Ku Russia, madongosolo a Atlantic subspecies a grey seal amapezeka mdera la Murmansk. Nthawi zina ma subspecies amapezeka mdera la Arkhangelsk, m'madzi a Franz Josef Land, Bohemian Bay, Kara ndi White Seas, pachilumba cha Novaya Zemlya. Baltic subspecies amakhala munyanja ya Baltic, Gulf of Finland, Bothnia ndi Gulf of Riga. Zokonzekera kukhazikika m'mbali mwa gombe m'mphepete mwa miyala. Chisindikizo cha Baltic chimasinthana pa ayezi wofulumira (wosasunthika), ndi chisindikizo cha Atlantic - m'mphepete mwa miyala.

Zizindikiro zakunja

Dzina lina la chidindo chaimvi ndi chidindo chautali, kapena tevak. Poyerekeza ndi zisindikizo zina, mitundu ya imvi imakhala ndi nkhope yotalikirapo. Nyamazo ndizokulirapo pang'ono kuposa anzawo. Kutalika kwa matupi awo kumafikira 2,5 m, ndipo unyinji umachokera ku 150 mpaka 300 kg. Mtundu wawo ndi wosiyanasiyana. Maanga azithunzi zosiyanasiyana, zazikulu ndi mitundu zimabalalika pa ubweya wonse.

Moyo

Kwa kuswana, zisindikizo za imvi zimapanga nsapato zazitali. Koma nthawi yomweyo, maanja ndiwachitikanso chofanana. Atatenga pathupi yayitali (pafupifupi miyezi 11.5), wamkazi amadyetsa mwana mkaka kwakanthawi kochepa - pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Ana agalu amabadwa nthawi zambiri usiku. Ngati, pasanathe ola limodzi atabereka, china chake chimasokoneza mkazi, amusiya mwana wake mpaka kalekale. Podziwa mawonekedwe awa, osaka nyama ndi ogwira ntchito yosungirako amayesetsa kuti asasokoneze mtendere wa zisindikizo. Mwana wakhanda wolemera makilogalamu 20, amakhala ndi mtundu woyera wowala.

Maziko omwe amadya ndi nsomba. Hering, cod, hake, capelin, goby, nsomba - onse atengedwa ngati chidindo chaimvi. Kupatula apo, amawona bwino kwambiri ngakhale m'madzi amatope. Nyama izi nthawi zina zimagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiritso, mayankho omwe amafufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osasamala. Chisindikizo chikangolowa, kugunda kwa mtima kumachepa ndipo, chifukwa cha kusungidwa kwa oxygen, imatha kukhala pansi pa madzi pafupifupi mphindi 20. Pali nkhani yodziwika pomwe wamkazi wachisindikizo'yu adakhala zaka 28, ndi wamphongo mpaka zaka 41.

Mu Buku Lofiira la Russia

Mitundu ya Baltic ya chidindo cha imvi ikuwopsezedwa kuti ikutha posachedwa, kuchuluka kwa nyama izi ndizofunikira, ndipo njira zofunikira zimafunikira kuti zizipulumutse. Zomwe mabungwe a Atlantic amachita sizodabwitsa kwambiri. Mu Red Book of Russia, amapatsidwa gawo lachitatu losungira, koma kunja kwa gawo la Russia mitundu iyi ndi yofala. Chiyambire 1975, kusaka kwachisindikizo chaimvi, masewera ndi kusaka amateur kwaletsedwa. Ngakhale munthawi yoyenera kupha chidindo chaimvi mtengo unayenera. Amakhulupirira kuti nyama izi zimawononga nsomba.

Chochititsa chidwi

Kalelo m'masiku a Soviet Union, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nyama zapamadzi pomenya nkhondo adayambika ku Murmansk Marine Biological Institute. Asayansi a Murmansk adaphunzira kuwunika komanso kuthekera kwa mitundu ya komweko, kuphatikizapo zikhomo zam'madzi. Kuyesa uku kunali kwapadera machitidwe apadziko lonse lapansi. Ku USA, ndidakumana ndi kuphunzitsa mikango yamnyanja ndi zisindikizo. Koma asayansi aku Russia adagwira ntchito ndi oimira banja lenileni la zisindikizo kwa nthawi yoyamba. Masipinipini adayamba kukhala ophunzira abwino kwambiri. Amatha kuloweza mwachangu komanso kutsatira malamulo, kutsatira, mwakuya kwambiri ndikuyenda kumbuyo kwa bwato, ndikupanga kuthamanga mpaka 40 km / h.

