Malinga ndi ziwerengero, mdziko lathu, madera akulu okhala zipululu ndi theka-zipululu - anthu ochepera miliyoni amakhala. Munthu m'modzi pamtunda wa makilomita 4-5 m'chipululu, ndiye kuchuluka kwa anthu m'maderawa. Mutha kupita kwa maola, masiku, masabata osakumana ndi moyo wamoyo umodzi. Komabe, masiku ano, amakopeka ndi zachilengedwe komanso chuma, zomwe zakhala zobisika kwa zaka masauzande ambiri. Zachidziwikire, chidwi chotere sichingachite popanda zotsatira zachilengedwe.
Ndikupeza zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimatha kukopa chidwi chapadera, pambuyo pake, monga momwe zimadziwikira pazitsanzo zambiri komanso zokumana nazo zowawa, vuto limodzi lokha lomwe limatsalira, kwa umunthu ndi chilengedwe. Zolumikizidwa, choyambirira, ndikupanga madera atsopano, kafukufuku wasayansi, komanso momwe zimakhudzira nthawi yakale yopanga kufanana kwazinthu zachilengedwe. Ecology imakumbukiridwa komaliza, ngati konse.
Kukhazikika kwa kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo osati malo osungirako zachilengedwe omwe atsogolera zachilengedwe kwapangitsa kuti anthu afike kumadera achipululu. Kafukufuku wasayansi awonetsa kuti m'madambo ambiri komanso zipululu zambiri kuli malo osungirako zachilengedwe, monga mafuta, gasi, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Kufunika kwa iwo kukuchulukirachulukira. Chifukwa chake, tili ndi zida zolemera, zida zamafakitale, tiwononga zachilengedwe, magawo omwe kale anali asanafikirepo.
Ntchito yomanga misewu, kukonza misewu yayikulu, kuchotsera ndi kuyendetsa mafuta ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe, izi zimabweretsa zovuta zachilengedwe m'chipululu komanso chipululu chochepa. Mafuta ndizowopsa makamaka m'malo.
Kuipitsa kwa golide wakuda kumachitika ponse pa mgodi komanso pa mayendedwe, kukonzanso ndikusunga. Kutulutsidwa kwachilengedwe kumachitikanso mwachilengedwe, koma izi ndizosiyana ndi lamulo. Kulowa kwachilengedwe kumachitika kawirikawiri komanso osati kowononga chilengedwe komanso zinthu zonse zamoyo. Kuipitsa mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe azinthu zachilengedwe zomwe sizinthu zake, munthawi zachilendo. Ngozi zambiri zimadziwika m'mapaipi amafuta, m'malo osungirako komanso panthawi yamayendedwe, zomwe zidapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Chimodzi mwazovuta ndikupanga ndikuchepetsa mitundu yazomera zomera ndi nyama chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Zosadabwitsa kuti, mitundu yambiri ya zinyama, mbalame, tizilombo ndi zomera zimakhala m'mapululu, ambiri mwaiwo ndi osowa ndipo amalembedwa mu Red Book. Kuteteza maluwa ndi zinyama m'malo opezekako, malo osungirako zachilengedwe amapangidwa, monga Aral-Paygambar, Tigrovaya Balka, Ustyurt reservation.
Chipululu chokha, komabe, ndivuto lalikulu lachilengedwe, kapena m'malo mwa chipululu. Chipululutso ndicho kukokoloka kwakukulu. Izi zimatha kuchitika mwanjira yachilengedwe, koma m'chilengedwe izi zimachitika kawirikawiri (kupatula madera omwe ali m'malire a chipululu) komanso pang'onopang'ono. Kufalikira kwa njirayi mothandizidwa ndi anthropogenic zinthu ndi nkhani ina.
Kuwonongeka kwa nthaka kwa anthropogenic kumachitika pazifukwa zingapo: kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi mitengo yodulira mitengo, kulima malo osayenera aulimi, malo osungirako zinyalala ndi msipu kwa nthawi yayitali, kukonza mchere ndi kuthirira, kumanga kwa nthawi yayitali ndikupanga migodi ya mchere, kufunsa kwa nyanja yonse, komanso chifukwa cha mapangidwe a chipululu. gawo, mwachitsanzo ndikuwuma kwa Nyanja ya Aral. Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20, malinga ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, mahekitala 500 miliyoni a malo anawonongedwa.
