Maonekedwe ndi makhalidwe. Kukula ndi pang'ono kakang'ono kuposa njiwa (kutalika kwa thupi 26-28 cm, kulemera 60-110 G wingspan 57-64 cm), kuleza tailed ndi kuleza mbalame ndi miyendo yaifupi kwambiri ndi kakang'ono, pang'ono anawerama mulomo. Mutu waukulu, flattened ngati ngamila, ndi odulidwa M'kamwa lonse, bristles yaitali akalipo pamodzi m'mbali ake - "masharubu", maso lalikulu, otukukira kunja, mdima. Zimadzetsa moyo nocturnal, kawirikawiri atakhala masana, kubisala pansi pa nthambi za mitengo, yomwe ili pa iwo nthawi zambiri pamodzi, osati kudutsa, ngati mbalame zina. Chifukwa cha mtundu wangwiro zoteteza, mbalame ndi zovuta kudziwa izo zikulumikizana bwino ndi chilengedwe ndipo akufanana si chamoyo, koma chidutswa cha makungwa. Nthawi zina kubisala mbuzi angapereke maso waluntha, koma pamene pangozi, iye kawirikawiri zakutidwa.

Ndiyo mphamvu analamula ndi usiku, pamene amapha tizilombo zouluka, kawirikawiri pa m'mbali nkhalango, magombe a madamu, misewu ndi malo ena panja. The ndege ndiye kuunika, ndipo kuuluka, wokhoza popachika mu mpweya mofulumira chitaya malangizo mosayembekezereka. Usiku, nthawi zambiri akhala pa nthambi za mitengo, makamaka woonda, kudacita, ndiye modutsa, ndipo si limodzi. Maonekedwe ndi achilendo, kuli kovuta kusokoneza ndi mbalame ina iliyonse. A mbuzi mwadzidzidzi anasangalala angalakwitse chifukwa cuckoo, koma ali wautali ndi mapiko onse, ndi mchira si movutikira, koma zimakupiza woboola pakati (kaŵirikaŵiri kufalitsidwa pa kudzachitika-kutali). Amuna, pa kutenga wolemera, mawanga woyera pa mapiko ndi mchira amakhala kuwoneka.

Kufotokozera. Ochekenera variegated, wooneka imvi, ndi chitsanzo yowawitsa ya mikwapulo zing'onozing'ono wakuda ndi mawanga yaing'ono. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse zooneka kuwala Mzere pansi diso, awiri mawanga oyera pakhosi ndi oblique Mzere mawanga kuwala pa phiko apangidwe. Amuna, lalikulu woyera mawanga kuoneka bwino bwino pa ntchentche pulayimale ndi nthenga kwambiri mchira. Mkazi alibe ngati mawanga woyera. maso akuda, usiku mu mtanda wa nyali kapena nyali za galimoto kuwala pafupi - mu lalanje, ndi kutali - zoyera. Downy anapiye okutidwa ndi mvula kufwanyulira wa mdima imvi mtundu ndi mawanga lalikulu mchenga, kunachitika mbalame achinyamata ofanana ndi akazi wamkulu, koma penapake mdima.

voti. Nyimbo mating ndi modulating kugunda (kapena rattling), amatikumbutsa akulira chimbalangondo. Kumapeto kwa kuimba, pamafunika kutali, kupanga pang'ono pops mokweza ndi mapiko (kapena) kukuwa lakuthwa "mlungu". Kulira komweko zina limatulutsa chisangalalo ambiri. Pamene nkhawa (mwachitsanzo, pafupi chisa), nthawi zambiri grunts mwakachetechete, pangozi hisses mokweza, kutsegula pinki pakamwa pake yaikulu lonse, khalidwe makamaka lililonse kwa anapiye.

Kufalitsa .Umo. The kuswana chimakwirira osiyanasiyana kumpoto Africa Europe ndi ku Asia kumadzulo kwa Ulaya kupita Transbaikalia ndi China chapakati. Ndi ambiri European Russia, akafika Karelia kumpoto kwa malire a dera la pansi kulingalira kum'mwera, komabe m'goli. Mu malo abwino ndi zachilendo ndipo ngakhale ambiri. A mbalame kusamukira akadzafika mu kasupe mochedwa kwambiri, pamene usiku kale kukhala ofunda zokwanira zouluka tizilombo kuonekera (mu kanjira pakati - zambiri kumayambiriro May). Mu autumn, mbalame munthu nthawizina pompo mpaka October. Nyengo mu Africa.

mOYO. Mu kumpoto osiyanasiyana, izo kawirikawiri zikukhazikitsa m'nkhalango ya paini mu mchenga kapena bogs mkulu, mu clearings akale atachuluka ndi malo yopsereza, m'madera pali yamawangamawanga wa dziko lotseguka kuti si inamera udzu, ndi kum'mwera chitha komanso chisa mu steppe lotseguka. Akazi kutchera 2 oblong mazira akuda mwachindunji pa nthaka umboni, ngakhale kupanga semblance a chisa. Onse abwenzi kubisala zomangamanga, ndi akubisala chisa chisa wa mbuzi, ndi kovuta kuwona pokhapokha mukudziwa malo enieni kumene iye akukhala. The kuswa mafupa mbalame ima kwa mwayi wotsiriza, amachotsa pamene tipemphela mwachindunji kuchokera pansi pa mapazi ake. Kumayambiriro kwa makulitsidwe, mbuzi mantha zambiri mwamsanga n'kuulukira ndi zikopa isaoneke, kuchokera zomangamanga yoyambitsidwa makamaka kwa anapiye akhoza kuyamba "achotse", n'kumaganiza kuti ndiwobvulazidwa. Anapiye kubisa pamene pangozi. makolo onse kutenga mbali pa kudya kwawo.

Wamkulu mbalame kusamalira mbalame achinyamata nthawi yaitali iwo anayamba kuwuluka. The kufungatira woyambayo akhale pafupi ndi malo kukaikira mazira, ndi amayamba kuyendayenda ndi kuwola; m'nyengo ya chilimwe kapena kumayambiriro, mbalame wamng'ono zimapezeka mosiyana makolo awo. Izo wakudya makamaka tizilombo usiku zouluka, nthawi zina limagwira tizilombo flightless ngakhale achule, ndiko kuti, angathe kukatenga nyama kuchokera pansi.

Common Mbuzi (Caprimulgus europaeus)

General maonekedwe ndi makhalidwe munda

Sing'anga kukula, akuluakulu pang'ono kuposa thrush, ndi mapiko khalidwe yaitali lakuthwa ndi mchira wautali, woderapo ndi variegated nthenga, ndi mawanga anamaliza woyera pa pakhosi, mapiko ndi mchira. Ndi mdima kwambiri kuposa mbuzi wotonza, amene akukumana pamodzi m'chipululu cha ku Central Asia ndi Kazakhstan.

Chithunzi 24. Mapiko a Kozodoys (pambuyo: Spangenberg, 1951):
ndi - wamba, b - bulanic.

Kapangidwe monga wa mbuzi ina, ndi lotayirira, ndi nthenga ndi zofewa monga wa akadzidzi. Analamula ndi usiku, silhouette ya zouluka mbuzi mlenje akufanana yaing'ono nthenga chilombo kuti maonekedwe monga derbnik a. ndege ake ndiye kuunika, chete ndi kuuluka kwambiri, lili ndi oyima zosayembekezeka ndi motsatana lakuthwa. Nthawi zambiri, pambuyo kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke awiri kapena atatu kwambiri, mapulani mbuzi mapiko akadali padera, zikhoza popachika mu malo amodzi, kuthamanga ngati mapiko a kestrel a. Yogwira madzulo dzuwa litalowa. Iwo zakusangalatsani masana okha mwangozi, pamene mwadzidzidzi amachotsa kwenikweni kuchokera pansi pa mapazi anu. N'zovuta muzindikire mbuzi atakhala pansi pamodzi nthambi, chifukwa mtundu kuteteza mdima wake imvi nthenga ndi chitsanzo ndege ndi chizolowezi akubisala, ndakhala chete. Iwo amayenda kawirikawiri ndi monyinyirika, sikuti kukhala udzu wandiweyani wamtali ankaona zigawo umboni za dothi kapena yokutidwa ndi otsika-kukula busa zomera. Kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndi autumn, mbuzi angapezeke mu floodplain m'misewu, kumene madzulo mu mdima mu kuwala kwa nyali ya njinga yamoto kapena galimoto iwe ukhoza mungazindikire kutali mu maso kunyezimiritsa kuwala. Nthawi imeneyi, mbalame (makamaka achinyamata) Simukulabadira, imbaenda ku imfa yawo pansi mawilo zoyendera. Mbali imeneyi ya khalidwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito mbuzi adani kwa tagging zolinga ntchito kuwala gwero.

mawu ndi osiyanasiyana. Wotchuka nyimbo kwambiri ndi achezera trill, nthawi zina amatchedwa purr kapena phokoso. Mungasinthe monga "warrrerrr ... .errr". Pang'ono modulating, nyimbo mosalekeza amatenga miniti, kapena kuposerapo. Nthawi zina zingaoneke akufanana "nyimbo" wa mtundu umodzi wa achule wobiriwira. Kozodoi zouluka mwakachetechete mdima limatulutsa imalira jerky a "mlungu ... mlungu", nthawi zina nyimbo malekezero ndi iwo. mbalame nkhawa phokoso makutu awo ndi kupanga kuzimiririka ukali phokoso masana. Pa flights mating amuna zina kukupiza mapiko awo mokweza. Mkati mwa nyengo mating, nyimbo wa mbuzi zina anamva masana, makamaka nyengo mitambo. Mwa kuswana nyengo ndi chete.

