic padziko lapansi. Chipale chimagwa kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, ndikusungunuka kwathunthu kumapeto kwa Juni. Ku Cape Chelyuskin, chophimba cha chipale chofewa chimakhala pafupifupi masiku 300 pachaka. Malo otchuka osungiramo nkhwangwa ndi mayendedwe a Medusa ndi Efremov. Madera ake akuluakulu amakhala ndi Arctic tundra, ndipo kumpoto - chipululu cha Arctic, koma chilengedwe chimakumba chilichonse mozungulira osati penti yoyera. M'chilimwe, algae ndi lichens amasintha tundra, ndipo imasandulika yofiira, chikaso, zobiriwira komanso zakuda.
Malo otetezedwa
Mpumulo wa malo osungirako nyanjayi umakhala wamapiri kwambiri, komabe, palinso malo ena otetezedwa pano - malo owoneka bwino opezeka pansi pamalo a nyanja. Ambiri mwa malo osungirako amadzaza mapiri atali kwambiri okhala ndi malo osalala komanso osalala.
Big Arctic Reserve imakhala ndi malo asanu ndi awiri a nkhondoyi: malowa, malo omwe ali ndi nyanja ya Pacific Sea, malo a Pyasinsky, malo a Middendorf Bay, malo a Nordensköld, malo a Lower Taimyr, peninsula ya Chelyuskin, malo osungirako zachilengedwe a Severozemelsky, ndi zilumba za Brekhov.
Malo apamwamba kwambiri achitetezowo amabwera chifukwa chakuti pamakhala nyengo yovuta kwambiri ya Arctic ndi zochitika zam'masiku a polar ndi polar usiku. Dera lalikulu la malo osungiramo nkhokwe ndi la chigawo cha Arctic tundra, ndipo magawo akumpoto kwambiri ndi a chipululu cha Arctic. Permafrost (permafrost) imakhala ponseponse m'malo osungira. Mwambiri, malinga ndi kutentha kwa mpweya, Taimyr Peninsula, kudera lomwe kuli nkhokwe, ndi amodzi mwa malo ozizira kwambiri kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Kummwera, kutentha kwapakati pachaka kumakhala madigiri 10.5, ndipo pagombe lakumpoto - madigiri 14.1.
Chipale chofewa nthawi zambiri chimakwirira tundra kumapeto kwa Ogasiti - koyambirira kwa Seputembala, koma chivundikiro cha chisanu chokhazikika chimapangidwa pakati - kumapeto kwa Seputembala. Kusungunuka kwa chipale chofewa nthawi zambiri kumachitika kumapeto kwa Juni - koyambirira kwa Julayi.
Zinyama ndi zomera
M'madera osungirako, mawonekedwe a zomerazo zamitunda yayitali amaimiridwa kwambiri. Mtundu waukulu wa ndiwo zamasamba a tundra ndi mosses ndi lichens zomwe zimapilira nyengo zovuta za ku Arctic. Amapaka tundra m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuyambira mpaka yakuda. Kumpoto, lichens imakhala yotchuka kwambiri pazomera zina zomwe sizimatha kupitilira nyengo yonse yachilimwe ndipo sizimaphuka pachaka. Zomera za ku Arctic zimadumphadumpha, nthambi zake zimafalikira pansi, ndipo mizu yake imakula makamaka mbali zoyambira. Chipululu cha Arctic chilibe zomera: kulibe matchire, ma lichens ndi mosses sizikupanga chivundikiro chopitilira. Kuphatikizidwa kwathunthu kwezomera kumawerengeredwa pano ndi ochepa peresenti.
Kuopsa kwa nyengo ya Arctic North kumakhudzanso nyama zam'derali, chifukwa chake sizodabwitsa kuti nyama zamtchire sizokhala ndi mitundu yambiri, koma ambiri mwa omwe adamuyimira adalembedwa mu International Red Book, Red Book of Russia ndi Red Book la Krasnoyarsk Territory. Nyama zonse ndizogwirizana ndizodziwikiratu kuti ndizisinthana ndi moyo wokhala ndi ma polar.
Zinyama za mbalame za ku Great Arctic Reserve zimaphatikizapo mitundu 124, ndipo mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya 55 idakhala chodalirapo. Zina zonse zimakumana ndikusamukira komanso kusuntha; kwa mitundu 41, ntchentche zimadziwika. Anthu okhala mu tundra ndi kadzidzi yoyera komanso tundra partridge, omwe sasiya Taimyr wankhaza nthawi yozizira. Mbalame monga Siberian eider, zoyera ndi ma pinki pafupifupi chaka chonse sizopita kupitirira malire a malo a Polar. Kutayamba kwamasamba, atsekwe masauzande ambiri, atsekwe akuda, akhungu akuda, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yakumpoto wafika kumpoto kwa Arctic. Malo osungirako ali ndi mitundu yosowa ya nkhanu.
