Banja la ambisto ndi laling'ono, limaphatikizapo ma amphibians osokoneza kuchokera ku genera 5 ndi mitundu 28. Ambistomaceae ali m'magulu a anthu ampian omwe njira zawo zidakonzedwanso kwambiri pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, banjali lidapeza kale mitundu 35 ndi 4 genera - Ambystoma, Rhyacosiredon, Dicamptodon, ndi Rhyacotriton, komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamtunduwu m'maphunziro a taxonomic adasintha gulu lonse komanso gulu.

Oimira banja la ambisto amapezeka ku North ndi Central America kokha. M'mayiko olankhula Chingerezi, Ambistomovs amatchedwa mole salamanders. Ma Ambistomes ali kumapeto kwa North America, komwe ali ponseponse kuchokera kumadera akumwera kwa Canada komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Alaska kupita ku Mexico.

Ma Ambistomes adatchuka komanso kutchuka chifukwa cha axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), yomwe poyamba idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asayansi m'maphunziro osiyanasiyana ngati nyama yolembera, kenako idakafika ku ma aquarists ndipo idayamba kugawidwa kwambiri. Axolotl ndi mphutsi yoyera yokhala ndi dzina ladzikoli "axolotl", lomwe limamasulira kuti "kusewera m'madzi."

Mitundu yambiri yama ambisosi ndi mtundu wa Ambysloma, wophatikiza mitundu 21, wofala komanso wodziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphutsi zake zamkati. Mitundu ina imaphatikiza mitundu yocheperako kumadzulo kumpoto kwa North America: mtundu Rhyacotrilon wokhala ndi mtundu umodzi ndi mtundu Dicamptodon woimira mitundu iwiri, kapena ku Central America: geny Rhyacosiridon ali ndi mitundu inayi, ndi genes Bathysiridon - 1 mtundu.

Malo okumbirako achikulire amasiyanitsidwa ndi mutu wambiri, wamtundu wokulirapo wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, maso ang'ono, miyendo yopyapyala ndi mchira wozungulira womwe umakhala wozungulira. Kupaka utoto wa mitundu yambiri kumakhala kowoneka bwino kwambiri ndi motley: pa thupi lawo moyang'anizana ndi maziko akuda pali mawonekedwe owala, osiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ya mawanga: kuyambira kuchokera ku madontho amtundu wa buluu mpaka kumapeto ndi zovala zazikulu zachikasu.

Anthu akuluakulu okhala pansi amakhala moyo wawo pansi pa mitengo, akukhala pansi pa zinyalala zamasamba kapena m'makola omwe amakumba kapena kumanga zimbudzi zomwe zimasiyidwa ndi nyama zina. Mitundu ingapo yomwe imakhala kumpoto kwa America mu mabowo amodzi ndi nthawi yozizira. Ma ambistomes amakhala okha, akudya ma invertebrates osiyanasiyana.

Ma ambisiti achikulire amabwerera kumadzi kokha munthawi yaying'ono, ndikusankha malo omwewo kumene iwo anabadwira. Kulera mu amphibian nthawi zambiri kumachitika kumayambiriro kwamasika, pomwe mitundu yambiri, mwachitsanzo, ya ringed (A. annulatum) ndi marble (A. opacum) ambistomes, yomwe imaswana m'dzinja.

Mitundu yonse imayikidwa mazira ndi ambisiti, kuyika mazira awo angapo, ndipo nthawi zina mazana ambiri pamodzi, akukhazikika m'matumba apadera. Ambistomy amaikira mazira ndi mazira mumadziwe osayenda kapena osayenda pang'onopang'ono. Marble ambistoma imachita zosiyana ndi izi: imayika mazira pamtunda m'malo osiyanasiyana, omwe posachedwa amadzaza ndi madzi amvula yamvula yophukira.

Mphutsi zimakhala moyo wam'madzi, koma pakupanga thupi ndi kapangidwe kake kamafanana. Mtundu wa thupi, monga lamulo, ndi wofowoka ndi monophonic. Mphutsi za ambisto zimasiyana ndi achikulire pamakhala ma bulugamu atatu akunja okhala ndi magawo anayi a gill kumbuyo kwake. M'magawo amenewo mumapezeka zofiira kumiyala yambiri yodzala ndi magazi. Kuphatikiza apo, mu mphutsi, kumbali yakumapeto kumbali yakumanzere kuyambira kumutu kwa mutu mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira ndi kumbali yakumapeto kuyambira kumapeto kwa mchira kupita ku cloaca, makutu akhungu lalitali amapanga caudal fin. Mchira nthawi zambiri umatha ndi ulusi mchira.