Kufotokozera

Chekeni. A mwamuna ndi chovala wamkulu. Mtundu wonse wa zigawo zosiyanasiyana za pamwamba zimasiyanasiyana siliva imvi dzimbiri wosasamala. Monga ulamuliro, pamwamba pa mutu, chobvala ndi kumbuyo ndi utsi wambiri-wooneka imvi ndi sadzachitanso noticeable yopingasa streakiness ndi mbiya blackish-bulauni. Kuzungulira maso, lalifupi brownish nthenga ndi zofiirira konsekonse kupanga mphete osasamba, pansi mafupa a chiuno ndi - Mzere kuwala. Khutu coverts ndi brownish bulauni. Mchira ndi mchira ali wa mtundu womwewo ndi kumbuyo, ndi zofiirira yopingasa mikwingwirima sinuous. Awiri kwambiri chiwongolero awiriawiri - zikuluzikulu woyera minda apical 25-35 mm yaitali. The humeral ndi pogona mapiko ndi woderapo kapena imvi, ndi mawanga buffy malekezero a webs lakunja. nthenga ndi woderapo, ndi pabuka-buffy mawanga yopingasa yotakata ndipo roundish woyera mawanga pa webs lamkati la I-III flyworms chachikulu chachikulu (II mu-III, woyera komanso akulowa webs kunja). Pansi ndi mumbali ndi kuwala, ocher-imvi, mu pafupipafupi mikwingwirima yopingasa brownish. The chibwano ndi yochitidwa, pali awiri mawanga oyera m'mbali mwa pakhosi, akuluakulu kuposa a zazikazi. The undercoat ndi buffy, ndi ochepa mikwingwirima brownish yopingasa. kulemba White wa flywheel ndi mmodzi wowongolera mawonekedwe owala, zikuchepa zosiyana mawanga anamaliza malekezero a mapiko ndi mchira, kuoneka bwino mbalame zouluka ngakhale pa madzulo, makamaka pa ndege zikusinthira (Piechocki, 1969, Schlegel, 1969, Korelov, 1970).

An wamkulu yosiyana wamkazi kwa mwamuna, pakalibe mawanga woyera kumapeto kwa mapiko ndi utoto, m'malo oyera, mawanga pa pakhosi ndi malekezero a helmsmen kuti: yotsirizira ndi kutalika kwa 13-29 yekha mamilimita pamodzi ndi nthenga kutsinde (Piechocki, 1966).

Downy mwana wankhuku. Aswa ndi woona, ndi ngalande lotseguka Makutu. Iwo ali ndi pansi m'malo wandiweyani: lalifupi brownish pa dorsal ndi wautali, buffy-grayish, kumbali ventral za thupi. M'mimbamo m'kamwa ndichakuda buluu, ndi mulomo ndi wakuda, ndi woyera diamondi woboola pakati dzira "dzino". The zapansi atatu zala kutsogolo ogwirizana ndi Kakhungu noticeable, ndi claw ya chala chapakati ndi kusalaza, wopanda khalidwe zisamayoyoke wa mbuzi wamkulu. M'litali lug ndi 10-11, burashi ndi 11-12 mm.

Achinyamata a amuna ndi akazi mu yophukira choyamba cha moyo ofanana kwambiri akazi wamkulu, kusiyana nawo pang'ono mbandakucha, wosasamala nthenga ndi mchira wamfupi, mawere ndi zochepa yofiirira kuposa akuluakulu, speckles kumbuyo sakhala lakuthwa, flywheels zazing'ono ndi nsonga yochitidwa, ndi mchira nthenga kale akuthwa kuposa akuluakulu (Ivanov, 1953). kusiyana kugonana mbalame achinyamata mungazipeze pa helmsmen kwambiri: amuna, yochitidwa minda mapeto zatenga 5-10 mm, akazi zosaposa 4 mm (Piechocki, 1966). Komanso, ena amuna kale mu chaka choyamba nsonga yochitidwa pa flywheels atatu wapotalikira chachikulu.

Voti

Mbalame inconspicuous, mbuzi, kwenikweni amadziwika achilendo kuimba ake, mosiyana ndi mawu a mbalame zina ndi bwino anamva pa mtunda wa makilomita 1. Yaimuna amayimba, kawirikawiri atakhala pa akufa mtengo hule pa kunja kwa glade nkhalango kapena kudula. nyimbo yake - youma wonyong'onya trill "rrrrr" - penapake amatikumbutsa kugunda wa achule kapena rattling a njinga yamoto yaing'ono, mokweza yekha. The rattling wonyong'onya ndi zosokoneza yaing'ono akupitiriza ku madzulo kwa m'bandakucha pamene tonality, pafupipafupi ndiponso mphamvu kusintha phokoso nthawi. A mantha mbalame zambiri kaye ndi trill ndi wamtali ndi anawonjezera "Furr-Furr-Furr-Furrrryu ...", ngati anayeza kubangula kwa galimoto mwadzidzidzi nakufwa. Popeza ndatsiliza song, mbuzi zonse amachotsa ndi masamba. Yaimuna akuyamba mating masiku angapo pambuyo kufika ndipo akupitiriza kuyimba onse chilimwe, mwachidule kuletsa pansi mu theka lachiwiri la July.

Kapangidwe ndi miyeso

Phiko chachikulu 10, chiwongolero 10. Dongosolo la mapiko a: II> I> III> IV. Pamwamba pa mapiko a aumbike mwa woyamba flywheels zitatu zofunika, ndi webs kunja kwa flyworms wachiwiri ndi wachitatu ndi notches. Mlomo ndi ofooka, sakhalitsa lonse pa tsinde la: ang'ambe thupilo m'kamwa n'chachikulu kwambiri ndi m'mphepete mwa bristles akukumana patsogolo. Mphuno ang'ono, ozungulira pakati pa zisoti retractable. The Tariso ndi lalifupi, atatsamira pa kutsogolo 3/4 kutalika. Chala kumbuyo yoyendetsedwa mkati, pa claw wa notches pakati chala ndi ofooka anayamba achinyamata. Pali maganizo oti ntchito ya notches awa ndi kuyeretsa kwa zotsala chakudya tsitsi lanu liimirire woboola "vibrissa" kukula pamodzi m'mbali mwa mkamwa (Schlegel, 1969). Mlomo ndi wakuda, miyendo ndi zofiirira, ndi Iris wa maso aakulu ndi woderapo (Spangenberg, 1951, Ivanov, 1953).

kusiyana kugonana kukula kwa mbalame akuluakulu osati kutchulidwa (kuwawa, 1985). . Kutalika kwa mapiko (mm) mu anthu a subspecies nominative (1-4) ndi C. mauthenga Meridionalis (5-7) ali anapereka m'munsimu (osachepera ndi pazipita mfundo apatsidwa, kufunika pafupifupi m'mabokosi):

1. Netherlands, Germany, amuna (n = 33) 184-201 (192), akazi (n = 19) 184-202 (195)
2. Britain amuna (n = 10) 185-195 (191), akazi (n = 9) 184-194 (189)
3. North-West Europamans (n ​​= 12) 190-200 (196), akazi (n = 11) 187-201 (195)
4. Romania, amuna kum'mwera (n = 5) 198-208 (201), akazi (n = 8) 185-202 (194)
5. Spain, Portugal amuna (n = 7) 183-192 (186), akazi (n = 4) 185-189 (187)
6. Algeria, Morocco amuna (n = 12) 175-186 (181), akazi (n = 5) 175-186 (183)
7. Greece amuna (n = 7) 175-186 (180), akazi (n = 3) 179-181 (180)

Mchira kutalika (mm) - amuna (n = 34) 129-146 (137), akazi (n = 23) 129-144 (136)
Pole kutalika (mm) - amuna (n = 10) 16.1-17.8 (16.8), akazi (n = 12) 16.3-18.2 (17.2)
Mlomo kutalika (mm) - amuna (n = 12) 8.0-9.5 (8,8), akazi (n = 16) 7.5-9.7 (8,9).

Wachinyamata, mchira ndi pang'ono wamfupi kusiyana pakati pa akuluakulu kusiyana ena wosadalirika (kuwawa, 1985). Kwa Center, ndi East. Ku Ulaya, mchira wa mbuzi ndi pafupifupi mamilimita 11 wamfupi kusiyana akuluakulu (Piechocki, 1966). Information pa thupi amaoneka mu tebulo 6.