M'masiku ano, kupezeka kwa nthaka kumatha kudziwika ngati mavuto azachilengedwe padziko lapansi. Atsogoleri apadziko lonse lapansi pakufalikira kwa kukokoloka ndi United States, India, China. Tsoka ilo, Russia ilinso pakati pawo. Pafupifupi 30% ya nthaka ya m'maikomoyi idakomoka, ndipo nyengo yochepa chabe ya chinyezi siyimalola gawo lomaliza la chipululutso kuchitika.
Potengera zachilengedwe ndi zachuma, zotsatira za chipululutso zimakhala zowoneka bwino komanso zoyipa. Choyamba, uku ndi kuwononga chilengedwe, chilengedwe chake, chomwe chimapangitsa kale kuti chisagwiritsidwe ntchito mphatso zachilengedwe. Kachiwiri, izi ndi zowonongeka ku ulimi, kuchepa kwa zokolola. Chachitatu, mitundu yambiri ya zinyama ndi mbewu zimataya malo awo okhala, zomwe zimakhudza anthu. Nthawi zoyambira zoterezi zimamvekedwa ndi ana asukulu ndipo ngakhale ana amisukulu yasekondale, koma akuluakulu safuna kumvetsetsa.
Mukupita kwa nthawi, kuwonongeka kumawonedwa pawiri komanso m'malo owuma. Yankho lawo limapatsidwa nthawi yochepa kwambiri, zothandizira, zothandizira pazinthu. Mwina m'tsogolomu, chilichonse chidzasintha ndipo chidwi chambiri chidzaperekedwa polimbana ndi chipululutso, kuthetsa mavuto azachilengedwe. Mwachidziwikire, izi zidzachitika pamene malo oyenera ntchito zaulimi atakhala osakwanira kuti atidyetse. Pakadali pano, timangoona kuwonjezeka kwa malo achikaso pamapu a dziko lapansi.
Izi zitha kukhala zothandiza kwa ophunzira a giredi 4 pamutu wakazungulira padziko lolemba. Ganizirani, chifukwa ndi mgawo 4 kuti ophunzira azolowera zovuta zazikulu zomwe zimafunikira kuthana ndi mavuto kuti asatsogoze ku zowopsa, zitsanzo zomwe, mwatsoka, ndizambiri.
Kukula malire a zigawo
Zotsatira za zochita za anthu, madera akumabwinja akuwonekera kumalire a zipululu, pang'onopang'ono kubwererera kuchipululu. Mwachilengedwe, kukulira kwa malire a zipululu kumachitika pang'onopang'ono, komabe, mothandizidwa ndi anthropogenic, kukula kwamachulukidwe kumawonjezeka kangapo. Izi zimabweretsa:
- kudula mitengo m'malire a chilengedwe,
- kulima,
- kukhetsa kwa madambo oyandikira ndi nyanja,
- kusintha kwa mtsinje.
Kukula kwa zipululu za mchenga kumabweretsa kusintha kwa nyengo. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha ndi kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'malire a malo achilengedwe kumayambitsa kuyenda kwa mbewu ndi nyama kumadera ena, ndipo nthawi zina mpaka kufa kwa mitundu yonse. Madzi oundana a chipululu cha Arctic amakula, pomwe kuchuluka kwa masamba kumachepetsedwa.
Kuchepetsa Ziwawa ndi Kuthana kwa Zomera
Zipululu, ngakhale zili ndi mitundu yocheperako yazachilengedwe, zimavutikanso ndi kuba. Kuwonongedwa kwa oimira osowa kale amitundu yosiyanasiyana kumabweretsa kutha osati kwa mitundu yokha, komanso kuwonongedwa kwa zonse zachilengedwe, kusokonekera kwa chilengedwe chokhazikitsidwa. Kuchotsa nyama kumaphwanya njira yodzipulumutsira tokha. Zomera ndi nyama zambiri zam'chipululu zalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
Kuipitsidwa kwa mafuta
M'madera achipululu ndi zipululu zochepa nthawi zambiri mumakhala madamu azitsulo - gasi, mafuta. Akamachotsedwa, chifukwa chophatikiza zinthu zambiri, ngozi ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mafuta kumachitika. Mu chipululu chocheperako mumatha kupeza mafuta owotchera mafuta, omwe amachititsa kuti moto uzitentha kwambiri, kufa kwa nyama, komanso kuwononga zomera.