Zochulukirapo zimakhalapo kuyambira pomwe mphutsi zimabadwa, ndipo pali zala zinayi kumaso, ndipo pali miyendo 5. Maso amtunduwu ndi nsomba, osati zokhala ndi matope.

Mphutsi zimasambira mu ambisto, ndikuloweka thupi ngati nsomba. Mphutsi za mitundu ina, makamaka anthu akumwera a tiger ambistomes ndi mitundu ina yapafupi, imatha kukula mpaka kukula popanda kukumana ndi metamorphosis. Kupezeka kwa mphutsi zikuluzikulu kumodzi kumapangitsa kuti mitundu yambiri ya mitundu ikhale yophatikizana mokwanira kapena pang'ono pang'ono. Akuluakulu otere mwa mitundu yotere samasiya matupi amadzi, kukhalabe ndi zokhala bwino komanso zolimba, ngakhale kuti mapapu awo amakula, amakhala mbali ina yopumira. Amafika kukhwima popanda kukumana ndi metamorphosis. Mitundu ya Neotenic ndi mitundu yodziyimira m'malo idapezeka kumapiri a United States ndi Central Plateau ku Mexico. Zomwe zimathandizira kupezeka kwa neoteny ndizitali zazikulu, kusowa kwa nyama zam'madzi komanso malo ouma kunja kwa matupi amadzi. Ambiri okhala bwino kwambiri ndi amodzi mwa mitundu ya tiger ambistoma - Ambystoma tigrinum, Ambystoma velasci, Ambystoma mavortium ndi mitundu ina. Mitundu yolimba bwino ya ambistos imatchedwa axolotls - Ambystoma mexicanum, Ambystoma taylori, Ambystoma andersoni ndi Ambystoma dumerilii. Ma neotenics amasungabe kuthekera kokukonzanso mawonekedwe a mphutsi zazing'ono ndipo amatha kubwezeretsa miyendo, mchira ndi pafupifupi chilichonse chamkati.

Mukukonzekera metamorphosis, ma gill ndi ma fold omwe amachoka, mphutsi zimakhetsa: pokonzekera kusungunuka, khungu limayamba kukhala ndi utoto wautoto kwa akuluakulu, ndipo ma eyoni amawoneka m'maso. Mapapu amapanga, omwe amakonzekeretsa nyama kuti isinthidwe kupita kumtunda ndikuyamba kukhalanso padziko lapansi.

Woyimilira ali ndi ma diploid angapo a ma chromosomes - 28.

Axolotl ndi ma ambistomes ena - Ambystoma tigrinum, Ambystoma mavortium, okonda amphibian amasunga ngati ziweto.

Mawonekedwe

Tiger ambistoma ndiye ambrisoma wamkulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Pali mitundu isanu ndi itatu yaposachedwa. Mutu wake ndi wokulirapo, chopondera chimakhala chozungulira. Maso ndi ang'ono pozungulira, kutalikirana. Manja anayi pachiwono, ndi asanu pamiyendo yakumbuyo. Pali ma tubercles awiri pambali pa paws. Thupi la ambistoma limalumikizidwa kuchokera kumbali ndi miyala 13. Ma vertebrae ndi biconcave, mafupa amtundu wa chigaza kulibe, mano a palatine amasinthika. Chifukwa cha pineal gland (pineal gland) amakhala bwino m'malo, amatha kukumbukira bwino. Pineal gland ili kumbuyo kwa maso.

Ombistoma mawonekedwe ndi malo okhala

M'mawonekedwe ake amafanana ndi buluzi wodziwika ndi anthu ambiri, ndipo kudera la mayiko aku America amadziwika kuti ndi salamander. Amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha kwambiri, zomwe zimakhala ndi dothi lofewa komanso zinyalala zambiri.

Kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amaphatikizidwa kazembe wa kalasi Amapezeka ku North America, kumwera kwa Canada. Banja la abuluziwa limaphatikizapo mitundu 33 ya ambistos, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe ake.

Otchuka kwambiri a iwo ndi awa:

Tiger ambistoma. Imatha kutalika masentimita 28, pomwe pafupifupi 50% ya thupi imakhala ndi mchira. Pali mbali zazikuluzikulu zokwana 12 pambali ya salamander, ndipo mitunduyo ndiyowoneka bwino pobiriwira kapena bulauni.Migawo ndi madontho achikasu amapezeka thupi lonse. Pali miyendo inayi kumiyendo yakutsogolo, ndi zisanu pamiyendo yakumbuyo. Mutha kukumana ndi ambisto amtunduwu kumadera omwe ali kumpoto kwa Mexico.