Area

An kozoda zisa wamba mu ofunda ndi kotentha zone ya kumpoto Africa Europe ndi ku Asia kum'mawa kwa Transbaikalia, kumene m'malo mwa mitundu ina - ndi kozoda lalikulu. Umapezeka kulikonse ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo pa zilumba kwambiri kwa nyanja ya Mediterranean, koma m'chigawo chapakati ndi osowa. Wamba pa Iberia ndi ku Eastern Europe. Ndi kwina Iceland ndi kumpoto kwa Scotland ndi Scandinavia, komanso kum'mwera kwa Peloponnese.

Mu Russia, izo zisa malire a kumadzulo kum'mawa kwa Onon mtsinje beseni (kumalire ndi Mongolia), kupezeka mu kumpoto kwa zone subtaiga: mu gawo Ulaya dera Arkhangelsk, mu Urals mpaka za 60 analemba pa Yenisei kwa Yeniseisk, kuti kumpoto Baikal ndi gawo pakati pa Vitim yachonde. Kum'mwera, kunja Russia, ndi kufalitsidwa ku Asia Minor kum'mwera kwa Syria, kumpoto Iraq, Iran ndi Afghanistan, kum'mawa kwa kumadzulo India, kumadzulo kwa China kwa otsetsereka a kumpoto kwa Kunlun ndi Ordos. Mu Africa zisa ku Morocco kum'mawa kwa Tunisia, kum'mwera kwa High Atlas.

Molting

Iwo bwino kuphunzira. Mu mbalame wamkulu, kuwuluka ndi mchira nthenga kusintha pa wintering, ndi nthenga ang'onoang'ono makamaka pa Intaneti kukaikira mazira, asanayambe kuwuluka, ndi molt wa chimaposa yamasika mofulumira kwambiri, kuphimba pafupifupi onse nthenga mizere nthawi yomweyo (Neufeldt, 1958). Pa nthawi yomweyo, yofunika munthu masiyanidwe zimawonedwa, ena mbalame kusamalira kusintha onse nthenga ka pamwamba pa mutu, hulls ndi ambiri mkati (lachitatu mlingo) kuwuluka-nthenga pang'ono kunyamuka, ena pang'ono okha, ndipo ena amauluka mu zaka kwathunthu, ankavala zikuuluka.

Post-zaumbanda molting mu achinyamata akuyamba kumapeto July-August. Choyamba, nthenga ya korona, humeral, mbali ya nthenga khosi lotupa ndi mbali m'malo. Small ndi sing'anga mapiko coverts ndi kusinthidwa ulendo wawo kwa wintering mu September-October. Chachikulu ntchentche molts mu November-December, pasanafike akuluakulu. Anthu ena kusunga angapo zaka zazing'ono sekondale kapena kunja mapiko coverts, mwina kwa chaka china (kuwawa, 1985).

Habitat

Iwo amakhala malo poyera ndi theka-lotseguka ndi youma, m'madera bwino kutenthetsa, ndi zinthu zazikulu kukaikira mazira bwino pokhala youma zinyalala, gawo kuonerera ndi luso mwadzidzidzi kuuluka kwa chisa pansi pa mphuno za mdani, komanso ngati kuchuluka kwa zouluka tizilombo usiku.

Wonse zikukhazikitsa mu heathlands, dera lokhala, mu kuwala, nkhalango ochepa paini ndi nthaka mchenga ndi clearings, kunja kwa mzinda wa clearings, minda, zigwa za mitsinje, zithaphwi. Kum'mwera ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Ulaya, si zachilendo pa m'matanthwe ndi mchenga wa maquis (m'nkhalango wa masamba obiriwira zitsamba). Mu zigawo chapakati ku Ulaya, akafika manambala apamwamba pa malo ankhondo maphunziro ndi quarries adzasiyidwa. Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, zisa malo otsetsereka miyala ndi chitsamba chilichonse osowa. Pa malo waukulu mu steppe ndi nkhalango floodplain ndi otsetsereka a matabwa ndi magulu a mitengo kapena zitsamba.

Mbuzi amapewa yothandizira mdima nkhalango, ndipo subspecies chimodzi chokha, C. imelo. plumpibes, Zopezeka mu chipululu malo a Gobi. Monga ulamuliro, izo amakhala m'chigwa, koma m'mikhalidwe yabwino izo zikukhazikitsa pansi kwa zone subalpine. Choncho, mu mapiri a ku Central Asia, mbuzi alipo ambiri mapiri pamwamba mamita 3000 pamwamba pa nyanja, ndi wintering malo zikupezeka pa malire a oundana pamalo okwera mpaka mamita 5000 pamwamba pa nyanja. zochitika za anthu a zachuma, monga kupulula mitengo ndi moto mitengo, ndi zotsatira zabwino pa chiwerengero cha mbuzi. Komano, kuchuluka kwa misewu kawirikawiri amapha ndi anthu a mbalame.Kuwala kwa nyali zamagalimoto kumakopa tizilombo tosachedwa usiku, komwe timasakidwa ndi mbuzi, ndipo phula lomwe limatenthetsedwa masana ndi malo abwino osangalalira. Zotsatira zake, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimagwera pansi pa matayala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonongedwe kwathunthu kumadera okhala ndi magalimoto ambiri.

Subspecies taxonomy

Pali ma subspecies a 5-6, malire omwe nthawi zina amakhala osamveka bwino.

1.Caprimulgus europaeus europaeus

Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, p. 193, Sweden.

Mabungwe akuda kwambiri komanso akulu kwambiri. Maonekedwe a mbali zam'munsi ndi zapamwamba thupi amakhala amdima, onenepa kwambiri kuchokera kumtunda omwe amakhala ndi utoto wotsekemera, wopanda imvi kuposa wa C. e. Meridionalis. Amaphatikizika ndi meridionalis mu Nyanja Yakuda komanso Kumpoto. Caucasus, ndi unwini - kumpoto. Kazakhstan, yokhala ndi dementievi - m'dera la Baikal.

2.Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis

Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hartert, 1896, Ibis, p. 370, Greece.

Ili pafupi ndi mtundu wopangidwira, koma wopepuka, wonenepa kwambiri. Mwa amuna akuluakulu, mawanga oyera pa ntchentche yoyambirira amakhala okulirapo pang'ono kuposa mu S. e. Europaeus.

3.Caprimulgus europaeus zarudnyi

Caprimulgus europaeus zarudnyi Hartert, 1912, Vog. Pal. Fauna 11.1912, 849 mas. 1912, Tarbagatai.

Amasiyana ndi ma subspecies osankhidwa mwaling'ono kakang'ono ndi mtundu wopepuka wa maula.

4.Caprimulgus europaeus dementievi

Caprimulgus europaeus dementievi Stegmann, 1948 (1949), Natural Conservation No. 6, p. 109, Orok-Nur, kufesa. gawo la gobi.

Pafupi ndi S. e. Unwini. Mbali yakumwamba ya thupi ndi imvi yopepuka ndi isabella hue. Mitambo yakuda yayitali pamutu ndi mapewa okhala ndi mbali zoyenda. Mbali yakumbuyo ya thupi ndi yofiyira, ya dongo.

5.Caprimulgus europaeus unwini

Caprimulgus unwini Hume, 1871, Ibis, p. 406, Abbottabad, Khazar. Ndiwopepuka kwambiri kuposa S. e. Europaeus ndi S. eididionalis, mbali yakumbuyo ya thupi ndi imvi yopepuka, mitsitsi yautali pamutu ndi mapewa ake ndi yopapatiza, imvi pachifuwa, komanso tint yachikasu pamimba. Malo oyera oyera amphongo amtundu wa flewheel ndi okulirapo kuposa a meridionalis.

6.Caprimulgus europaeus plumipes

Caprimulgus plumipes Przevalski, 1876. Przhevalsky, Mongolia ndi dziko la Tangut II, masamba 22, 1876, kufesa. gawo lamtsinje wa mtsinje. Mtsinje wachikasu.

Mtundu, wapafupi kwambiri ndi C. e. Zarudnyi. Adakumana ndi ntchentche madera akumwera komanso kum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan (Kovshar, 1966, Korelov, 1970).

Kufalitsa

Mitengo yazokongoletsa. Dera lokhalamo zogona gawo lalikulu la Eurasia: kuchokera kugombe la Atlantic kumadzulo kumadzulo kupita kumabass. R. Onon ndi Ordosa chakum'mawa, komanso zilumba zam'nyanja ya Mediterranean (Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Krete, Kupro) ndi North-West. Africa kuchokera ku Morocco kummawa kupita ku Tunisia, kumwera kupita ku Great Atlas (Stepanyan, 1975). Kummwera, kufalikira ku Syria, Kumpoto. Iraq, kufesa gombe la Nyanja ya Arabia, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India (mkuyu. 25).

