Mphesa Zankhondo ndi Nkhoma

Monga timadontho, timayandikira pena pomwepo, ndipo nthawi yozizira, pansi pa chipale chofewa, ma voles akumunda ndi mbewa zamitchi, anthu wamba m'minda ndi m'mapaki, amakonza misewu yawo. Pambuyo pakusintha kwa nyengo yofunda kuti ikhale yotentha, nthawi zina zimachulukana kwambiri ndikuwononga mitengo yaying'ono.

Vole Mouse (Vole)
Dzina lachi Latin: Microtus arvalis (Pallas, 1779)
Gulu la asayansi
Ufumu: Zinyama
Mtundu: Makina
Subtype: Vertebrates
Kalasi: Mammals
Infraclass: Pamtunda
Dongosolo: Zida
Banja: Hamster
Chingwe: Ma Gray Voles
Mtundu: Udindo Wofala

Monga timadontho, mbewa zakutchire kukumba mabowo akuya, mosiyana ndi mole, maphunzirowa ali m'mbali mwamtunda kuchokera kumbali yamunda. Mulu wa dothi wokha umakhala wofatsa mbali imodzi. Nora ili ndi malo ambiri olowera, malo ogona angapo, momwe ma voles amatha malo osungirako ndi kubereka. Stroke imatha kutalika pafupifupi 25 metres ndipo imakhala yakuzama masentimita 5 mpaka 35. Amaswana mwachangu kwambiri: munda wamtchire umapereka malita asanu ndi atatu pachaka, mikono isanu kapena isanu ndi umodzi. Kuwerengetsa kunawonetsa kuti ngati kumayambiriro kwa Meyi 5 awiri a ma voles akukhala pa hekitala imodzi ya dambo kapena malo olimapo, pokhapokha pakadakhala malo abwino padzakhala kale anthu 8.5 pofika nthawi yophukira.

Masana, mbewa zimatha nthawi mobisa, ndipo nthawi yocheza imayamba. Mosiyana ndi mole, vole ndi pentala ndipo amadya zakudya zam'mera. Mano a ma voles amakula pafupipafupi, motero ayenera kupukuta mosalekeza, kukukuta mizu ya mbewu, mababu, tubers ndi zina zobisika zam'munda. Chifukwa chake patsiku amadya chakudya chofanana ndi kulemera kwa matupi awo. M'nyengo yozizira, ma voles amapitiliza kudya mwachangu chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amadya makungwa omwe amakhala m'munsi mwa mitengo.

Ma bulu amasiyana ndi mbewa wamba zautoto ndipo amakhala ndi mchira wamfupi. Kutalika kwa thupi lopanda mchira ndi 12 cm, m'mimba ndi imvi, kumbuyo kumakhala kofiirira.

Mvula yamphamvu kapena mvula yam'nyengo yozizira nthawi zambiri imayambitsa kufa kwa ma voles. Madzi okhala m'maenje amawuma ndi mbewa, osatetezedwa ndipo pogona amafa.

Chiwerengero cha mbewa zimakhudzidwanso ndi adani awo achilengedwe, makamaka mbalame zomwe zimadyedwa. Owl amadya zidutswa za 1000-1200 pachaka. Ankhandwe, maula, nsapato amadya pafupifupi mbewa. Ferret patsiku amawononga ma voles a 10-12. Weasel yokhala ndi thupi lalitali yopapatiza amatha kulowa mumabowo ndikudya ana.

Njira zomwe zilipo zothanirana ma voles zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: kuchenjeza komanso kuwononga mwachindunji.
Njira yoyamba yosamala ndikupanga cholepheretsa mbewu zomwe mbewa sizimakonda fungo la adyo, muzu wakuda, ndi grouse wa impel.

Muyeso wachiwiri ndikuti zinthu zokhala ndi fungo losavomerezeka la ma voles zimatsanulidwa kapena kuyikidwa mu mink ndipo zimapita kumalo ena. Chifukwa chaichi, nthambi za elderberry ndi thuja, masamba a walnut, cloves wa adyo ndizoyenera. Mutha kupanga kulowetsedwa kwa elderberry ndikuwathira kununkhira: 1 makilogalamu atsopano a masamba a elderberry amathiridwa kwa masabata awiri mu 10 malita a madzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito popanda kuchepetsedwa.

Palinso njira yochotsera mbewa zam'munda kuchokera kumabowo: nyowetsani kachidutswa kakang'ono ka ubweya wa thonje kapena nsalu ndi madzi ammonia kapena palafini, wokutani ndi pulasitiki wokutira ndikutsegulira pang'ono kuti atuluke. "Maswiti" oterewa amayikidwa m'makina otulutsa.

Mutha kuyang'ana zinthu zina zonunkhira kwambiri, koma musaiwale za chitetezo cha dothi, zomera ndi anthu. Mutha kuponyanso zotchingira mbewa m'mabowo a mbewa, omwe, kutsatira khungu la nyama, amasokoneza moyo wake kwambiri.

Malinga ndi malipoti ena, okhala pansi panthaka samakonda phokoso losokosera ndikugwedeza dothi. Phokoso komanso kunjenjemera kumalepheretsa maulemu amtendere, ndipo amayesetsa kupita kumalo abata. Ena amakumba m'mabotolo mumtopoma pang'ono pomwe mphepo zimawomba mabotolo amapanga mawu osokosera. Njira ina ndikukumba mitengo yaying'ono m'mundamo ndikuikangamira, mwachitsanzo, zitini za aluminiyamu kapena nyimbo zotchedwa "music music" (mabelu akum'mawa).

Ndipo njira yotsogola kwambiri ndi misampha. Kafukufuku waposachedwa awonetsa kuti mbewa (makoswe) amakopeka kwambiri osati tchizi, koma mtedza, chokoleti ndi nyama.