Zosokoneza zimatha kuchitika paliponse - kupanga, kuyendetsa, kukonza, kusungira.
Kuthetsa zinyalala ndi kuwononga zinyalala
Kupeza ndi kuchotsa zinthu zachilengedwe mzipululu mzipululu kumayendera limodzi ndi ntchito yomanga misewu, kuyalidwa kwa misewu ikuluikulu komanso kumanga nyumba za mafakitale. Zochita za anthu nthawi zonse zimayendera limodzi ndikuwoneka ngati zinyalala. Kuchotsa zobwezeretsanso zopangira kumafunikira zinthu, ndipo zotaya malo zimapangidwa kuti ndalama zipulumutsidwe m'malo omwe anthu akugwira ntchito.
Kuphatikiza apo, zinyalala nthawi zambiri zimasungidwa m'madambo. Chifukwa chake, m'chipululu cha Mojave muli malo oyendetsa magalimoto 14,000. Amakhala akuwonongeka komanso kuwonongeka, chifukwa cha zomwe zinthu zovulaza zimalowa m'chilengedwe.
Ntchito yomanga mafakitale
Ntchito yomanga ma fakitale nthawi zonse imagwirizanitsidwa ndi zinyalala zopanga, kuchuluka kwamaphokoso, komanso ntchito zamphamvu za anthu. Chifukwa cha kuwonekera kwa zinthu zotere, nthaka ndi pansi pamadzi zimadetsedwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimakonzedwa. Zokha, zinthu zimakhala zosokoneza ndikusuntha kwa zinyama kupita kumalo ena, zomwe zimaswa ndi kuchuluka kwa mitunduyo komanso kuyenera kwa zigawo.
Zitha kuchitidwa
Njira zothanirana ndi mavuto azachilengedwe komanso zipululu zocheperako siziyenera kukhala pachigawo komanso m'maiko okha, komanso pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi. Njira zotsatirazi zothetsera kuteteza malo achilengedwe zitha kusiyanitsidwa:
- Kuchepetsa kwa anthropogenic katundu,
- kutaya zinyalala,
- bungwe loteteza nkhalango m'malire a zipululu,
- kusaka njira zatsopano, zachilengedwe zopangira mafuta akunja,
- kulimbikitsa kuwongolera kuchotsedwa kwa mphatso zachilengedwe,
- chilengedwe,
- kubwezeretsa kwachulukidwe kwazomera zachilengedwe ndi nyama.
(Palibe mavoti pano)
Mavuto azachilengedwe achipululu
Vuto lalikulu la zipululu ndi theka la zipululu ndi kufalikira kwa kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Izi zikukula kwambiri ku USA, China, India ndi Russia. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse m'maiko lino lingakokoloke. Kupuma kanyengo kokha ka nyengo sikumalola gawo lomaliza la chipululutso kuyamba.
Zovuta zakuwonongeka kwa zachuma komanso zachilengedwe ndizowoneka bwino:
- chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe chake chomwe chikuwonongeka chikuwonongeka, ndipo izi zimalepheretsa anthu mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mphatso zachilengedwe,
- kuwonongeka kwa ulimi,
- nyama zambiri zokhala ndi zomera zimalandidwa mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito malo awo okhala, ndipo izi zimakhudza anthu.
Zoyambitsa mavuto m'chipululu
Chipululutso ndi gawo losasiyidwa la kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndi vuto lalikulu lazachilengedwe. Njira izi zimatha kuchitika mwachilengedwe, ngakhale izi ndizachilendo kwambiri mwachilengedwe, kupatula madera omwe ali m'malire a zipululu zopangidwa kale, ndipo njirazi zikukula pang'onopang'ono.