Ndi kugwa kwa USSR mu 1990, "magulu ankhondo apadera" adasiya kuchita chidwi ndi boma. Koma kale mu 1997, gawo latsopano loyesera m'dera lamadzi chamadzi oyambira asayansi linayamba: Red Stones aqua-polygon idapangidwa apa. Chisindikizo cholumikizidwa ndi chidindo cha imvi chakhala omenyera ufulu kwambiri. Ana agalu amasankhidwa koyamba m'malo awo achilengedwe akanyamuka kuchoka mkaka wa amayi kupita ku chakudya cholimba. Kupitilira apo, wophunzitsayo amadya kale chisindikizo ndi nsomba - iyi ndi gawo loyamba komanso lofunikira kwambiri pa kuwonongera. Kuti apange zisindikizo, amadziwa zinthu zingapo zovuta: kutuluka m'chipinda chobisalamo ndikubwerera, ndikuyika zida zapadera. Ayenera kutsata malamulo pa pulatifomu, kulowa m'madzi nawonso, akazindikira zinthu zobasefukira ndi kubwerera kwa wothandizira. Ntchito yayikulu yosindikiza ndi kuyang'anira madera am'madzi ndikuyang'ana ngulu zankhondo.

Kufotokozera ndi Thanzi

Chisindikizo cha Imvi (Nalichoerus grypus) - woimira wamkulu wazisindikizo izi, kutalika kwake thupi kuyambira 2 mpaka 3 m, kulemera kuchokera ku 150 mpaka 300 kg. Zisindikizo zazimera zimadyedwa makamaka ndi nsomba, ma invertebrates m'mimba zawo ndizosowa komanso zochepa - izi ndi mitundu ina ya squid, nkhanu ndi shrimp. Ku Nyanja ya Baltic, zisindikizo izi zimatha kudya nsomba zam'madzi, hering'i, nsomba zam'madzi, nsomba za nsomba, ndi nsomba za cod ndi pinagora m'madzi a gombe la Murmansk.

Habitat

Chisindikizo chaimvi imagawidwa makamaka m'malo otentha a North Atlantic, imapezeka pafupifupi ku Nyanja ya Baltic, kuphatikiza Gulf of Finland, Riga komanso Gulf of Bothnia. Kunja kwa Nyanja ya Baltic kum'mawa kwa Atlantic, zisindikizo za imvi zimakhala ku English Channel kupita ku Nyanja ya Barents, amakhala m'madzi am'mphepete mwa Great Britain ndi Ireland, Orkney, Hebrides, Shetland ndi Islandse Islands, ndipo amapezeka pagombe la Iceland, Central ndi Northern Norway. Ku Russia, zisindikizo izi zimakhala m'mphepete mwa Murmansk kuchokera kumalire ndi Norway kupita pachipata cholowera kumadzulo kwa White Sea, komanso kuzilumba zambiri zomwe zimakhala m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chaka chonse mankhwalawa amakhala m'malo amchere wamchere wamchere.

Kuswana

Zisindikizo zaimvi pangani magulu olimba. Mtunduwu, kusiyana kwa nthawi yoswana, zachilendo kwa ma pinnipeds, samawonedwa mu nyama zochokera kumalo osiyanasiyana, komanso nyama zomwe zimachokera pagulu lomwelo. M'mbuyomu kuposa ena, ana a akazi a Zisindikizo za Baltic, kuswana pa ayezi wa Nyanja ya Baltic, amabweretsa ana awo, kuchuluka kwaiwo akuyamba kumapeto kwa February - Marichi. Pafupifupi malo ena onse, kulera kumachitika pamtunda pambuyo pake komanso nthawi yayitali. Mimba mu chisindikizo cha imvi chimatenga pafupifupi miyezi 11, yomwe (kutengera kuchepa kwa nthawi yayitali), mwana wosabadwayo amakula kupitirira miyezi 9. Zisindikizo zatsopano zimakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi mita imodzi ndipo zimakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali loyera - chifukwa chake amatchedwa kuti agologolo.

