Mikango ndi nthumwi za kalasi yazinyama, zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri. Mpaka pano, asayansi ali ndi mitundu pafupifupi 6,000 ya abuluzi. Mwinanso pa intaneti, mopitilira kamodzi tinaona zithunzi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya abuluzi, zomwe ndizovuta kwambiri kuzisiyanitsa. Chifukwa chake, tiyeni tiwone mwatsatanetsatane izi zapamwamba.

Kufotokozera kwa Ziphuphu

Mbidzi zimakhala munkhalango, pamiyala, m'zipululu, m'mapiri, ndi zina zambiri. Amakhala ndi chivundikiro chokwanira komanso amapuma kokha chifukwa cha mapapu. Mikango imakhala ndi utoto wosiyana ndi imvi mpaka utoto. Pafupifupi, kukula kwa izi zapambuyo kumasiyana 20 mpaka 40 cm, koma palinso mitundu yaying'ono ya abuluzi, omwe amatchedwa abuluzi, ndipo kukula kwake kumafika mpaka 10 cm, ndipo woimira ang'ono kwambiri ndi gecko waku South America mpaka 4 cm.

Palinso mitundu yayikulu ya abuluzi - Pearl, kukula kwake komwe kumafika mpaka 80 cm ndi chinjoka cha Colorado, ndiye woimira wamkulu kwambiri, kukula kwake komwe kumafikira pafupifupi mamita atatu.

Chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi abuluzi ndi kukhalapo kwa zaka zam'mbuyomu, mosiyana ndi njoka, zomwe zafota. Palinso gawo lachiwiri la abuluzi - uku ndiko kutaya mchira panthawi yangozi, ngati nyambo.

Chifukwa choti abuluzi alibe zingwe zamagama, sadziwa kulira, ndiye kuti amakhala chete. Kubayira m'mabuluwa kumachitika kangapo pachaka.

Zindikirani!

• Viviparous
• Kuyika mazira
• Kubadwa kopanda mazira

Mu viviparous, mwana amadyetsedwa mopweteketsa mayi. Mazira otambalala amaikira mazira m'malo obisika ndikuwabisala. Mazira amaphimbidwa ndi chipolopolo kapena chipolopolo chofewa. Chiwerengero cha mazira chimasiyana kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 30.

Ziphuphu kudyetsa

Ziphuphu zimadya zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Ena amadya tizilombo, ndipo ena amadyera zakudya zamasamba. Palinso mitundu ya abuluzi omwe amangodya zipatso.

Koma abuluzi akulu akulu amadya makoswe ndi mitundu ina ya zokwawa.

Ndi abuluzi otani omwe amatha kusungidwa kunyumba

Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu akhala akufunitsitsa kusunga abuluzi kunyumba. Izi monga zokwawa mwachangu zimazolowera ku ukapolo ndikupatsa ana mwayi wokhala ndi moyo. Kudyetsa abuluzi siovuta, chifukwa amadya chakudya chambiri komanso nyama.

Ngakhale kuti ma teratiums amakhalabe kutentha wamba, akumvabe kusintha kwa nyengo.

Bearded agama

Agacoated agama - ndiye mtundu wosabereka kwambiri wa abuluzi, chifukwa chake, omwe akungoyamba kumene abuluzi, ndibwino kupeza mtunduwu. Amadziwanso kusintha mtundu kutengera kusintha kwa kutentha.

Real iguana

Iguana weniweni - amatchedwanso "wamba", mitundu ina imatha kukhala ndi kukula kwakukulu. Izi zapamwamba zimakhala ndi moyo wodekha komanso zimangodya zakudya zam'mera zokha.

Zofunikira pakukonza ndi kukhalapo kwa malo akulu mu terrarium ndikuwasunga.

Toki amatchedwa Cockoo waku Asia, chifukwa chakuti amapanga mawu oseketsa kwambiri, malinga ndi zizindikilo za anthu aku Asia, izi zikutanthauza kuti zimabweretsa chisangalalo mnyumbayo. Nthunga ameneyu amangodya zakudya zamtchire zokha.