China chake ndikufalikira kwa kukokoloka chifukwa cha zinthu anthropogenic. Kubalalika kwamtunduwu kumachitika chifukwa cha zifukwa zingapo:
- kudula mitengo ndi zitsamba,
- kulima malo osayenera ulimi,
- hayfields
- msipu wopitilira
- kukongoletsa ndikusankha njira zolakwika za kuthirira,
- zaka zambiri zomanga ndi migodi,
- kufunsidwa kwa nyanja yam'madzi ndi mapangidwe a zipululu (mwachitsanzo ndikufanizidwa kwa Nyanja ya Aral).
Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20 Mahekitala 500 miliyoni a malo anawonongedwa. Chidwi chimakopeka ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Moyenerera, izi zimayambitsa zovuta zina kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe. Amachokera ku kukula kwa magawo atsopano, kafukufuku wasayansi, momwe zimathandizira pakugwirizana kwachilengedwe. Icology ndi chinthu chomaliza chomwe amaganiza.
Kukula kopita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo komanso kusungika kwachilengedwe kwapangitsa anthu kuti ayambe kuyenda zipululu. Ambiri a iwo, malinga ndi kafukufuku wasayansi, ali ndi mafuta ambiri, mafuta, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Nthawi yomweyo, kufunika kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kukukulira kulira. Chifukwa chake, munthu amatenga zida zolemera, zida zama mafakitale ndikuyamba kuwononga zachilengedwe m'magawo omwe kale sanalalikidwe.
Mavuto azachilengedwe mzipululu ndi zipululu zouma mtima amakwiya chifukwa chomanga misewu, kapangidwe ka misewu yayikulu, kuchotsera ndi kunyamula katundu wachilengedwe, kuphatikiza mafuta. Ndiowopsa kwachilengedwe.
Kuipitsa kwa mafuta kumayambira kale pa siteji yopanga ndipo kumapitilizabe kunyamula, kukonza, kusungira. Golide wakuda amatha kulowa m'malo mwachilengedwe. Komabe, izi sizichitika kawirikawiri ndipo ndizosiyana ndizomwe zimatsimikizira lamuloli. Komanso tikulankhula zazing'onozing'ono. Sakhala owononga zachilengedwe.
Mwambiri, kuipitsa kwamtundu kumadziwika kuti ndikulowerera mu chilengedwe cha zinthu zomwe poyamba sizili zachilendo, komanso zochulukirapo. Pali zitsanzo zambiri za ngozi pamapaipi amafuta, m'malo osungira, panthawi ya mayendedwe, zomwe zapangitsa kuti zowonongeka zachilengedwe zipere komanso zipululu.
Kutentha kwanyengo
Izi ndi zina zomwe zikuyambitsa mavuto azachilengedwe kumapiri. Makungu am'madzi am'mwera ndi akumpoto amasungunuka chifukwa cha kutentha. Zotsatira zake, madera a zipululu za Arctic amachepetsa, ndipo madzi am'madzi akunyanja. Poyerekeza izi, chilengedwe sichingosintha. Mitundu ina yazomera ndi zinyama imapita kumalo ena. Ena aiwo akumwalira.
Chifukwa cha kusintha kwanyengo padziko lonse lapansi, zomerazi zimachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo permafrost ikuchulukirachulukira. Ice ndi njira zina zachilengedwe zimachulukirachulukira. Amakhala owopsa mwa iwo okha. Nthawi yomweyo, zoopsa za zotsatira zoyipa zimachuluka.
Ziwopsezo zosalamulirika
Mwa zina, zipululu zimavutika ndi kupha, zomwe zimachepetsa mitundu ya zomera ndi zinyama. Pali mbalame zambiri, nyama, tizilombo, zomera. Kuphatikiza apo pali makope osowa kwambiri pakati pawo pomwe amalembedwa mu Red Book. Pofuna kuteteza zomera ndi nyama zopezeka m'zipululu ndi zipululu zopanga zachilengedwe zimakonza nkhokwe zachilengedwe. Pakati pawo - Tigrovaya Balka, Ustyurt, Aral-Paygambar ndi ena.