Chithunzi chithunzi tigeroma

Pa chithunzichi pali ambistoma yamkati

Yellow Spotted Ambistoma

Ambistoma waku Mexico

Chithunzi chake ndi Pacific Ambistoma

Kuyang'ana chithunzi chojambulidwa, zomwe zidatchulidwa pamwambapa, mutha kuwona kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo.

Chikhalidwe komanso moyo wa ambistoma

Popeza pali mitundu yambiri ya ambadors, ndizachilengedwe kuti aliyense wa iwo ali ndi chikhalidwe chake komanso momwe amakhalira. Ma ambger agalu tsiku lonse amakonda kukhala m'misakasa, ndipo usiku amapita kukafunafuna chakudya. Popeza ali ndi phokoso komanso amanyazi, atazindikira kuwopsa, amakonda kubwerera kudzenje, ngakhale atasiyidwa osadya.

Ma ambrisomes am'makomo ndimabisalira, amakonda kudzipangira mabowo pansi pa masamba agwa ndi mitengo yakugwa. Nthawi zina khalani m'maenje osiyidwa. Ma salamanders okhala ndi maonekedwe okongola amakonda njira ya pansi panthaka, chifukwa mumatha kuwaona padziko lapansi pokhapokha kukagwa mvula. Nthawi yomweyo, abambowa sadzipangira okha nyumba, amagwiritsa ntchito zotsalira pambuyo nyama zina.

Mitundu yonse ya amphibians iyi imakhala m'makola ndipo amakonda kusaka mumdima. Izi ndichifukwa choti samalekerera kutentha kwambiri, kutentha kwakukulu kwa iwo ndi madigiri 1820, ovuta kwambiri, madigiri 24.

Khalidwe ndilabwino kwambiri, chifukwa amakonda kusungulumwa ndipo salola aliyense kudzilamulira. Pamlingo wapamwamba ndi malingaliro odzisungira nokha. Ngati ma ambisiti agwera m'mbuna za mdani, ndiye kuti sangalole komaliza, kuluma ndikumwaza. Nthawi yomweyo, kulimbana konse kwa ambistome kumayendetsedwa ndi phokoso laphokoso, china chofanana ndi kufinya.

Zakudya Zamtundu wa Ambistoma

Ma ambisiti okhala m'malo achilengedwe amadya zotsatirazi:

Mphutsi za Ambistome mwachilengedwe amadya zakudya monga:

Anthu omwe amakhala ndi chidwi chambiri mu aquarium akulimbikitsidwa kuti adyetse zakudya zotsatirazi:

• nyama yokonda
• nsomba
• tizilombo tosiyanasiyana (nyongolotsi, maphemwe, akangaude).

Mphutsi za Axolotl Imayenera kudyedwa tsiku lililonse, koma ambriso wamkulu sayenera kudyetsedwa mopitilira katatu pa sabata.

Zojambula mawonekedwe a ambisto

Ma ambistomas achikulire ali ndi mitu yayitali ndi maso ang'ono. Thupi limakhala lolemera komanso lothina lokhala ndi mafotokozedwe odziwika bwino, miyendo ndi yopyapyala, gawo la mchira ndi lozungulira.

Khungu limakhala losalala. Pamaso pali ma eyel. Mitundu yambiri ya ambisto ili ndi mtundu wochititsa chidwi wokhala ndi mawonekedwe amitundu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Matupi a ambitist amatha kukongoletsedwa ndi timawonekedwe owoneka bwino kapena mikwingwirima yotakata.

Ambistomes ndi banja la amphibians, omwe amatchedwanso mole salamanders, ndipo akupezeka ku North America.

Kuberekera komanso moyo wautali wa ambistoma

Kuti ambistoma ichulukane, pamafunika kukhalapo kwa madzi ambiri. Ndiye chifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukhwima, ambisilamu amasamukira kumadera amenewo m'nkhalango yomwe madzi ake amasefukira. Gawo lalikulu la anthu amtunduwu amakonda kubereka mu April. Koma ma ambomeo ndi ma annistomes oberekera amaberekanso nthawi yophukira.

Munthawi yakukhwima, amuna amagona spermatophore ndi amphibian, ndipo akazi amatenga mothandizidwa ndi cloaca. Kenako zazikazi zimayamba kuyika matumba okhala ndi mazira, mu thumba limodzi mumatha kukhala mazira 20 mpaka 500, pomwe awiriwo amatha kufika mamilimita 2.5.

Ma ambistomes amafunika madzi ambiri kuti abereke

Mazira omwe adasungidwa m'madzi ofunda amapanga masiku 19 mpaka 50. Pambuyo pa nthawi imeneyi, mphutsi zodziwika bwino zimapezeka mdziko lapansi, kutalika kwake kumasiyana kuchokera ku 1.5 mpaka 2 sentimita.

