Mibulu yonyamula masamba (Phyllostomidae) - morphologic banja losiyananso kwambiri la mileme yonse. Oimira ake amasiyanasiyana kwambiri kukula ndi mawonekedwe ake, komabe, kumapeto kwa muzzle, mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi masamba osasunthika, otanthauza chikopa (tsamba lammphuno), lomwe lidapatsa dzinalo banja lonse. Masamba amphuno nthawi zambiri amakhala a mawonekedwe osavuta, mosiyana ndi kufalikira kofananako ndi popanga mahatchi a Old World, mumitundu yambiri amatsitsidwa ndikukhala zigamba za khungu ndikupinda kuzungulira mphuno. Mphuno za masamba osakhazikika nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zilonda zapakhosi pamlomo wam'munsi, zina zimakhala ndi khola lalikulupo pansi pakhosi, pomwe nyama zogona zimakhala zowongoka ndikuphimba kwathunthu kupendekera mpaka kumapeto kwa makutu.

Miyeso Mibulu yonyamula masamba Amasiyana kwambiri: kuyambira ochepa kwambiri mpaka wamkulu kwambiri pakati pa mileme yaku America (vampire yabodza imafikira kutalika kwa 13.5 cm, ndipo mapiko ake amatha kufikira 1 m). Kutalika kwa mchira m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumasiyana kuchokera 3 mpaka 57 mm, nthawi zina mchirawo sukukhalapo. Mapiko okhala ndi masamba osalala ndi otakata, kupatsa mwayi wothawira pang'ono komanso wosavuta kuyenda komanso malo okhala. Chovala cha tsitsi cha milemeyi ndi chosiyanasiyana: kuyambira bulauni mpaka kuwala lalanje ndi oyera oyera (tsamba loyera), mumtundu wina utoto uli ndi mawonekedwe ovuta, kuphatikiza mikwingwirima pamapiko, mutu ndi mapewa. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya milemba yokhala ndi masamba amasiyanasiyana mu morphology, omwe amafanana ndi moyo wawo komanso chakudya. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yodya timadzi tating'onoting'ono ndi yaying'ono, yokhala ndi zipsinjo zazitali komanso malilime ataliitali, omwe ali ndi "burashi" wa papillae woboola pang'ono kumapeto. Mano a milemeyi ndi ochepa komanso akale, njira yamano yonseyo imasinthasintha, kuchuluka kwa mano kumasiyana 20 mpaka 34. Kutafuna kwa ma molars kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa zakudya: imayalidwa mwa mitundu yosangalatsa komanso imakhala ndi ma tubercles ambiri owoneka bwino. Mu magazi, awiri oyambira azitsulo okhala ndi nsonga zakuthwa kwambiri komanso kumbuyo kwake amakonzedwa kwambiri.

Habitat ndi moyo

Zofala Ming'oma masamba m'malo otentha komanso madera a America komanso zilumba za ku Caribbean komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States kupita kumpoto kwa Argentina. Amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana a jiotope: kuchokera kumapiri mpaka kumalo obiriwira mvula. Yogwira usiku. Tsikulo limakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuchokera pamthunzi kupita pamwala: m'mapanga, nyumba, m'maenje amitengo, pazingwe za akalulu, nduwira za kanjedza, etc. Zimasungidwa zokhazokha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, nthawi zina zamitundu yambiri. Bungwe la harem la gululi ndilofala kwambiri, pomwe malo okhala amakhala ndi akazi a 10-15 omwe ali ndi ana amisinkhu yosiyanasiyana ndi amuna akulu akulu amodzi. Mitundu yonse ya zinyalala ili ndi 1 cub. Mitengo ina yamasamba imasamukira kumwera nthawi yachisanu.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Mtundu wa zakudya Mibulu yonyamula masamba osiyanasiyana. Zakudya zawo zimaphatikizapo tizilombo, zamkati wazipatso, timadzi tokoma ndi mungu. Mitundu yambiri imakhala yamphamvu. Zomera zina zamasamba zimathandizira kufalikira kwa mbewu, mbewu ndi zipatso zomwe zimadyedwa, ndi kupukusa kwamaluwa, ndi mbewu zingapo za New World zimasinthidwa kupukutidwa kokha ndi milemeyi. Zomera zina zazikulu zamasamba zimadya tating'onoting'ono: abuluzi, mbalame, mileme, makoswe. Mwachitsanzo, Vampyrum sipekitiramu Kutha kupha khonje lokhotakhota (Proechimys) ndi kukula kwake, komanso masamba ooneka ngati masamba (Trachops cirrhosus) imagwiritsa ntchito achule a mitengo, kuwayang'ana makamaka ndikulira. Ma Vampires (subfamily Desmodontinae), kudya kokha magazi atsopano a zinyama zina ndi mbalame, ndizokhazokha zokhazokha zowona pakati pa ma vertebrates amwazi wamagazi.

