Ecology (kuchokera ku Greek. Oikos - nyumba, kwawo ndi ... zomveka - gawo la mawu ovuta, kutanthauza: chidziwitso, sayansi) - 1) gawo la zachikhalidwe zomwe zimayang'ana ubale pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe, 2) gawo la biology lomwe limaganizira ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa zinyama, mbewu ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana chilengedwe.

Malinga ndi asayansi, kuchuluka kwa mapulanetiwa kudzachulukanso kawiri pazaka 50 zilizonse, makamaka kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala m'mizinda kudzadziwika kwambiri.

Zochita za anthu zimabweretsa kutha kwa mitundu ina yazomera ndi nyama. “Buku Lofiyira” laonekera, pomwe mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera zomwe zalembedwapo zalembedwa ndi cholinga kuti zizisungidwe. Zachilengedwe sizimatha, ndipo tsogolo la anthu limatengera kumvetsetsa izi. Mavuto azachilengedwe amasokoneza thanzi la anthu komanso miyoyo yawo.

Kuyanjana kwa magalimoto ndi chilengedwe

Mayendedwe ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimayipitsa mpweya. Mavuto azachilengedwe omwe amabwera chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoyendera pamachilengedwe amatsimikizika ndi kuchuluka kwa zakumwa zoopsa ndi injini, komanso kuwonongeka kwa matupi amadzi. Kutulutsa zinyalala kolimba ndi kuwononga phokoso kumayambitsa zotsatirapo zoyipazo. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi mayendedwe amumsewu omwe amabwera woyamba ngati wowononga chilengedwe komanso wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi. Zotsatira zoyipa zoyendera ma njanji ndi dongosolo la kukula kwambiri. Kuwonongeka kwa zinthu - potsika - kuchokera kumlengalenga, kunyanja ndi kunyamula mayendedwe amadzi kumakhala kocheperako.

Zovuta Zamayendedwe Pamagalimoto

Kuwotcha mafuta ambiri, magalimoto amavulaza chilengedwe (makamaka m'mlengalenga) ndi thanzi la munthu. Mlengalenga umatha mpweya wa okosijeni, wadzadza ndi zinthu zoyipa zamagetsi zotulutsa, kuchuluka kwa fumbi lomwe limayimitsidwa m'mlengalenga ndikuyika pansi pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ikukwera.

Ntchito yomaliza pamutu womwewo

Madzi akunyowa ochokera m'mabizinesi amagetsi oyendetsa magalimoto nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mafuta omwe amakhala ndi mafuta ndi zinthu zina zowonjezera, ndipo zinthu zina zakumtunda kuchokera mumsewu wonyamula misewu zimakhala ndi zitsulo zina zowonjezera (lead, cadmium, ndi zina).

Magalimoto amakhalanso ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuchotsa ma vertebrates ndi ma invertebrates, ndizowopsa kwa anthu, zimapangitsa kufa kambiri komanso kuvulala kwambiri.

Eni magalimoto eniake nthawi zambiri amatsuka magalimoto awo m'mphepete mwa dziwe pogwiritsa ntchito zopopera zomwe zimalowa m'madzi.

Njira ya mankhwala ochotsera matalala ndi ayezi pamalo owonekera pamsewu mothandizidwa ndi ma reagents - mankhwala ena a chloride (kudzera pakukhudzana mwachindunji ndi dothi) amavulaza zachilengedwe zachilengedwe.

Zowopsa zamcherezi zimawonekera pakupanga zitsulo zomwe ndi gawo la magalimoto, kuwonongeka kwa magalimoto amisewu komanso zinthu zina zamkati mwa zikwangwani za msewu ndi mipanda yammbali mwamsewu.

Gawo lamagalimoto omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito, ngakhale ali ndi miyezo yambiri yamakono ya poizoni ndi utsi womwe umatuluka, pafupifupi 20 - 25%.

Mphamvu yakumayendedwe a geo-ecological ikuwonekera pakuwonjezereka kwa mpweya wa carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, ma hydrocarbons kapena kutsogolera kwa magwero oyipirapo (m'misewu yayikulu, m'misewu yayikulu, m'misewu, pamisewu). Gawo la zodetsedwa zimatengedwa kuchokera kumalo ogwirira, zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zaku chilengedwe. Mpweya wa kaboni ndi mpweya wina wokhala ndi mphamvu yobiriwira, kufalikira m'mlengalenga, ndikuyambitsa mavuto azachilengedwe padziko lapansi.

Pafupifupi 15% ya zitsanzo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mayendedwe azonyamula, ma MPC okhala ndi zitsulo zoopsa zaumoyo anapitilira.

Zowononga zazikulu zamagalimoto ndi mabatire (lead), zinthu zamkati (pulasitiki), matayala amgalimoto, zidutswa za matupi amoto (zitsulo).

Zovuta za njanji

Gwero lalikulu la kuipitsa kwa mlengalenga ndi mpweya wotulutsa womwe umatulutsidwa ndi ma dizilo am'madzi omwe amapezeka ndi kaboni monoxide, nitrogen oxide, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma hydrocarbons, sulfure dioxide, ndi soot.

Kuphatikiza apo, mpaka 200 m³ yamadzi odetsedwa okhala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timalowa m'galimoto zonyamula anthu pa kilomita imodzi ya njanji pachaka, kuwonjezera apo, mpaka matani 12 a zinyalala zouma amatulutsidwa.

Pokonzekera kutsuka masheya, zotsekera - zopangira zina, zamafuta osiyanasiyana, mafuta, ma hexavalent chromium, ma acid, alkali, ma organics osiyanasiyana, ndi zinthu zopanda pake zomwe zimayimitsidwa - zimaponyedwa m'malo osungira komanso chimbudzi.

Kuipitsa kaphokoso kwa masitima osunthira kumayambitsa zovuta zoyipa, ndipo zimakhudza moyo wa anthu ambiri.