Ambistoma axolotl (mphutsi) amakhalabe m'madzi kwa miyezi iwiri. Munthawi imeneyi, ma metamorphose amachitika ndi iwo, omwe ndi, axolotl imasandulika kukhala wofuna kutchuka:

• zipsepse ndi zolemba zimatha
• zikope zimawoneka m'maso mwanga
• chitukuko m'mapapo zimawonedwa,
• thupi limapeza mtundu wamtundu wofananira monga ambist.

Pamtunda, mphutsi zimatenga ambisto pokhapokha atalika kutalika kwa 8-9 sentimita. Kuti musinthe nkhokwe ya aquarium kukhala amphibian, muyenera kusintha pang'onopang'ono aquarium kukhala malo opondera.

Mu chithunzi axolotl

Izi zimafuna kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amapezeka mmenemu ndikuwonjezera nthaka. Mphutsi sizingachitire mwina koma kutuluka panthaka. Pankhaniyi, munthu sayenera kuyembekeza kusintha kwamatsenga, axolotl idzalowa mu mawonekedwe a ambistoma osadutsa milungu iwiri.

Ndizofunikanso kudziwa kuti mutha kusintha axolotl kukhala wamkulu mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala a mahomoni opangidwa ku chithokomiro cha chithokomiro. Koma zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha atakambirana ndi veterinarian.

Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti pofuna kuyikira mazira, zazikazi sizilowa m'madzi ndi ambisto, zimayika matumba okhala ndi caviar m'malo otsika, omwe mtsogolomu adzadzaza madzi.

Mazira amaikidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, pomwe zigawo zomwe zimakhala pansi pa mitengo yakugwa kapena mulu wa masamba zimasankhidwa. Zinadziwika kuti pansi pamadzi a aquarium (ndi chisamaliro choyenera), ambistoma imatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka 10-15.

Khalidwe la ambitist

Akuluakulu amakhala ndi moyo wokhalitsa pamtunda, amakhala nthawi yayitali pansi pa masamba ogwa kapena m'maenje. Amatha kudzimbira okha kapena kulowa m'nyumba za anthu ena. Mitundu ya kumpoto yozizira nyengo yachisanu mumakola. Ambistomes amakhala okha. Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi ma invertebrates osiyanasiyana.

Ma ambisiti achikulire amabwerera kumadzi pokhapokha nyengo yakubzala, ndipo amasankha nkhokwe zomwe zidakulira. Nyengo yakukhwima nthawi zambiri imachitika mchaka, koma mitundu ina imaswana m'dzinja, mwachitsanzo, ma ambrisome am'madzi.

Mitundu yonse ya ambistos ndi oviparous. Mazira angapo kapena mazana angapo amaikidwa m'matumba osiyana. Akazi amayikira mazira m'madzi oyenda pang'onopang'ono kapena osayenda.

Mphutsi za Axolotl zokhala ndi ambistot zimatsogolera moyo wam'madzi. M'mawonekedwe, amafanana ndi achikulire, koma ali ndi magawo anayi a galasi akunja ndi awiri anayi a gill slits. Pazithunzithunzi pali miyala yofiira, popeza ili ndi ma capillaries. Maso a mphutsi samakhala akuchulutsa, popanda eyel, nsomba.

Mphutsi zimatchedwa ascolotles ndi ambists; zimangokhala m'madzi okha.

Mphutsi zimakula ndikukumana ndi metamorphosis: zipsepse, makatani ndi zithupsa zimatha, ma eyoni amawoneka pamaso, mapapu amakula ndikuwoneka mtundu. Koma ma axolotls ena amakula mpaka kukula ngati akuluakulu popanda kugwidwa ndi metamorphosis.

Pacific Giant Ambistoma

Mtunduwu umapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango zam'mphepete mwa California ndi Columbia. Awa ndi ma amphibians akuluakulu, omwe amafikira kutalika kwa masentimita 30. Ma ambisiti aku Pacific amawoneka osafunikira chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kwakukulu, koma amatha kukwera mitengo mwaluso ndikusaka mwachangu osati kwa ma invertebrates okha, komanso kwa abale awo, njoka, achule ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono.

Mantha, chimphona chachikulu cha Pacific chikumveka chaphokoso kwambiri. Akazi amtunduwu samayikira mazira mu ambisto m'madzi, koma m'makola a makoswe kapena ming'alu pansi.

Zipinda zazikulu za Pacific zimafika mainchesi 30, kukhala ophibians ambiri.

Ambistoma ya Olimpiki

Mtunduwu umakhala ku North America: kuchokera ku California kupita ku Washington. Ambrisoma ya olympic ndi nyama ina yabwino kwambiri yomwe imafikira pafupifupi masentimita 10 kutalika. Ichi ndi nyama yanyama komanso yochepa thupi.