Monga mileme yotsala, zimbalangondo zokhala ndi masamba zimayendayenda ndikusaka chakudya pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro za akupanga. M'mitundu yaconde, kuphatikiza apo, masomphenya ndi kununkhira zimapangidwa bwino.

Kufotokozera kwa masamba owoneka bwino

Utoto wa mtundu uwu nthawi zambiri imvi, nthawi zina woderapo. Kukula kwa masamba owonera ndi ochepa - kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 4.8-6.5, ndipo unyinji ndi magalamu 7-15.

Masamba owoneka ndi masamba (Carollia perspicillata).

Chizindikiro cha masamba ophatikizika ndi "tsamba lammphuno", lomwe limakula kwambiri pakhungu pamphuno. Masamba amphuno awa amatikumbutsa pang'ono za lipenga la zipembere. Pansi pa nyanga izi pali maso ang'onoang'ono amtundu wakuda. Masomphenya a mbewu zokhala ndi masamba ndi ofooka kwambiri; samathandiza pa moyo wa mileme. Koma zingwe zamau zimapanga bwino. Lilime ndi lalitali, lophimba kwathunthu ndi zipupa zoonda.

Moyo Wosangalatsa wa Leaf

Alimi a masamba obiriwira amasamala kwambiri kusintha kwa kutentha, motero amapezeka munkhalango zotentha za Central America ndi kumwera kwa Mexico.

Pafupifupi kachilombo ka milemeyi kamakhala pachilumba cha Trinidad.

Zomera zowoneka bwino zimakhazikika m'mapanga, m'maenje, pamiyala, m'migodi yomwe yatsala. Zimapezeka makamaka m'malo opanda mpweya wabwino.

Zomera za masamba owoneka bwino zili ponseponse ku South ndi Central America.

Ming'alu iyi ndi yosusuka kwambiri; imadya chakudya nthawi 1.5-5 yolemetsa usiku wonse. Pofunafuna nyama, olemba masamba owoneka bwino amatha mpaka makilomita 5, ndikupanga ma 2-6. Masamba owoneka bwino amapanga nthochi, guava, deti, nthawi zambiri samadya tizilombo.

Mibulu imeneyi nthawi zambiri imamwa timadzi tokoma, ngati mbalame za kumeta.

Tizilomboto tokhala ndi masamba owoneka bwino timatulutsa mawu osiyanasiyana, m'njira imeneyi timalumikizana.

Moni umachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ma trill. Wamphongo akamalira, amathamangitsa adani ake ndi achikazi ake ndipo amawongolera osankhidwa. Kutalika kwa moyo wa masamba owoneka bwino ndi zaka 2-6, koma anthu ena amatha kukhala ndi zaka 10.

Zochita Pagulu

Zomera zowoneka bwino zimakhala m'mizere yayikulu - kuchuluka kwa 1.5-5 miliyoni. Gawo lachigawengoli limagawidwa pawiri. M'nyumba iliyonse yaimuna mumakhala wamwamuna m'modzi ndi wamkazi mpaka asanu ndi atatu wokhala ndi ana.

Magulu ena amangokhala amuna kapena mileme yosakhwima.