Zotsatira Za Anga

Kuyendetsa ndege kumadzaza mpweya ndi mpweya wa monoxide, ma hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, soot, aldehydes. Injini zamagalimoto zamagetsi ndi rocket zimasokoneza troposphere, stratosphere, ndi malo akunja. Zomwe zimathandizira kuti ziwonongeke zaazone padziko lapansi zimapanga pafupifupi 5% ya poizoni yemwe amalowa mumlengalenga kuchokera kuzonse zonyamula.

Zotsatira Zanyumba

Mtsinjewo, makamaka, zombo zam'madzi zimadetsa kwambiri mpweya ndi mpweya. Kutumiza koyenda kumadzaza m'mlengalenga ndi ma freons, omwe amawononga mawonekedwe a dziko lapansi, ndipo mafuta amatulutsa sulufufufufu, nayitrogeni, ndi carbon monoxide oxide pakafuta. Amadziwika kuti 40% yazotsatira zoyipa zoyenda ndi madzi zimayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mpweya. 60% "share" phokoso lanyumba, kugwedezeka kwachilengedwe kwachilendo, zotayidwa zolimba ndi njira zotsukira za zinthu zoyendera, kukhesa kwa mafuta pakagwa ngozi za tanker, ndi zina zambiri. Kufa kwa nsomba za ana ndi zinthu zina zambiri zam'madzi kumalumikizidwa ndi mafunde omwe amachitika panthawi yogwira ntchito zam'madzi zam'madzi.

Zolemba za ntchito yasayansi pamutu wakuti "ZINSINSI ZAKUKHUDZITSITSA ZOTHANDIZA NDIPO NJIRA ZA KULETSA KWAO"

maola ogwiritsira ntchito kuyambira tsiku la kutumidwa.

1.3.2. Moyo wautumiki wa PSM asanakumanidwe koyamba ayenera kukhala osachepera maola 5500 ogwira ntchito.

1.3.3. Zizindikiro zodalirika za PSM zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuwerengera ndipo zimatchulidwa pakuyesa.

1.4 Zofunikira za ergonomics ndi aesthetics zaluso.

1.4.1 Kukongola kowonekera bwino kwa mawonekedwe a PSM kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndikuwonekera bwino pakupanga zinthu zowoneka ndi mawonekedwe a zokutira zokongoletsera zopangidwa mu utoto wa zida zopulumutsira.

1.5. Zofunikira pakugwirira ntchito, kupumula, kukonza komanso kusungira

1.5.1. Zinthu zonse, misonkhano ndi kachitidwe ziyenera kusinthidwa kuti zizikonzedwa, kukonza komanso kusungidwa ku Arctic. Mapeto, malingaliro

1. AGZ EMERCOM waku Russia ndi mbewu LLC "EZSM" Continent "yatha

kukonzekera Zosowa zaukadaulo za PSM kuchokera-msewu ndi drones yopulumutsa mwadzidzidzi ndi ntchito zina zofunikira.

2. Makina angapo a chomera cha EZSM Continent chomera, chopangidwa ndi gawo la AGZ EMERCOM la Russia, akugwira ntchito mozungulira msewu komanso chipale chofewa, kuphatikiza zigawo za Arctic.

1. Kushlyaev V.F. Magalimoto oyendetsa -ukadaulo owongolera dziko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo mu Arctic / Kushlyaev V.F., Leonov V.A., Agranovsky A.A., Malyshev V.A., Gomonay M.V. // Ntchito zomanga ndi magalimoto mumsewu. - 2014. - Ayi. 12. - S.12-15.

2. Kudryavtsev N.I. Makina apadera a mbewu LLC Velmash-S popewa komanso kutulutsa zadzidzidzi nthawi yachilengedwe komanso yopangidwa ndi anthu // N.I. Kudryavtsev, V.F. Kushlyaev, V.G. Munda, A.A. Aganovsky. Kutolere zida za pagome lozungulira pamutuwu: "Zofunikira pakukhazikitsa dongosolo lankhondo la boma la chaka cha 2018 mpaka 2025 populumutsa magulu ankhondo a Unduna wa Zadzidzidzi ku Russia", Seputembara 8, 2016.

D.V. Ladonin, S.O. Potapova

FSBEI wa HE Voronezh Institute-Nthambi Ivanovo Fire and Rescue Academy of State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency of Russia

MALANGIZO OTHANDIZA ATSOGOLO NDI NJIRA ZA KUGULITSIRA kwawo

Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana za vuto lakuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe kuchokera kumalo onyamula mayendedwe mumsewu.

Mawu ofunikira: gwero la kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, mayendedwe mumsewu, kuwononga mpweya, kuwononga malo ndi madzi am'madzi, zoyipa zoyendera.

D. V. Ladonin, S. O. Potapova

ZOTSATIRA ZA NKHANI ZA UTHENGA WABWINO NDI NJIRA ZA SOLUTION YAWO

Nkhaniyi ikukhudzana ndi vuto lakuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe kuchokera kumayendedwe ndi magalimoto.

Mawu osakira: magwero a kuipitsa zachilengedwe, mayendedwe mumsewu, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya, kuipitsa malo ndi zinthu zamadzi, zoyipa zoyendera.

Maofesi amtundu wa magalimoto ndi gwero lamphamvu lakuipitsa chilengedwe. Mwa matani 35 miliyoni a zinthu zovulaza, 89% ndi zinthu zochokera ku mayendedwe agalimoto ndi mabizinesi omanga misewu. Ntchito yonyamula pakuwonongeka kwa matupi amadzi ndi yofunika. Kuphatikiza apo, mayendedwe ndichimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa phokoso m'mizinda ndipo amathandizira kwambiri pakuwononga chilengedwe ndi mafuta.

Kutumiza kuchokera ku mayendedwe amisewu ku Russia kuli pafupifupi matani 22 miliyoni pachaka. Mafuta ophatikizira amagetsi opangira mkati amakhala ndi mitundu yopitilira 200 ya zinthu zovulaza, kuphatikizapo zamankhwala. Zopangira mafuta, matayala ndi ma brake pad, amavala zinthu, zochuluka komanso katundu wafumbi, komanso chloride chomwe amagwiritsa ntchito ngati mawonekedwe a misewu yamsewu imayipitsa msewu wammbali ndi mizere yamadzi.

