Ngamila samangotchedwa zombo zapululu. Nyama izi zimapangidwa mwachilengedwe kuti zizikhala kumalo kopanda. Chifukwa chake, amasinthidwa bwino maulendo ataliatali m'malo owopsa a chipululu chotentha komanso mapiri owuma. Ngakhale dzuwa lotentha, kapena kuchepa kwa madzi sikuwawopa.
Ngamila ya Bactrian kapena Bactrian (lat.Camelus bactrianus) (ngamira ya Bactrian)
Amakhala ndi chinyezi chonse chofunikira limodzi ndi masamba ochepa. Ngamila imatha kukhala popanda madzi kwa milungu pafupifupi itatu, ndipo ngati ingadutse kasupe wopatsa moyo, ndiye kuti imatha kumwa mpaka malita 90 amadzi nthawi imodzi.
Mu ma Camera amtunduwu, muli mitundu iwiri: ngamira imodzi-yokhala-ngamira - ngamira zowira ndi ngamira ziwiri. Omalizawa amasiyanitsa mitundu iwiri: Bactrian (ngamila zoweta) ndi Haptagai (ngamila yamtchire). Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa pakati pawo: zakutchire ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa zapakhomo, zimakhala ndi thupi loonda, ndipo palibe chimanga pachifuwa ndi mawondo akutsogolo.
Ma Bactrian
Inde, kusiyana kodziwika kwambiri pakati pa mitunduyi ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa, koma kuwonjezera pa izi, Bactrian imaposa dromedary kukula kwake komanso kachulukidwe kawo. Inde, ndipo amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Titha kuwona ngamila yokhala ndi gawo limodzi kumayiko aku Africa.
Haptagai imangopezeka kokha mu mapiri ndi zipululu za Central ndi Central Asia, Mongolia ndi China. Mwa "zombo zonse za m'chipululu," 90% ndi ngamila zokhala ndi vuto limodzi, koma ngamila ziwiri zongotsala ndi 10%. Ziwerengero zachisoni. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikuganiza kuti ndidziwe bwino za "sitima ya mchenga-iwiri", yotchedwa haptagai, pafupi, pomwe ikhoza kuonedwa padzikoli.
Kulongosola koyambirira kwa sayansi ya nyamayo ndi kwa wochita kafukufuku waku Russia N.M. Przhevalsky (1878).
Habitat
M'mbuyomu, nyamazi zimapezeka m'madera akuluakulu, kuyambira pakati penipeni pa Kazakhstan chamadzulo mpaka kumadzulo kwa mtsinje wa China Yellow kummawa. Tsopano haptagaya imatha kupezeka kokha m'malo ochepa a Mongolia ndi China. Ili ndiye gawo la Trans-Altaic m'chipululu cha Gobi, mapiri a Edren ndi Shivet-Ulan, ndi ku China - mdera la Lake Lobnor.
Mawonekedwe
Tanena kale zambiri za ngamira iyi. Tsopano muzimudziwa bwino. Izi ndi nyama zazikulu zokwanira. Kulemera kwa Bactrian kumatha kufika 600-800 kg, Haptagai ndiyosavuta. Kutalika komwe kumafota kumachokera pa 2 mpaka 2.3 m, kutalika kwake mpaka kumtunda kwa mita ya 2,3. Mtunda pakati pa zimbudzi ndikokwanira kuti munthu athe kukwana bwino pamenepo. Kwa iye, ngakhale chishalo sichofunikira.
Zojambula zonse zamkati ndi kunja kwa ngamira zimayenderana ndi moyo wawo. Tengani ma humps, omwe ali am'mafuta amtundu wapadera.
Mosiyana ndi kufalikira kwa ponse ponse poti ndi magwero a madzi opatsa moyo nthawi yochepa pomwe madzi akusowa, zimatsimikiziridwa kuti ma hump si "madzi" koma "malo ogulitsa" opatsa thanzi. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa chosowa chakudya ndi madzi, mabuluwa ngamila amakhala ochepa, amachepera thupi ndikugudubuza mbali. Koma ngati amadzitsitsimutsa ndi kuledzera ndi madzi, amakula kukula pamaso pake, makamaka makutu ake. Chifukwa chake, amakhala ngati chisonyezo cha kunenepa kwa ngamila.
Mu nthawi yotentha, zimbudzi zimagwira ngati mapilo othandiza kutentha, kuteteza kumbuyo kwa nyama kuti isawunike ndi dzuwa.
M'mapiri a ku Central Asia, kusiyana kwa nyengo yozizira ndi nthawi yotentha kumatha kufika 80 ° C. M'chilimwe, kutentha kwa mpweya kumatha kukwera mpaka +40 ° C, ndipo nthawi yozizira imatsika mpaka -40 ° C. Koma ngamira yokhala ndi mitundu iwiriyo ilibe zizindikiro zotere. Chovala chakuda chaubweya chimateteza ku kutentha ndi kuzizira. Imakhala yotalikirapo komanso yolimba kuposa yaakina wopopera, kuwonjezera apo, ubweya wa haptagai umakhala ndi mafuta ambiri otsika.
Mu nthawi yophukira, nyengo yachisanu isanayambe, ngamila zimayamba kukula mu "malaya" wamvula nthawi yayitali, ndipo nthawi yophukira amasintha mwachangu ndi malaya amfupi a chilimwe. Inali nthawi imeneyi yomwe imatha kuwoneka bwino kwambiri - kwinakwake ubweya utakhazikika kale, kwinakwake umapachikika.