Chithunzi 25. Gawani komwe kumakhala mkaka wa mbuzi wamba:
- malo okhala nesting, b - malo ozizira. Zolemba: 1 - C. e. Europaeus, 2 - C. e Meridionalis, 3 - C. e. Zarudnyi, 4 - C. e. Dementievi, 5 - C. e Unwini, 6 - C. e. Plumipes.

Kumpoto ku Scandinavia kumafika ku 64 ° N, ku Finland mpaka 63 ° N, ku Europe ku Russia komanso Kumadzulo. Siberia mpaka 60 ° N, m'chigawo cha Tomsk. mpaka 61 ° N, pamabasi. Yenisei mpaka 58 ° N, kufesa. Baikal ndi zigawo zapakati pa mtunda wa Vitim.

Kummawa Europe ndi North. Ku Asia, mbuzi imakhala ndi gawo lonse la Europe kuchokera kumalire a boma kumpoto mpaka kumwera. Karelia ndi Arkhangelsk, mpaka 60 ° N ku Urals (Ivanov, 1953, Stepanyan, 1975), ku Zap. Siberia - malo opondera, nkhalango za subtaiga, madera akum'mwera ndi apakati a taiga, kumpoto mpaka mabass. R. Konda, p. Lar-Egan (wamanzere wakubadwa kwa Ob) ndi r. Malo onse ogona (Gordeev, I960, Gyngazov, Moskvitin, 1965, Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977, Moskvitin et al., 1977, Ravkin, 1978), ali ponseponse ku Central Siberia kumwera kwa taiga kumwera kumpoto mpaka pakati pa Angara (Shvedov , 1962) ndi pamwamba. Lena. Adanenanso kuti mbuziyo ikapezekanso pano mpaka 62 ° N. - magawo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku onse ku Siberia (Reimers, 1966). Kudera la Baikal, kumpoto kwa nyanjayo, idapezeka koyamba pamalo a chisa pafupi ndi Zavorotnaya Bay (Malyshev, 1958.1960). Kumpoto chakumadzulo Mphepete mwa Baikal lidapezeka mu Ogasiti pafupi ndi malo otetemera a Ryty ndi Zavorotny, ndipo m'malo otetezeka a m'nkhalango a Barguzinsky mchilimwe cha 1960, mbuziyo inali mbalame wamba yoswana (Gusev, 1962). Kumwera Transbaikalia ndiye malire akum'mawa a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitunduyo. Amadziwika kuti zisa za mbuzi zam'madzi zimapezeka ku Dobe-Enhor gorge (kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa mzinda wa Ulan-Ude), pafupi ndi nyanja. Shchuchye, ndi. Krasnoyarovo, pafupi ndi nyanja. Gusinoe (Izmailov, 1967, Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973). Kuderali, mbuzi ikukulira mokulira, ndikuyenda kumpoto chakum'mawa m'mbali mwa zigwa za Barguzinsky ndi Udinsky (Gusev, 1962, Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973). Zotsatira zamalimwe zimadziwikiranso kumwera chakum'mawa. Transbaikalia - chabwino. midzi Aga, Bain-Tsagak, Tsasuchey (Gagina, 19616, Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973), koma nesting sinatsimikizidwepo.

Kwambiri, ku Siberia, malire akumpoto pakugawidwa kwa mbuzi atha kutsimikiziridwa ndi mfundo: Tomsk, Achinsk, Yeniseisk, Baikal. Kupitilira kumwera, ndizofala ku Minusinsk Territory ndi Zap. Sayans (Sushkin, 1914, Petrov, Rudkovsky, 1985), ku Altai (Sushkin, 1938, Folitarek, Dementiev, 1938, Kuchin, 1973, Ravkin, 1973).

Imapezeka paliponse ku Kazakhstan ndi Central Asia, koma sikumapezeka mu mapiri ku Urals, Irgiz ndi Turgay, m'malo opezeka matope a Ustyurt ndi Betpak-Dala, kumapiri ndi m'nkhalango zowuma za Tien Shan (Zarudny, 1888, 1896, 1915, Sushkin, 1908, Ivanov, 1940, 1969, Rustamov, 1954, Bogdanov, 1956, Yanushevich et al., 1960, Stepanyan, Galushin, 1962, Abdusalyamov, 1964.1971, Kovshar, 1966, Zaletaev, 1968, Korelov, 1970, Shukurov, 1986 )

Chithunzi 26. Kukhazikika kwa mbuzi zofala ku Eastern Europe ndi North Asia:
ndi - yosanja masanjidwe.

Mlanduwo, osiyanasiyana mbuzi wamba ku East. Europe ndi North. Ku Asia pazaka makumi zapitazi sikunachitike kusintha kwakukulu, kupatula kuwonjezereka kwa malire ake kumpoto chakum'mawa, m'chigawo cha pafupi ndi Transbaikalia. M'mayiko angapo Europe yawona kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono m'gawo loswana (Cramp, 1985).

Kusamukira

Popeza kuthawa kumachitika mumdima, palibe chidziwitso chilichonse chokhudza mawonekedwe ake. Zimangodziwika kuti a Kozodoi amauluka okha usiku kapena m'mawa ndi m'bandakucha, sapita pagulu. Kusamukira kumapita patsogolo kwambiri - panthawiyi, akumwa mbuzi amapezeka paliponse.

Chapakatikati, amafika mochedwa, ndi kuyamba kwa masiku ofunda ndi kuonekera kwa tizilombo touluka mwachangu, mkati mwa gawo la ku Europe la Russia kutalika kwa kufika kwawo kumagwirizana ndikutuluka kwa masamba a oak (Ptushchenko, Inozemtsev, 1968).

Ku gawo la ku Europe la USSR yakale, mawonekedwe oyambilira a mwana wambuzi adalembedwa ku Caucasus - pa Epulo 9 ku Likhsky Range (Zhordania, Gogilashvili, 1969), panthawi imodzimodzi zaka zina adalembetsedwa ku Volga-Kama interfluve (Garanin, 1977). Pakati pa Epulo 14 ndi 17, mbuzi imapezeka ku Lesser Caucasus (Jordania, 1962), ku Stavropol Territory (Budnichenko, 1965), ku Crimea (Kostin, 1983), Moldova (Averin, Ganya, 1970), kumwera chakum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kwa Ukraine (Strautman , 1963, Kolesnikov, 1976), ku nkhalango ya Bialowieza (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967). Pakati pa Epulo 20 mpaka 24, kufika kozodoy m'dera la Kharkov, Minsk, Pinsk Polesye, Smolensk, Lake Ladoga adadziwika. (Somov, 1897, Reztsov, 1910, Schnitnikov, 1913, Noskov et al., 1981). M'masiku asanu omaliza a Epulo, anthu oyamba kufika ku Tambov, Tula, Moscow ndi Leningrad. (Reztsov, 1910, Ptushchenko, Inozemtsev, 1968, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Ndegeyo imatha Meyi ambiri, ku Belarus imatha ndi 15, m'chigawo cha Moscow. - ndi Meyi 22 (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967), koma ku Leningrad Region. ibwerera kumayambiriro kwa Juni (Noskov et al., 1981, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983).

Mbuzi imabwera ku Asia gawo la Russia mochedwa kwambiri kuposa ku Europe. Ku Samarkand ndi Tashkent kokha, mawonekedwe ake oyamba zaka zingapo adadziwika pakati pa Epulo 10 ndi 17 (Ivanov, 1969, Korelov, 1970), kumadera ena a Central Asia adawonekera kumapeto kwa Epulo basi: pa 26th kumapiri a Gissaro-Karategin komanso kunsi . Syrdarya (Spangenberg, Feigin 1936, Popov, 1959), 28-29th kumwera. chink cha Ustyurt komanso m'mapiri pafupi ndi Zeravshan (Rustamov, 1951, Abdusalyamov, 1964). Amawoneka kumwera kwa Kazakhstan koyambirira kwa Meyi: Meyi 7-8 - kumpoto. kumapeto kwa Zap. Tien Shan (Kovshar, 1966), Meyi 1-8 - pafupifupi. Baaakelmes mu Nyanja ya Aral (Eliseev, 1986), Meyi 5 - m'mapiri a Anarkhai (Korelov, 1970). Ku Center, ndi kummawa. zigawo za Kazakhstan zimafika pakati pa Meyi: Meyi 14 - msonkhano woyamba kwambiri pansi. Embe (Sushkin, 1908), Meyi 15 - pafupi ndi Almaty komanso pamtsinje. Bizha (kumapeto kwa Dzhungarskiy Alatau), Meyi 16 - pafupi ndi Karaganda, Meyi 19 - pafupi ndi tawuni ya Panfilov (kumwera kwa mapiri a Dzhungarskiy Alatau) ndi pafupi ndi nyanja. Tengiz kupita ku Center. Kazakhstan (Korelov, 1970). Chiyambi chofika ku Altai ndi Meyi 18 (Sushkin, 1938), koma m'munsi mwa Chulyshman adalembedwanso pa Meyi 13 (Kuchin, 1976). Kumadzulo. Siberia idawonekera mchaka chachitatu cha Meyi: nthawi zosiyanasiyana idawonedwa ku Tomsk pa Meyi 15-20 (msonkhano woyambirira kwambiri - pa Meyi 4, 1974), ku Novosibirsk - pa Meyi 27, 1959 (Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977), kumwera kwa taiga Ob, nyimbo yoyambirira kwambiri ya Mbuzi idamveka pa Meyi 24, 1967 (Ravkin, 1978).