Lizard

Buluzi ndi nyama yomwe ili m'gulu la nyama zodyedwa (repitili), zowongolera, mabuluzi wamba. M'Chilatini, gawo la buluzi limatchedwa Lacertilia, m'mbuyomu dzina loti Sauria.

Chokwiracho chinadziwika nalo kuchokera ku liwu loti "buluzi", lomwe limachokera ku liwu lakale lachi Russia "liwiro", lotanthauza "khungu".

Khungu labisi

Kodi njoka zimasiyana bwanji ndi abuluzi?

Buluzi wina, monga gulu lamkuwa, akulakwitsa kupeza njoka. Mosakayikira, buluzi ali ngati njoka, mitundu ina ili ndi mitundu yofananira. Mbidzi, mosiyana ndi njoka, zimakhala ndi zipsera. Koma kodi mungasiyanitse bwanji buluzi wopanda mwendo ndi njoka?

• Chochititsa chomwe chimapangitsa kuti zithe kusiyanitsa bwino pakati pa zolengedwa izi ndi ma eyelone: ​​amakula palimodzi ndi njoka ndikuwonekera, chifukwa chake nthumwi za banja lino siziwoneka bwino, koma m'mabuluzi ma eyelids amakhalabe amagwira ntchito.
• Njoka, ziwalo zam'makutu zilibe kanthu, ndipo buluzi mbali zonse ziwiri za mutu kumakhala mabowo omwe amakutidwa ndi eardrums.
• Njoka ndi abuluzi zimakhudzidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi kusungunuka: oyambayo amayesa kutaya khungu lawo “mwakuwukha” kale padziwe, pomwe abuluzi amalira.

Momwe mungasiyanitsire ndi newt ku buluzi?

Mosakayikira, zatsopano ndi abuluzi amafanana: mchira wosalala kapena wozungulira pang'ono, wopangika miyendo ndi thupi, mutu wa "njoka", utoto wamtundu wa pakhungu, matope amaso osunthika. Kusokoneza newt ndi buluzi ndizosavuta. Komabe, newt imatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi buluzi ndi zizindikiro zina:

• Pakati pazina zakunja, ndikofunikira kuzindikira mtundu wosiyana kwambiri wa khungu: mu abuluzi, ndiwosakhazikika, koma mwatsopano, khungu limakhala losalala, mucous mpaka kukhudza.
• Za mchira, zatsopanozi sizitha kutaya ndi kusinthika, pomwe buluzi mosavuta komanso "wosasamala" amachotsa gawo ili la thupi pangozi.

Pali zosiyana pakamangidwe ka ziwalo:

• Chodabwitsa cha abuluzi ndi chigaza cholimba, koma mwatsopano ndiwosangalatsa.
• Buluzi amapuma m'mapapo, mu newt, mapapu, ndi zothandizira zotsalira, ndipo khungu limagwira nawo ntchito yopuma
• Mawere - viviparous kapena kuyikira mazira - kutengera mtundu, mtundu wa newt umakonda kuswana mu chinthu cham'madzi molingana ndi mfundo yotulutsa.

Mchira wa buluzi. Kodi bulu amagwira bwanji mchira wake?

Mabulu ambiri ali ndi gawo lofunikira: kuthekera kwa autotomy (kuponyera mchira), komwe amakakamizidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito pangozi. Kutupa kwa minofu kumakupatsani mwayi wophwanya ma cartilaginous a vertebrae ndikutaya mchira wambiri, pomwe mitsempha ya magazi ndiyoperewera ndipo palibe kutaya magazi. Kwa kanthawi, mchira umapindika, kusokoneza mdani, ndipo buluzi amapeza mwayi wopewa kuwukira. Mchira wa zokwawa umabwezeretsedwa mwachangu, komabe, mwa mawonekedwe ofupikitsidwa.