Mawonekedwe

Utoto wa chovala cha anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana umasiyana kwambiri malingana ndi komwe akukhala, jenda komanso zaka. Zisindikizo zambiri zimakhala imvi pamtundu, koma mithunzi imatha kukhala chilichonse kuchokera kutuwa mpaka kukhuta. Pafupifupi anthu akuda nthawi zina amapezeka.

Ma Habaku ndi Kusamukira

Zambiri mwa nyama zimenezi zimakhala kumpoto kwa Atlantic, komwe kumatentha kwambiri. Kulikonse komwe amapezeka munyanja ya Baltic. Izi zikuphatikizapo bothnian (osati onse), Riga ndi Gulf of Finland. Zisindikizo ndizofala kuyambira pa Nyanja ya Barents mpaka English Channel; zimapezekanso pagombe la Ireland ndi England. Kuphatikiza apo, a Faroe, Orkney, Shetland ndi Hebrides anali osiyana ndi iwowa. Amakhala m'madzi am'mphepete mwa Central ndi Northern Norway, komanso ku Iceland. Chisindikizo cha imvi chimapezeka m'malo ambiri. Mtundu wake ndiwowonjezera.

Pali magulu awiri azisindikizo zofiirira: a Baltic, akukhala munyanja ya dzina lomwelo, ndi Atlantic, wokhala m'madzi aku Europe.

Kodi nyama izi zimadya chiyani?

Zisindikizo zazitali zazitali zimadyanso nsomba, pomwe zimadya ma invertebrates nthawi zambiri komanso pang'ono ndi pang'ono. Amadyanso nsombazo, nkhanu ndi mitundu ina ya squid. Mu Nyanja ya Baltic mumakhala chakudya chochuluka kwa iwo: ma cod, ma eel, nsomba, hering'i, bream.

Malo osungira

Zolemba zonse ziwiri za chisindikizo chakutsogolo (Atlantic ndi Baltic) zimaphatikizidwa mu Red Book of Russia. Kusodza kwa chisindikizo cha imvi cha Baltic ku Russia ku Baltic ndi kugombe la Murmansk ku Barents Nyanja kwaletsedwa kuyambira mu 1970. Malo omwe akusungirako zisindikizo (madipoziti) amatetezedwa - mu Nyanja ya Barents iyi ndiye malo asanu ndi awiri a Islands.

Ndikofunikira kuti pakhale bata pamtunda wa Gulf of Finland ndi Riga wa Nyanja ya Baltic.

Chiwerengero chonse cha mitunduyi ndi anthu 120-170,000, mitundu ya Baltic - 7-8 zikwi.

Onani ndi mamuna

Pambuyo powombera koletsedwa, chinthu chachikulu cholepheretsa chidindo cha imvi chinali ntchito yayikulu ya anthu m'malo omwe nyama izi zimakhalamo, makamaka kuwonongeka kwamadzi am'nyanja ndi zinyalala za mafakitale ndi zaulimi.
Mavuto azisindikizo zazitali za asodzi sakutheka chifukwa cha zochepa kwambiri pazisindikizo izi.

Kufalitsa

Zosindikiza zamtundu wamtambo zimafotokoza dera lotentha la North Atlantic. M'mbuyomu, zikuwoneka kuti zidagawidwa m'mphepete mwa North America ndi kumpoto kwa Europe, koma pakadali pano malowa agawidwa m'magawo atatu akutali. Limodzi lili ku Atlantic kufupi ndi gombe la America, ku Gulf of St. Lawrence ndi Greenland, linalo lili ku Atlantic m'mphepete mwa Britain Isles, Scandinavia Peninsula, gombe la Murmansk ndi Svalbard. M'madzi aku Russia, zisindikizo za izi zimapezeka pagombe la Murmansk kuchokera kumalire ndi Norway mpaka kummero kwa Nyanja Yoyera. Ndipo pamapeto pake, gawo lachitatu ndilolumikizidwa ndi Nyanja ya Baltic, kuphatikiza ma banc ake onse. Chisindikizo cha Baltic chimapanga magulu odziimira pawokha.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi komanso chodyetsa