Kamera pa molting
Ngamila, chifukwa cha malo okhala m'malo opanda madzi kapena madzi ochepa, zimasinthasintha mwanjira yabwino pakusowa kwa madzi. Amakhalabe ndi moyo akamadzinjidwa ndi 40%. Pomwe nyama zonse zomwe zimayamwa, kuphatikiza anthu, zowona imfa ndiyokwanira ndi 20%. Chinsinsi cha “kupulumuka” kwa ngamirayo chimatha kupezeka impso yake kuti ikapange gawo lalikulu lamadzi kuchokera mumkodzo ndikubwezeretsanso thupi.
Ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chinyezi, magazi amadzuka, amenenso ndi njira inanso yosinthira ndikuchepetsa kwambiri chinyezi. Mosiyana ndi nyama zambiri, maselo ake ofiira samakhala ozungulira, koma owzungulira, motero, ndi makulidwe amwazi, kuchuluka kwake kwa magawidwe ake sikusintha, chifukwa maselo ochepa magazi amayenda modutsa ngakhale m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.
Nyengo yotentha, ngamila pafupifupi sizipanga chinyezi. Kutuluka thukuta kumayamba pokhapokha pa 41 ° C mopitirira. Vuto lodzuka m'mphuno limachepetsedwa, chifukwa amasunga mphuno zawo, kumatseguka pokhapokha ngati akupumira komanso kutuluka.
Moyo
Ngamila zakutchire zilibe malo ake okhala. Amayendayenda nthawi zonse m'mitundu yaying'ono kuyambira 5 mpaka 20. Khosalo limaphatikizapo wamwamuna wamkulu wamwamuna ndi wamkazi angapo ndi ana awo. Palinso zolakalaka. Amuna achichepere okhwima kwambiri nthawi zambiri amatulutsidwa kunja kwa ng'ombe, makamaka nthawi yakukonzekera.
Ngakhale akuchedwa komanso ulesi, ngamila zamtchire zimayenda bwino m'malo otsetsereka, kotero zimatha kupezedwa ngakhale pamalo okwera mamitala 3300 pamwamba pa nyanja, makamaka nyengo yotentha.
Pofufuza bowo lothirira tsiku, amatha kuthana ndi 80-100 km. Ndipo ngati cholingacho chikupezeka, ndiye kuti amatha kumwa mpaka malita 90 amadzi, makamaka ngati zisanachitike anakhalabe opanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kutacha, ng'ombe zimayamba kupuma. Iwo omwe sangathe kugona, akutafuna chingamu - chakudya chowiritsa.
Khalidwe la ngamila izi si mphatso. Ma Haptagai ndi amantha komanso achiwawa kuposa ma Bactrian. Pakakhala ngozi pang'ono, amenya kuthamanga. Kuthamanga kwawo kumatha kufika 65 km / h. Zowona, amatha kupanga liwiro ili pokhapokha patali.
Ngamila zokhala ndi mbali ziwiri zokha sizikwiya ndipo zimatha kuteteza nyama yomwe ikukwiyitsa ndi malovu abwino, omwe ndi osakaniza ndi kutafuna chingamu ndi zam'mimba.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Mulibe chakudya chochuluka mchipululu ndi mapandawo nthawi yamvula, chifukwa ngamila izi zimakhutira ndi mbewu zomwe sizingatheke chifukwa cha nyama zina, monga zitsamba zamtengo wapatali. Ndi kuperewera kwa zakudya zamasamba, amatha kudya mafupa ndi zikopa za nyama, koma izi ndizosowa kwambiri. Ngamila zakutchire ziwiri zokhala ndi mapisi atchuka chifukwa zimatha kumwa madzi akumwa popanda kuvulaza thanzi lawo.
Kuswana
Autumn ndi nyengo yophunzitsira. Pakadali pano, abambo amakalipa kwambiri. Amayamba kuthamangathamanga, kubangula mokwera komanso kupanga ndewu zoopsa, pogwiritsa ntchito mano awo ndikuponya nkhonya zamphamvu. Nthawi zina izi zimabweretsa kuphedwa kwa mmodzi wa otsutsa. Pakadali pano, zamphongo zimatha kukhala zowopsa kwambiri kwa anthu, chifukwa cha chitetezo zimayikidwa polumikizidwa kapena kuvala mabandeji ofiira. Nthawi zina ngamila zamtchire zimapha amuna zazikazi zazikazi zoweta ndiziyendetsa zazikazi nazo.
Miyezi 13 mutachira, mwana mmodzi yekha amabadwa. Nthawi zambiri, nsonga za chonde zimachitika mu Marichi-Epulo. Zachikazi zimabereka zikuyimirira, ngati mbawala. Zimakhala zovuta kutcha mwana wakhanda wakhanda. Kulemera kwake kumafikira makilogalamu 45, ndipo kutalika - 90 cm pamapewa. Maola ochepa chabe atabadwa, amatha kutsatira amayi ake modekha.
Yaikazi imadyetsa khandalo kwa chaka chimodzi ndi theka. Kutha msambo mwa amuna ndi akazi kumachitika pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo - pa zaka 3-5.
Kuchuluka kwa ngamila za Bactrian
Haptagai amalembedwa mu International Red Book ngati mtundu pamavuto. Tsopano mdziko la ngamila zamtchire, kulibe anthu opitilira mazana angapo. Ngati kuchepa kwa ziwerengero kukupitilira muyeso womwewo monga momwe ziliri tsopano, ndiye, malinga ndi ofufuza, pofika chaka cha 2033 mitunduyi idzazimiririka kumaso padziko lapansi.
Monga njira zoteteza ndikuwonjezera chiwerengero chawo m'chigawo cha Mongolia ndi China, malo apangidwe adapangidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ku Mongolia, pali pulogalamu yobereketsa haptagai mu aviaries.
Bacteria imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazachuma ngati paketi ndi nyama yosodza. Nyama yake, khungu ndi mkaka ndizofunika kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zina Bactrian imatha kukumana mu mabwalo a masewera ndi malo osungira nyama.
