Mbalame zodyedwa (Falconiformes, Falconiformes), gulu la mbalame, limagwirizanitsa mabanja asanu (makondomu, zabodza, zigawenga, alembi, Skopiny), Mitundu 290. Kutalika ndi kulemera kwa thupi kuyambira 15 cm ndi 35 g (mwana falcon) mpaka 110 cm ndi 15 kg (Condor). Kugawidwa padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula Antarctica. Gwiritsani ntchito malo onse achilengedwe komanso malo. Mlomo ndi wolimba, wokutidwa ndi mbedza. Pansi pake pamavala buluu, utoto wonyezimira, womwe umatseguka kunja kwa mphuno. Miyendo ndiyolimba ndi nsapato zazitali komanso zakuthwa. Zala zake zimakhala zazitali ndimatumba kumbali yakumasamba kuti agwire nyama. Zolimbitsa thupi zimakhala zowonda, maula ndizokhazikika, ndipo zimakhala pafupi ndi thupi. Mtundu wake si wowala ndi maonekedwe a imvi komanso zofiirira. M'mitundu ina yodulira, mutu ndi gawo la khosi limayamba kuzimiririka. Mtundu wa amuna ndi akazi ndi ofanana, koma zazikazi ndizokulirapo kuposa zazimuna. M'mabungwe achimuna aku America, amuna ndi okulirapo kuposa akazi.
Mabanja a Gulu
Chakudyacho chimakhala makamaka ndi mbalame ndi nyama zazing'ono. Ziwombankhanga zazikulu zimagwira anyani, malo ogona, anyani ang'onoang'ono komanso agalu. Pali mitundu yomwe imadya kwambiri nsomba kapena zokwawa (nthawi zambiri njoka). Zakudya zowonjezera (zochepa nthawi yayikulu) ndi arthropods.
Mikwingwirima ndi mimbulu zimadyera zovunda. Mlomo umagwiritsidwa ntchito podulira nyama, choncho milomo yamphamvu kwambiri imapatsidwa chiwombankhanga chodya nsomba, kuthana ndi lalikulu, loterera komanso lokutidwa ndi mamba olimba, kapena zikwangwani. Amasaka obisalira, nthawi zambiri amayang'ana kuti awagwire, ena amathamangira m'mlengalenga. Amatsogolera moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, mitundu ina - nthawi yamadzulo. Kumpoto kotentha komanso kotentha, mbali ina yamtunduwu imasamukira.
Kwambiri monogamous. M'mamwezi ena amapezekanso, mu buzzards - polyandry. Nthawi ya chisa, amasungidwa awiriawiri kumadera akutali. Ena amakhala m'makoloni (mavu, abodza ang'onoang'ono). Makolo onsewa amangapo zisa pamiyala kapena pamiyala yamiyala.
A Falcon amagwiritsa ntchito nyumba za mbalame zina zodyera kapena corvids. Akazi amadzalowetsa mazira a 1-5 kwa masiku 25-60, kulandira chakudya kwa amuna panthawiyi. Makolo onsewa amadyetsa anapiye. M'mitundu yambiri, anapiye mu chisa chimodzi amakula mosiyanasiyana, ndipo achikulire (ndipo nthawi zina makolo) nthawi zambiri amapha ana. Anapiye ambiri olusa kwa nthawi yayitali amadalira makolo awo. Mwana wankhuku yekha waku South America ziwombankhanga za harpy (Harpia harpyja) amakhala mchisa pafupifupi miyezi 6. Ndipo miyezi inanso isanu ndi umodzi, akudziwa kuuluka kwake, amakhala pafupi ndi chisa ndikulandira chakudya kuchokera kwa makolo ake.
Ku Russia, mitundu 46 ya chisa. Chiwombankhanga chagolide (Akula chrysaetus) - chiwombankhanga chachikulu kwambiri pamalo a nkhalango ndi mapiri. Ng'ombe za Roe ndi agwape, mahatchi, nkhandwe, mitengo yam'madzi, agologolo pansi, magawo, atsekwe, agogo wakuda, atsekwe, abakha, zovala zimakhala chakudya. Goshawk (Wofikira pantchito) amakhala m'malo ogontha ogontha okhala ndi nkhalango zakale. Imadyetsa zinyama ndi mbalame. Girfalcons (Falco girfalco), masheya (Falco cherrug), peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) kugwira mbalame mlengalenga, zikuwuluka mwachangu mpaka 200 km / h. Nyamayo imamenya ndi thupi lonse ndi miyendo yake.
Imapezeka pakati Russia buzzard wamba (Buteo buteo), kumpoto kwa tundra ndichizolowezi wothamanga nyengo yachisanu (B. lagopus), m'matanthwe - Mzukwa (Buteo rufinus) Kuyambira kale, kusaka ndi mbalame zosaka kwakhala kofala m'maiko ambiri. Pakadali pano, ngati zokonda zambiri, idakhalabe m'maiko a Arabu. Kusaka mahatchi okhala ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide ku Kazakhstan ndi Kyrgyzstan.