Zomwe zimapezeka pa mafoni ndi monga magalimoto ndi magalimoto oyendera pansi, madzi ndi mpweya. M'mizinda yayikulu, magalimoto ndi zina mwazomwe zimayambitsa kuwononga mpweya. Magesi otulutsa enjini amakhala ndi kapangidwe kovuta ka zinthu zopitilira mazana awiri, pakati pomwe pali ma carcinogen ambiri. Magalimoto apamtunda ndi magalimoto oyenda mumisewu yayikulu ndi njanji, komanso zomangamanga, zida zaulimi ndi zankhondo. Malinga ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa kuchuluka ndi mitundu ya zinyalala zomwe zimatulutsidwa, ndikofunikira kuti muganizire mofatsa injini zamagetsi zamkati (makamaka ziwiri ndi zina za ma stroke) ndi injini za dizilo.

Zinthu zovulaza pakugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto am'mlengalenga zimalowa mumlengalenga ndi mipweya yotulutsa, utsi wochokera kumafuta amagetsi komanso pakuwonjezera mafuta, komanso mipweya yazitsulo. Mpweya wa kaboni wa monoxide umakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi momwe msewu umayambira komanso magalimoto omwe amayendetsa. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, pakukula ndikupanga mipweya yotulutsa, mpweya wa monoxide ukuwonjezeka pafupifupi nthawi 8. Mpweya wocheperako wa carbon monoxide umatulutsidwa pa liwiro lagalimoto yama 60 km / h.

Chifukwa chakuti magasi amoto otsegulira magalimoto amalowa m'munsi mumlengalenga, ndipo momwe amwaziridwayi amasiyana kwambiri ndi njira yobalalitsira magwero apamwamba, zinthu zovulaza zimangokhala gawo la kupumira kwa munthu. Chifukwa chake, zoyendetsa pamsewu ziyenera kufotokozedwa ngati magwero owopsa kwambiri akuipitsidwa ndi mpweya pafupi ndi misewu yayikulu.

Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa malo okhala anthu okhala m'misewu ndipo oyang'anira zukhondo ndi oyang'anira chilengedwe atero. Komabe, kufalikira kwa mipweya yoyipa kudakali kwakanthawi komanso kumachepa ndi kuchepa kapena kuchepa kwa kayendedwe. Mitundu yonse ya kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya kwakanthawi kochepa imadutsa m'malo otetezeka.

Kuwonongeka kwa nthaka padziko lapansi ndi mayendedwe ndi magalimoto amatenga pang'onopang'ono, kutengera kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndipo kumakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri ngakhale msewu utatha. M'badwo wamtsogolo, womwe ungathenso kusiya magalimoto momwe ulili masiku ano, kuwonongeka kwa kayendedwe ka dothi kumakhalabe cholowa cham'mbuyo. Ndikotheka kuti pakuthana ndi misewu yomwe tidamangitsa, nthaka yodetsedwa ndi zitsulo zopanda mafuta ziyenera

khalani oyera kuchokera pansi.

Zinthu zomwe zimamera munthaka, makamaka zitsulo, zimatengeka mosavuta ndi mbeu ndikukudutsitsa kudzera mu unyolo wazakudya mu thupi la zinyama ndi anthu. Gawo lomwe limasungunuka ndikuthilitsidwa ndi madzi am'madzi, kenako kulowa m'mitsinje, m'malo osungirako madzi, ndipo ngakhale kudzera m'madzi akumwa kumatha kukhalanso mthupi la munthu. Zolemba zomwe zilipo pakadali pano zimafunabe kusonkhanitsa ndi kuchiza zothira madzi okha m'mizinda ndi malo otetezedwa ndi madzi. Kuwerengera ndalama zoyendera nthaka ndi matupi amadzi m'dera loyandikana ndi mseuwu ndikofunikira popanga misewu ya kalasi yoyamba ndi yachiwiri kuti athe kuwunika momwe nthaka ingawonongere malo okhala ndiulimi ndi nyumba zogona, komanso kapangidwe ka zodutsa m'misewu.

Mafuta amadziwika kuti ndi wodetsa nkhawa komanso zoyipa kwambiri. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, zomwe zimatsogola pamtunda pamphepete kumanja kwa njira nthawi zambiri zimakhala mpaka 1000 mg / kg, koma mu fumbi la misewu yamatawuni yomwe ili ndi magalimoto ochuluka kwambiri imatha kukwera kasanu. Zomera zambiri zimalekerera mosavuta pazachuma zopezeka munthaka, pokhapokha ndizotsogola zopitilira 3000 mg / kg pali zoletsa zowoneka. Kwa nyama, zoopsa zili kale ndi 150 mg / kg ya lead.

Kuwonongeka kwa matupi amadzi kumachitika chifukwa cha kulowetsedwa kwa zotulutsa kupita padziko lapansi m'magetsi, madzi apansi panthaka komanso matupi amadzi otseguka. Ndiwotheka kuti zotulutsira mafuta osafunikira kuchokera kumabizinesi opanga zowopsa ndizowopsa, koma osaganizira zakhudzidwa ndimisewu pamadzi, sizingatheke kuonetsetsa malo onsewo. [1,2]

Akuluakulu oyang'anira zaukhondo amafunika kuti mabungwe akukonza misewu asunge matupi abwinobwino otetezedwa mumsewu. Pazotupa zomwe zimapezeka, nkhawa yayikulu ndikuphatikizika kwa mafuta m'madzi. Zizindikiro zoyambirira zokhala ngati mawanga amtundu wautoto zimawonekera kale pamtunda wa 4 ml / m2 (makulidwe amakanema - 0.004-0.005 mm). Pamaso pa 10-50 ml / m2, mawanga amapeza sheen siliva, ndipo oposa 80 ml / m2 - mikwingwirima yowala. Kanema wolimba, wosakhazikika amapezeka nthawi yotseka yoposa 0,2 l / m2, ndipo pa 0,5 l / m2 imakhala yamdima. Kutengera zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa, ndizotheka kuwerengetsa mosamala kuchuluka kwamafuta omwe asungidwa mu chosungiramo, mwachitsanzo, kuti awone kuwonongeka kwa ngozi yapamsewu. [1,2]

Kumbukirani kuti MPC yamafuta ndi mafuta amtundu wa mafuta ndi 0,0-0.3 mg / l.