Upangiri pamutuwu: "Ngamila (lat. Camelus) ndi mtundu wa anyani a ngamila zam'banja (Camelidae) wa Corpus callosum (Camelidae). Izi ndi nyama zazikulu zosinthidwa." - Transcript:
2 Ngamila (Latin Camelus) ndi mtundu wamamiliyoni a ngamila zapabanja (Camelidae) wa Corpus callosum (Camelidae). Awa ndi nyama zazikulu zomwe amazisintha kuti zizikhala kumadera achipululu a dziko lapansi, zipululu ndi mapiri. Njira yonyamula ngamila inali ngati gawo lolemera logwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko achisilamu. Kulemera kwa makemikolo m'zigawo zosiyanasiyana kunali kosiyana kwambiri, mphamvu yamafuta (ozungulira) inali kuyandikira kulemera kwama 250 kg.
4 Scorpions (lat. Scorpiones) arachnids (Arachnoidea), subtype Chelicerata (Chelicerata), mtundu wa arthropod (Arthropoda). Nyama zokhala ndi mawonekedwe awa ndi mitundu yapadziko lapansi, yomwe imapezeka m'maiko otentha okha. Pazonse, mitundu ya zinkhanira pafupifupi 1200 imadziwika. Pakati pawo pali ma arachnids akuluakulu kwambiri, monga chinkhanira cha ku Guinea cha impian, chomwe chimafikira kutalika kwa 180 mm, ndipo chaching'ono, 13mm basi
Ma Tarantulas amakhala m'malo opanda kanthu: mapiri, zipululu. Masana, amabisala m'miyendo yopingasa, yotalikirana mpaka masentimita 60. Usiku, akangaude amapita kumtunda ndikuyenda pansi mwachangu, akusaka tizilombo. Ma Tarantulas samata maukonde ndikugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngati chophimba cha makoma a mink komanso popanga dzira la mazira. Ngakhale zilonda zam'mimba za tarantula ndizopha nyama zina, sizowopsa pamoyo wamunthu.
8 Sand efa (Latin: Echis carinatus) ndi njoka yapoizoni ya mtundu wa efa kuchokera ku banja la viper. Imodzi mwa njoka 10 zakupha kwambiri. Woimira yekhayo yemwe amagawidwa kudera la USSR wakale ku Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ndi Tajikistan ndi mbiri yakale ya Central Asia efa (Echis carinatus multisquamatus), yomwe nthawi zina imawonedwa ngati mitundu ina.
Ma phalanges ndi akuluakulu arachnids. Mwachitsanzo, phalax yapakati ku Asia imafika kutalika kwa masentimita 57. Matupi awo ndi miyendo yawo amaphimbidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali. Ma tententi oyenda kutsogolo ali ofanana kwambiri ndi miyendo ndikugwira ntchito yawo. Ma phalanges onse ndi mafoni kwambiri ndipo pafupifupi onse ndi adani obwera usiku. Phalanges ndizosangalatsa kapena zopatsa chidwi, zimadyetsa chimbudzi, kafadala wakuda, ndi ena ochepa arthropod, komanso zimatha kudya nyama zokulirapo, mwachitsanzo, abuluzi ..
11 Kufotokozera pamutuwu: "Zipululu za Desert" zidakonzedwa ndi Gulu Lophunzitsa 4 la “D” wa ku Sukulu ya Maphunziro ya Moscow Sukulu ya Istra Skorikov Aleksey Mphunzitsi Sokolova Elena Vladimirovna Novembara 2015
Ngamila imodzi yong'ung'udza
Ngamila yokhala ndi buluzi umodzi wokha (Latin Camelus dromedarius), kapena dromedary (dromedary), kapena Arabian ndi mtundu wa nyama, imodzi mwa mamembala a banja la camelidae (Camelidae), yomwe, ndi ngamira yokhala ndi ngamira ziwiri (Bactrian), yomwe ndi mtundu wa ngamila zoyenera (Latin Camelus).
M'mbuyomu, ziweto zambirimbiri zomwe zimayendayenda m'chipululu ku North Africa ndi Middle East, koma masiku ano nyama zokhazokha ndizomwe zimapezeka. M'masiku amakono, ma dromederi ndiofala m'madera ambiri ku Asia ndi Africa ngati chiweto chonyamula katundu kapena wokwera.
Mosiyana ndi Bactrian, nyama zake zakutchire sizinakhalepo m'nthawi yathu ino. Ku Australia kokha kuli magulu amakamwa oyenda okha-ngamila - mbadwo wakutali wa ma dromedaries womwe umayambitsidwa m'maiko a 19 ndi 20 century.
Dzinalo "dromedary" limachokera ku liwu Lachi Greek, lotanthauza "kuthamanga". Dzinali "Arabian" limachokera ku liwu loti Arabia, pomwe ngamila yamtunduwu inkabedwa.
Zizindikiro zakunja za ngamila zamtundu umodzi
Mosiyana ndi Bactrian, Dromedars ali ndi hump imodzi yokha. Ndiwocheperako poyerekeza ndi abale awo omwe amakhala ndi mbali ziwiri: kutalika kwake kumafikira kuyambira 2.3 mpaka 3.4 m, ndipo kutalika kwa kufota kumayambira pa 1.8 mpaka 2.3 m. Kulemera kwa ma dromedars kumayambira 300 mpaka 700 kg. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, osapitirira 50 cm. Dromedary imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wocheperako komanso miyendo yayitali, ndipo matupi amtundu wachikasu amadziwika kwambiri ndi mtundu wake. Tsitsi la ngamila yokhala ndi mutu umodzi nthawi zambiri pamakhala mchenga, koma mitundu ina imapezekanso: kuyambira yoyera mpaka ya bulauni. Mbali yapamwamba ya mutu, khosi ndi kumbuyo imakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali.