Malo okhala olimbitsa thupi a Olimpiki amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, kubisala pachiwopsezo pakati pa miyala. Popeza ma amphibianswa amakhala m'malo otentha, mapapu awo amakhala opangika, kupuma kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha khungu ndi pakamwa.

Ma ambisco ama Olimpiki amakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje, amabisala pangozi pansi pa miyala.

Tiger Ambistoma

Achiwonetserowa amakhala ku North America kuchokera ku Canada kupita ku Mexico. Tiger ambistoma imafikira masentimita 28, ndi mchira wopanga theka la kutalika kwake.

Malo awo ndi nkhalango zowoneka bwino, minda, madera, zipululu, mapiri komanso mapiri. Masana amabisala m'makola a makoswe, amadyetsa usiku.

Tiger ambistomes, monga oimira ambiri a banja lino, ndi usiku.

Ambistoma yooneka ngati ma Mole

Ambusoma yooneka ngati molekyu imapezeka m'mphepete mwa South Atlantic gombe: kuchokera ku Louisiana ndi North Carolina kupita ku Oklahoma, Northern Illinois, Texas, ndi Arkansas.

Mphutsi zachinyamata zimatha kukhalanso ndi mphamvu ndipo zimatha kubwezeretsa miyendo.

Kutalika kwa thupi la ambistoma yooneka ngati mamilimita ndi masentimita 8.5-9,5.Oimira mtundu wamtunduwu ndizodziwika bwino kuti kuwonjezera pa nthawi yobala, nthawi zonse amakumba pansi, ndichifukwa chake nyamayo idatchedwa dzina. Akazi amayikira mazira m'madziwe osakhalitsa opangidwa munkhalango ya paini.

Taylor Ambistoma

Mtunduwu umatha kunyanja ya Laguna Alcicca, yomwe ili pamwamba m'mapiri ndipo ili ku Mexico ya Veracruz, ndiye nyanja yamchere kwambiri, kutentha kwa madzi mkati mwake ndi 18-21 madigiri. Kutalika kwa thupi kwa ambistoma ya Taylor ndi masentimita 15 mpaka 20.

Kuchuluka kwa ambisto ndi mitundu ya zinthu zakale zidapezeka kumapiri a United States komanso ku Central Plateau ku Mexico.

Silver Ambistoma

Ambistoma iyi ili ponseponse ku United States: Massachusetts, Ohio, New Jersey ndi Michigan.

Mothandizidwa ndi metamorphosis, ma gills ndi ma fold omwe amatha, nyama zimatulutsa, khungu limayamba kukhala ndi utoto wachikulire.

Ambassoma yasiliva imakhala m'nkhalango zowuma, momwe mumakhala maiwe ndi mitsinje yaying'ono. Ndi amphibian wapakatikati komanso wamtali masentimita 12-20.

Ambistoma wautali wamiyendo

Ambistoma wazaka wazaka amakhala ku Northern California kupita ku Alaska, kuchokera ku Western Montana kupita ku Idaho. Sichikukwera mpaka mamita 2800. Imasungidwa m'nkhalango zotentha komanso zochepa, ndipo imapezekanso kumapiri ndi kumapiri a mapiri. Uwu ndi ambistoma yaying'ono, yomwe imafikira kutalika kwa masentimita 4.1-8.9.

Ambassoma wokhala ndi zala zazitali amakonda nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso mitengo yayitali.

Ambuloma ya Marble

Mtunduwu umakhala ku North America: kuchokera ku Great Lakes kupita ku Florida. Malo opangira ma marble amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana: nkhalango zosakanikirana, zopanda mapiri, m'mapiri a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mapiri, malo ataliitali, malo osefukira wamapiri komanso malo otsetsereka kumapiri osaposa 700 700. Amalolera malo okhala ouma poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina.

Kutalika, ma ambistomes ammilimita amafika masentimita 9-12. Ambiri mwa moyo wawo amabisala pansi pa miyala, mitengo, masamba agwa, mabowo ndi m'maenje. M'nyengo yamvula, anthu amtunduwu amadzigwetsera pansi, pomwe akuyembekezera nthawi yosavomerezeka.

Marble ambistoma sikhala m'madzi, koma pamtunda. Kuberekanso kumachitika kamodzi pachaka. Yaikazi imayika mazira pansi pa dzenje kapena padziwe kenaka ndikuiteteza mpaka dziwe ladzaza ndi madzi.

Marble Ambistoma (Ambystoma opacum).