Pamodzi ndi kuwonongeka kwa mpweya, gulu la phokoso ndizotsatira zofanananso za kupita patsogolo kwaumisiri ndi chitukuko cha mayendedwe.

Phokoso lamsewu pamsewu, makamaka chilengedwe cha anthu, lakhala vuto. Pafupifupi anthu 40 miliyoni ku Russia amakhala m'malo opanda phokoso, ndipo theka la iwo amakhudzidwa ndi phokoso la oposa 65 dBA.

Phokoso laphokoso m'misewu yathu ndilokwera kwambiri kuposa mayiko akumadzulo. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa abale pamalonda mumayendedwe, komwe phokoso limakhala 8-10 dBa (i.e., pafupifupi nthawi 2) yapamwamba kuposa magalimoto.

Amakhulupirira kuti m'matawuni 60-80% ya phokoso amayamba chifukwa cha magalimoto.

Magwero a phokoso m'galimoto yoyenda ndi mawonekedwe a gawo lamagetsi, makina owonjezera mphamvu ndi magetsi, magalimoto operekera matayala, magudumu amakhudzana ndi mawonekedwe amsewu, kugunda kwa kuyimitsidwa ndi thupi, kuyanjana kwa thupi ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya. Makhalidwe a phokoso akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa luso la magalimoto ndi mtundu wagalimoto ndi msewu.

Zinthu zoyendera: kukula, kapangidwe, kuthamanga, magalimoto magalimoto, mtundu wa katundu wonyamulidwa, zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pamlingo wamaphokoso. Zofunikira kwambiri ndizofunikira pamsewu. Kwamagalimoto, injini imapanga phokoso kwambiri, makamaka ikafunika kugwira ntchito yamagalimoto ochepa. Koma kwa magalimoto okwera, phokoso loyenda ndilofunika kwambiri. Zachidziwikire, sitingayembekezere kuti kuti achepetse phokoso amachepetsa mphamvu yamagalimoto kapena kuchepetsa matayala ndi zokutira, potero amachepetsa chitetezo cha kuyendetsa mothamanga kwambiri. Kafukufuku yemwe anachitika ku Germany sanawonetse mwayi wapadera wovala zovala zowoneka bwino kapena zowoneka bwino, ngakhale malingana ndi deta ya Moscow Autoobile and Road State Technical University, zokutira koyipa, makamaka m'malo onyowa, zimatha kuwonjezera phokoso ndi 5-7.5 dBa.

Njira yodziwika bwino kwambiri yodzitetezera ndi kupanga njira pamtunda wobiriwira. Khoma lobiriwira lamiyala yowuma yopanda mitengo komanso zitsamba zomwe zili m'munsi mwa nyanjayo imalekanitsa mayendedwe, limapereka malo owonjezera, makamaka malo amatauni ndi mafakitale.

Njira yothanirana ndi chilengedwe ndi m'mbali mwa dothi. Amatha kukhala pamtunda, kupereka mawonekedwe. Komabe, chifukwa chakudera lomwe anthu amakhala, shafti imatha kukhala ndi mtengo wokwera kuposa zoteteza.

Chotetezera. Kuchita bwino kwa chophimba chotchinga kumadalira kukweza m'mphepete mwake pamwamba pamzere womwe umalumikiza gwero la phokoso ndi malo otetezedwa. Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri, zachidziwikire, zimapezeka ngati wopitilira ali ndi kutalika kofanana ndi kutalika kwa nyumba zogona. Mukayika zikwangwani mbali zonse ziwiri, mawonekedwe amagetsi amawonekera. Ziyenera kulozeredwa kapena kuwonetsedwa kuti sizingagwere kumalo otetezedwa. Mafuta amatheka chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina kapena mwa kukonza pansi. Kuwongolera kowunikira kumayendetsedwa ndikuwongolera mapanelo obisalamo kunja.

Njira zazikulu zochepetsera phokoso lamagalimoto, zomwe ziyenera kufananizidwa mogwirizana ndi mitengo, ndi:

- kupatulidwa kwa magalimoto oyenda, kuwonetsetsa kuti mayendedwe aulere,

- Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, zoletsa magalimoto usiku,

- kuchotsedwa kwa misewu yayitali ndi misewu yonyamula anthu kuchokera kumalo okhala,

- makonzedwe apangidwe otetezera phokoso ndi (kapena) malo obiriwira,

- Kupanga ngalande zodzitchinjiriza mumphepete mwa msewu, kutukuka kwake komwe ndizovomerezeka kwa nyumba zokha popanda zoletsa phokoso laukhondo.

Kufulumira kwavuto

Pali mitundu ingapo ya mayendedwe, koma owopsa kwambiri kuchokera pakuwoneka kuti ali ndi mavuto azachilengedwe amawonedwa ngati magalimoto. Ndipo ngati zaka makumi angapo zapitazo si aliyense amene angathe kugula galimoto yawoyawo, lero yakhala njira yoyenera komanso yokwanira kugula mayendedwe kwa anthu ambiri.

Mwakutero, gawo la zodetsa zomwe zimatuluka mlengalenga ndi magalimoto zinafika pa 50%, pomwe mu 70s m'zaka zapitazi lidangokhala 10-15% okha. Ndipo m'mizinda yayikulu ndi megacities amakono chizindikirochi chitha kufikira 65-70%. Kuphatikiza apo, zotulutsa zapachaka zimakwera pafupifupi 3%, ndipo izi zimabweretsa nkhawa zazikulu.