Ngamila zokhala ndi gawo limodzi zimakhala ndi khosi lalitali, pomwe mutu wokwezeka umakhalapo. Mlomo wapamwambawu ndiwowunda, ndipo mphuno zimangokhala ngati ngamila ndipo ngamila imatha kuzitseka ngati pakufunika. Kwa zaka zambiri, ali ndi eyelashes zazitali kwambiri. Ngamila yokhala ndi gawo limodzi imakhala ndi chimanga chambiri pamama, pamapazi ndi mbali zina za thupi. Pamiyendo, ngati ngamila zonse, pali zala ziwiri zokha, osavala nduwira, osati ndi ziboda, koma mapilo opindika. Mimba imakhala, monga ya abale apafupi, a zipinda zingapo, zomwe zimathandizira chimbudzi ndi chakudya chomera.
Kuuma kwanyengo
Kuzolowera nyengo yam'madzi yotentha kumapangitsa ngamila zokhala ndi gawo limodzi kukhala m'madambo. Amatha kukhala opanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali, amadziwa momwe angasungire kuchuluka kwake mthupi lawo.
Njira zapadera mthupi la ma dromedaries zimachepetsa kuchepa kwa madzi. Chovala chofiyachi sichilola kutulutsa madzi kwambiri, thukuta limachepa kwambiri, ndipo nyama zimayamba kutuluka thukuta lokha 40-degree. Kutentha kwa ngamira yokhala ndi gawo limodzi kumatsika kwambiri usiku, ndipo masana thupi limatenthe pang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyamayo isathe kutuluka.
Dromedaries amatha kupita popanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali (sabata pansi pa paketi ndi miyezi ingapo popanda katundu). Ngamila zopanda vuto lililonse pazokha zimatha kupulumuka madzi atayika kwambiri, mpaka 40% ndi voliyumu, koma amamwa ngamila mwachangu kwambiri ndipo amatha kulipirira mwachangu kuchuluka kwa madzi onse omwe atayika, ngati angathe kumwa pafupifupi 1 hectoliter (madzi 100 malita) pamphindi 10. Nyama zina sizitha kuyamwa madzi a “ngamila” pakanthawi kochepa. Pazakudya zam'makomawo zimakhala zouma, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda zipatso.
Mumimba kumbuyo kwake kuli nkhokwe zamafuta, zomwe thupi la ngamila pang'onopang'ono limagwiritsa ntchito kupanga mphamvu. Ngamila sizisunga madzi mumulu, koma m'mimba. Mphukira za ngamila yokhala ndi madzi wambiri imatulutsa timadzi tambiri mosamala, ndikusiya mkodzo wokhazikika kwambiri. Pafupifupi madzi onse amachotsedwanso mu ndowe musanayesere kutaya.
M'nyengo yamvula yochepa, ngamila yokhala ndi vuto limodzi imatha kutaya 25% yakulemera popanda kufa ndi ludzu kapena njala.
Ngakhale amatha kukhala bwino kuti azolowere nyengo yotentha, wa dromedary, wosiyana ndi Bactrian, salekerera chisanu, chifukwa malaya ake ndi ofupikirapo komanso osowa.
Kugawa
Dromedars ndiofala ngati ziweto ku North Africa konse komanso ku Middle East konse mpaka India. Malire akum'mwera omwe ali kumpoto pafupifupi 13 ° kumpoto, ndipo malo akumpoto kwawo kwawo ndi Turkestan, pomwe, monga ku Asia Little, amapezeka limodzi ndi a Bactrian. Dromedars adayambitsidwa ku Balkan, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa, ndi zilumba za Canary.Kuyambira 1840 mpaka 1907 adatumizidwa ku Australia, komwe mpaka lero mbadwa za anthu odziwika kapena omwe adathawa amakhala kumadera apakati. Chiwerengerochi, chomwe ndi anthu 50,000 mpaka 100,000, ndi anthu ochepa okha amakamwa oyenda pansi padziko lapansi omwe amakhala kuthengo. Kuchuluka kwa ngamila zokhala ndi gawo limodzi zomwe zimawonekeranso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States, koma zidafa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800. Dromedar amakhala kum'mwera kwambiri padziko lapansi kuposa Bactrian, komabe amapezeka ku Central Asia.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Kuthengo, ngamira imakonda kukhazikika, komabe, nyama yotero imangoyenda kudera losiyana, komanso m'matanthwe kapena m'matanthwe akuluakulu, kuyesera kukhala mkati mwa malo akuluakulu, okhala kale malo. A Haptagai aliwonse amakonda kuyenda pakati pa malo osowa amadzi, omwe amalola kuti abwezeretsenso madzi ake ofunikira.
Monga lamulo, ngamila zimasungidwa zazing'ono, kuphatikiza zisanu mpaka makumi awiri. Mtsogoleri wa gulu lotere ndi wamwamuna wamkulu. Nyama zam'chipululu zotere zimawonetsa masana nthawi yayitali, ndipo kutayamba kwamdima, ngamila zimagona kapena zimachita zinthu mwaulesi komanso mwanjira ina. Munthawi zamkuntho, ngamila zimatha kugona masiku, ndipo masiku otentha zimasunthira kukayenda kwa mphepo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi azitha kuyenda bwino, kapena kubisala tchire ndi mitsinje. Anthu amtchire amadziwika ndi manyazi komanso ukali kwa anthu akunja, kuphatikizaponso anthu.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Mchitidwewu ndiwodziwika bwino, malinga ndi momwe akavalo amadyera nthawi yozizira, kukwapula chivundikiro cha chipale chofeŵa ndi ziboda, pambuyo pake ngamila zimayambitsidwa pamalo oterowo, kunyamula zotsalazo.