Kudyetsa chisindikizo cha imvi pafupifupi kumakhala ndi nsomba, zomwe zimayandama mumtsinje wamadzi ndi pansi. Pali umboni kuti zisindikizo izi ndizabwino kwambiri ndipo zimatha kudya nsomba zambiri patsiku zomwe zimadzilemetsa. Koma m'malo ena osungira nyama zomwe zimasungidwa izi, zakudya zake zimakhala ndi makilogalamu nsomba, zomwe, zikuwoneka, ndizokwanira. Zisindikizo zikuluzikulu zimakhazikitsidwa ndi mbewa zakutsogolo pamphumi pawo, kenako zimadyedwa mbali zina. (Pakati pa nyama zomwe zimakonda kwambiri kumata zisindikizo zaimvi ndi eel, hering'i Atlantic, nsomba, cod, pinagor, ndi flounder). Pali nsomba zazing'onozing'ono ndi ma eel omwe amameza athunthu. Zisindikizo zazimera zimatha kusaka mozama mpaka 100 m, ndichifukwa chake mitundu ya nsomba ya benthic imaphatikizidwa muzakudya zawo. Pansi pamadzi, amatha kukhala mpaka mphindi 20. Zosavomerezeka zambiri, zimvi zotuwa zimadya ma invertebrates am'madzi - squid, crab, ndi shrimp. Mwambiri, chakudya cha zisindikizo za imvi chimasiyana kwambiri kutengera zaka za nyama, komanso nthawi ya chaka komanso nyengo yakomweko.

Zoo moyo

Zisindikizo zitatu za imvi zinafika ku Zoo ya Moscow mu Novembala 2015. Awa ndi nyama zazing'ono - zazikazi ziwiri ndi zazimuna, kulemera kwawo tsopano sikuposa 70 kg. Adalandiridwa kuchokera ku Riga Zoo, koma adabadwira kuthengo. Popeza malo awo obadwira amatha kukhala Gombe la Riga la Nyanja ya Baltic, ali m'gulu la mabungwe a Baltic.

Tsopano amasungidwa pabwalo lotseguka ndi dziwe losambira ku Old Territory pafupi ndi bwalo la ski.

Nsomba zosiyanasiyana zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya, tsopano ndi 3 makilogalamu patsiku, mtsogolo, nyama zikamakula, chakudya chidzachulukitsidwa mpaka 6-16 makilogalamu nsomba tsiku lililonse. Zisindikizo zazing'ono zimamezedwa zonse, ndipo zokulirapo zimadulidwadulidwa, koma zimayamba kuyang'amba, pogwiritsa ntchito zikhadabo pamphumi.

Zisindikizo zamtunduwu zidawonekera ku Moscow Zoo koyamba.

Khalidwe

Kutalika kwa amuna ndi pafupifupi 2.5 m (kawirikawiri - mpaka 3 m kapena kupitilira), zazikazi ndi 1.7-2 mamita. Kuchulukitsa kwa amuna kumakhala mpaka 300 kg kapena kupitirira, ndipo zazimayi ndi 100-150 kg. Tizilomboti timakhala todontha, mtundu wake ndi imvi kapena bulauni, nthawi zina pafupifupi imakhala yakuda, mimba ndi yopepuka. Kukula mwakugonana mwa amuna kumachitika pambuyo pa zaka 6-7, mwa akazi - zaka 3-5. Mimba ndi miyezi 11-11,5. Ana obadwa kumene ndi oyera. Masabata angapo atabereka, mkaziyo amatha kukwatiranso. Zisindikizo zimakonda kupha nsomba (mpaka 5 makilogalamu patsiku) - cod, flounder, nsomba, hering, stingrays, nthawi zambiri - nkhanu ndi squid ang'onoang'ono.