Anthu okhala m'malo obisika (mbewa ndi timadontho) samakonda kugwedezeka kwa nthaka ndipo akumveka kulowa pansi. Izi zimawalepheretsa mtendere, ndipo amayesetsa kupita kumalo otetezeka. Omwe alimiwo adaganiza zofunafuna kukumba mabotolo m'mphepete mwa mabedi, ndikuwasanja pang'ono kuti khosi limatuluka pang'ono pamwamba panthaka. Mu nyengo yamkuntho iwo amapanga mawu abwinowu. Iwo omwe anayesera njirayi adakondwera kwambiri ndi zotsatirazi: kunalibe ma bulu kapena mbewa pamabedi okhala ndi mabotolo.

Kwa anthu okhudzidwa ndi malingaliro ambiri, njirayi imakonzedwanso: pezani ndodo pansi, ikani tini yachitsulo kumapeto kwake ndikuyinyikiza kangapo patsiku. Chifukwa chake mutha kuthana ndi mavuto awiri: kuwopsya mbewa ndipo nthawi yomweyo afotokozere zakwiya zawo.

Njira zakale, m'malo mochotsa mbewa zimadziwikanso. Nthawi yodzaza ndi mafuta osakanikirana ndi shuga wambiri ndi kumwazika kumalo a mbewa. M'mimba, laimu, ndikuchita ndi msuzi wam'mimba, amawotcha ndikutulutsa mpweya wambiri, womwe umatsogolera kuti nyamayo iphedwe.

Njira ina ndikuwonjezera madontho ochepa amafuta a mpendadzuwa kuti asakanikidwe ndi mitundu yofanana ya gypsum ndi ufa ndikugudubuza mipira yaying'ono kuchokera pamenepo. Kamodzi m'mimba, gypsum yolimba imayambitsa kufa kwa mbewa.

Wamaluwa omwe amadziwa kuti mbewa zimakhala ndi vuto la mafuta mpendadzuwa, zimapereka zomanga zakale koma zotchukira m'mabotolo. Khosi liyenera kukhala lokwera kwambiri kotero kuti mbewa imatha kukwawa. Mafuta pang'ono a mpendadzuwa amathiridwa pansi pa botolo, amakumbidwa pansi kuti khosi limakhala mulingo womwewo ndi ilo. Mbale, ikakopeka ndi kununkhira kwamafuta, imalowa m'botolo, koma osakhoza kutuluka.

Makoswe am'munda - poyang'ana koyamba, awa ndi makoswe wamba osawoneka bwino ndi mchira komanso mikanda yokhudza mtima kwambiri. Komabe, kafukufuku waposachedwa wa ma voles adangosangalatsa malingaliro a asayansi. Pazaka miliyoni zapitazi, mitundu pafupifupi 60 ya mitundu ndi mitundu ya mbewa zaminda zawonekera, ndipo pamlingo wothamanga, uku ndi kuthamanga. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe katswiri aliyense yemwe amatha kusiyanitsa ma voles onse; izi zitha kuchitidwa, koma pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosanthula majini. Nyama zokhazokha zimatha kuwekanitsa ndipo sizimagwirizana ndi anthu amodzi.

Kwa asayansi, matupi amberekedwe amawoneka kuti ndi opanda nzeru - chidziwitso chambiri chachilengedwe chomwe chili mu ma chromosome ogonana (izi ndizopanda tanthauzo!), Ndipo chibadwa chimagawidwa mwachisawawa. Chiwerengero cha ma chromosomes chimasiyana kuchokera pa 17 mpaka 64, makina awo amuna ndi akazi akhoza kupatana kapena kusiyana. Ndi zonsezi, ana a mbewa zam'munda ndi gulu lankhondo. Amakhala ndi kusiyana pakati pawo, koma amapatsidwa njira yolankhulirana popanda cholakwika. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti chisokonezo choterechi chitha chifukwa chodumphadumpha, komanso, pa Earth palibe mtundu womwe ungadzitame mwachangu chotukuka - nthambi 60 pazaka miliyoni.

Dziwani kuti mitundu yonseyi ndiyosiyana kwambiri ndi “kudzigulitsa”. Apa ndikofunikira kufotokozera: m'maselo a nyama muli malo opanga mphamvu otchedwa mitochondria, pomwe kuphatikiza kwa ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid) - kumathandizira njira zovuta kwambiri. Mitochondria iwowo ali ngati mawonekedwe odziyimira okha omwe ali ndi DNA yawo, nembanemba, ali ndi makina awoawo popanga mapuloteni. DNA ya Mitochondrial sikukhudzana ndi chidziwitso choyambira cha makolo. Ndipo mbewa zam'munda, zidutswa za DNA kuchokera ku mitochondria zimatha kulowa mu cell nucleus ndikuphatikizira ku genome.
Ma labotor apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochulukirapo pantchito yonyamula majini, ndipo sizowonjezera zomwe zimachitika kuti majini azisungidwa. Makoswe a mbewa zazing'ono aphunzira kuchita izi paokha. Ngati anthu anapatsidwa luso lotere, ndiye kuti matenda obadwa nawo akadakhala kuti adatha. Kufufuza m'derali kukupitilira ndipo mwina, makoswe awa athandizira kuthana ndi matenda obadwa nawo.

Ma voles, ma voles (Arvicolinae kapena Microtinae) - subfamily of makoswe mu banja la hamster. Mulinso ma voles, ma pestles, ma voles ma mole, ma lemmings ndi muskrats.