Nthawi zina buluzi silipeza kamodzi, koma michira iwiri kapena itatu:

Utoto (mtundu) wa buluzi

Mikango imakhala ndi utoto wamitundu yambiri, nthawi zambiri imakhala yophatikiza yobiriwira, imvi komanso yofiirira. Mikango yomwe imakhala m'chipululu nthawi zambiri imabwereza mtundu wa malo okhala - umu ndi momwe njira yawo yotetezera imadziwonekera. Chifukwa chake, abuluzi am'chipululu amatha kusintha khungu.

Chameleon - buluzi wosintha mtundu

Momwe mungasiyanitsire buluzi wamwamuna ndi wamkazi?

Pali zizindikiro zingapo zomwe zimatheka kuti zitheke pafupifupi, koma, mwatsoka, osati nthawi zonse kudziwa mtundu wa buluzi molondola momwe zingathere. Chofunika koposa, ndikothekera kusiyanitsa buluzi wamwamuna ndi wamkazi pokhapokha pakutha msinkhu, popeza kutha kwa kugonana mwa anthu awa kumayamba mochedwa kwambiri.

• Amuna amtundu wina wa abuluzi, mwachitsanzo, ma iguanas obiriwira kapena basilisks, ali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino kumbuyo kwawo ndi mitu, komanso pores yayikulu m'chiuno.
• Chikhalidwe china cha "abambo" mumabuluzi ndi kutontheka kwamiyendo yawo.
• Kugonana kumatha kutsimikiziridwa ndi "matumba" ammero omwe amapezeka amtundu wina, scum ya preanal kapena sikelo zokulitsidwa kumbuyo kwa cesspool.

Mwakutero, njira zonsezi ndizopanda tanthauzo: ngati muyenera kudziwa kugonana kwa buluzi molondola kwambiri, ndiye kuti kuyezetsa magazi kokha pamlingo wa testosterone wopangidwa mwaukadaulo wazinyama kungakuthandizeni.

Mitundu ya abuluzi, mayina ndi zithunzi

Asayansi amagawa mitundu ya abuluzi m'magawo 6 okhala ndi mabanja 37:

• skra woboola pakati (Scincomorpha)

palinso mabanja 7, omwe akuphatikiza:

• • abuluzi enieni omwe amakhala ku Eurasia, Africa ndi USA,
  • abuluzi osakhalitsa ku Cuba ndi Central America,
  • gerrosaurs - "okhala" a Sahara ndi Fr. Madagascar,
  • skink - khalani paliponse, makamaka m'malo otentha,
  • Theiids - amakhala ku South ndi Central America,
  • michira yodzimanga - khalani kumwera kwa Sahara ndi Madagascar,
  • hymnophthalmids - yogawidwa kuchokera kumwera kwa Central America kumwera kwa South America.

Great Gerrosaurus Gerrllaurus wamkulu

• infraorder ndi iguanoid (Iguania)

ili ndi mabanja 14, woimirira kwambiri yemwe ndi chameleon yemwe amakhala ku Africa, Madagascar, Middle East, Hawaii ndi mayiko ena aku America,

Wamba (wobiriwira) iguana Iguana Iguana

• chec-ngati infraorder (Gekkota)

lili ndi mabanja 7, oimira omwe amatha kutchedwa kutifishfish - abuluzi opanda miyendo omwe amakhala ku Australia ndi zilumba za New Guinea,

Lepidoptera (buluzi wa njoka) Pygopodidae

• mphete yozungulira yoboola pakati (Diploglossa)

palinso mabanja awiri apamwamba: ooneka ngati abuluzi, komanso mabanja 5: kuwunika abuluzi, abuluzi akufa, ma spindleworms, abuluzi opanda miyendo, xenosaurs.

Great Xenosaurus Xenosaurus grandis

• infraorder buluzi wowoneka ngati mphutsi (Dibamidae)

lili ndi genera 2 komanso banja limodzi la abuluzi a vermiform omwe amawoneka ngati nyongolotsi. Khalani munkhalango za Indonesia, Indochina, New Guinea, Philippines, Mexico,

Pakamwa pa bulu wokhala ngati mphutsi

• majeremusi infraorder (Varanoidea)

imaphatikizapo mabanja angapo okhala ndi abuluzi wamkulu. Oimira ena ndi buluzi, wokhala ku Africa, Asia, Australia, ndi New Guinea, wopangiraponso buluzi, buluzi wopanda pake, wokhala pachilumba cha Borneo, ndi buluzi woopsa, yemwe amapezeka kum'mwera kwa USA ndi Mexico.