Zizindikiro zowopsa zikaonekera, ngamila zimathawa, zimathamanga mosavuta mpaka 50-60 km / h. Nyama zachikulire zimatha kuthamanga masiku awiri kapena atatu, mpaka zitatopa kwathunthu. Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti kupirira kwachilengedwe komanso kukula kwake kwakukulu nthawi zambiri sikungapulumutse nyama yachipululu kuimfa, chifukwa cha kakulidwe kakang'ono ka malingaliro.
Khalidwe la anthu okhala pabanja limakhala logonjera kwathunthu kwa anthu, ndipo nyama zowetedwa mwachangu zimazolowera kukhala ndi chikhalidwe cha makolo. Amuna akuluakulu ndi okhwima kwambiri amatha kukhala amodzi. Kukhazikika kwa nyengo yozizira kumakhala kuyesa kovuta kwa ngamila, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuyendayenda mu chisanu. Mwa zina, kusowa kwa ziboda zowona mu nyama zoterezi kumapangitsa kuti kusakhale kovuta kukumba chakudya pansi pa chisanu.
Ndi ngamila zingati zomwe zimakhala
M'malo abwino, ngamila zimatha kukhala pafupifupi zaka makumi anayi, koma chiyembekezo chokhazikika choterechi chimakhalabe chodziwika bwino kwambiri cha zitsanzo zapamwamba. Mwa zakutchire Haptagai nthawi zambiri pamakhala anthu ambiri, omwe zaka zawo ndi zaka makumi asanu.
Mitundu ya Ngamila
Mitundu yam ngamila imayimiridwa ndi mitundu iwiri:
Ngamila zokhala-humped imodzi (ma dromedaries, dromedaries, Arabia) - Camelus dromedarius, adalipobe mpaka pano mu mtundu wobisika, ndipo mwina akhoza kuyimilidwa ndi anthu olimbirana nawo. Dromedary, yotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki, "ikuyenda", ndipo "nyama" amatchedwa nzika za ku Arabia zomwe zidawachotsa.
Dromedars, pamodzi ndi ma Bactrian, ali ndi miyendo yayitali komanso yopanda chidwi, koma yomanga pang'ono. Poyerekeza ndi ngamila yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri, ngamila yokhala ndi gawo limodzi ndi yocheperako, motero kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu sikokwanira kupitirira 2.3-3.4 m, kutalika kwake kutalika kwa 1.8-2.1 m. 300-700 kg.
Dromedars ali ndi mutu wokhala ndi mafupa amaso akulu, pamphumi, ndi mbiri yakale. Milomo ya nyama, poyerekeza ndi mahatchi kapena ng'ombe, siyimangokhala konse. Macheki amakula, ndipo milomo yotsika imakonda kukomoka. Khosi la ngamila zokhala ndi mutu umodzi limadziwika ndi minofu yolimba.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Kapangidwe kakang'ono ka ma mane amakula m'mbali yonse yam'mphepete mwa khomo lachiberekero, ndipo ndevu zazifupi zimapezeka pansi, mpaka pakati pa khosi. Pamanja pamphepete palibe. Kudera lamapete pamapewa, m'mphepete, momwe muli ma "epauleti" ndipo amaimiridwa ndi tsitsi lalitali lopotana.
Komanso ngamila zokhala ndi gawo limodzi zimasiyana ndi zokhala ndi mbali ziwiri pozindikira kuti ndizovuta kwambiri kulekerera ngakhale chisanu chochepa. Komabe, chovala chamakinawo ndichotakata kwambiri, koma osati chambiri komanso chochepa. Ubweya wa ngamira yokhala ndi mutu umodzi samapangidwira kuti azitenthetsera ndipo zimangothandiza kupewa kutayika kwamadzi ambiri.
Usiku wozizira, kutentha kwa ngamila zokhala ndi madzi amodzi kumatsika kwambiri, ndipo dzuwa liziwuma kwambiri. Tsitsi lalitali kwambiri limakwirira khosi, kumbuyo ndi mutu wa ngamila yokhala ndi mutu umodzi. Ma Dromedaries nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mchenga, koma pali oimira amitundu omwe ali ndi bulauni lakuda, laimvi kapena la ubweya woyera.
Ngamila za Bactrian, kapena ma Bactrian (Camelus bactrianus) ndi oimira wamkulu amtunduwu, omwe ndi ziweto zamtengo wapatali kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri ku Asia. Ngamila za Bactrian zidatchedwa Bactria. Dera ili m'chigawo cha Central Asia lidatchuka potengera ngamira ziwiri-ziwiri. Komanso pakadali pano ochepa oimira ngamila zakuthengo ziwiri, zotchedwa Haptagai. Anthu mazana ambiri masiku ano amakhala ku China ndi Mongolia, komwe amakonda kwambiri zachilengedwe.
Ngamila za Bactrian ndi zazikulu kwambiri, nyama zazikulu komanso zolemera. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu wamtunduwu kumafika pa 2,5-3,5 m, kutalika kwake kupitilira mita 1.8-2.2. Kutalika kwa nyama, pamodzi ndi mavu, kutalika mwina 2.6-2.7 mamita. Kutalika kwa gawo la mchira nthawi zambiri kumasiyana pakati pa masentimita 50-58. Monga lamulo, kulemera kwa ngamira yokhwima pakugonana kumachokera pa 440-450 mpaka 650-700 kg. Yaimuna yodyetsedwa bwino ngamila yamtundu wamtundu wamtengo wapatali kwambiri komanso wotchuka wa Kalmyk imatha kulemera makilogalamu 780-800 mpaka toniti, ndipo kulemera kwaikazi nthawi zambiri kumachokera ku 650-800 kg.