Gulu lanyanjali lili ndi mitundu 7, mitundu 26 ndi mitundu 143:
Subfamily Arvicolinae
• Tribe Arvicolini
Makoswe amadzi, Midzi yamadzi (Arvicola)
Ma Longclaw ndi Bedford Voles (Proedromys)
Ma Pisonsi (Eolagurus)
Wormwood Pestle (Lemmiscusacheatus)
Gray Voles (Microtus)
Matalala a Chipale (Ma Chionomys)
Steppe Pies (Lagurus)
Blanfordimys
Volmys
• Tribe Ondatrini
Muskrat, musk rat (Ondatra pathikon)
Tribe Myodini
Kashmiri Voles (Hyperacrius)
Rock Voles (Alticola)
Ma Voles A nkhalango, Ma Voles ofiira (Mbiri)
South Asia Voles (Eothenomys)
Arborimus
Phenacomys
Dinaromys
• Tribe Prometheomyini
Limbus
• Tribe Ellobiini
Maofesi Ammadzi (Ellobius)
• Tribe Lemmini - Ma Lemoni
Ma swamp lemmings (ma Synaptomys)
Malimu (Lemmus)
Forest Lemmings (Myopus)
• Tribe Neofibrini
Florida Muskrats (Neofiber)
• Tribe Dicrostonychini
Hoemed Lemmings (Dicrostonyx)

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati mbewa komanso kutalika kwa masentimita 7 mpaka 65 ndi tchuthi.Chingwecho chimakhala chachifupi kuposa thupi - 5-29,5 cm. Kunja, amafanana ndi mbewa kapena makoswe, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala osiyana kwambiri ndi mphutsi yoyera, makutu amfupi ndi mchira. Utoto wapamwamba nthawi zambiri umakhala wowoneka bwino - imvi kapena bulauni. Mano a Molar m'mitundu yambiri yopanda mizu, yomwe imakulira mosalekeza, nthawi zambiri yokhala ndi mizu (yochulukirapo), pa kutafuna kwake - kusintha malupu atatu. Miyezo 16.
Ma voles ma mole ndi ma Kashmiri voles asinthana ndi moyo wapansi panthaka. Ma voles ena (muskrats, makoswe amadzi), omwe amadziwika ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa thupi, amakhala ndi moyo wamadzi.

Kukhazikika kuzilumba ndi zilumba zambiri za North Hemisphere. Malire akumwera a malembawo amadutsa North Africa (Libya), Middle East, kumpoto kwa India, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa China, Taiwan, Japan ndi Commander Islands, ku North America amapezeka ku Guatemala. M'mapiri mumakwera masamba ambiri. Mitundu yayitali kwambiri komanso mitundu yambiri imapezeka m'malo otentha. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu akuluakulu. Mbali zakumwambazi zimagwirira chakudya, mitundu ina imakhala ndi chakudya. Yogwira ntchito chaka chonse, osagwera nthawi yozizira. Wochulukirapo, wobweretsa chaka kuchokera 1 mpaka 7 litters kukula (pafupifupi) 3-7 cubs. M'mitundu ina (muskrat, vole Microtus ochrogaster), amuna nawonso amatenga nawo gawo posamalira ana. Nyengo yonse yofunda ya chaka, Mitundu ina imakhalanso nthawi yozizira, pansi pa chipale chofewa. Mimba imatenga masiku 16-30. Achinyamata amayamba kudziimira pawokha masiku 8-35 ndipo posakhalitsa amatha kutha msinkhu. Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwabwino kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa ma voles kumasinthasintha mwakuthwa pazaka. Chiyembekezo chamoyo m'chilengedwe ndichilengedwe kuyambira miyezi ingapo mpaka zaka 1-2. Komanso ma voles amakakamizidwa kuti athawe ma trokees akumpoto akumpoto, chifukwa ndiye chakudya chachikulu kwa iwo.

Ma voles ambiri ndi tizirombo toyambitsa matenda akuluakulu komanso onyamula achilengedwe a tularemia, leptospirosis ndi matenda ena. Zikopa za mitundu yayikulu (muskrats) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira ubweya. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwambiri komanso kusinthasintha kwa kayendedwe ka zinthu pazaka, anthu okhala m'mapulogalamu am'midzi akukumana ndi vuto lalikulu pa kuchuluka kwa zilombo zam'madzi, mwachitsanzo, kadzidzi yoyera ndi Canada lynx.

Mitundu yambiri yosowa kwa ma voles adalembedwa mu International Red Book, kuphatikiza "Wokhala pachiwopsezo" (Critically Endangered):
• Lemming Vinogradov (Dicrostonyx vinogradovi),
• Evoron vole (Microtus evoronensis),
• Muy vole (Microtus mujanensis),

monga "pangozi":
• Alai mole vole (Ellobius alaicus),
• Baluhistan vole (Microtus kermanensis),

monga Vulnerable:
• Central Kashmiri vole (Alticola montosa),
• Vole ku Mexico (Microtus mexicanus),
• Vole wa ku Taiwan (Volemys kikuchii),
• Japan Red Vole (Myode andersoni)

monga "Posachedwa Kuopsezedwa" (Pafupi Ndi Zowopsa):
• Kutentha kwa nkhalango (Myopus schisticolor).

188300, dera la Leningrad, mzinda
Gatchina, Krasnoarmeysky treekt, 1,
tel. (81371) 215-09

Kulongosola Kwa mbewa Yakumunda

Mbewa kumunda ili ndi mitundu yambiri. Pakati pa achibale ake apadera:

• wamba - mtundu wamba,
• wofiyira - wokhala m'malo otentha kwambiri aku Asia,
• nkhalango, kukonda madera opondera mitengo m'nkhalango za Europe ndi North America,
• mobisa - wokhala m'tawuni yolumikizana ndi madera oyandikana nawo.

Ngakhale kusiyanasiyana, onsewa ndi amtundu wa ma voles, a banja la hamsters, dongosolo la makoswe ndi gulu la anyani.