M'dzinja, mbalame zachikulire zimawuluka koyamba. Osakwatiwa, nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwa Julayi, amayamba kuwuluka. Kunyamuka kumachitika mu Ogasiti onse ndi Seputembala, kutha kumadera a kumpoto (Ladoga) kumapeto kwa mwezi uno, ndi kumwera - koyambirira kwa Okutobala. Misonkhano yaposachedwa kwambiri ya Kozodoy ku Europe komwe kale anali USSR ndi Okutobala 21 kumadera akumadzulo a Ukraine (Strautman, 1963), Okutobala 28 ku Moldova (Averin, Ganya, 1970), Novembara 3 pafupi ndi Orenburg (Zarudny, 1888) ndi Novembro 5 ku Crimea (Kostin , 1983), ku gawo la Asia - Okutobala 25 ku Kurgaldzhino (Vladimirskaya, Mezhenny, 1952) ndi Okutobala 28 kumapiri a Zap. Tien Shan (Kovshar, 1966).

Habitat

Chofunikira chachikulu pa malo osungira zinyalala ndi kuphatikiza kwa mitengo yopanda mitengo yopanda kutulutsa malo opezekapo komanso kupezeka kwa magawo ang'onoang'ono a dothi lopanda zipatso kapena masamba obiriwira ochepa. Kudera la nkhalango, zofunikira izi ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi nkhalango za paini, zomwe mbuzi imakonda m'malo ambiri kumpoto kwa gawo lake - kuyambira Belarus, Baltic states ndi Karelia kumadzulo. Sayan ndi kumwera chakum'mawa. Transbaikalia (Promtov, 1957, Neufeldt, 1958a, Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967, Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968, Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973, Garanin, 1977, Moskvitinidr., 1977, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983, Petros). Kum'mwera komwe kuli nkhalango zowuma za mitundu yosiyanasiyana: ku Carpathians, makamaka nthawi zambiri - m'malo a nkhalango za mitengo ya beech pansi pa meadows (Strautman, 1954), ku Moldova - m'nkhalango za mitengo ya oak yomwe ili ndi mitengo yakale yopanda zipatso komanso yophukira bwino (Averin, Ganya, 1970), ku Crimea - m'nkhalango za mitengo ya oak yomwe sinakhazikike kwambiri komanso kumapeto kwa nkhalango (Kostin, 1983). Pamalo opangira nkhalango, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mphepete mwa nkhalango komanso m'mphepete mwa nkhalango (Budnichenko, 1965). S. e Zarudnyi ndi S. e. Unwini okhala ku Kazakhstan ndi Central Asia, kukhazikika kumapeto ndi chipululu, sankhani malo okhala ndi zitsamba (makamaka nkhalango za saxaul pamchenga), komanso m'mapiri - m'miyala yamiyala ndi juniper, pistachio, walnut ndi madera ena a nkhalango. (m'mipinga yayitali ya mapiri obiriwira, mitengo yazipatso ndi mautali tcheni ma Mesophilic siali). Pa chisa m'mapiri chimakwera chambiri mpaka kufika pamtunda wa mamita atatu (Yanushevich et al., 1960, Kovshar, 1966), ndipo m'mapiri a Gissaro-Darvaza imakumana ndi nyengo yachilimwe pamtunda wa 3,100 m pamwamba pamadzi .m. in juniper woodlands moraine wa Muzgaz glacier (Popov, 1959).

Kukhala ourytopic kwambiri kuposa, mwachitsanzo, mbuzi ya bulan, yodziwika bwino sipewa malo osinthika ndipo ngakhale ikusaka mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kudula mitengo m'nkhalango (Somov, 1897, Promtov, 1957, Neufeldt, 1958a, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983), ndi mu steppes ndi malo obzala nkhalango, amakhalanso mofunitsitsa m'minda, m'minda yakhitchini, kunja kwa malo, nthawi zina amakhala zisa m'mizinda yayikulu, mwachitsanzo, Vilnius (Idzelis, 1976).

Chiwerengero

Amakhulupirira kuti ku England ndi ku Ireland, mbuzi mbuzi zikuluzikulu zokwana 3-6, ku France, zikwizikwi, ku Germany - 5, 3,000 ku Finland - 4.3 zikwi (Merikallio, 1958, Sharrock, 1976, Glutz , Bauer, 1980, Cramp, 1985). Chiwerengero chonse ku East. Europe ndi North. Asia sichikudziwika, sawerengeredwa madera ena a USSR yakale. Kuchulukana kwa anthu pamitundu yosiyanasiyana kumasiyana chifukwa cha khumi; ndiwotsika kwambiri m'nkhalango za Siberia ndipo ndiwutali kwambiri m'nkhalango za pine zowala bwino (Table 7).

M'madera ambiri, m'zaka zaposachedwa, kuchepa kwa mbuzi kwadziwika - m'dera la Volga-Kama interfluve (Garanin, 1977), ku Latvia, komwe malinga ndi K. Wilks, kuyambira m'ma 1930s kuchuluka kwa mbuzi zodyera kumakhala kucheperachepera (Strazds, 1983), kumadera a Leningrad ndi Kharkov. pafupi ndi malo okhala, m'malo osangalalira ambiri (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983, Krivitsky, 1988). Izi zikuchitikanso m'maiko angapo Akumadzulo. Europe - England, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Finland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Italy (Cramp, 1985). Zomwe zikuluzikulu ndiz kuchepa kwa chakudya chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, chinthu chosokoneza, komanso kufa mwachindunji kwa ndulu ndi anapiye.

Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku, machitidwe

Mbuzi imagwira ntchito nthawi yamadzulo, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nthawi yopumira komanso kudikira kumatengera kutalika kwa malo ndi nthawi ya chaka. Pakati panjira, mbuzi zimagwira ntchito kwambiri madzulo komanso m'mawa: mu June - kuchokera maola 21 mpaka 22 maola 50 mphindi. ndi 1 h. 30 min. mpaka 2 maola 50 mphindi, mu Julayi - kuchokera 20 mpaka 22 maola ndi 2 maola 10 mphindi mpaka 3 h. 40 min., nthawi yamdima kwambiri yausiku, amasiya kuyimba ndikudyetsa anapiye. Ku Karelia, pakati pausiku oyera (Juni), mbuzi zinali kugwira ntchito kuyambira maola 23 mpaka 2, kumapeto kwa Julayi kuyambira maola 22 ndi mphindi 20. mpaka 3 maola, koma yopuma pakati pa maola 24 ndi 2, ndipo mu Ogasiti, chithunzi cha ntchito zawo chinali chofanana ndendende ndi msewu wapakati koyambirira kwa chilimwe (Neufeldt, 1958a). Muzochitika zonse zodziwika, nthawi yayitali mbuzi ndi maola 3-4. Europe yakhazikitsa kuti ntchito ya Kozodoy siyiyambira kale kwambiri kuposa mphindi 11 zisanachitike ndipo osapitirira mphindi 26 dzuwa litalowa, nyimbo yoyamba idali yowunikira kuyambira 2.25 mpaka 40 lux, ndipo zochitika zomwe zikufanana zikufanana pang'onopang'ono pakuwala kwa 10 lux ( Schlegel, 1969).

M'madera aku Europe North, zochitika za mbuzi za tsiku ndi tsiku zimadalira nyengo; amuna samayimba nthawi yamvula, makamaka mvula ndi mphepo (Neufeldt, 1958a). Komabe, nyengo yotentha ya ku Central Asia, kuphimba kwamtambo kumalimbikitsa ntchito yamawu, pamakhala chisonyezo choimba mumvula yamphamvu (Schnitnikov, 1949). Amuna S. e. Unwini mu Meyi-Juni amayamba kuyimba maminiti 30 mpaka 40 dzuwa lisanalowe, zolemba zawo zazifupi zimamveka nthawi ndi nthawi masana (Eliseev, 1986).

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Mbalame zosaitanidwa zimagwira touluka tomwe timagwira tadzulo ndi usiku. Chakudyacho sichimatengedwa mumlengalenga zokha, komanso kuchokera padziko lapansi, madzi (mwachitsanzo, mita yamadzi), udzu ndi zitsamba. Gulu la ozunzidwa ndilosiyana kwambiri - m'nkhalango za Saval zokha omwe amaimira mitundu ya 114 ya mabanja 25 omwe adapezeka mu chakudya cha kozodoy (Malchevsky, Neufeldt, 1954) - komabe, njenjete ndi kafadala ndiwo chakudya chachikulu.