Ngamila za Bactrian zimakhala ndi thupi lowonda, komanso miyendo yayitali. Ma bactrian amadziwika kwambiri ndi khosi lalitali komanso lopindika, lomwe poyambira limakhala lotsika, kenako nkuwukanso. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apangidwe a khosi, mutu wa nyama umakhala pamzere wapa phewa. Mitundu ya nthumwi za nthumwi zonse zamtunduwu zimachokera kwa wina ndi mnzake ndi mtunda wa masentimita 20 mpaka 40. Danga pakati pawo limatchedwa chishalo, ndipo nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo oti munthu azibzala.
Mtunda wokhazikika kuchokera pachisoni chokhala pamwamba pa dziko lapansi, monga lamulo, ndi wa masentimita 170. Kuti munthu athe kukwera kumbuyo kwa ngamira yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri, nyama ikagwada kapena kugona pansi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti malo omwe amapezeka pa ngamila pakati pa ma humps awiri samadzaza mafuta, ngakhale anthu achikulire kwambiri komanso opeza bwino.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Ngamila za Bactrian, zomwe zimakhala ndi mtundu wowoneka bwino, ndizomwe zimasowa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwake sikoposa 2.8% ya anthu onse.
Zizindikiro zikuluzikulu za thanzi la ngamira yokhala ndi minyewa iwiri imayimiridwa ndi zotanuka, zowongoka moyimilira. Nyama zanyama zokhala ndi zimbudzi zomwe zimayenda pang'ono kapena kwathunthu kupendekera, kotero zimapendekera kwambiri poyenda. Ngamila zazikuluzikulu ziwiri zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi chovala chambiri komanso chambiri komanso chokhala ndi chovala chamkati cholimba kwambiri, chomwe chimayenera kuti nyamayo ikhalepo nyengo yozizira kwambiri, yozizira kwambiri.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti nthawi yozizira yomwe nyama zimakhalamo nthawi yozizira, chipilala cha thermometer nthawi zambiri chimatsikira pansi mpaka madigiri 40, koma ngamira yokhala ndi minyewa iwiriyo imatha kunyamula chisanu chambiri popanda kupweteka ndipo chifukwa cha dongosolo lapadera la ubweya. Tsitsi la chovalalo limakhala ndi zingwe zamkati, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri mphamvu ya ubweya. Tsitsi loonda la undercoat limasungabe mpweya.
Kutalika kwa tsitsi la Bactrian ndi 50-70 mm, ndipo kumunsi kwa dera lachiberekero ndi nsonga za m'mimba ndi tsitsi, kutalika kwake komwe kumakhala kupitirira mita kotala. Chovala chotalika kwambiri cha tsitsi chimamera pakati pa oimira mitunduyi nthawi yophukira, kotero kuti nthawi yozizira nyama zotere zimawoneka ngati pubescent. Chapakatikati, nsapato zimayamba kupindika, ndipo chikhoto chimagwera. Pakadali pano, nyamayo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe osasangalatsa, osasangalatsa komanso amisala.
Ngamila yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri zokha ndi mtundu wamchenga wopanda mbeu komanso osiyanasiyana mphamvu. Anthu ena amakhala ndi khungu lakuda kwambiri kapena lopepuka, nthawi zina ngakhale limakhala lofiirira.
Habitat, malo okhala
Makamera a mitundu yonseyi ndiofalikira m'madera achipululu, komanso m'mapiri owuma. Nyama zikuluzikulu zotere sizingafanane ndi nyengo yofunda kwambiri kapena kukhala kumapiri. Mitundu ya ngamila zowetedwa tsopano ndizofala kwambiri kumadera ambiri ku Asia ndi Africa.
Ma Dromedaries nthawi zambiri amapezeka kumpoto kwa Africa, mpaka kum'mwera gawo limodzi, komanso ku Peninsula ya Arabian komanso m'chigawo chapakati cha Asia. M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, nyama zoterezi zidalowetsedwa ku Australia, komwe zimatha kusintha mwachangu nyengo zachilendo. Mpaka pano, chiwerengero chonse cha nyama zotere ku Australia ndi anthu zikwi makumi asanu.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Ma Bactrian ndiofalikira kwambiri kumadera omwe amachokera ku Asia Minor mpaka Manchuria. Pakadali pano padziko lonse pali ngamila pafupifupi mamiliyoni khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, ndipo anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni khumi ndi anayi amakhala ku Africa.
Ku Somalia lero kuli anthu pafupifupi 7 miliyoni, ndipo ku Sudani, ngamila zopitilira mamiliyoni atatu okha. Ma Dromedaries amtchire adatha, monga zimaganizira, kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yathu ino. Nyumba yawo yamakolo yofunika kwambiri idayimiridwa ndi chigawo chakumwera kwa Arabia Arabia, koma pakadali pano sizinadziwike kuti makolo ake anali zidole zamtchire kapena anali makolo wamba a Bactrian. N. M.
Przhevalsky paulendo waku Asia kwa nthawi yoyamba adazindikira kuti kuli ngamila zakutchire ziwiri za Haptagai. Kupezeka kwawo nthawi imeneyo kunaganiziridwa, koma sikunatsimikizidwe, chifukwa chake kunatsutsidwa.
Zachilengedwe a Wild Bactrian masiku ano amapezeka ku Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region kokha komanso ku Mongolia. Pamenepo, kupezeka kwa mitundu itatu yokha yopatukana kunadziwika, ndipo chiwerengero cha nyama zonse zomwe zilimo mkati mwake ndi pafupifupi chikwi chimodzi. Masiku ano, nkhani zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa ngamila zamtchire ku Yakutsk Pleistocene park zone zikuganiziridwa mwachangu.