Ma mbewa kumunda

Mitundu yonse ya ma voles ili ndi phokoso lalitali lakuthwa, maso amaso akuda (akuda kapena a bulauni), makutu owongoka ndi mchira wautali, kusiya pafupifupi ¾ kutalika kwa thupi. Ichi ndi chopukutira yaying'ono chotalika 13 cm, nthawi zambiri mpaka 10 cm, osawerengera mchira. Vole kulemera pafupifupi 15 g. Pamatama akulu, mbewa zimakhala ndi mbale za pterygoid, zimapangitsa kuwoneka ngati kuti zimakhala ndi masaya pamasaya. Ma paws ndi ochepa, ali ndi kutalika kwa 1.5 - 2 cm. Misomali ndiyifupi, yokhazikika pakukumba kosalekeza.

Ubweya wa nyama kumbuyo kwake umapangidwa utoto wakuda. Imakhala yofewa, koma yosalala, yochepa, mwa anthu achikulire imasandulika kukhala "singano zofewa", ngati hedgehog. Mbali yodziwika bwino ya ma voles ndi chingwe chakuda pafupi ndi msana. Pamimba, chovalacho chimakhala chamtundu wowala.

Izi ndizosangalatsa! Kukula kwa utoto ndi kofanana ndi zaka za mbewa. Anthu otchuka kwambiri ndi opepuka kuposa anzawo achichepere, ngakhale imvi imapezeka pakati pa tsitsi.

Kunja, zamphongo zazimuna sizosiyana ndi zazikazi. Pofuna kuti musasokoneze mbewa yolima ndi wachibale wake, samalani pakusiyana kwawo.

Mbewa zam'munda zimatha kukhala m'nyumba komanso m'munda, ndi zoweta kuthengo.

Makhalidwe

Makoswe amtunduwu amafanana ndi timadontho ting'onoting'ono munjira ya moyo: amakumba mabatani pafupi ndi dziko lapansi ndikuyenda limodzi nawo. Mukakumba, mbewa zimataya pansi kumbali yawo, kotero kuti chitunda chimakhala chosalala mbali imodzi, ndipo "khomo" lake silachokera kumwamba, ngati mole, koma kuchokera kumbali. M'nyengo yozizira, amasuntha pansi pa chisanu.

Zofunika! Ma Voles alibe nthawi yozizira yoimitsidwa makanema, ngakhale kuzizira amafunika kusuntha ndikusaka chakudya. Nthawi yomweyo, mbewa zimagwiritsa ntchito masheya omwe anakonzedwa kuyambira nthawi yachilimwe mu zisa-pantries.

Amakhala m'malo osungirako kapena malo oyenera: pansi pa nthambi, mapesi a udzu, masheya, etc. Ngati mbewa imamanga bowo, imapangitsa kuti ikhale yochulukirapo komanso yopanga nthambi. Pakuya kwa masentimita 5 mpaka 35 pamakhala labyrinth kuchokera 4 mpaka 25 m kutalika ndi zipinda zingapo zosungirako ndi chisa, komanso kutuluka kambiri mwadzidzidzi, imodzi yomwe imatsogolera ku madzi akumwa.

Masana, mbewa zam'munda zimakonda kubisala pansi ndi kugona, ndipo masana zimayamba kugwira ntchito. Amakwawa pansi ndikusaka chakudya, ndikukukutika pafupi ndi chilichonse chomwe chimakumana m'njira: mizu yobzala, mababu a maluwa, tubers, makungwa pansi pa mitengo. Pofunafuna chakudya choyenera, amatha kusamuka kwenikweni.

Makoswe amathamanga kwambiri, akusuntha ndi "kulumpha" gait. Amadziwa kusambira, koma amakonda kupewa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'midzi, nthawi zambiri yambiri: 1 kapena kuposa akazi achikazi ndi mibadwo ingapo ya ana awo.

Habitat, malo okhala

Makoko awa amatha kupezeka padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula makona otentha kwambiri:

• ku Europe, kuphatikiza Finland ndi Denmark,
• ku Siberia ndi ku Urals,
• kumadera oyenda ndi nkhalango ku North America (kufikira zitunda za Guatemala),
• amapezeka ku Asia - China, Mongolia, Taiwan,
• kuchokera kumwera, magawo awo ali kokha ku Libya (North Africa) ndi kumpoto India,

Ngakhale dzinali, ma voles nthawi zambiri samakhazikika m'minda. Udzu wambiri ndiwofunika kwa iwo, chifukwa chake amasankha madera, matondo, nkhokwe, komanso malo oyandikana ndi anthu: kosungira, malo obiriwira, ma sheds, malo ogona abwino m'munda ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Ma voles amatha kulowa mnyumba ndikukhazikika pansi patsindwi, pansi pa khoma, pachipata, mu mpweya.

Izi ndizosangalatsa! Ngati dambo lakhala lonyowa komanso lodumphapo, makina ochenjera sadzamanga dzenje, koma adzala chisa cha udzu, chomwe chidzakhale pakulu la chitsamba.

Madzi osefukira, munthawi yamvula yambiri, nthenga za nyengo yozizira, ma mbewa a nyama amadzaza madzi, ndipo mbewa zambiri zimafa.

Chakudya chama mbewa

Vole ndi makoko a herbivorous. Popeza ndi a banja la hamster, mano ake amakula pamoyo wawo wonse, motero nzeru zawo zimakhala kuti zikupera nthawi zonse. Izi zikufotokozera kuti mbewa nthawi zambiri zimaluma nthawi zonse. Masana, munthu wamkulu ayenera kudya chakudya chokwanira kulemera kwake.

Khoswe amadya pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe angapezeke kuchokera kuzomera:

• Zitsamba ndi mbewu zake,
• zipatso
• mtedza, kuphatikizapo ma cone,
• njere
• tubers, mizu, mababu, mizu,
• masamba ndi maluwa osiyanasiyana tchire,
• tsamba lanthete la mitengo yaying'ono.