Vuto lamadzi padziko lapansi
Mavuto azachilengedwe amachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zinyalala zankhondo. Osasokoneza iwo ndi nyukiliya. Asitikali amagwiritsa ntchito zipululu m'malo molembetsa malo. Kuti muthane ndi vutoli, ndikofunikira kupeza njira zina zotayira zinyalala zankhondo m'malo motaya.
Kuipitsa kwa madzi am'madzi kumayenderana kwambiri ndi vutoli. Zimayambitsidwa ndi maliro ankhondo ndi zida za nyukiliya. Vutoli lingathetse pokhapokha kusiya maofesi owonongeka.
Gasi wamafuta ndi mafuta
Kukula kwa zipululu za Arctic kumayendera limodzi ndi mavuto azachilengedwe chifukwa chozindikirika kwa malo osungirako mchere am'mimbamo. Ngozi zakukhetsedwa kwamafuta kumachitika zinthu zapoizoni zikafika mlengalenga. Zotsatira zake ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi.
Nthawi zina m'malo a zipululu za polar mutha kuwona madambo oyaka amafuta. Zimayambitsa kupsereza kwa madera ambiri okutidwa ndi masamba. Zachidziwikire, pakuyika mapaipi amafuta, malo opangira nyama amapangika, koma sangawapeze ndi kuwapeza. Chifukwa chake, nyamazo zimafa.
Chifukwa chake, mavuto azachilengedwe amawonedwa mu chipululu komanso zipululu. Amabweretsa zovuta zoyipa pazamoyo zonse, koma nthawi yochepa kwambiri, ndalama ndi ndalama zimaperekedwa kuti azithetse. Tikukhulupirira kuti zinthu zidzasintha mtsogolo.
Mwina munthu ayambadi kulimbana ndi kufalikira kwa madera ndikuthana ndi mavuto azachilengedwe. Komabe, anthu abwera ku izi pomwe malo oyenerera ulimi atha kukhala osakwanira. Kenako funso lidzakhala lokwanira kudyetsa anthu onse. Pakadali pano, pali kuwonjezereka kosawerengeka kwa chiwerengero cha malo achikaso pamapu apadziko lonse lapansi.
Yankho kapena chisankho 1
Mavuto azachilengedwe a m'chipululu ndi mapiri apakati:
- Kubvulaza ndiko njira yomwe imatsogolera kukokoloka. Kuchita koteroko kumachitikanso mwachilengedwe, koma pang'onopang'ono.China chake ndi kusowa kwa nthaka kwa anthropogenic, ntchito za anthu zimabweretsa izi: kudula mitengo, kuchulukitsa mchere kapena kuthilira, etc.
- Kupanga misewu, misewu yayikulu, ndi misewu yayikulu, kufufutidwa kwa mafuta ndi zinthu zina zobiriwira kumayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwa dongosolo la chilengedwe ndi chipululu.
- Kuchepetsa ndi kuchepetsa zachilengedwe zachilengedwe zimakhudzanso chilengedwe.
Dziko la Geographical Paradoxes
Ambiri mwa malo ouma a padziko lapansi ali m'malo otentha, amalandira mvula kuchokera 0 mpaka 250 mm pachaka. Kudzuka kwamphweya nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwanira nthawi zochulukirapo kuposa kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Nthawi zambiri, madonthowo safika kumtunda, amatuluka m'mwamba. M'chipululu cholimba cha Gobi komanso ku Central Asia nthawi yozizira, kutentha kumatsika pansi pa 0 ° C. Kutalika kodziwika ndi mawonekedwe a nyengo yam'chipululu. Kwa tsiku limatha kukhala 25-30 ° С, ku Sahara kumafika 40-45 ° С. Zina zachilengedwe zam'chipululu cha Dziko lapansi:
- mpweya wosanyowetsa nthaka.
- mkuntho wamvumbi ndi kamvuluvulu wopanda mvula
- nyanja zamchere zambiri zotsekedwa,
- magwero omwe atayika mumchenga, osapereka mitsinje,
- Mitsinje yopanda mitsinje, njira zopanda madzi ndi zouma zouma,
- nyanja zoyendayenda zomwe zidasinthasintha m'mphepete mwa nyanja,
- mitengo, zitsamba ndi udzu wopanda masamba, koma ndi minga.