Dongosolo lakhosalo limaphatikizaponso Shinisauroidea wapamwamba kwambiri, yemwe amaphatikiza mtundu wa Shinisaur ndi mitundu yokhayo, Shinisaur wamwala (Shinisaurus crocodilurus).

Mamba Shinizaur (lat.Shinisaurus crocodilurus)

Buluzi wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi buluzi wa Komodo.

Mwa oimira abuluzi omwe alipo, wamkulu kwambiri ndi buluzi wa Komodo (buluzi wamkulu wa ku Indonesia, buluzi wa Komodo). Zabodza zina zimakhala zazikulu pamlingo wawo, mpaka kutalika pafupifupi mamitala atatu ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu 80-85 pakukula. Mwa njira, "chinjoka" chochokera ku Komodo Island, chomwe chimalemera makilo 91.7, chidalembedwa mu Guinness Book of Record. Zimphona izi zomwe zimakonda kudya zimadya nyama zing'onozing'ono - akambuku, abuluzi, njoka, makoswe, ndipo sanyansidwa ndi chidwi chawo. Bulu wa Komodo nthawi zambiri amadya nkhumba zamtchire, mbuzi zamtchire, ng'ombe, agwape, kapena akavalo.

Buluzi wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi buluzi wa Komodo.

Buluzi wamng'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi

Buluzi zazing'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi chiputu cha Kharaguan (Sphaerodactylus ariasae) ndi Virginian yozungulira-toed gecko (Sphaerodactylus parthenopion). Miyezo ya makanda simaposa 16-19 mm, ndipo kulemera kwake kumafikira 0,2 gramu. Izi zokongola komanso zopanda vuto zimakhala ku Dominican Republic ndi Islands Islands.

Kharaguan Sphero (Sphaerodactylus ariasae) - buluzi wamng'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi

Virginian Round-toed Gecko (Sphaerodactylus parthenopion)

Kodi abuluzi amakhala kuti?

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya abuluzi imakhala padziko lonse kupatula Antarctica. Oimira nyama zapamadzi zodziwika ku Russia ndi abuluzi enieni omwe amakhala pafupifupi kulikonse: amatha kupezeka m'minda, m'nkhalango, m'matanthwe, m'minda, m'mapiri, zipululu, pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja. Mitundu yonse ya abuluzi imayenda popanda chilichonse, igwiritsitsa mwamphamvu mitundu yonse ya zipolopolo ndi zosamveka. Mitundu yamiyala yamabuluzi ndi opumula odabwitsa; kutumphuka kwa okhala m'mapiriwa kumafikira mita 4.

Kodi abuluzi amadya chiyani zachilengedwe?

Kwenikweni, buluzi ndi wadyera, umasaka m'mawa kwambiri kapena dzuwa litalowa. Chakudya chachikulu cha abuluzi ndi ma invertebrates: tizilombo tosiyanasiyana (agulugufe, ziwala, dzombe, aulesi, nkhono), komanso arachnids, mphutsi ndi ma mollusks.

Zidani zazikulu, monga buluzi, zimadyera nyama zazing'ono - achule, njoka, zamtundu wawo, zimasangalatsidwa ndi mazira a mbalame ndi zokwawa. Buluzi wochokera ku chilumba cha Komodo, buluzi wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, amagwirira nkhumba zakuthengo komanso ngakhale njati ndi mbawala. Buluzi wama buluzi amangodya nyerere zokha, ndipo kansalu wolankhula pinki amangodya masamba obisika okhaokha. Ena abulu akulu a iguana ndi onunkhira ngati mbewa amakhala pafupifupi azinyama, menyu awo amakhala ndi zipatso zakupsa, masamba, maluwa ndi mungu kuchokera kuzomera.