Masheya am'mnyengo yozizira amatha kukhala mbewa 3 makilogalamu.

Kubala ndi kubereka

Ndi isanayambike kutentha kwa masika mpaka nthawi yophukira ikamazizira, ma voles amatenga mphamvu. Mimba mu mbewa imatenga masiku 21-23. Nyengo, wamkazi amatha kupatsa ma litre 8, nthawi zambiri amangochita 3-4, iliyonse imabweretsa ma 5-6 cubs. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati poyamba magulu awiri a ma voles atakhazikika pamalopo, kumapeto kwa nyengo yotentha chiwerengero cha mbewa chitha kufikira 8-9 zikwi.

Minofu imabadwa yopanda thandizo, maso awo ndi akhungu. Koma chitukuko chawo ndichothamanga kwambiri:

• masomphenyawa akuwonekera patsiku la 12-14,
• Pakatha masiku 20 akhoza kukhala opanda mayi,
• Pakatha miyezi itatu komanso ngakhale atatsala pang'ono kubereka.

Izi ndizosangalatsa! Pali nthawi zina pamene ma voles achikazi amatenga pakati pa 13th tsiku la moyo wawo ndikubala ana opindulitsa ali ndi zaka 33 zakubadwa.

Adani achilengedwe

Kubala kotero kumachitika chifukwa chakuti m'chilengedwe cha mbewa pali adani ambiri omwe amachepetsa kuchuluka kwawo. Osaka nyama zofunikira kwambiri ndi mbalame zolusa: kadzidzi, kambuku, abulu, ndi zina. Kadzidzi imodzi imatha kudya mbewa zopitilira 1000 pachaka. Kwa nyama zina - nkhandwe, masoka, marten, ma trokees - mbewa ndizofunikira, pafupifupi chakudya chokhacho. Arette agwira ndikuudya mbewa 10-12 patsiku.

Weasel ndi owopsa kumakolo komanso chifukwa amakhala ndi thupi losinthika komanso lopapatiza, lomwe limakhala losavuta kulowera zisa ndikudya ana awonso. Chingwe, njoka, ndipo, tambala amasangalala mosangalala.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Makoswe a mbewa osiyana kwambiri. Asayansi akhazikitsa kuti pali mitundu yopitilira 60 ndi mitundu ina. Kunja, nkovuta kuwasiyanitsa; njira yokhayo yofufuza majini ndi yoyenera kuzindikirika.

Izi ndizosangalatsa! Akazi okha amadzisiyanitsa ndi achibale amtundu wina ndipo osakwatirana nawo. Momwe amawululira mosiyanasiyana kusiyana sikunafotokozedwe.

Mtundu wa mbewa ya vole ndi chinsinsi cha sayansi: zinthu zachilengedwe zimapezeka popanda zooneka, ndipo zambiri zake zimakhudzidwa ndi ma chromosome ogonana. Chiwerengero cha ma chromosome ndi kuyambira 17 mpaka 64, ndipo mwa amuna ndi akazi omwe amagwirizana kapena amasiyana, ndiye kuti, palibe kudalira kugonana. Mu litchi imodzi, mbewa zonse zimakhala majini.

Chuma china chosiyana ndi mbewa zam'mundamo ndi “kudzilowetsa” m'mitundu yama cell kuchokera ku ziwalo zina za cell (mitochondria). Asayansi pano akhala akulimbana ndi vuto lochokera kwa majini mwa anthu, pomwe ma voles akhala akugwira ntchito kwa zaka zoposa chikwi. Kafotokozedwe kokhako ka asayansi ndi kudumphadumpha kwakukulu kwa mbewa mu mbewa zaka miliyoni zapitazo.

Popeza mbewa ndi nyama yotalikirapo, kuchuluka kwake kumadalira kwambiri chaka ndi nyengo.. Tinaona kuti kufalikira kwa kukula komanso "kuchuluka kwa anthu" mkati mwazigawo zimasintha pakapita zaka pafupifupi 3-5. Chiwerengero chokwanira cha zinyama m'derali chinali pafupifupi mbewa 2000 pa hekitala imodzi yam'malo, ndipo zazing'ono kwambiri - nyama 100 pa hekitala imodzi. Banja la makoswe, kuwonjezera pa mbewa, limaphatikizapo mandimu ndi muskrats.

Mabingu aminda yaminda, minda ndi minda yamasamba

Mu zaka pamene kubereka kumagwira ntchito kwambiri, kuvulaza komwe vole imachita pazomera kumadziwika kwambiri:

• Nsagwada pansi panthaka, ndikupha mbewu yake pamtengo.
• zofesa mizu ndi mavwende,
• kukulitsa tirigu ndi mbewu,
• makungwa a mitengo ndi mitengo yaying'ono.

Ma Voles amadya zinthu zaulimi osati pamtunda wokha, komanso m'malo osungirako, pamalo okwera, m'matumba ndi m'matumba, ma cellars.

Zofunika! Sikovuta kumvetsetsa kuti banja la ma voles lakhazikika patsamba lanu: koloniyo ipatsidwa omwe amatchedwa "runways" - zotsalira kumanzere kuchokera kukumba pansi panthaka pansi pake.

Chovulaza chowopsa

Mbewa kumunda imatha kukhala chonyamula matenda oopsa kwambiri, omwe amachititsa ambiri mwa iwo omwe amatha kupha anthu. Nyama zokongola ndi zoseketsa, makamaka mu unyinji, zimatha kuyambitsa:

• typhoid
• leptospirosis,
• tularemia
• matenda a erysipelas
• kuyamwa
• salmonellosis ndi ena

Anapeza mbiri yodziwika kuti ndiwokhawo amene amayambitsa mliri ku Transcaucasian.