Malinga ndi kuwunika kwa zomwe zili m'mimba mwa mbuzi zachikulire, agulugufe malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zidakwana: 62% ku Karelia, 47% m'malo mwa Volga-Kama, osapitilira 2% m'munsi mwa Dnieper, ndi 12%, 86%, ndi 97% ka kachilomboka, motsatana (Neufeldt, 1958a, Garanin, 1977, Kolesnikov, 1976). Mwakuwoneka konse, gawo la Lepidoptera silimayang'aniridwa chifukwa chosasungidwa bwino ndi zotsalira zawo m'mimba mwa mbalame zakufa (Garanin, 1977). Zizindikiro zowona zinapezedwa pakuwunika zitsanzo za malo omwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi njira yachiberekero (Malchevsky ndi Kadochnikov, 1953); mu chipinda cha Savalskaya, agulugufe amapezeka 64%, kafadala - 25%, ku Germany - 62 ndi 8, motero, m'malo otsika a Dnieper - 98 ndi 2 (Malchevsky, Neufeldt, 1954, Schlegel, 1969, Kolesnikov, 1976).

Nthawi zambiri, omwe amadya mbuzi amadya kuchokera ku lepidopteran scoops, njenjete, masamba a masamba, hawthorn, ntchentche zamoto, zikwama zamatumba, kuchokera ku kafadala ka kachilomboka (kaŵirikaŵiri Meyi ndi June chives), weevils, masamba ka kachilomboka. Kuthengo, nkhanu zodyedwa zimadyedwa: nyengo yozizira, yowoneka ndi ma burrowworms, phula nyanga, Juni rasipiberi, paini ndi mizu yazifupi (mitengo ya prokofieva, 1976). Kummwera, kupezeka kwa chakudya cha mbuzi kumasiyana mitundu. Chifukwa chake. Basakelmes mwa zinthu 1498 zopezeka mu gawo la chakudya 38 cha anapiye ambuzi, 33% anali agulugufe, 20% anali kachilomboka, 15% anali nembanemba, 14% anali aphuli, 8% anali ndi mapiko, ndipo 5% anali nsikidzi, ndipo 32 ndizojambulidwa mabanja. Chiwerengero cha magulu amomwe amadyetsa adasinthidwa mosiyanasiyana: ngati mu June 15-17 opitilira theka la chakudya anali Orthoptera, ndipo pa Julayi 7-8 anali kafadala, ndiye pa Julayi 17-19 ali 80-90% Lepidoptera. Kuyerekeza kwa tsatanetsataneyu ndi zotsatira za kugwidwa ndi tizilombo m'kuwala kukuwoneka kuti kukuwonetsa kusapezeka kwa zakudya za mbuzi (Eliseev, 1986).

Adani, zovuta

Zinyama zokhala ndi mbewa zazing'ono zomwe zimakonda kukhala ndi mbewa zambiri zimagwidwa ndi nyama zokhala ndi mbewa zambiri, makamaka, kadzidzi, kadzidzi wa kadzidzi (Zarudny, 1888), kadzidzi, khungubwi ndi koshawk, kapu komanso khungubwi (Piechocki, 1966). Kafukufuku wambiri ndi wolemba womaliza wazomwe amachititsa kupha mbuzi ku Europe adawonetsa kuti gawo la mbuzi popanga mbalame zodyedwa ndizochepa kwambiri: anthu 46 okha pa milandu 148 103 yalembetsedwe molondola kwa ozunzidwa (0.03%). Koma nthawi zambiri amafera m'misewu, komwe amakonda kupuma kapena kusaka tizilombo usiku m'malo opangira magetsi: kuyambira Marichi mpaka Juni, adapeza mitembo 12 ya mbalame zachikulire, kuyambira pa Julayi mpaka Novembala - achikulire 14 ndi achinyamata achichepere, kuchuluka kwa ziweto zazing'ono pamisewu kudadziwika ndipo m'dera la Leningrad (Piechocki, 1966, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Mwa zina anthropogenic, kuchuluka kwa anthu m'nkhalango (posaka bowa, zipatso) panthawi yobereketsa mbalame kumaphetsa mbuzi ya mbuzi; kuchokera m'malo oterewa m'mizinda yayikulu, ma dodges ambuzi amapita pang'onopang'ono (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Mosakayikira, zovuta zoyambira pamatumbo a mbuzi pochotsa tizilombo sizikudziwika, koma sizikudziwika.

M'matumbo am'mapapo a mbuzi wamba, mitundu iwiri ya majeremusi odziwika apezeka: Vxtznissus scotornis Fain ndi Vitznissus caprimulgi (Fain), yotsirizirayi idapezeka mu mbalame zomwe zidapezeka ku Azerbaijan, Ryazan. ndi Tatarstan (Butenko, 1984).

Mtengo wachuma, chitetezo

Kuwononga tizirombo tambiri tambiri, yemwenso timakhala tosakhazikika ndipo titha kufikira mbalame zamasana, mbuzi iyenera, poganizira zam'mbuyomu zakufunika kwa mbalame, itchedwe mbalame yothandiza m'nkhalango, m'minda, komanso m'minda yakumatauni. Chifukwa cha machitidwe azakudya, mosakayikira amachita ntchito imodzi mwazinthu zosankha zachilengedwe pagulu la omwe akuzunzidwa. Ndiyofunika kutetezedwa mozungulira komanso kukopa m'njira zamatchire zamakono zam'matauni, komwe kuli kofunikira kupanga malo opumulira a mbalame zamtunduwu.

Amalembedwa mu Red Book of Latvia, komanso ku Russian Federation - mu Red Book of the Arkhangelsk Region, Sev. Ossetia ndi Tatarstan.

Chinyama chakupha chakupha chinali ndi cheke dzino

Ofufuzawo atsimikizira kutsimikiza kwa mtundu wa sumu wa chilombo cha Euchambersia, powunika momwe mano ake alili. Zinapezeka kuti pamwamba pa matangidwe ake apamwamba panali dzenje lomwe linali ndi poizoni, komwe poizoniyo umadutsa m'ngalande za bony. Zotsatira za phunziroli.

Kuswana

Zimalembera m'magulu awiriawiri pansi m'nkhalango za payini ndi zikhomo. Zonona sizikhutira. Yaikaziyo imayikira mazira awiri ofiira owirira pamtundu wina, miyala kapena miyala. Mbalame zonsezi zimangokhala osasamba kwa masiku 16-18. Chichewa chikuwoneka chophimbidwa ndi mkaka wowuma. Mwana wankhuku yachiwiri imagwira pambuyo pake kuposa yoyamba tsiku limodzi. Amayamba kuuluka ali ndi zaka 26, ndipo makolo awo amawadyetsa kwa milungu yopitilira iwiri. Mu theka lachiwiri la Julayi, mbalame zazing'ono zimasaka zokha agulugufe ndi kafadala, zomwe zimagwidwa ndikuuluka ndikuuluka kwawo.
Mbalame zimawuluka mu Ogasiti ndipo zimatha mu Seputembara.

Chiyambi cha dzina

Mbalameyi idatchedwa dzina chifukwa kuyambira nthawi zakale panali nthano yoti mbuzi imawuluka usiku kupita kubusa ndikupereka mkaka kwa mbuzi ndi ng'ombe. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri amamuthamangitsa iye kutali ndi ng'ombe, ndipo nthawi zina amaphedwa. Koma chidwi cha kozodoy sichili mkaka wa nyama, koma mwa tizilombo tomwe timadzaza tambiri pamwamba pawo - timadyanso mbuzi. Kuwononga tizilombo tambiri tambiri, mbuzi wamba ndiyothandiza kwambiri kunkhalango ndi ulimi.

Gulu ndi Magawo

Mbuzi yodziwika bwino idafotokozedwa mwasayansi ndi Carl Linnaeus mundondomeko ya 10 ya Natural System yake mu 1758. Dzina generic Caprimulgus, lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini kutanthauza kuti "mbuzi" kapena "mkaka wa mbuzi" (kuchokera ku mawu achi Latin wosilira - mbuzi, ndipo mulgeō - mkaka), wobwereka kuchokera ku Natural History (Liber X 26 Ivi 115) Pliny Mkuluyo - wolemba mbiri wakale ku Roma komanso wolemba amakhulupirira kuti mbalame zimamwa mkaka wa mbuzi usiku, zimangomamatira kukamwa kwa nyama, zomwe pambuyo pake zimachita khungu ndikufa. Zowonadi, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimapezeka pafupi ndi kumapeto kwa ng'ombe zam'mphepete mwa msipu, koma izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa tizilombo, kusokonezedwa ndi nyama kapena kusamukira kununkhira kwa manyowa. Dzinali, kutengera lingaliro lolakwika, silinangosungidwa mu sayansi yokha, komanso linasamukira ku zilankhulo zingapo za ku Europe, kuphatikizapo Chirasha. Onani dzina europaeus ("European") akuwonetsa mwachindunji dera lomwe mitunduyo idalongosoleredwa koyambirira.

Mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya mbuzi imasiyanitsidwa, momwe kusiyanasiyana kumasonyezedwera mu kukula kwathunthu ndi kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu yayikulu ya kuchuluka:

• C. e. europaeus Linnaeus, 1758 - kumpoto ndi pakati Europe kum'mawa mpaka Baikal, kumwera mpaka 60 ° C. w.
• C. e. meridionalis Hartert, 1896 - Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, dera la Iberian Peninsula, kumpoto kwa Mediterranean, Crimea, Caucasus, Ukraine, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Iran ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Caspian.
• C. e. sarudnyi Hartert, 1912 - Central Asia kuchokera Kazakhstan ndi gombe lakummawa kwa Caspian kupita kummawa kupita ku Kyrgyzstan, Tarbagatai ndi Mapiri a Altai.
• C. e. unwini Hume, 1871 - Asia kuchokera ku Iraq ndi Iran kummawa mpaka kumapiri otsetsereka a Tien Shan ndi mzinda wa China wa Kashgar, komanso Turkmenistan ndi Uzbekistan.
• C. e. maula Przewalski, 1876 - kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China, kumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mongolia.
• C. e. dementievi Stegmann, 1949 - Transbaikalia chakumwera, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Mongolia.

Mbuzi, kapena mbuzi wamba (lat.Caprimulgus europaeus)

Mbuzi wamba, yotchedwanso mbuzi (Caprimulgus europaeus), ndi mbalame yausiku. Woimira banja la True Kozodoi zisa makamaka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, komanso m'malo otentha a ku Epasia. Malongosoledwe asayansi amtunduwu adaperekedwa ndi Karl Linnaeus patsamba lamasamba kope la khumi la System of Natural kubwerera mu 1758.

A Kozodoi ali ndi utoto wabwino kwambiri woteteza, chifukwa chomwe mbalame zotere ndizomwe zimadzibisa. Pokhala mbalame zosawoneka bwino, mbuzi zimadziwika chifukwa chodziimba kwambiri, mosiyana ndi mawu a mbalame zina. Mu nyengo yabwino, zambiri za mbuzi zimamvekedwa ngakhale patali mamita 500-600.

Thupi la mbalame imakhala yotalikirapo, ngati ya cuckoo. A Kozodoi ali ndi mapiko aatali komanso owala, komanso okhala ndi mchira wotalikirapo. Mlomo wa mbalameyo ndi wofooka komanso waufupi, wakuda bii, koma gawo la kamwa limawoneka lalikulupo, lalitali lalitali komanso lolimba m'makona. Miyendo si yayikulu, yokhala ndi chala chotalika pakati. Mafutawa ndi ofewa, otayirira, chifukwa chomwe mbalameyo imawoneka yayikulu komanso yayikulu.

Mtundu wa ma plumage nthawi zambiri umayenda mozungulira, chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kudziwa mbalame zomwe zimakhala pansi panthambi za mitengo kapena masamba omwe adagwa. Masanjidwewo amasiyanitsidwa ndi gawo la kumtunda lofiirira lomwe lili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosunthika kapena mikwingwirima ya utoto wakuda, pabuka, ndi utoto. Gawo lam'munsi ndilovunda, ndipo pamakhala mawonekedwe omwe amaimiridwa ndi zingwe zazing'ono zakuda.

Pamodzi ndi mitundu ina ya banja, mbuzi zimakhala ndi maso akulu, mlomo wamfupi komanso mkamwa "chule", komanso zosiyana m'miyendo yaying'ono, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe oyenerera kugwirira nthambi ndikuyenda padziko lapansi.

Kukula kochepa kwa mbalameyo kumadziwika ndi thupi labwino kwambiri. Kutalika kwamunthu wamkulu kumasiyana pakati pa 24,5-28.0 cm, ndi mapiko osaposa 52-59 cm.Malemu oyenera amphongo samapitilira 51-101 g, ndipo kulemera kwa mkazi kumakhala pafupifupi 67-95 g.

Mbuzi ndizodziwika bwino komanso zamphamvu, koma kuthawa kwachete. Mwa zina, mbalame zotere zimatha "kupachika" pamalo amodzi kapena mapulani, zimasunga mapiko ake motalikirana. Pamwamba pa dziko lapansi, mbalameyo imayenda mosasunthika kwambiri ndipo imakonda madera opanda zomera. Pofikira nyama yolusa kapena mbalame, mbalame zopuma zimayesa kubisala m'malo ozungulira, kubisala ndikugwiritsitsa pansi kapena nthambi. Nthawi zina mbuzi imanyamuka mosavuta ndikukutika mapiko ake mokweza, ndikuyenda mtunda waufupi.

Amuna amayimba, nthawi zambiri amakhala pamitengo ya mitengo yakufa yomwe ikulira kunja kwa mitengo. Nyimboyi imayimiridwa ndi "rrrrr" wouma komanso wowoneka bwino, wofanana ndi phokoso la chala kapena ntchito ngati thirakitara. Kutokota kokhazikika kumayendera limodzi ndi kupumula kwakanthawi, koma kuchuluka kwake komanso kuchuluka kwake, komanso kuchuluka kwa mawu amtunduwu kumasintha nthawi ndi nthawi. Nthawi zina, a Kozodoi amasokoneza mapepala awo ndi "Matr-Furr-Furr-Furrryu" otambalala. Atangoimba, mbalameyo imachoka mumtengowo. Amunawo amayamba kukhwima patatha masiku angapo atafika ndikupitiliza kuyimba nthawi yonse yotentha.

Kozodoev sachita mantha kwambiri ndi malo okhala anthu ambiri, motero mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimawuluka pafupi ndi mabizinesi aulimi ndi aulimi, komwe kuli tizilombo tambiri. Kozodoi ndi mbalame usiku. Masana, nthumwi za mitunduyi zimakonda kupuma panthambi za mitengo kapena kutsikira pamudzu wokhala ndi udzu. Ndi kumayambiriro kwa usiku mbalamezo zimuluka kupita kukasaka. Pouluka, amathamangira kugwira nyama, amatha kuyendetsa bwino, komanso amayankha nthawi yomweyo mawonekedwe a tizilombo.

Paulendo wawo, a Kozodoi wachikulire nthawi zambiri amalira mokweza "Loweruka ... kumapeto kwa sabata", ndipo ma alarm ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kunong'ona kosavuta kapena mtundu wa phokoso losokosera.

Nthawi yovomerezeka yokhazikika yoyembekezera kukhala ndi mkaka wamba wa mbuzi mu chilengedwe, monga lamulo, sizidutsa zaka khumi.

Pali mzere wowoneka bwino wakuda pansi pa maso a mbuzi, ndipo mawanga ang'ono amawoneka mbali za mmero, omwe mwa amuna ali ndi khungu loyera, ndipo mwa akazi amakhala ndi utoto wofiira. Amuna amadziwika ndi malo oyera kumapeto kwamapiko ndi m'mingala ya nthenga zakunja. Achinyamata amafanana ndi akazi achikulire pamaonekedwe.

Habitat, malo okhala

Mbuzi wamba imakhala m'malo otentha komanso kotentha pa gawo la kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa ndi Europe. Ku Europe, nthumwi za mitunduyi zimapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse, kuphatikizapo zilumba zambiri za Mediterranean. Mbuzi zofala kwambiri zidakhala m'maiko a Eastern Europe komanso ku Iberia Peninsula. Ku Russia, mbalame zimapezeka kuchokera kumalire akumadzulo kummawa. Kumpoto, oyimira amtunduwu amapezeka mpaka ku subtaiga zone. Mtundu wa mbalame womwe umakhala chinyama ndi moorland.

Malo otseguka komanso otseguka okhala ndi malo ouma komanso otenthetsedwa bwino okhala mbalame. Chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga bwino nesting ndi kukhalapo kwa zinyalala zowuma, komanso gawo loyang'ana bwino komanso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo touluka touluka. A Kozodoi akhazikika mofunitsitsa m'malo opezeka anthu, amakhala malo owoneka bwino, ochepa nkhalango zowirira ndi dothi lamchenga komanso malo owoneka bwino, m'mbali mwa malo ndi m'minda, m'mphepete mwa magombe ndi m'mipata. Kummwera chakum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa Europe, mitunduyi imapezeka m'mitundu yamchenga komanso yamiyala ya maquis.

Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri chimawonedwa pakatikati pa Europe, pamiyala yosiyidwa ndi malo ophunzitsira ankhondo. Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, nthumwi za mtengowo zimayala m'malo otetezeka ndipo zidamera ndi zitsamba zosowa. Malo okhala malo opezekapo ndi malo otsetsereka a mitengo ndi nkhalango zamasefukira. Monga lamulo, mbuzi wamba zimakhala m'madambo, koma m'malo abwino, mbalame zimatha kukhala m'malo omwe amakhala.

Mbuzi yodziwika ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosamukasamuka yomwe imasuntha nthawi yayitali pachaka. Malo achitetezo a nthawi yozizira kwa oyimira mabungwe amasankho anali gawo la kumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Africa. Gawo laling'onong'ono la mbalamezi limathanso kupita kumadzulo kwa Africa. Kusamukira kumachitika kutsogolo m'malo otakata, koma okhala wamba mbuzi pa ntchentete amakonda kukhala okha, motero sakhala gulu. Kunja kwa malo achilengedwe, maulendo apandege kupita ku Iceland, kupita ku Azores, Faroe ndi Canary Islands, komanso ku Seychelles ndi Madeira kwalembedwa.