Zinyama zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zimapezekanso mitundu 16. Zina mwa njalazi ndi nkhandwe, nkhandwe, nkhandwe, armine, walrus, ng'ombe yamkati, chimbalangondo. Akatswiri azachilengedwe amati kuletsa kusaka nyama zokhala ndi ma polar kunapangitsa kuti ziwonjezeke. Zimbalangondo zonse ziwiri ndi zimbalangondo zokhala ndi ana zimapezekapezeka m'malo okhala ndi polar.
Ichthyofauna ya nkhokweyi imaphatikizapo mitundu 29 ya nsomba. Ambiri a iwo ndi m'mabanja a nsomba komanso nsomba zoyera. Mitundu yodziwika bwino m'madzi oyera a nkhokwe yayikuluyo ndi arctic char, om, muksun ndi vendace, griga ya Siberia. Malo amadzi am'nyanja amaimiridwa ndi saiga, nyanja yolowera panyanja, ndi poyambira. Ma sturgeon a ku Siberia, sterlet, nelma ndi pike amapezeka m'dera la malo osungirako nyama zakuthengo a Brekhov Islands.
Chozizwitsa chachilengedwe mu kuzizira kwa Arctic
Ofunsira chigawochi - Expedition of the Russian Geographical Society, adafika mu 1843 pagombe la Arctic Ocean. Mkulu woyendetsa ulendowu, a Alexander Middendorf, adauza dziko lonse lapansi za m'derali, lomwe pambuyo pake lidzadzakhala Great Arctic Reserve. Kwa nthawi yayitali, anthu ochepa adadziwa za madera akulu am'derali, mpaka pomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo la boma mu 1993 Big Arctic Reserve. Gawo la malo osungirako ndi lalikulu kwambiri kuti mukafika kumeneko, mutha kuwona malo amodzi chilengedwe - nkhalango-tundra, tundra ndi chipululu cha Arctic.
Chipululu cha Arctic chimamveka pafupi ndi Cape Chelyuskin komanso kuzilumba zakutali. Chipululu chofundidwa ndi chipale chofewa chimafika patali. Pazaka, osaposa masabata awiri, pomwe kutentha kuno kumatha kukwera kuposa ziro. Pa zisumbu za Nyanja ya Kara komanso gombe, mumvetsetsa chomwe Arctic tundra ili. Pali nyanja ndi mitsinje yambiri, ngakhale kunja kuli kotentha, mu September amayamba kuzizira mpaka pakati pa Juni.
Ngakhale kuli kwanyengo komanso chilumba chochepa kwambiri, mutha kuwona zomera zokongola komanso zosiyanasiyana. Mandimu poppy pamakhala, imvi - beige nthambi za polar msondodzi, woyaka - chikasu lichens. Mutayendera kum'mwera kwa Taimyr, mudzakumana ndi anthu okhala m'nkhalango-tundra: spruce, larch, udzu kulikonse komwe kuli kobiriwira. Malo omwe muli ndi anzanu omwe ali ndi tsitsi. Ndi kuyamba kwa masiku oyambirira a masika, nyimbo za mbalame zimagawidwa paliponse ndikusangalatsa khutu. Pali mbalame zopitilira 12 zomwe zalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira. Mbalame yodziwika kwambiri ndi mtundu wa circumpolar gull.
Polankhula za zinyama, m'malo osungira nkhokwe mumatha kuwona mbewewe zazikulu kwambiri, mbewa wamkati, mandimu aana. Nyanja, ma belugas, narwhals, zisindikizo ndi ma walrus amakhala munyanja. Wokhalamo wamkulu pachisumbacho ndi chimbalangondo chachikulu cha polar. Chilombochi sichiri chokongoletsa komanso chosawopa nyengo yozizira, chimatha kuwoneka chikuwedza nsomba kapena kupumula pa ayezi.
Ecotourism m'malo osungirako pamalo apamwamba kwambiri. Simuyenera kukhala katswiri kuti muziyesera suti yamasewera, kuyang'ana kuzama kwa nyanja, kutenga nawo mbali pakusintha kapena kupita kokawedza. Komanso, maulendo odutsa mumtunda adakonzedwa m malo osungirako, pogwiritsa ntchito akatswiri odziwa kusungitsa malo, njira zimadutsa malo okhala a Nenets, momwe mungadziwire moyo wawo ndi miyambo yawo, komanso, kudziwana ndi maluwa ndi nyama za dera lodabwitsa. Pitani kumalo osungirako ndi kulowa m'chilengedwe cha Arctic!