Ngati izi sizingachitike, ndiye kuti kuphukira kwa mphutsi kumayima mpaka kuphukira, ndipo nthawi yonseyi wamkazi amasamalira nkhosayo, kutembenuzira mazira ndikuiteteza.

Ambistoma wamutu wochepa

Mtunduwu umakhala kuchokera ku Missouri kupita ku Ohio. Kukula kwakukulu kwa ambistoma yamutu wamfupi ndi pafupifupi ma sentimita 17.7.

Ma ambass omwe ali ndi mutu wamfupi amakonda malo okhala chinyontho, amapezeka m'madzi osefukira, mitsinje, malo olimapo, malo opambanirapo, ndipo nthawi zina achikulire amapezeka pathanthwe. Kwa chaka chimodzi, mkazi m'modzi amatha kupatsa mazira 300-700.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Habitat

Amakhala pena paliponse: nkhalango zowuma bwino komanso zopatsa chidwi, malo otsetsereka a mapiri, mapiri, zipululu ndi zipululu, mapiri amadzi (kawirikawiri). Itha kupezeka m'malo otseguka, maiweta, msipu, nkhalango, minda, ngakhale m'mizinda. Zoweta ma ambisiti amafunika madzi (kutentha kwa 18-18 ° C): madambo, nyanja ndi madzi ena onse osatha. Tiger ambistoma amakonda mchenga kapena makalata otayirira.

Zambiri

Ambistomaceae, otchedwa mole salamanders m'maiko olankhula Chingerezi, ali ku North America, komwe amagawidwa kuchokera kumwera kwa Canada komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Alaska kupita ku Mexico. Ambistomas amadziwika chifukwa cha gawo lawo lazous - axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati nyama yothandizira mu maphunziro osiyanasiyana, pambuyo pake idabwera kale kwa akatswiri am'madzi. Ma ambisiti ena ndi tiger (A. tigrinum, A. mavortium- - amphibians odziwika kwambiri m'maiko ambiri aku America, ndipo nthawi zina amasungidwa ngati ziweto.

Akuluakulu omwe amakhala pamtunda, malo olowera amakhala ndi mutu wambiri, wamaso ang'ono, thupi lokhazikika komanso lalitali, miyendo yopyapyala ndi mchira wozungulira womwe umakhala wozungulira. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi utoto wooneka bwino: wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana (kuchokera pakabuluu buluu mpaka kumiyala yayikulu yachikasu) pamaso amdima. Akuluakulu achitetezo cha dziko lapansi amakhala nthawi yayitali pansi pamtchire pansi pa zinyalala zamasamba kapena m'makola omwe amakumba kapena kugwiranso ntchito ndi zinyama zina. Mitundu ingapo ya kumpoto nthawi yozizira m'makola awa. Amakhala okha ndikudyetsa ma invertebrates osiyanasiyana. Akuluakulu amabwerera kumadzi kokha pakanthawi kochepa pobereka, ndikusankha m'malo omwewo omwe iwo anabadwira nthawi imodzi. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachilimwe, koma mitundu yambiri ya nyama imabereka nthawi ya kugwa, mwachitsanzo, ambistoma ya ringed (A. annulatum) ndi nsangalabwi (A. opacum).

Mazira amitundu yosiyanasiyana ovomerezeka, otsekedwa m'magulu angapo, ndipo nthawi zina mazana angapo zidutswa m'matumba osiyana, amayikidwa malo osungirako kapena osayenda pang'onopang'ono, kamamembala kotsala kamene kamayikira mazira m'malo osyanasiyana pamtunda, omwe nthawi yomweyo amadzaza madzi mumvula yamvula. Mphutsi zamadzimadzi ndizofanana m'lingaliro ndi kapangidwe ka anthu akuluakulu. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi awiriawiri a gill akunja omwe ali ndi magawo anayi a gill kumbuyo kwa mutu. M'magawo amenewo mumapezeka zofiira kumiyala yambiri yodzala ndi magazi. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyambira kumunsi kwa mutu mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira kuchokera kumbali yakumanzere ndi kuchokera kumapeto kwa mchira mpaka kumapeto kwa mphutsi zam'mimba, khungu lokwera limatambasuka, ndikupanga caudal fin. Mchira nthawi zambiri umatha ndi ulusi mchira. Miyendo imakhalapo kuyambira pomwe imabadwa mphutsi ndi zala 4 kutsogolo ndi 5 kumbuyo. Maso a mphutsi alibe matope ndipo ndi "osasweka", "nsomba". Mtundu wamba nthawi zambiri umakhala wosalala komanso wowonekera. Amasambira, kuwumba thupi ngati nsomba. Mphutsi zamtundu wina (makamaka kuchuluka kwa kum'mwera kwa tiger ambistomes ndi mitundu ina yofananira) zimatha kukula mpaka kukula popanda kukumana ndi metamorphosis. Mukukonzekera metamorphosis, ma gill ndi ma fold omwe amatha, nyama zamatumbo, khungu limayamba kupeza utoto wamba kwa achikulire, ndipo ma eyoni amawoneka m'maso. Mapapu amayamba, ndikupangitsa kuti nyamayo ikhale ndi moyo padziko lapansi.