Momwe mungathanirane ndi vole

Chifukwa choopsa kuulimi, komanso thanzi la anthu ndi moyo, munthu ayenera kuyesetsa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mbewa zam'munda. Pa izi, mbali ziwiri za kulimbana zimayikidwa:

• privylactic - ndikuchotsa mbewa kuchokera m'malo okhala anthu ndi malo azilimo,
• yogwira - miyeso umalimbana ndi kuwonongedwa mwachindunji kwa makoswe.

Timawopseza mbewa zam'munda

Monga gawo la kubwereza, ndikuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu pobzala komanso osafalikira, fungo lomwe mbewa sizimakonda. Pakati pawo - adyo, muzu wakuda, calendula, timbewu tonunkhira, chowawa, tansy ndi zina zamasamba onunkhira komanso zipatso. Ndikothekanso kugwiritsa ntchito osati mbewu zokha, koma mafuta ofunikira, kuyika zidutswa za ubweya wa thonje zomwe zimanyowa m'mphepete mwa mbewa. Nthawi zina palafini, ammonia amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwezi. Makoswe kupewa phulusa lotayidwa.

Njira ina yabwinobwino yochepetsera ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida za akupanga kapena zotulutsira mawu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbewa zisakhale m'malo oyenda. Zitha kugulidwa m'misika. Mtundu wa "kwawo" kwa cholepheretsa chotere ndi botolo lopendekeka lomwe lakumbidwa pansi, lomwe limasungunuka komanso kunjenjemera nyengo yamkuntho. Tinkhuni tosongoka pamitengo pafupi ndi chiwembucho ngakhale “nyimbo yamphepo” yopachikidwa pamitengo (yolira ndodo kapena mabelu) izichitanso chimodzimodzi. M'malo mwake, mbewa ndizovuta kukhazikika pamalowa komanso mnyumbamo, zomwe "zimayang'anira" mdani wa mbewa zachilengedwe - mphaka.

Chiwonongeko Chachikulu

"Nkhondo" njira zonse ndi zabwino. Mbewu ndi malo omwe zikafika poti zisavulazidwe ndizovulaza, mwina zingakhale zovomerezeka. Zida zamakedzana ndi njira za mafakitale zimapereka njira zotsatirazi zolimbana ma voles osati amoyo, koma imfa:

• "Plaster thrombus" - sakanizani ufa wa tirigu wamchere ndi laimu kapena gypsum. Wogwira nyambo yofananira ndi nyambo imeneyi amwalira ndi magazi am'mimba.
• Poizoni m'masitolo apadera mutha kugula ziphe zopangidwa ndi makoswe amtundu wa piritsi kapena sera. Mukamagona, simungathe kuzitenga ndi manja anu, apo ayi mbewa zanzeru sizingawakhudze. Mitundu ina ya ziphe imachedwa, ndipo ndodo zapoizoni zimatha kupatsira anzawo.

Zofunika! Njira imeneyi siyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mphaka kapena galu atha kudya makoswe akufa - izi zitha kupha moyo wa chiweto.

• Owononga mwakuthupi - mitundu yonse ya ma mbewa. Siothandiza ngati mbewa yayikulu.
• Misampha - alimi amabwera ndi zosankha zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku chokhoza kuyika ndalama yomwe mbewa imatsika, nkukhala pansi pake, kupita ku botolo lomwe lidakwiliridwa pansi ndi mafuta ochepa a mpendadzuwa. Misampha yokonzeka ilinso yogulitsidwa. Njira ina ndi bolodi yokhala ndi guluu wapadera womwe umayikiramo, pomwe mbewa imamatirira.

Malinga ndi deta yaposachedwa, osati tchizi chachikhalidwe, koma mtedza, chokoleti, chidutswa cha nyama, mkate wokhala ndi mafuta a mpendadzuwa umawoneka bwino ngati ma voles. Nthawi ina yosasangalatsa yokhudzana ndi njira zonse zowongolera ndikuti muyenera kuyeretsa ndi kutaya mbewa zakufa kale.

Chifukwa chake ndizosatheka kuwononga ma voles kwathunthu

Monga mitundu ina iliyonse padziko lapansi, ma voles amakhala m'malo awo okhala zachilengedwe. Idya njere za udzu, zimachepetsa kukula kwa udzu, zomwe zimalepheretsa mitengo yaying'ono kuti isadutse mpaka kuwala, potetezera nkhalango. Kuphatikiza apo, udindo wawo m'munyolo wazakudya ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa kuchuluka kwa mbalame zodyedwa ndi nyama zambiri za ubweya. M'mazaka amenewo pamene mbewa zazing'ono zimabadwa, kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe, kadzidzi, ndi nyama zina zomwe zimadya pama voles zimatsika .. Mitundu ina ya ma voles ndiyosowa ndipo imakhala pangozi ndipo imatetezedwa:

• Euron
• Muisky
• Baluchistan,
• mankhwala
• Wofiyira waku Japan
• ChiTaiese
• Central Kashmir.

Njira zopewera

Kuti muchepetse mwayi wa ma voles akhazikika patsamba lanu, mutha:

• kukhala ndi mphaka kapena galu
• osathamangitsa adani achilengedwe a mbewa, makamaka owala.
• osaloleza kuwononga malowo ndi kufufuza, nkhuni, mipando yolakwika, etc.
• akumasula dziko lapansi mobwerezabwereza, ndikuwononga "mphesa" za mbewa zamunda,
• chotsani nthambi, masamba, namsongole ndi zinyalala zina za m'munda.

Pofuna kuthana ndi ma voles, njira yolumikizira iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito yomwe imaphatikizapo kupewa, kupanga malo osakhala omasuka kuti makoswe ndi chiwonongeko chakuthupi.