Chochititsa chidwi: mayendedwe amisewu amakhala patsogolo pakuwononga chilengedwe, ndiye gwero lodetsa kwambiri la mpweya. Zimakhala ndi mpweya woposa 90%, wocheperako 50% wowonetsa phokoso, komanso pafupifupi 65-68% yazowononga nyengo.

Zinthu zovulaza zomwe zimapangidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto

Mavuto azachilengedwe mayendedwe amisewu ndiofunika kwambiri ndipo amakhudzidwa ndi mawonekedwe amakono. Ngati titenga zodziwikirazo, ndiye kuti makina amodzi amatenga mpweya wokwanira matani anayi chaka chofunikira kuti ayambe kuyaka. Chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito kwa injini yamagalimoto, mipweya yotulutsa mpweya imapangidwa, yomwe imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zovulaza.

Chifukwa chake, pafupifupi makilogalamu 800 a kaboni monoxide, makilogalamu 180-200 a kaboni ndi pafupifupi 35-40 makilogalamu a nitrogen oxide amatulutsa pachaka. Mitengo yama carcinogenic imatulutsidwanso mumlengalenga: matani ngati 5,000 a lead, pafupifupi tani imodzi ndi theka ya benzapylene, matani 27 a benzene ndi matani oposa 17,000 a formaldehyde. Ndipo kuchuluka kwazinthu zonse zovulaza komanso zowopsa zomwe zimatulutsidwa pakugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mayendedwe amisewu pafupifupi matani 20 miliyoni. Ndipo ziwerengero zoterezi ndizazikulu komanso zoopsa.

Pazonse, kuphatikiza kwa mpweya wotulutsa womwe umatulutsidwa ndi mayendedwe amisewu kumaphatikizapo zinthu zopitilira 200 ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndipo zochulukazo zimakhala ndi zinthu zoopsa. Ndipo zinthu zina zimapangidwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito makina komanso kulumikizana kwawo ndi malo ozungulira, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kukangana kwa mphira pa phulusa.

Tisapeputse kuvulaza magalimoto osiyanasiyana, kugwiritsa ntchito komwe sikunapatsidwe chidwi. Zotsatira zake, zinyalala zodzipanga zokha zimapangidwa ndi zigawo mamiliyoni ambiri zamagalimoto zopangidwa ndi mphira ndi zitsulo, zomwe zimatulutsanso nthenga zowopsa mumlengalenga.

Njira yamagalimoto ndi yovuta kwambiri ndipo imakhudza mayendedwe osiyanasiyana. Mu nthawi yakumapeto zinthu zambiri zimapangidwa, zazikulu zomwe ndi:

• Ma hydrocarbon amaphatikizika ndi zinthu zoyambira kapena zowola zamafuta.
• Soot ndi kaboni yolimba yomwe imapangidwa chifukwa cha pyrolysis komanso gawo lalikulu lama insoluble tinthu timene timayendetsedwa ndi galimoto.
• Sulfure oxide amapangidwa mkati mwa sulufule, yomwe ndi gawo lamafuta wamagalimoto.
• Carbon monoxide ndi mpweya wopanda fungo komanso wopanda utoto wokhala ndi kachulukidwe kochepa ndipo ukufalikira mwachangu mlengalenga.
• Ma hydrocarbon amaphatikizira. Adaphunziridwa bwino, koma asayansi adziwa kale kuti zinthuzi zamagesi zotulutsa zimatha kukhala zida zoyambirira zopangira zomwe zimatchedwa ma Photooxidants.
• Nitric oxide ndi gasi wopanda mtundu, ndipo diamoniyo imakhala ndi huti yofiirira yakuda komanso fungo losasangalatsa.
• Sulfur dioxide ndi mpweya wopanda mtundu, koma fungo labwino kwambiri.

Chochititsa chidwi: kuphatikiza kwa mpweya wotulutsira mpweya wotuluka mumlengalenga munthawi yogwiritsira ntchito zoyendera pamsewu kutengera mawonekedwe a makinawo, momwe alili, mafuta omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso zomwe dalaivala akuchita.

Ndi kutentha kwanyengo

Onse akatswiri azachilengedwe amalankhula za iye, ndipo zotulukapo za zochitika zapadziko lonsezi zikuyamba kudziwonetsa. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mpweya wotopetsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuyenda kwa magalimoto kulowa mu mlengalenga, zimachulukitsa kachulukidwe ka zigawo zake zam'munsi ndikupanga greenhouse. Zotsatira zake, kuwala kwa dzuwa kumagwera padziko lapansi ndikutentha, koma kutentha sikungabwerenso m'malo (njira ngati izi zimawonedwa m'malo obiriwira).

Zotsatira zobiriwira zachilengedwe ndizowopsa. Zotsatira zomwe zingakhalepo zikuphatikiza kukwera kwa nyanja, kutentha kwa dziko, kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana, masoka achilengedwe, mavuto azachuma, zowononga zachilengedwe ndi zomera.

Kusintha kwachilengedwe

Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, mayendedwe amakhudza pafupifupi chilichonse chamoyo chapadziko lapansi. Mpweya wotentha umakokedwa ndi nyama, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magwiridwe ake a ntchito apume. Ziwalo zina zimavutika ndi kupuma komanso kusowa kwa oxygen.

Nyama zimakumana ndi kupsinjika, zomwe zimatha kukhala ndi zizolowezi zina. Kuchuluka kwa kubereka kumatsikiranso, chifukwa chomwe mitundu ina imakhala yocheperako, pomwe ina imayamba kusowa ndikuyamba kukhala pangozi. Flora imavutikanso kwambiri, chifukwa mpweya wamagetsi ogwiritsira ntchito magalimoto amayandikira pomwepo pamagwera mbewu, nkupangira zokutira zowirira ndi kusokoneza njira zopumira zachilengedwe.

Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala oopsa amalowa munthaka ndikugwidwa ndi mizu, zomwe zimakhudzanso boma ndi kukula kwa oimira maluwa. Zosintha zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zovuta zoyipa zamagalimoto zikuchulukirachulukira komanso padziko lonse lapansi chaka chilichonse, ndipo pakapita nthawi zimatha kutsogolera kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chomwe chiripo pa Dziko Lapansi, chomwe chidzakhudze moyo wa anthu, mpweya, mpweya.

Mavuto azachilengedwe chifukwa cha magalimoto

Mavuto azachilengedwe zamagalimoto - zovuta zapano. Kugwira magalimoto mwachangu komanso kofala kumakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe, kumadetsa mpweya, madzi, kugwa kwamvula, ndi mlengalenga. Ndipo izi zimatha kudzetsa mavuto ambiri azaumoyo.

Chifukwa chake, kupuma kwamatenda kumakhala kovutikira kwambiri, chifukwa zinthu zovulaza zomwe zimatuluka m'm mpweya zimalowamo, zimakhumudwitsa mucous membrane, zotsekera mapapu ndi bronchi. Chifukwa cha kupuma, kuperewera kwa oksijeni kumachitika m'ziwalo zonse za thupi. Kuphatikiza apo, zovuta zowopsa zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi magalimoto zimanyamulidwa ndimwazi ndikuziyika ziwalo zosiyanasiyana, ndipo zotsatirapo za kuipitsidwa kotereku zimatha zaka zambiri pambuyo pake matenda osachiritsika kapena a oncological.

Mvula ya Acid

Vuto lina lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa magalimoto pamsewu ndi mvula ya asidi yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha mpweya komanso mpweya. Zimakhudza maluwa ndi thanzi la anthu, zimasintha mawonekedwe a dothi, zimawononga nyumba ndi zipilala, komanso zimadetsa matupi amadzi ndikupangitsa madzi awo kukhala osayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndi amoyo.

Njira zothetsera vutoli

Mavuto azachilengedwe mayendedwe amakono masiku ano ndi osapeweka. Komabe, zitha kuthetsedwa ngati tichita mokwanira komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Ganizirani njira zikuluzikulu zothetsera mavuto omwe amayendetsedwa ndi magalimoto:

1. Kuti muchepetse mpweya wotulutsa womwe umawononga chilengedwe, gwiritsani ntchito mafuta abwino kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, kuyesa kupulumutsa ndalama kumayambitsa kugula mafuta omwe ali ndi mankhwala oopsa.
2. Kupanga mitundu yatsopano yamagalimoto, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zamagetsi. Chifukwa chake, magalimoto wamagetsi ndi ma hybrids omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi adayamba kuwonekera. Ndipo ngakhale pali ena ochepa otere pakadali pano, mwina mtsogolo adzatchuka.
3. Kutsatira malamulo oyendetsera galimoto. Ndikofunikira kuthana ndi vuto munthawi, kuti mupereke chithandizo chokwanira komanso chokwanira, osapitirira katundu wovomerezeka, kutsatira malangizo oyang'anira.
4. Mkhalidwe wazachilengedwe ungakhale wabwino ngati mungayambire ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyeretsera ndi zosefera, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zovulaza zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi mayendedwe amisewu.
5. Kumangidwanso kwa injini yamagalimoto kuti kuonjezereke ntchito komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta.
6. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zoyendera, mwachitsanzo, ma trolleybus ndi ma tram.

Gwiritsani ntchito magalimoto moyenerera ndikuyesetsa kuchepetsa zovuta zake padzikoli.

Chithunzithunzi:

ZINTHAZIZO ZOLIMBITSA UTHENGA WABWINO

NDIPONSO KULAMULIRA NJIRA

Bredikhina Faina Mikhailovna, Pavlenko

Ekaterina Vasilievna, aphunzitsi

Borisoglebsk Road College

Ecology (kuchokera ku Greek. Oikos - nyumba, kwawo ndi ... zomveka - gawo la mawu ovuta, kutanthauza: chidziwitso, sayansi) - 1) gawo la zachikhalidwe zomwe zimayang'ana ubale pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe, 2) gawo la biology lomwe limaganizira ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa zinyama, mbewu ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana chilengedwe.

Malinga ndi asayansi, kuchuluka kwa mapulanetiwa kudzachulukanso kawiri pazaka 50 zilizonse, makamaka kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala m'mizinda kudzadziwika kwambiri.

Zochita za anthu zimabweretsa kutha kwa mitundu ina yazomera ndi nyama. “Buku Lofiyira” laonekera, pomwe mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera zomwe zalembedwapo zalembedwa ndi cholinga kuti zizisungidwe. Zachilengedwe sizimatha, ndipo tsogolo la anthu limatengera kumvetsetsa izi. Mavuto azachilengedwe amasokoneza thanzi la anthu komanso miyoyo yawo.

Zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimachitika pakukula kwa mayendedwe pamalopo zimaganiziridwa pazinthu zitatu (tebulo 1.).

Tebulo 1. Zotsatira za zovuta zoyambira pakusintha kwa mayendedwe

pa zachilengedwe

- Ntchito yomanga mabizinesi: kuwononga madera, madzi, mlengalenga, kusokoneza kulumikizana kwachilengedwe, kuchepetsa malo okhala, kuchepetsa zachilengedwe.

- Magalimoto amabwera: phokoso ndi kugwedezeka, kutopa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta, ngozi zapamsewu.

Imfa, kuvulala ndi poyizoni wa anthu ndi zinthu zamoyo. Kulimbikitsa kupsinjika kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Matenda akuntchito oyendetsa. Kuwonjezeka kwa misonkho ndi ndalama zoyendera (zosintha ku bajeti ya mabanja). Hypodynamia

Kuteteza kuyenera kuganiziridwanso nthawi zonse malinga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito koyenera, koyenera.

Panthawi yomanga ma mayendedwe, pamakhala kuphwanya kwachilengedwe kwa madzi munthaka.