Zakudya Zam'mimba
Ngamila ndizomwe zimayimira zotimira. Mitundu yonseyi imagwiritsa ntchito solyanka ndi chowawa, komanso ngamila yam ngamila ndi saxaul chakudya. Ngamila zimatha kumwa ngakhale madzi amchere, ndipo zinthu zonse zamadzimadzi m'thupi la nyama zotere zimasungidwa mkati mwa cell yam'mimba. Oimira onse a Corpus callosum suborder bwino kwambiri komanso amalolera mosavuta madzi. Gwero lalikulu lamadzi ngamila ndi mafuta. Njira ya oxidation yamafuta zana magalamu amachititsa kuti zitheke kupeza madzi pafupifupi 107 g ndi kaboni dioxide.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Ngamila zakutchire ndizochenjera kwambiri komanso nyama zokhulupirira, choncho zimakonda kufa chifukwa chosowa madzi kapena chakudya, koma osayandikira pafupi kwambiri ndi anthu.
Ngakhale m'madzi atakhala kuti alibe madzi kwa nthawi yayitali, magazi a ngamila samathina konse. Nyama zotere za corpus callosus zimatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi milungu iwiri popanda madzi konse komanso mwezi umodzi wopanda chakudya. Ngakhale ali ndi mphamvu zodabwitsa chotere, masiku ano, ngamila zakutchire nthawi zambiri kuposa nyama zina zimadwala chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malo okwanira. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi kutukuka kogwira ntchito kwa malo achipululu ndi anthu okhala ndi malo okhala ndi zachilengedwe zatsopano.
Adani achilengedwe
Pakadali pano, tambalala tating'onoting'ono ndi ngamila sizimagawanika, koma m'mbuyomu, nthawi zambiri akambuku ambiri samangogwira nyama zamtchire zokha, komanso nyama zapakhomo. Tiger adagawana gawo limodzi ndi ngamila zakutchire pafupi ndi Lake Lob Nor, koma zidasowa madera amenewa mutathirira. Kukula kwakukulu sikunapulumutse a Bactrian, chifukwa chake, milandu imadziwika kwambiri ngati ngamila zokhala ndi ngamila zomwe zimabisala m'mphepete mwa phokoso lamchere. Kuvutikira kwa tiger pafupipafupi ngamila zosungidwa kunyumba kwakhala vuto lalikulu lozunza anthu m'malo ambiri oweta ngamila.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Matenda ofamba kwambiri ngamila ndi monga trypanosomiasis ndi fuluwenza, ngamila ngamila ndi echinococcosis, komanso kuyamwa kwa kuyamwa.
Mdani wina wowopsa wa ngamila ndi nkhandwe, yomwe chaka chilichonse imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa artiodactyls. Kwa ngamila zapakhomo, nkhandwe imaperekanso vuto lalikulu, ndipo nthumwi yayikulu ya corpus callosum suborder imadwala zilombo zotere chifukwa cha mantha achilengedwe. Mimbulu ikaukira, ngamila siziyesera kudziteteza, zimangofuula mokweza ndikulavula mwachidwi ndi zomwe zapezeka m'mimba. Ngakhale akhwangwala amatha kubowola mabala m'thupi la nyama - ngamila, pamenepo, zimawonetsa kudzitchinjiriza kwathunthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Mosiyana ndi ngamila zamtundu umodzi, zomwe zimasowa kuthengo nthawi zamakedzana ndipo zikupezeka mwachilengedwe ngati nyama zakutchire zokhazokha, ziwiriziwiri zomwe zidapulumuka kuthengo.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Ngamila zamtchire zidalembedwa mu International Red Book, komwe gulu la CR limaperekedwa kwa nyama zotere - mtundu womwe uli pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Komabe, ngamila zokhala ndi mbali ziwiri koyambirira kwa zaka zam'mbuyomu zinakhala zosowa kwambiri, chifukwa chake, tsopano zatsala pang'ono kutha. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, ngamila zakutchire tsopano zakhala m'malo asanu ndi atatu pakati pa zolengedwa zonse zomwe zikutha mwangozi poopseza.
Ngamila ndi munthu
Ngamila idakhala ndi anthu kuyambira nthawi yayitali ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochita bizinesi:
- «Nar"- nyama yayikulu-yayikulu, yolemera mpaka tani. Mtundu wosakanizidwa uwu unapezeka ndikudutsa arvana-yokhala ndi misozi imodzi ndi ngamila ya Kazakh yonyamula maulendo awiri. Gawo lodziwika bwino la anthu otere limayimiriridwa ndi kukhalapo kwa imodzi yayikulu, ngati kuti ili ndi mbali ziwiri, hump. Naras imadulidwa ndi anthu makamaka chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yoyenera yoyamwitsa. Mtengo wapakati wa mkaka wa munthu mmodzi pachaka pafupifupi malita 3,000,
- «Kama"- wosakanizidwa wotchuka wopezeka ndi ngamira-ngamira ndi llama. Nyama yotereyi ndiyodziwika bwino pakukula kwake kotalika masentimita 125-140 ndi kulemera kochepa, osaposa 65-70 kg. Palibe mtundu wambiri wamtundu wa kam,
- «Inera", Kapena"Zamkati"- zimphona zamunthu m'modzi zokhala ndi malaya okongola. Mtundu wosakanizidwa uwu unapezeka podutsa ngamira yachikazi ya ku Turkmen yomwe ili ndi mwana wamwamuna arvana,
- «Jarbai"- pafupifupi osagwiritsidwa ntchito koma osakanikirana pang'ono, omwe amabadwa chifukwa chophatikiza ma ngamila osakanizidwa.