Icebergs a Great Arctic Reserve
Ma Icebergs - zidutswa za ayezi zomwe zimakwela munyanja ndi nyanja zimayesedwa moyenera kuti ndi chozizwitsa chenicheni cha Big Arctic Reserve. Kufikira 90% yama voliyumu awo amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi. Chifukwa chiyani? Mwambiwu udapezedwa koyamba ndi wasayansi waku Russia Mikhail Lomonosov. Anawonetsa kuti madzi oundana anali 920 kg / m², ndipo madzi am'nyanja anali 1025 kg / m². Pali ma icebergs, omwe zaka zawo ndizoposa zaka 1000 (ali ndi mtundu wamtambo wamdima wakuda). Popita nthawi, mawonekedwe a zimphona zamtunduwu amasinthanso, kutengera zowonjezereka zowonjezereka. M'madzi a Nyanja ya Arctic, kutalika kwa madzi oundana sikokwanira kupitirira 25 m, kutalika kwake ndi 500. Akuyerekezedwa kuti madzi oundana pafupifupi 26,000 amachoka pagulu lanyanja ya Arctic mchaka chimodzi chokha.
Miyala m'Gombe Lalikulu la Arctic Malo okhala zachilengedwe ku Great Arctic Reserve ndi chipululu cha Arctic tundra ndi Arctic
Zina zambiri
- Mbiri yonse: Big Arctic National Natural Reserve.
- Gulu la IUCN: la (malo osungirako zachilengedwe okhazikika).
- Kukhazikitsidwa: Meyi 11, 1993
- Dera: Krasnoyarsk Territory, Wilaya ya Taimyr.
- Dera: 4 169 222 ha.
- Kupumula: phiri.
- Nyengo: arctic.
- Webusayiti yovomerezeka: http://www.bigarctic.ru/.
- Imelo: [email protected].
Mbiri ya chilengedwe
Posachedwa, anthu akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zovuta zakusungunuka kwa ayezi ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ku North Pole. Kuphatikiza apo, njira zambiri zomwe zikuchitika m'chilengedwe zimatha kumvetseka pokhapokha pophunzira kwathunthu Kumpoto. Arctic monga imodzi mwa madera ofunikira a Dziko Lapansi sichinthu chofunikira chofufuzira. Mitambo yachilengedwe, maluwa ndi nyama, malo apadera a Far North - zonsezi zimafunika kutetezedwa.
Lingaliro lopanga malo osungirako Arctic lidabadwira kuno, pakati pa chipale chofewa ndi ayezi, osati m'maofesi mabungwe aboma. Mu 1989, gulu lalikulu la ku Russia ndi Germany lidapangidwa kumpoto kwa North North, pomwe adotolo wasayansi yofufuza zachilengedwe, pulofesa Evgeny Evgenievich Syroechkovsky ndi mnzake adapanga lingaliro lopanga malo osungira ambiri ku Arctic. Zoposa zaka 10 za ntchito yayikulu yokonzekera.
Zotsatira zake, boma la Russian Federation la pa Meyi 11, 1993 No. 431 "Pa The Creation of the Big Arctic Arctic State Nature Reserve." Zotsatira zazikuluzikulu za kafukufuku woyambirira zidalemba lipoti lamasamba 1 000. Ili ndi buku lalikulu! kapangidwe kake kamaphatikizapo malo osungira zachilengedwe: Severozemelsky ndi Islands a Brekhov.
Dziko lamasamba
Pazomera za Great Arctic Reserve, mitundu 162 yazomera zam'madzi zapamwamba, 89 - mosses, 15 - bowa ndi 70 - lichens adadziwika.
Polar poppy, yomwe imakonda dothi lamiyala, imachita maluwa posachedwa kuti chivundikiro cha chisanu chisungunuke.
Pakati pa zitsamba, mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi msondodzi wa polar (Salixpolaris). Kutalika kwakukulu kwa nthambi zake ndi masentimita 3-5. Kumpoto, tiyi amapangidwa kuchokera masamba a mbewu iyi.