Tanthauzo la Munda

Mafuta amphibians aang'ono kapena aang'ono. Khungu limakhala losalala. Pali ma eyel osunthika. Feteleza ndi mkati. Oimira banja amadziwika ndi biconcave (amphitic) vertebrae, kusowa kwa fupa lamanjenje kwa chigaza, kusintha kosinthika kwa mano a palatine. Kusapezeka kwa ma grooves pakati pamphuno ndi m'mphepete mwa nsagwada yapamwamba kumasiyanitsa kufunsa kuchokera ku salamanders ena aku North America - mapapu (Plethodontidae) Diploid chromosome yokhala - 28

Chibade

• mafupa okhala ndi mafupa awiriwiri (ossa premaxillaria), osalumikizana mpaka fupa limodzi.
• mafupa amphuno (ossa nasalia) ndi ophatikizika, ofanana, aliyense amatuluka kuchokera kumodzi, womwe pambuyo pake umayang'aniridwa, njira yayitali yotsalira ya fupa lowonjezera limadutsa pakati pawo ndikulekanitsa kwathunthu,
• Mafupa a maxillary (ossa maxillaria) amapangidwa bwino,
• kukhalapo kwa mafupa ophatikizika ndi ma symmetric cloisonne maxillary (ossa septomaxillaria),
• Kuperewera kwa mafupa a misozi (ossa lacrimaria),
• kusowa kwamafupa owonda (ossa quadratojugularia),
• pterygoids (ossa pterygoidea) zimaperekedwa,
• kutseguka kwa mitsempha ya mkati mwa carotid kumakhalapo pamitundu ina,
• fupa la m'mimba (os angulare) lophatikizika ndi mandibular (mandibula),
• Chipilala (columella) ndi operculum zilipo ngati mafupa amkhutu osiyana, osiyanitsidwa ndi kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zina kapena chinsalachi chimaphatikizidwa ndi kapisozi mwa ena,
• mano otseguka amatha, ndi okhazikika kuyambira kumbuyo kwa lotseguka,
• mano okhala ndi chisoti chachifumu ndi enamel,
• kutsogolo kwa minofu yomwe imakweza nsagwada yam'munsi (musculus levator mandibulae) imaphatikizapo zinthu zomwe zimachokera ku chiwonetsero chowonjezera.

Khutu lamkati

• zovuta zomwe zimafotokozedwa,
• recessus amphibiorum) khutu lamkati limayang'ana mbali,
• vesicle yam'mutu (saccus oticus) imakhala yam'mimba ndikudzaza mchere wamchere,
• amphibious perilymphatic canal (canalis perioticus) wopanda minofu
• chitsime cha perilymphatic (cysterna periotica) chachikulu.

Mafupa a thunthu ndi miyendo

• scapula ndi coracoid anasankha kupanga scapulocoracoid,
• matupi a vertebral ndi amphicelic,
• nthiti za mitu iwiri
• mabowo am'mitsempha ya msana ali m'magawo amkati mwa vertebrae yonse, kupatula mitsempha ya msana yomwe imapitilira pakati pa atlas ndi thunthu loyamba, thunthu loyamba ndi vertebrae yachiwiri.
• mawonekedwe akunja a impso amachepetsa kapena kulibe.

Neotenia

Kupezeka kwa mphutsi zikuluzikulu kumodzi kumapangitsa kuti mitundu yambiri ya mitundu ikhale yophatikizana mokwanira kapena pang'ono pang'ono. Akuluakulu otere mwa mitundu yotere samasiya matupi amadzi, kukhalabe ndi zokhala bwino komanso zolimba, ngakhale kuti mapapu awo amakula, amakhala mbali ina yopumira. Amafika kukhwima popanda kukumana ndi metamorphosis.

Mitundu ya Neotenic ndi mitundu yodziyimira m'malo idapezeka kumapiri a United States ndi Central Plateau ku Mexico. Momwe zimathandizira kuti neoteny ipangike ndiyofunika kwambiri, kusapezeka kwa nyama zodya madzi am'madzi, komanso malo ouma kunja kwa matupi a madzi. Ambiri okhala bwino kwambiri ndi amodzi mwa mitundu ya tiger ambistoma - Ambystoma tigrinum, A. velasci, A. mavortium komanso malingaliro oyandikira.