- «Kurt"- wobiriwira wodziwika koma wosatchuka kwambiri wotengedwa ndikumeta iner wamkazi ndi ngamira-wamphongo waku Turkmen. Nyama imasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yabwino kwambiri yotsekera, koma mkaka womwe wapezeka uli ndi mafuta ochepa kwambiri,
- «Kaspak"- mawonekedwe odziwika otchuka kwambiri omwe amapezeka pokwatitsa amuna a Bactrian ndi a Nara achikazi. Nyama zotere zimakwezedwa kuti zizipeza mkaka wambiri komanso nyama yambiri,
- «Kes-nar"Kodi ndi amtundu wina wodziwika wambiri wopezeka ndikudutsa kaspak ndi ngamira ya mtundu wa Turkmen. Chimodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri malinga ndi kukula kwake komanso zipatso za mkaka.
Amuna amagwiritsa ntchito mkaka wa ngamila ndi mafuta, komanso nyama ya achinyamata. Komabe, ubweya wangamila wabwino, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zovala zotentha, mabulangete, nsapato ndi zinthu zina zomwe anthu amafunikira, ndizofunika kwambiri masiku ano.
Khalidwe
Dromedars amagwira ntchito masana. Ngamila zokhala kuthengo nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'magulu a azimuna aakazi amodzi, akazi angapo ndi ana awo. Amuna achichepere nthawi zambiri amalowa m'magulu a ma bachelor, omwe, komabe amakhala ndi kanthawi kochepa. Nthawi zina kumachitika mikangano pakati pa amuna (kulumidwa ndi kumenyedwa) komwe udindo wa mtsogoleri m'gululi umatsimikiziridwa.
Ma Dromedaries amtchire
Kumene komwe ma dromedars kuthengo adakhalako pomwe adasowa sizikumveka. Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi, komanso chifukwa chakuwoloka Mtunda wa Dromedars ndi Bactrian, akatswiri ena owonetsa zinyama amati mwina Dromedars sanakhaleko konse. Komabe, pali umboni wina womwe umanena za mitundu yamtchire yamtunduwu. Izi zikuphatikiza zojambula za m'mapanga zaka 3,000 zapitazo ku Peninsula ya Arabian, zosonyeza kusaka ngamila zakutchire, komanso nsagwada yam'munsi ya dromedari yomwe imapezeka kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Saudi Arabia, yomwe zaka zake zikuyembekezeredwa zaka 7,000, ndiye kuti ngamila zisanayambe. Ku Pleistocene, mwina amakhala ku North Africa mpaka pafupifupi 3000 BC. e. Nthawi zina amadziwikanso ndi mtundu wina womwe unatha wa Camelus thomasi. Ma dromedars amtchire amwalira kwathunthu kuyambira nthawi yathu ino.
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ku Australia kuli anthu ambiri okhala ndi ngamila zakuthengo. Nyama izi ndiye zachiphiri. Ngamila idayambitsidwa ku Australia m'zaka za m'ma 1800 nyama zowerengeka zitazolowera nyengo yamvula. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, ambiri a iwo atha kumanga nyama, ndipo gulu la ng'ombe lakula chifukwa chosowa nyama zolusa m'derali. Izi, monga momwe zimalowetsedwera akalulu ndi mitundu ina yolowera ku Australia, zimasokoneza chilengedwe cha kontinenti, ngamila zimatembenukira kuchokera kwa othandizira kukhala tizirombo ndipo, gawo lina, limakhala adani a anthu ndi nyama zapamalo.
Ma Dromedaries Oyang'aniridwa
Pamene Dromedars adaletsedwa, ndizosatheka kunena motsimikiza mpaka lero. Zikungodziwika kuti ntchito yobwezeretsa inachitika pachilumba cha Arabian ndipo zikuoneka kuti inali pafupifupi zaka 2000 BC.
Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa okwera ngamila kuli pa obelisk ya Asuri, pomwe mndandanda wa omwe adatengapo nawo nawo nkhondo ya Karkar mu 853 BC. e. pali mpikisano wa okwera ngamila 1,000 aku Arabia. Zithunzi za okwera oterowo zimapezekanso pamapeto pa Nimrud wa nthawi ya Ashurbanipal (661-631 BC) .awonetsa okwera ngamila ziwiri okhala ndi mauta. Kutsogolo kwawo kumakhala kulamulidwa ndi ngamila, pomwe lachiwiri limazungulira ndikuwombera asitikali oyenda aku Asuri. Ngamila imavalidwa ndi mawonekedwe a impso, koma imayendetsedwa, monga lero, ndodo. Zomangira kuzungulira pachifuwa ndi mchira wa nyama yokhazikitsidwa ndi zinyalala zachishalo.
Monga chiweto, ma dromedala anafalikira mochedwa, mwina osati kale kuposa theka lachiwiri la zaka 2000 zoyambirira BC. Kuyambira chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino, magawo ake akhala akuchulukirachulukira, kuphatikizira chifukwa chakupululutsa kwa zigawo zambiri. Masiku ano, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ngamila zamtundu umodzi, zomwe zimasinthidwa kuti zizigwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ngamila zonyamula katundu, okwera pamahatchi, kuthamangitsa, ngamila zokhala kumapiri, komanso mitundu yosinthira, zimasiyana.
Masiku ano, ma dromedaries amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponseponse ngati nyama yonyamula (nthawi zambiri imanyamula katundu wolemera makilogalamu 150) ndi nyama zoyenda, ndipo kumapeto kwakutali kuchokera ku North-West Africa mpaka ku Central Asia ndi Peninsula ya Arabia, amapatsa anthu amdzikolo mkaka, nyama ndi ubweya.
M'mayiko angapo a ku Asia ndi ku Africa, komanso ku Australia, kuthamangitsa ngamila zamtundu umodzi kumadziwika kwambiri, m'maiko ena mitundu yapadera imaberekanso.