Zipululu zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi
Madera omwe mulimidwa udzu amapatsidwa madera opanda nthaka. Pano, mitengo, zitsamba ndi udzu wopanda masamba kapena masamba zilibe, zomwe zimawonetsera mawu oti "chipululu" pawokha. Zithunzi zomwe zalembedwa munkhaniyi zimapereka lingaliro la nyengo zovuta za zigawo zouma. Mapuwa akuwonetsa kuti zipululu zimapezeka ku North and Southern Hemispheres nyengo yotentha. Ku Central Asia kokha ndi malo achilengedwe omwe amapezeka m'malo otentha, omwe amafika 50 ° C. w. Chipululu chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi:
- Sahara, Libyan, Kalahari ndi Namib ku Africa,
- Monte, Patagonian ndi Atacama ku South America,
- Great Sandy ndi Victoria ku Australia,
- Arabian, Gobi, Syria, Rub al-Khali, Karakum, Kyzylkum ku Eurasia.
Malo monga theka -chipululu ndi chipululu, pamapu padziko lonse lapansi amakhala 17% mpaka 25% ya dziko lonse lapansi, komanso ku Africa ndi Australia - 40% ya malowa.
Chilala Cham'nyanja
Malo achilendo ndi a Atakama ndi Namib. Dera lopanda moyo louma ili panyanja! Chipululu cha Atacama chili kumadzulo kwa South America, chozunguliridwa ndi miyala yamiyala yamapiri a Andes, mpaka kutalika kwa mamitala 6500. Kumadzulo, gawo limatsukidwa ndi Pacific Ocean ndi madzi ake ozizira a Peru.
Atacama ndiye chipululu chopanda moyo, chokhala ndi mvula ya 0 mm. Mvula yamvula imachitika kamodzi zaka zingapo, koma nthawi yozizira ziphuphu nthawi zambiri zimachokera kugombe la nyanja. Pafupifupi anthu 1 miliyoni amakhala kudera louma ili. Anthuwa akuchita zifuyo zanyama: Chipululu chonse chazunguliridwa ndi malo odyetserako ziweto. Chithunzi chomwe chili munsirayi chikupereka chithunzi cha malo owopsa a Atacama.
Mitundu ya chipululu (magawo azachilengedwe)
- Dera - mtundu wa zonal, mawonekedwe amalo otentha komanso otentha. Nyengo kuderali kuli kouma komanso kotentha.
- Anthropogenic - imadza chifukwa chakuwongolera kwachindunji kapena kosakhudzana ndi umunthu pazachilengedwe. Pali lingaliro lomwe limafotokoza kuti ili ndi chipululu chomwe mavuto ake azachilengedwe amayenderana ndi kufalikira kwake. Ndipo zonsezi zimachitika chifukwa cha zochuluka za anthu.
- Pokhala - gawo lomwe mumakhalamo anthu okhazikika. Pali mitsinje yoyenda, mafuta, omwe amapangidwira m'malo momwe madzi amatuluka.
- Industrial - madera okhala ndi chomera chomera komanso nyama zamtchire, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha ntchito zopanga komanso kusokoneza chilengedwe.
- Arctic - matalala ndi ayezi pamtunda wokwera kwambiri.
Mavuto azipululu ndi zipululu kumpoto ndi kwa malo otentha ali ofanana kwambiri: mwachitsanzo, kulibe mvula yokwanira, chomwe chimalepheretsa moyo wabwinobwino. Koma kutalika kwa dzuwa kwa Arctic kumadziwika ndi kutentha kochepa kwambiri.