Kubwezeretsanso zomera zooneka ngati masamba

Kutalika kwa nthawi yakukhwima kumatengera nthawi yamvula. Akazi oyembekezera amapezeka miyezi iliyonse pachaka, koma nsonga zimawonedwa ndendende nthawi yamvula. Mwa mkazi aliyense, pambuyo pa miyezi 2 mpaka 2, 2, kubadwa kamwana kamodzi. M'masiku ochepa, chachikazi chimadzimangira pachokha.

Kukhwima pazomera zokhala ndi masamba owoneka bwino kumachitika mchaka 1, komanso mwa amuna awiri azaka 1-2.

Pafupifupi 2/3 yatsopano ya amuna ndi amuna, koma chiwerengero chaimfa pakati pa amuna ndi amuna ndi chachikulu, chifukwa chake, kuchuluka pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi akulu 1: 1.

Mbiri ya moyo wa ku Moscow wokhala ndi masamba odabwitsa

Mu 1999, kachilomboka ka masamba owoneka bwino kanawabweretsa ku Zoo ya Moscow. Lero ali pagulu la "Night World". Amakhala m'malo otetezedwa ndi mkono wobaluka.

Olemba ntchito nthawi zonse amawunika momwe gulu limayang'anira ndikuwunika anthu onse. Nthawi zingapo ana amayenera kudyetsedwa mozizwitsa. Izi zidatipangitsa kuti tidziwe mtundu wa kakulidwe kazomera zopanga masamba.

Pofunafuna chakudya, masamba owoneka bwino akuuluka makilomita 5,

Masamba akapumula, amakangamira pamakoma, pomwe sikumapanga timipanda tating'ono. Kuzindikira kachikumbu ka masamba sikophweka, koma anthu ena amabadwa ndi ma tag m'makutu awo. Makhadi aanthu amakopedwa kwa ana oterowo kuti akhale ndi mwayi wotsatira moyo wawo.

Panali zochitika zisanu pakubadwa kwa maalubino: chifukwa zamtunduwu, awa ndi milandu yoyamba kudziwika. Albino imodzi yachikazi nthawi ndi nthawi imabweretsa ana, koma onse amakhala ndi mtundu wamba.

Magalasi amaso amadyetsedwa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Zakudya zawo zimaphatikizapo maapulo athunthu, mphesa, nthochi, avocados, kiwi, malalanje, mungu, uchi, nkhaka, tchizi tchizi, tomato, bio-yogurt, mafuta a azitona ndi zina zowonjezera mchere.

Panthawi ya chakudyacho, mbewu zamasamba sizikhala pachakudyetsa, zimawuluka, kugwira chidutswa, kuwuka, kumamatira khoma, ndikudya chakudya cham'mwamba. Kuti amwe, nyamayo imagwera pansi pamwamba pa wodyetserayo ndipo imatunga madzi mkamwa.

Mbali yodziwika bwino yokhala ndi masamba ndi "tsamba lammphuno" - chisindikizo kumtunda kwa khungu la mphuno.

Zoyenera kusunga masamba owoneka bwino ali mu ukapolo

Mpanda wolimbidwa bwino kwambiri wokhala ndi masamba ooneka bwino uyenera kukhala waukulu. Amaziyika pamalo amdima, popeza nyama izi sizilekerera kuwala kowala. Gulu lamasamba 20-50 limasungidwa mu aviary yoyesa 1.5 ndi 2 ndi 3 mita.

Kutentha mu aviary kumasungidwa mkati mwa 25-27 madigiri. Chinyezi chikuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 70%.

Ngati tsamba la masamba lisungidwa m'khola m'nyumba, liyenera kutulutsidwa asanadye chakudya kuti lizitha kutentha. Chakudya chimaperekedwa mokulira kwa masamba opanga masamba. Madzi akumwa ayenera kupezeka nthawi zonse pabwalo. M'mikhalidwe yosunga izi, mbewu zokhala ndi masamba owoneka bwino zimachulukana bwino, ndipo zazikazi zimatha kudyetsa ana awo.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.