Pakati pa lichens, nkhalango ndi agwape (Cladina arbuscula ndi C. rangiferina), cetraria ya ku Iceland (Cetraria Islandica) imapezeka kwambiri. Chosangalatsa chinali Coriscium wobiriwira (Coriscium viride). Mukuganiza kuti maluwa enieni amakula mu arctic tundra? Inde Ali! Zina mwa izo ndi glacial novosversion, kapena arctic rose (Novosieversia glacialis), arm armeria (Armeria maritima), popo wooneka ngati pilo (Papaverpulvinatum) ndi arctic poppy (Papaver radicatum). Maluwa Akumwera - chozizwitsa chenicheni! Ku Arctic, ambiri a iwo, kuphatikiza polar poppy, akukonzekera kutulutsa maluwa kuyambira kugwa. Maluwa amabisalira pansi pa chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa chomwe chimawateteza molimba ku chisanu.
Dziko la nyama
Great Arctic Reserve kuli mitundu 18 ya zinyama, 14 mwa izo ndi nyama zam'nyanja, mitundu 124 ya mbalame, 55 mwa iyo yomwe ikusungira, ndi mitundu 29 ya nsomba.
Zimbalangondo za Polar (Ursus maritimus) - chizindikiro cha ufumu wanthawi yachisanu. Masiku ano, nyama zikuluzikulu komanso zamphamvuzi sizisowa komanso zimakhala pangozi. Amalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia. Chochititsa chidwi, pansi pa ubweya woyera wa nyama zimabisala khungu lakuda, pafupifupi lakuda. Koma mphuno zawo ndi lilime lokha ndi zomwe zimapereka chinsinsi chawo.
Tsitsi lonyamula ma Polar ndiloboweka mkati. Ikasungidwa m'malo osungira nyama, nyengo zotentha, zimbalangondo zimatha kutembenukira chikasu, ngakhale kuthengo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti michere yam microscopic imakhazikika mkati mwa ubweya wopindika. Zachilengedwe zimasamalira zolengedwa zake, kuziteteza kuti zisazizire: mawamba a chimbalangondo adaphimbidwa ndi ubweya, ndiye kuti sikuzizira ngakhale kuzizira kwambiri.
Polar bumblebee mungu wochokera ku maluwa ambiri a Great Arctic Reserve
Ma lemmings ochokera ku Siberia komanso osavomerezeka (Lemmus sibiricus ndi Dicrostonyx torquatus) afala pano. Awa ndi timiyala ting'onoting'ono ta banja lotetezeka, lomwe ndilo chakudya chachikulu cha zilombo monga buluu wa buluu (Alopex lagopus).
Pa gawo la malo osungirako malo, Lapland plantain (Calcarius lapponicus), dunlin (Calidris alpina), tsekwe loyera-kutsogolo (Anser albifrons), sea sandpiper (calidris maritime), oyera gull (Pagophila eburnea) ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame m'malo osungirako. Gull yoyera ndiyomwe imayimira mtundu wake. Amangokhala mkati mwa Arctic Circle. Makolo onsewa amalowetsa mazira a seagulls, ndipo patatha mwezi umodzi chiphadzuwa chodabwitsa (kapena zingapo) chikuwoneka, chomwe chimatetezedwa ku chimfine ndi nthenga zotentha. Ngakhale ma seagull oyera sanalembedwe mu Red Book of Russia, komabe, kuchuluka kwawo ndikochepa.
Modabwitsa, tizilombo timakhala ku Arctic. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi mtundu wa polar bumblebee (Bombus polaris), womwe umayendetsa mungu maluwa ambiri, kuphatikiza polar msondodzi ndi polar, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa.
Njira Yosungirako
Malo osungidwayo ndi otseguka kwa anthu, koma chilolezo kuchokera kwa oyang'anira ndi chofunikira pakuchita izi. Zambiri zitha kupezeka pafoni kapena imelo. Malo osungidwawo apanga njira zingapo zosangalatsa zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, usodzi ndi kafukufuku amayenda "Kusodza m'mphepete mwa Dziko lapansi" ndi "Hutuda-Biga - mtsinje wolemera m'moyo." Pafupi ndi mudzi wa Dixon pali Willem Barents biostation, omwe antchito ake amachita maulendo okonzera mbalame - birdwatching. Palinsoulendo wina wosangalatsa “Taimyr Maze”. Zambiri zitha kupezeka patsamba lovomerezeka la nkhokwe.
Kukhazikika
Pali hotelo zingapo ku Dudinka: "Northern Lights" (Matrosova St., 14, tel.: 8- (39191) 3-30-79, 3-30-73), "Yenisei Tauni", (Sovetskaya St., 41, tel.: 8- (39191) 5-19-53, 3-18-01, 5-14-32). Mutha kukhala ku hotelo moyang'aniridwa ndi mudzi wa Karaul kapena hotelo pamalo ochitira bizinesi ku Khatanga.