Mukamagwira ntchito yoyendetsa, zinyalala zimapangidwa: mafuta, mafuta, zotulutsa zamagawo olimba ndi amadzimadzi, ndi zina zotere, chifukwa chotsatira momwe kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumachitika.

Kuwonongeka kwa dziko lapansi ndi mayendedwe ndi magalimoto amatenga pang'onopang'ono ndikupitilira kwa nthawi yayitali ngakhale njira itatha.

Zinthu zomwe zimapangika m'nthaka, makamaka zitsulo, zimatengeka mosavuta ndi mbeu ndikukudutsitsa kudzera mu unyolo wazakudya zomwe zimadutsa munyama za nyama ndi anthu.

Kuwonongeka kwa matupi amadzi kumachitika chifukwa cha kulowetsedwa kwa zotulutsa kupita padziko lapansi m'magetsi, madzi apansi panthaka komanso matupi amadzi otseguka.

Phokoso lamsewu pamsewu, makamaka pa chilengedwe cha anthu, lakhala vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi. Pafupifupi anthu 40 miliyoni ku Russia amakhala m'malo opanda phokoso.

Njira yodziwika bwino kwambiri yodzitetezera ndi kupanga njira pamtunda wobiriwira.

Madera akuluakulu oteteza zachilengedwe komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru zinthu zachilengedwe ndi monga:

Kuchepetsa madera omwe akukhalamo kwakanthawi, makamaka minda yamtengo wapatali, nkhalango za gulu loyamba, mitsinje ya mitsinje, ndi zina zambiri,

• Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe, makamaka zomwe zimatulutsidwa munthaka ya zomangamanga (nthaka, mchenga, miyala, nkhuni, ndi zina).

Kuteteza dothi lachonde panthaka zongogwiritsa ntchito kwakanthawi, kukonzanso kwamayiko osokonekera,

• kupewa kupewa zinthu zomwe zimasintha chilengedwe:

• kupatula kusintha kwa ma hydrological kapena kwachilengedwe mabwalo amadzuwa ndi matupi amadzi,

Kuteteza kuwonongeka kwa zachilengedwe za anthu akumalo mothandizidwa ndi chinthu,

• Kuonetsetsa kuti zipilala zachikhalidwe zimasungidwa, zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi.

Lingaliro lakapangidwe kamangidwe ka msewu kapena malo othandizira atha kuonedwa ngati zachilengedwe ngati

Imakwaniritsa izi:

• Kuwopseza thanzi la munthu pakumanga, kugwira ntchito ndi kukonza malo

- Taletsa kuthekera kosintha kosasintha chilengedwe,

• Zotsatira zoyipa siziphatikizidwa pokhapokha zolengedwa zina zitatha kulengedwa.

Mawonekedwe omwe alipo pakumanga azisungidwa ndikusinthidwa pansi panjira: msewu waukulu wamsewu umagwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi malo oyandikana nawo, khomo la msewu limayimira mawonekedwe am'mphepete mwa malo oyandikana nawo, momwe pulani, mawonekedwe amtundu wamtunda wamtali komanso malo osinthika amisewu yolumikizana.

Njira yokhotakhota misewu iyenera kuyikidwa m'deralo ndi njira yotchingira madzi komanso nthaka yabwino ndi nthaka. Kuchepetsa kubala fumbi, ntchitoyi imapereka chida chogwirizira ndi mizere yolimbitsa ndi 0.5 m. Mphepete mwa msewu wa 0.5 m mumalimbikitsidwa ndi kufesa udzu, kupendekera kwina kumalimbitsidwa ndi msewu wamdothi.

Kuonetsetsa kuti malo otsetsereka akhazikika, ntchitoyi imalimbikitsidwa pofesa udzu wokhazikika, womwe umathandiza kuti madziwo asatuluke mumsewu popanda kukokoloka. M'mawonekedwe ataliatali, madzi ochokera pansi pamadzi amatulutsidwa m'mphepete mwa msewu ndi zotulutsidwa zake kumapaipi, omwe amatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa malo otsetsereka.

Kuipitsa magalimoto ochita kunyamula pakali pano ndivuto lalikulu. Phula losalala la konkire loyambira la gawo la mseu lithandizanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamafuta komanso kuchepetsa mpweya wopopera ndi mpweya wotuluka m'mlengalenga mukadutsa magalimoto pamsewu.

Mukamaliza ntchito yomanga msewu munthawi yogwirira ntchito, malo owoneka pafupi ndi msewu. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi wowonetsetsa bwino msewu kutsogoloku, kuphatikiza mitengo yokhala m'mphepete mwa mitengo ndi zitsamba ndi malo ozungulira, ndikuchita minda yodzitchinjiriza ndi chipale panjira.

Kutengera pamtunda, malo obiriwira ali ndi cholinga china: kukongoletsa, kuteteza chipale chofewa, anti-kukokoloka ndi mchenga.

Pobwezeretsa ndikusintha njira m'njira, kuyerekezera kwamapangidwe kumapangidwa:

- polojekiti pamakonzedwe aukadaulo ndi kwachilengedwe pokonzanso msewu,

- kuthamangitsa ndi kuwerengera ndalama zogulira,

- Mtengo woyerekeza kukonzanso ufulu wa njira. Ndalama zimayang'aniridwa pazowerengeka zophatikizika (chaputala 1.).

Aliyense wokhala padziko lapansi amataya zinyalala 1 miliyoni pachaka. Chachikulu ndi kukonza zinyalala za mafakitale ndi nyumba zodutsa njanji, misewu yayikulu, njira zamadzi ndi zoyendera. Akuti ku Japan, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala kumachulukanso zaka 6 zilizonse. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kutsatira izi:

- kuphunzitsa aliyense kuyambira ali wakhanda kuti azisamalira chilengedwe,

- sinthani zinyalala m'mizinda, ndikutsuka misewu mwadongosolo,

- poyendetsa magalimoto pamsewu, chifukwa kuchuluka ndi magalimoto ambiri, zovuta zakuwonetsetsa kuti magalimoto apezeka ndizovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a magalimoto, i.e. zinthuzi ndi misonkhano yomwe imalepheretsa ngozi zapamsewu,

- zofunika pakuwonjezeka mumisewu yayikulu. Motere, chitetezo pamsewu chikuyenera kuwonjezeka chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka mayendedwe ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, kukonza kwa zomangamanga, kukonza maonekedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamakono zowonetsera ma polima poyang'anira misewu ndi zizindikilo, komanso kukonza madongosolo.