Kubalalitsa - kuwonongeka kwa masamba osatha
Pafupifupi zaka 150 zapitazo, asayansi adawona kuchuluka m'dera la Sahara. Zofukula zakale ndi kafukufuku wazakafukufuku wasonyeza kuti m'derali simunali chipululu chokha. Mavuto azachilengedwe panthawiyo anali ndi zomwe zimadziwika kuti "kuyanika" kwa Sahara. Chifukwa chake, m'zaka za XI, ulimi ku North Africa ukhoza kuchitika mpaka 21 ° latitude. Kwa zaka mazana asanu ndi awiri, gawo lakumpoto la zaulimi lidasunthira kumwera mpaka 17, momwemonso, linasinthiratu ndi zaka za zana la 21. Chifukwa chiyani kusakazidwa kwamkuntho kukuchitika? Ofufuza ena adafotokoza kuti ku Africa kuno “kukuotha” nyengo, pomwe ena adatinso kusunthika kwa mchenga kumagona. Zomverera zinali ntchito ya Stebging "Desert, yopangidwa ndi munthu", yomwe idawona kuwunikira mu 1938. Wolemba adatchulapo za kupititsa patsogolo kwa Sahara chakumwera ndipo adalongosola izi ndi ntchito yolima yosayenera, makamaka kupondera mbewu zamphesa ndi ng'ombe, ndi njira zopandaulimi.
Anthropogenic choyambitsa chipululutso
Zotsatira zakufufuza kwamayendedwe amchenga ku Sahara, asayansi adapeza kuti pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko lonse, malo olimapo ndi kuchuluka kwa ng'ombe zidachepa. Zomera zamtchire zomwe zidabisikanso pamenepo, ndiye kuti, chipululu chidafota! Mavuto azachilengedwe pano akuwonjezeredwa ndi kusakhalapo konse kwa zochitika ngati izi magawo atachotsedwa kuti azigwiritsanso ntchito ulimi kuti azikonzanso zachilengedwe. Njira zodzikongoletsanso ndikubwezeretsa zimachitika m'dera laling'ono.
Kuwonongeka kwa chipululu nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha zochitika zaanthu, chifukwa chomwe "chikuuma" sichili nyengo yachilendo, koma anthropogenic, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi kudyetsa kwambiri msipu, kutukula kwambiri ntchito yomanga misewu, komanso kulima kosatheka. Kuwonongeka kwa nthaka chifukwa cha zinthu zachilengedwe kumatha kuchitika m'malire a madambo omwe alipo, koma nthawi zambiri kuposa zomwe munthu akuchita. Zomwe zimayambitsa chipululutso cha anthropogenic:
- mgodi wa opencast (m'miyala),
- msipu popanda kubwezeretsa zipatso,
- kudula mitengo m'nkhokwe kuteteza nthaka,
- makina osokeretsa (osathirira),
- madzi ndi madzi osefukira:
- kukhetsa kwa matupi amadzi, monga momwe zimakhalira pakutha kwa Nyanja ya Aral ku Central Asia.
Mitundu ya zipululu ndi theka-zipululu
Malinga ndi gulu la zachilengedwe, mitundu yotsatira ya zipululu ndi zipululu-ziliponso:
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- louma - malo otentha ndi otentha, kuli kotentha, kotentha;
- anthropogenic - imawoneka chifukwa cha zochita zowononga za anthu,
- okhala - ali ndi mitsinje ndi mafutawa omwe amasanduka malo okhala anthu,
- mafakitale - chilengedwe chimasokonezedwa ndi ntchito za anthu,
- Arctic - ili ndi chivundikiro cha ayezi ndi chipale chofewa, komwe nyama sizipezeka.
Zinapezeka kuti zipululu zambiri zimakhala ndi malo osungira mafuta ndi gasi, komanso zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, zomwe zidapangitsa chitukuko cha anthu m'maderawa. Kupanga mafuta kumachulukitsa ngozi. Pakakhala kutsanuka kwa mafuta, chilengedwe chonse chimawonongeka.
Vuto linanso lokhudza zachilengedwe ndi kuba, kumene kumawononga zachilengedwe. Chifukwa chosowa chinyontho, pali vuto la kusowa kwa madzi. Vuto lina ndi mkuntho wafumbi ndi mchenga. Mwambiri, iyi si mndandanda wathunthu wa mavuto onse omwe analipo pakupezeka kwa zipululu ndi theka.