Ntchito zachuma za anthu, kuphatikizaponso kudula kwakukulu kwa nkhalango komanso kukonza njanji zamoto, zikuthandizira kuchuluka kwa mbuzi wamba, koma misewu yambiri imakhala yovuta kwa anthu ambiri mbalame zotere.

Mbuzi wamba zimadya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo touluka. Mbalame zimawuluka posaka pokhapokha kukada. Pazakudya za tsiku lililonse za oimira nyama zamtunduwu, kafadala ndi njenjete zimapezeka. Akuluakulu amakonda kugwira ma dipterans, kuphatikizapo midges ndi udzudzu, komanso kusaka nsikidzi, mayonesi ndi ma hymenopterans. Mwa zina, miyala yaying'ono ndi mchenga, komanso zinthu zotsalira za mbewu zina, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'matumbo okhala ndi minyewa.

Mbuzi wamba imawonetsa zochitika ndi kuyamba kwamdima komanso m'bandakucha, osangokhala kumalo otchedwa forage, komanso kopitilira malire a malowa. Ndi chakudya chokwanira, mbalame zimapuma usiku ndikupuma, zikukhala panthambi za mitengo kapena pansi. Tizilombo timakonda kugwidwa. Nthawi zina nyama amazisunga kuti zisabisalire, yomwe imathilidwa ndi nthambi za mitengo kunja kwa malo ena.

Mwa zina, pali zochitika pamene chakudya chimakulungidwa ndi mbuzi mwachindunji kuchokera kunthambi kapena padziko lapansi. Usiku utatha, kusaka usiku, mbalame zikagona, koma osadzibisalira m'mapanga kapena m'maenje chifukwa chaichi. Ngati zingafunike, mbalame zotere zimatha kupezeka pakati pa masamba agwa kapena nthambi zamitengo, pomwe mbalame zimapezeka pafupi ndi nthambi. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zomwe zimapumula zimangokhala ngati zilombo kapena munthu wina zimawawopsa kutali.

Chojambula chomwe chimaphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbuzi ndi mitundu yambiri yamphongo ndi kadzidzi ndikutha kwa mbalame zotere kuzimitsa zingwe zachilendo m'njira yopanda chakudya.

Kubala ndi kubereka

Mbuzi wamba imafika pakukhwima pofika miyezi isanu ndi iwiri. Amuna afika ku gawo lodyera pafupifupi milungu ingapo m'mbuyomu kuposa zazikazi. Pakadali pano, masamba amatuluka pamitengo ndi zitsamba, komanso tizilombo tambiri tambiri touluka. Madeti ofikapo amatha kusiyanitsa kuyambira pa Epulo (kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa komanso kumadzulo kwa Pakistan) mpaka zaka khumi zoyambirira za Juni (Leningrad Region). Nyengo yanyengo ndi kotentha kwa dera la Russia, gawo lalikulu la mbalamezo limagona malo okhala kuyambira pakati pa Epulo mpaka chaka chatha cha Meyi.

Amuna akufika kumalo odyerako amayamba kukhwima. Nthawi imeneyi, mbalameyi imayimba kwa nthawi yayitali, ikukhala m'mbali mwa nthambi. Nthawi zina, amuna amasintha maudindo awo, amasankha kuchoka ku nthambi za chomera chimodzi kupita ku nthambi za mtengo wina. Wamphongoyo, atazindikira wamkazi, wasokoneza nyimbo yake, ndipo kuti akope chidwi chake amalira mofuula ndikuwomba mapiko. Njira ya chibwenzi chachimuna imayendetsedwa ndi kusinthasintha pang'onopang'ono, komanso kuwundana kawirikawiri mlengalenga malo amodzi. Pakadali pano, mbalameyi imasunga thupi lake moyang'anana, ndipo chifukwa cha mapiko ooneka ngati V, mapiko oyera amaonekera bwino.

Amphongo akuwonetsa kwa osankhidwa awo malo omwe angathe kudzisankhira mtsogolo. M'malo amenewa, mbalame zimagwera pansi komanso zimapatsa chidwi. Nthawi yomweyo, akazi achikulire amasankha malo awo a chisa. Apa ndipamene machitidwe osokoneza mbalame. Mbuzi zodziwika bwino sizimapanga zisa, ndipo kuyikira mazira kumachitika mwachindunji padziko lapansi, yokutidwa ndi zinyalala za pepala la chaka chatha, singano za spruce kapena fumbi la nkhuni. Chisa chachilendo choterocho chimakutidwa ndi masamba odabwitsa kapena nthambi zakugwa, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuyang'ana kwathunthu ndi kuzungulira bwino pangozi pangozi.

Mowirikiza nthawi zambiri amapezeka zaka khumi zapitazi za Meyi kapena sabata yoyamba ya June. Yaikazi imayikira mazira awiri pamlaza wowoneka bwino ndi mbewa yoyera kapena yotuwa, pomwe pamakhala mbewa ya bulauni. Makulitsidwe kumakhala osakwana milungu itatu. Wamkazi amatenga nthawi yayitali kuti akwaniritse ntchitoyi, koma nthawi yamadzulo kapena m'mawa kwambiri, yamphongo imatha kubwezeretsa. Mbalame yomwe imakhala pansi imakumana ndi adani kapena anthu mwakuwombera maso ake poopseza kuti isayang'ane kulowamo. Nthawi zina, mbuziyo imakonda kunamizira kuti yavulazidwa kapena kunenedwa, ndikutsegula pakamwa pake ndikufinya kwa mdani.

Anapiye omwe amabadwa ndi gawo la tsiku ndi tsiku amakhala atakutidwa ndi thonje lofiirira pamutu komanso mthunzi wopindika kuchokera pansi. Ziphuphu zimayamba kugwira ntchito mwachangu. Chodabwitsa cha anapiye a mbuzi wamba ndikutha kwawo, mosiyana ndi akuluakulu, kuyenda motsimikiza.M'masiku anayi oyamba, ana obadwa ndi ana amakhala ndi mkaka wokha, koma wamwamuna amakhudzidwanso pakudya. Usiku umodzi wokha, makolo ayenera kubweretsa tizilombo tokwana zana pachisa. Pazaka ziwiri zokha, ana amayesa kupita, koma anapiyewo amatha kuyenda mtunda wautali pokhapokha atakwanitsa milungu itatu kapena inayi.

Ana obadwa kumene mbuzi amayamba kudzilamulira okha azaka pafupifupi zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi, pomwe ana onsewo amwazikana m'maboma apafupi ndikukonzekera ulendo wawo wautali wa nthawi yozizira ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara.

Mbuzi wamba mkati mwachilengedwe sizili ndi adani ambiri. Anthu samasaka mbalame zoterezi, ndipo pakati pa anthu ambiri, kuphatikiza Ahindu, Asipanya, ndi mafuko ena aku Africa, amakhulupirira kuti kupha wakupha mbuzi kungayambitse mavuto akulu. Adani akuluakulu amtunduwu ndi njoka zikuluzikulu kukula, mbalame zina zolusa ndi nyama. Komabe, kuwonongeka kokwanira komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mbalame ndi adaniwa ndizochepa.

Kuwala kochokera pamagetsi amagalimoto sikuti kumangokopa tizilombo tambiri usiku, komanso kufunafuna mbuzi wamba, ndipo magalimoto otanganidwa nthawi zambiri amayambitsa kufa kwa mbalame zotere.

Kuchuluka kwa mitundu ndi mitundu ya mitundu

Mpaka pano, mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya mbuzi imasiyanitsidwa, kusiyanasiyana komwe kukufotokozedwa pakusintha mu utoto wathunthu wazokwanira komanso kukula kwake konse. Masapulogalamu a Caprimulgus europaeus europaeus Linnaeus omwe amakhala kumpoto ndi pakati pa Europe, ndipo oimira Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hartert amapezeka nthawi zambiri kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, ku Iberian Peninsula komanso kumpoto kwa Mediterranean.

Kukhazikika kwa caprimulgus europaeus sarudnyi Hartert ndi Central Asia. Ma subspecies a Caprimulgus europaeus unwini Hume amapezeka ku Asia, komanso ku Turkmenistan ndi Uzbekistan. Gawo la magawo a Caprimulgus europaeus plumipes Przewalski likuyimiridwa ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China, kumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mongolia, ndipo ma subspecies a Caprimulgus europaeus dementievi Stegmann amapezeka kumwera kwa Transbaikalia, kumpoto chakum'mawa. Pakadali pano, mndandanda wazofotokozedwazo wa zolengedwa zosowa, zachilengedwe zomwe zatayidwa kale, woweta mbuzi wamba ndiye wapatsidwa mwayi wofanana nawo.

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