Mbewa ya Vole: kufotokozera

M mbewa yolumikizira tizirombo ndi tizilombo tosasiyana pakati pa abale awo. Zamoyo izi zimakula mpaka 130 mm kutalika, pomwe 70% ya munthu ndi mchira wake. Nyamayo ilibe maso akulu akulu a bulauni komanso kupindika. Makutu a nyamayo amakankhidwa kumutu ndikuyang'ana pang'ono pang'ono. Ngakhale kukula kocheperako, makoswewo amatha kuwononga kwambiri kubzala kwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana.

Mbewa imadziwika ndi ma coarse, malaya olimba, omwe amakhala ndi mtundu wa beige, imvi kapena bulauni, kutengera malo. Kumbuyo mutha kuwona mzere wakuda, wautali, ndipo gawo lam'munsi lam'mimba ndi utoto woyera. Mtundu wa makoswe umatanthauzanso zaka: achinyamata amakhala ndi khungu lakuda, anthu achikulire amakhala ndi mthunzi wopepuka, ndipo achikulire amasiyana mumtundu wamtengo wapatali, ndimaso amatsitsi.

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapezeka paliponse ku Europe, ku China, Taiwan, ndi Mongolia. Ngakhale dzina lake - vole kumunda, makoswe sakonda kukhazikika m'mundamo, koma amasankha madera omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa nkhalango ndi udzu wambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kusankha malo osungira, malo okhala kapena nyumba zogona. Pofika nyengo yozizira, mbewa kumunda imapita kumalo komwe udzu, udzu ndi zina zomera zimasungidwa.

Amatha kudikirira nthawi yozizira m'malo osungirako zachilengedwe kapena kukumba pokumbira palokha. Nthawi yomweyo, amatha kukumba mabowo okha, mpaka mita 4 kutalika. Imodzi mwanyumba yotuluka nthawi zonse imatsogolera posungira. Kuphatikiza apo, pali malo a chisa, komanso chakudya. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala pamtunda wa mita imodzi. Kwenikweni, mbewa kumunda imasankha madera okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri. Zinthu zoterezi zimafanana ndi malo omata.

Makoko ake amakhala achonde kwambiri. Kubalana kumachitika kuyambira kasupe mpaka nthawi yophukira. Munthawi imeneyi, nyamayi imatha kutsogolera ana ake anayi, nambala ya mbewa mpaka 4 kapena 5. Chifukwa chake, kulimbana ndi tizilombo ndizovuta. Zikatero, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tisamaloledwe kuswana.

Kuzindikira makoswe kuchokera kwa abale ake ndikosavuta, malingana ndi zizindikiro zingapo. Mwachitsanzo:

• Mtundu wamtunduwu umakhala ndi chingwe chakuda chakumbuyo kumbuyo kwake.
• Makoswe a mbewa ndi okulirapo pang'ono.
• Ma Voles, mawonekedwe ake, ali ofanana ndi a Daurian hamsters, koma ali ndi mchira wautali.
• Vole amadziwika kuti nthawi yakutha msambo ndi pafupifupi masiku 100.
• Makoswe amatha kuwoneka m'zipinda momwe mbewu zimasungidwira.
• Pomaliza, mbewa zabwino zimakonda malo osadalirana momwe zimakhalira.

Zindikirani! Monga lamulo, makoswe amagwira ntchito mumdima, koma nthawi yachisanu samapuma ngakhale masana. Nyama zing'onozing'ono izi sizikhala ndi nthawi yozizira, chifukwa chake zimayenera kudya china chilichonse.

Zolinga za maonekedwe

Nyama zing'onozing'onozi nthawi zonse zimasamukira kusaka chakudya. Ku kanyumba kapena mundawo nthawi zonse mutha kupeza zinthu zoti mupindule nazo. Chakudya chimatha kupezeka osati m'chilimwe, chikadzalidwa ndi mwini wake, komanso nthawi yozizira, pomwe mwiniwakeyo amasunga zakudya munyengo yachisanu. Chifukwa chake, kukazizira, zipinda zosungirako, ma cellars, cellars, ndi zina zimakhala zokongola kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, vole imatha kulowa m'nyumba yomwe munthu amakhala. Amakhala bwino kukhitchini, komwe angapeze chakudya ndi madzi otsalira. Amalowa mnyumbamo kudzera ming'alu yosiyanasiyana pansi, kudzera pazenera ndi zitseko, ngati palibe chomulepheretsa.

Kudziwa kuti mbewa yawonekera mnyumba sikuvuta. Kukhalapo kwake kumapereka kununkhira kozizwitsa "mbewa", komanso kupezeka pansi kapena m'malo ena otsala a zofunikira zanyama iyi. M'mundamo, sizovuta kudziwa kukhalapo kwa vole kukhalapo kwa ma mink. Kuphatikiza apo, amapitilira china chake. Izi ndichifukwa choti mano a ntchentche amakula nthawi yonse ya moyo ndipo ayenera kuti akupera. M'nyengo yozizira, mbewa imadyera makungwa a zitsamba zosiyanasiyana, komanso mitengo yazipatso, ndikuwononga kwambiri kubzala kwachikhalidwe.

Zowopsa kwa anthu

Kapangidwe kameneka ndi kakakulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya mbewa, motero ndizowopsa pa ulimi. Amawononga mbewu zonse m'munda zomwe sizinakololedwe, komanso m'makalo ogulitsira, komanso m'malo ena osungirako zakudya momwe amasungidwira. Akafuna kudya, koma amakonda kudya, amadya njere, tomato, mpendadzuwa, kabichi, kaloti, beets, etc.

Akalowa m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba, amatha kuwononga masheya onse, omwe ambiri mwaiwo amangokhala ndipo munthu sangadye zinthu zotere. Ndikayamba masika, tizilombo timeneti timasamukira kudera lomwe limayamba kudya mphukira zazing'ono zam'minda yolimidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbewuyi iwonongeke kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ngati mbewa ya vole ikawoneka pamalopo, ndikofunikira kuchitapo kanthu kuti muyiwononge kapena kutiichotsa.Tiyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ntchentche iyi imaberekanso mwachangu.