- Pofuna kuthana ndi icing mseu, pabalitsani mchere wambiri wambiri mpaka kilomita imodzi yamsewu, komwe kumabweretsa salinization ndi kusintha kwa dothi. Paziphatikizo, zokumana nazo ku Finland ndizosangalatsa, pomwe misewu yamizinda imakonkhedwa ndi miyala yabwino, kumapeto kwa dzinja imasonkhanitsidwa, kuyesedwa ndikusungidwa mpaka chaka chamawa (teknoloji yopulumutsa zida),

- komanso zinthu zomwe zimalimbana molingana ndi zachilengedwe ziyenera kukhala madzi, mpweya, chitetezo chamtundu, ndi zina.

M'mayiko ambiri pali zinthu zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi Russia, poganizira zakomweko.

1. Troitskaya N.A. Njira yoyendera yamaumboni: buku la ophunzira. Mabungwe prof. maphunziro / N.A. Troitskaya, A.B. Chubukov. - 9th ed. - M: Pofalitsa Center "Sukulu", 2014. - 240 p.

2. Ornatsky N.P. Misewu yayikulu ndi kusunga zachilengedwe. - M: Transport, 2010 .-- 176 p.

3. Lavrinenko L. L. Kafukufuku ndi kapangidwe ka zidole zamagalimoto: Zolemba m'makalasi aukadaulo. - M.: Transport, 2011 .-- 296 p.

4. Podolsky Vl. P. Ukadaulo ndi bungwe lakumanga misewu. T. 1: Subgrade: buku. Pindulani / Vl. P. Podolsky, A.V. Glagoliev, P.I. Pospelov, Voronezh. boma omanga zomanga Univ., Mosk. Galimoto. Sukulu, ed. prof. Vl. P. Podolsky. - Voronezh: Kusindikiza nyumba ya Voronezh. boma Yunivesite, 2005 .-- 528 s.

5. Bredikhina F.M., Pavlenko E.V. Maupangiri a kapangidwe ka maphunziro, Borisoglebsk, BDT, 2012

Pamutu: zomwe zikuchitika, maulaliki ndi chidule

Kupititsa patsogolo njira kumeneku kumapangidwa motsatira Ndondomeko ya Ntchito Yopangira Chilankhulo "Zakunja (Chingerezi)" ndipo imakwaniritsa zofunikira za Federal State Educational p.

Phunziroli lakhazikitsidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito njira zophunzitsira pophunzitsa.

Luso la kafukufukuyu kuyambira nthawi zam'mbuyomu mpaka pano.zomwezi zimaperekedwa munkhaniyi ndi T.I. Yakovchenko, katswiri wamkulu wa dipatimenti ya VoronezhGiproDorNII. Nawa mawu angapo.

Kuti mukhale wolemba bwino kwambiri, muyenera kukhala ndi mikhalidwe yambiri: kufunitsitsa kugwira ntchito: chisamaliro, kudekha, komanso kukhoza kuchita zinthu mosawerengera (mukamagwira Makasitomala ndipo.

Zochita za anthu zimabweretsa kutha kwa mitundu ina yazomera ndi nyama. "Buku Lofiyira" laonekera momwe mitundu yosungiramo nyama ndi mbewu zomwe zalembedwera cholinga chawo.

Zaperekedwe pamakonzedwe a gawo la misewu ya Russian Federation.

Zoyipa zazikulu

Kuchokera pakuwona chitetezo, mayendedwe aliwonse ndi owopsa kwa chilengedwe, popeza ndiye gwero lofunika kwambiri la kuipitsa. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito magalimoto, mabasi, zinthu zovulaza zimalowa mumlengalenga, mawonekedwe a smog, ndipo mawonekedwe a ozone amawonongeka. Zinthu zoopsa zomwe njira zamakono zoyendera zimatulutsa kaboni monoxide, dioxin, kaboni monoxide, benzopyrene, nitrogen oxide, ndi ma lead a lead. Zinthu zoyipa zikafika mlengalenga, zimalowa m'mapapu ndi magazi a anthu, zimathandizira kuti pakhale matenda osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zotupa za khansa komanso kubereka. Kupuma mpweya wonyansa panthawi yapakati, izi zimatha kuyambitsa ma pathologies.

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Njira yoyendera ikuyambitsanso vuto lina lachilengedwe - kuchepa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe monga ma hydrocarbons, zitsulo ndi zitsulo zamagetsi. Kusambitsa magalimoto osiyanasiyana kumadetsa matupi amadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, kutaya nthawi zonse zinthu zonyamula zamagetsi pamafunika: matayala, mabatire, zitsulo zakunyumba, pulasitiki, zinyalala za m'nyumba. Kuphatikiza pa mpweya wakuthambo, ma hydrological ndi ma lithospheric, zoyendetsa zimayipitsa phokoso laphokoso.

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Imene mayendedwe ali oyipa kwambiri kwachilengedwe

Ngati tizingolankhula za kuchuluka kwa zovulaza pamtundu wina wa mayendedwe, ndiye kuti masitima apamtunda amayipitsa chilengedwe ndi 2%, ndi ndege - ndi 5% ya kuchuluka kwa kuipitsa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito. Zotsalira zimagwera pamagalimoto oyendetsa. Chifukwa chake, pakadali pano pali kusamvana kwakukulu pakati pa kayendedwe ka mayendedwe ndi chilengedwe, ndipo tsogolo la dziko lathuli limatengera momwe lakhalira.