Mitundu yoyamwa bwino imatchedwa ambistos axolotl — A. mexicanum, A. taylori, A. andersoni ndi A. dumerilii. Ma neotenics amasungabe kuthekera kokukonzanso mawonekedwe a mphutsi zazing'ono ndipo amatha kubwezeretsa miyendo, mchira ndi pafupifupi chilichonse chamkati. (onaninso Tailed Amphibians - Regeneration)

Adani:

Adani akuphatikizapo mbalame, ma fodya, ma alamu. Nsomba zodyedwa ndi ng'ombe yamphongo imadyera mphutsi ndi caviar. Mdani akafika, gule wofunikayo amagwira ntchito yodzitchinjiriza: thupi likagwedezeka mu arc, mchira umakwezedwa ndikuyenda mbali ndi mbali. Mukazengereza, poizoni wamkaka umagwedezeka mchira, womwe umagwera mdani. Zidyamakanda zina zimawabera, ngakhale zimakhala ndi poizoni, monga fodya. Amakugubuduza m'matope mpaka poizoni yonse itapukutidwa pakhungu lake.

Chakudya / Chakudya

Tiger ambistoma imatha kudya nyama, yomwe ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a kutalika kwa amphibian yokha. Mpaka 30-60 ozunzidwa adapezeka m'matumbo omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi kutalika kwa 9-10 cm. Imasaka mothandizidwa ndi fungo, kuwukira nyama yosunthika komanso yosasunthika. Pofikira nyamayo pafupi kwambiri, ambisitaimayo ikweza chibwano kumtunda, imayendetsa lilime, ndikugwira nyamayo ndi kukalowetsa mkamwa. Akuluakulu ndi mphutsi amadya chilichonse chomwe chili chocheperako pang'ono: nyongolotsi, maollamu, ndi ma invertebrates ena.

Khalidwe

Masana, ambistoma ya tiger imabisala m'makola a ndodo, pansi pa zigoba, miyala, ndikupita kokasaka usiku. Ngati palibe chabwino, atha kukumba yekha. Pewani dzuwa ndi malo otseguka. Mumakonda malo onyowa, samachotsedwa m'malo osungira. Imalowa m'madzi nthawi yakuswana. Kuzizira kumayamba mu Okutobala. Zimauluka m'makola a makoswe.

Kuswana

Umuna wofuna kutukuka ndi wamkati. Yaikazi imagwira ma spermatophores ovala omwe amaikidwa ndi amuna ndipo amaika matumba a mazira momwe amafikira mazira 200-500 (mainchesi 1.9-2.6 mm). Nyengo, mkazi m'modzi amatha kuyikira mazira 100-1000. Kufalikira kumayambira maola 24-48 pambuyo pa umuna, usiku. Yaikazi imaponyera mazira, kuiphatikiza ndi ndodo, udzu, masamba, miyala, matalala, i.e. Chilichonse chomwe chagona pansi pa malo osungira. Ndi phokoso lalikulu, amphongo amayamba kumenyanirana wina ndi mnzake malo abwino. Wopambana nthawi zambiri amalipira zomwe zawonongedwa. Nthawi zina zamphongo zimayamba kuchita chinyengo ndikukhomera ma spermatophores ake pamwamba pa zibowo zamphongo zazimuna zina.

Kukula

Mphutsi zatsopano ndi 13-17 mm kutalika. Mutu wagundika, maso ndi ochepa. M'masiku oyamba asanu ndi limodzi amakhala m'matumba a yolk. Mphutsi zamtundu wa agalu ndi nyama zolusa, zomwe zimadyanso tizilombo ta m'madzi ndi ma invertebrates. Mumakonda madzi ofunda - 23-26 ° C. Kukula kwa mphutsi za ambistoma m'madzi ndi masiku 75-120. Pofika kutalika kwa 80-86 mm, mphutsi zamtundu wamtunduwu ndikusiya posungira. M'mapiri, mphutsi zimakula pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala zochitika za neoteny kwathunthu. Popanda kudyetsa, milandu ya cannibalism imakonda.

Salamander ndi algae

M'misempha yamtundu wina (chikasu chowoneka ambisoma Ambystoma maculatum etc.) Ma cell a algae amakhala Oophila amblystomatis. Izi zachilengedwe zimapezeka pansi pa chipolopolo cha mazira mu mazira okha komanso ngakhale akuluakulu. Mukakhala ma cell a amphibian pomwe algae idakhazikika, omalizirawo azunguliridwa ndi mitochondria. Mazira a algae amenewa amakhala ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira. Pazifukwa zina, chitetezo chamthupi cha vertebral sichimayankha izi algae.