Momwe mungathanirane ndi ma voles a mbewa

Kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino polimbana ndi ma voils am'munda, zinthu zingapo ziyenera kuwongoleredwa. Mwachitsanzo:

• Ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera kuti mupewe kuwoneka ngati makoswe mnyumba yakunyumba kapena m'nyumba ya anthu.
• Sichingakhale mopepuka kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolamulira ngati pali tizirombo tambiri pamalowo.

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, anthu abwera ndi njira yodziletsa tizilombo. Poterepa, ziyenera kudziwika njira zitatu zazikulu zoyendetsera makoswe:

• Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala azikhalidwe zomwe zimakhala zachilengedwe komanso zopanda vuto lililonse kwa anthu.
• Njira zoyeserera pomenya nkhondo, kugwiritsa ntchito misampha yamtundu uliwonse, zipsera za mbewa, misampha, zina. Mphaka, yemwe ndi mdani wachilengedwe wa mbewa, amagweranso mgululi, ngakhale amphaka amakono samakonzekera kulimbana ndi mbewa.
• Kutengera zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala, mu mawonekedwe a ziphe, ma aerosols, ma decoy, etc. Othandizira opanga ma Chemical amachita ntchito yawo bwino, makamaka ngati kuchuluka kwa tizilombo ndizokwanira, koma sikutetezeka kwa anthu ndi ziweto.

Kusankha njira imodzi kapena njira yochotsera nyama zowononga izi, muyenera kulabadira machitidwe ogwiritsa ntchito njira yolimbana. Iyi ndiye njira yokha yochotsera makoswe kuti musavulaze thanzi lanu, komanso mbewu yamtsogolo.

Zithandizo za anthu

Zosadabwitsa, koma komwe kuli mwamunayo, pali mbewa. Chifukwa chake, munthu nthawi zonse amayenera kufunafuna njira zomwe zingathandize kuthana ndi oyandikana nawo. Mwamuna, pamayesedwe ndi zolakwika, adatha kudziwa kuti ndi ziti zomwe zimaliza tizirombo ndi kudutsa ndikuyamba kukonza ma infusions ndi zodulira potengera, ndipo zina mwa izo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwatsopano kapena zouma. Chifukwa chake, poyambitsa ndewu ndi mbewa, othandizira othandizira mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ngati njira yomaliza, atayesereradi mankhwala kuchokera pazinthu zachilengedwe.

Maphikidwe ochokera kwa anthu polimbana ndi mbewa zam'munda:

• Ufa wa tirigu ndi laimu umatengedwa wofanana, komanso uzitsine mchere. Zosakaniza zonse zimaphatikizika palimodzi ndikusakaniza bwino. Nyambo imawonetsedwa muzopimira zazing'ono ndikuyika pomwe makoswe amakonda kuwonekera. Pafupi ndi nyambo, muyenera kuthira madzi, chifukwa popanda iwo ntchito yogulitsayo singagwire ntchito. Pamene mbewa imadya, imamwa madzi nthawi yomweyo, yomwe imayambitsa limu. Zotsatira zake, magazi amapaka m'mimba ya nyamayo, yomwe imatsogolera kuimfa.
• M'chilimwe, muyenera kuganizira kukolola zitsamba zina, monga chowawa, mbewa, ledamu, tansy, ndi zina zambiri.. Zitsamba zimayikidwa m'mabokosi kukhitchini, m'mchipinda chocheperako, m'miyala ndi m'zipinda zina momwe nyamazo zimakhalamo. Zitsamba zoterezi zimayikidwa mozungulira gawo lonse la nyumbayo, ndipo amazimanga ndi mitengo yazipatso.
• Ngati palibe zitsamba, ndiye kuti mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ofunikira awa. Ngati munganyowe ndi mafuta osakhala ndi magawo akuluakulu a minofu ndikuyiyika m'malo omwe amapezeka ndende zazikulu, ndiye kuti m'malo awa sangawonekere. Mafuta ofunikira a mitengo ya coniferous, zipatso za zipatso, komanso mafuta a tansy amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Njira zolimbana

Ambiri opanga amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito misampha yosiyanasiyana kuyang'anira ma voles. Nthawi yomweyo, muyenera kusamba, m'mawa uliwonse, kuchotsa makoswe akufa. Pali njira zina zamunthu zomwe zimateteza moyo wa nyama, koma apa muyenera kukhala okonzekera kuti mbewa yomwe yatulutsidwa ibwere kudzawononga mbewu. Mulimonsemo, adzawonekera ndi anansi motsimikiza.

Misampha yopangidwira nokha ndiyothandiza, ngakhale kuti amapanga zinthu mosavuta. Misampha yakunyumba:

• Msampha wa guluu. Guluu wamba ndiwofunikanso, koma ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito guluu wapadera, yemwe adapangira izi. Zimakhazikitsidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimakopa makoswe ndi fungo lawo. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwalawa amaphatikizapo poizoni. Kuti mupange msampha, muyenera kutenga chidutswa cha makatoni kapena zakuthupi ndikugwiritsira ntchito zomata kuti zikhale zazitali masentimita 5. Ndi bwino kuyika nyambo pakati pakusaka (mwa kusankha), zomwe zithandiza kuti msamphawo ukhale wogwira bwino ntchito.
• Mousetrap kuchokera ku chokho. Mtsuko wa lita imodzi amatengedwa ndipo nyambo imagwera pansi. Makoma mkati mwa mtsukowo adakutidwa ndi batala wakuonda. Mtsuko uyenera kuyikika kuti makoswe athe kulowa mkati mwamtsuko. Izi zikachitika, ndiye kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sitingathe kutuluka.