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Ngati tizingolankhula zambiri za zovuta zachilengedwe zokhala chipululu, vuto lalikulu ndikukula kwawo. Madera ambiri opululu ndi malo opezekapo m'chipululu, koma mothandizidwa ndi zina, amachulukitsa gawo ndikukhalanso zipululu. Zambiri mwa izi zimachitika chifukwa cha ntchito ya anthropogenic - kudula mitengo, kuwononga nyama, kumanga mafakitale, komanso kufafaniza nthaka. Zotsatira zake, chipululuchi sichikhala ndi chinyezi chokwanira, mbewuzo zimafa, monga nyama zina, ndipo zina zimasamukira. Chifukwa chake chipululu chofewacho chimasanduka chipululu chopanda moyo (kapena pafupifupi chopanda amoyo).
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Mavuto azachilengedwe a zipululu za arctic
Zipululu za ku Arctic zimapezeka kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa mitengo, komwe kutentha kumakhalapo pafupifupi nthawi zonse, kumabisala ndipo pagulu lalikulu la madzi oundana limagona. Zipululu za Arctic ndi Antarctic zimapangidwa popanda kutsogoleredwa ndi munthu. Kutentha kwa nthawi yozizira kumayambira madigiri –30 mpaka -60 Celsius, ndipo nthawi yotentha amatha kukwera mpaka madigiri3. Mvula yambiri pachaka ndi 400 mm. Popeza malo oundana amaphimbidwa ndi ayezi, palibe mbewu, kupatula ma lichens ndi mosses. Nyama amazolowera nyengo yovuta.
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Popita nthawi, zipululu za Arctic zidakumananso ndi zoyesayesa zoyipa za anthu. Anthu atalowerera, zachilengedwe za Arctic ndi Antarctic zinayamba kusintha. Chifukwa chake kusodza kwa mafakitale kwadzetsa kuchepetsa anthu awo. Chaka chilichonse, kuchuluka kwa zisindikizo ndi ma walruse, zimbalangondo za polar ndi nkhandwe zaku Arctic kumachepetsedwa apa. Mitundu ina yatsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa cha anthu.
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Kudera lamapiri la Arctic, asayansi adziwa malo omwe ali ndi mchere wambiri. Pambuyo pake, kupanga kwawo kunayamba, ndipo izi sizipambana nthawi zonse. Ngozi nthawi zina zimachitika, ndipo mafuta amathira kuzinthu zachilengedwe, zinthu zovulaza zimalowa mumlengalenga, ndipo chilengedwe padziko lapansi chimadetsedwa.
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Ndikosatheka kuti tisakhudze pamutu wakuwotcha kwanyengo. Kutentha kosasangalatsa kumapangitsa kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana kum'mwera komanso kumpoto kwa hemispheres. Zotsatira zake, madera a zipululu za Arctic amachepetsa, ndipo madzi a Nyanja Yadziko Lonse akwera. Izi sizimangothandiza kusintha kwachilengedwe, komanso kusuntha kwa mitundu ina ya zomera ndi zinyama kumadera ena ndikutha kwawo pang'ono.
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Chifukwa chake, vuto la zipululu ndi zipululu zimakhazikika padziko lonse lapansi. Chiwerengero chawo chimangowonjezeka chifukwa cha vuto la munthu, chifukwa chake simuyenera kungoganiza momwe mungaimire njirayi, komanso kuchitapo kanthu mopitilira muyeso kuti asunge chilengedwe.
Moyo wam'chipululu. Zomera ndi nyama
Mvula yambiri, madzi ochepa komanso malo opanda mapiri amasintha mvula ikangodutsa. Ma suppulents ambiri, monga cacti ndi Crassulaceae, amatha kuyamwa ndikusunga madzi omangidwa mumitengo ndi masamba. Zomera zina za xeromorphic, monga saxaul ndi chitsamba chowawa, zimamera mizu itali kwambiri kukafika kumtunda. Nyama zimasinthidwa kuti zizitha kupeza chinyezi chomwe zimafuna kuchokera ku chakudya. Oimira ambiri mwa anyani amasinthana ndi usiku kuti asatenthe.
Padziko lonse lapansi, chipululu makamaka, chimakhudzidwa ndi zochita za anthu. Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumachitika, chifukwa chake, munthu mwini sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito mphatso zachilengedwe. Nyama ndi zomera zikataya malo okhala, izi zimakhudzanso moyo wa anthu.