Zipangizo zachilengedwe za mbewa zachilengedwe zimakhala zosamala kwambiri komanso zogwirika, kuthamangitsa nyama yomwe ikufuna, kenako ndikuwombera mwachangu ndikulanda nyama mkamwa.

Varan akuchilumba cha Komodo akudya njati

Kodi kudyetsa buluzi kunyumba?

Buluzi wapakhomo ndi chiweto chosasangalatsa malinga ndi zakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku. M'nyengo yotentha, amafunika kudya katatu patsiku, nthawi yozizira amatha kusinthana ndi chakudya kawiri patsiku, popeza kuyenda kwake ndi mphamvu zake zimachepa.

Kunyumba, buluzi amadya tizilombo, kotero kuti chiweto chanu chimayamikiranso "zokoma" zosiyanasiyana zamakoko, mphutsi zaufa, ziwala, akangaude, ndipo sangakane mazira kapena nyama yatsopano. Amakonda abuluzi kunyumba osakaniza nkhuku yophika yophika, kaloti wowotchera ndi letesi kapena dandelion. Onjezani chakudya ichi ndi zowonjezera za mavitamini ndi michere - ndipo chiweto chanu chitha kungothokoza. Buluzi ku terarium liyenera kukhala ndi madzi abwino akumwa! Ngakhale chiweto chikakana chakudya kwakanthawi, koma chimamwa mosangalatsa, palibe chifukwa chodandaula: Buluzi limangochepetsa ntchito pang'ono ndipo silinakhale ndi njala yokwanira.

Kuswana kwa mbewe

Nthawi yakukhwima kwa abuluzi nthawi zonse imagwera mchaka cham'mawa kwambiri. Mitundu yayikulu ya abuluzi imaswana nthawi 1 pachaka, yaying'ono - kangapo pamnyengo. Omenyera achimuna amayandikira mbali zonse, kuyang'ana kuti awoneke akulu. Wocheperako nthawi zambiri amadzipereka popanda ndewu komanso kuthawa. Ngati abuluzi ndi amuna akulu amodzimodzi, nkhondo yamagazi imayamba pomwe olimbana nawo amaluma mwamphamvu. Wopambana amatenga chachikazi. Kuphwanya chiŵerengero cha kugonana kwa mitundu ina ya abuluzi kumayambitsa parthenogeneis, pomwe abuluzi achikazi amaikira mazira popanda kutenga gawo la amuna. Pali njira ziwiri zoberekera za abuluzi: kuyikira mazira ndi kubadwa kwamoyo.

Zazikazi zazing'ono zamtundu wa abuluzi sizimayikira mazira anayi, zazikuluzikulu - mpaka 18 mazira. Kulemera kwa dzira kumatha kusiyanasiyana mpaka magalamu 4 mpaka 200. Kukula kwa dzira laling'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi, nalimata wam'manja, sapitilira mainchesi 6 mm. Kukula kwa dzira lalikulu kwambiri, buluzi wa Komodo, amakula masentimita 10.

"Amayi" amtsogolo amabisala zomangira pansi, kubisala pansi pamiyala kapena m'maenje. Nthawi ya makulidwe imadalira nyengo ndipo imatenga milungu itatu mpaka 1.5 miyezi. Kumaswa, ana abuluzi obadwa kumene nthawi yomweyo amayamba kukhala pawokha popanda kholo. Mimba ya abuluzi amoyo imatenga miyezi itatu, mazira a mitundu yakumpoto nthawi yozizira bwino m'mimba. Buluzi limakhala ndi moyo kwa zaka zitatu mpaka zisanu.

Kodi chimbale chimawoneka bwanji mkati mwa dzira?

Kubadwa kwa lizard (mitundu - leopard eublefar, lat. Eublepharis macularius)

Ziphuphu zimatha tizirombo touluka, potithandizanso kupindulitsa anthu kwambiri. Mitundu yambiri yazokongola ndi ziweto zotchuka za burarium: ma bearded agama, iguana weniweni, Yemeni chameleon ndi ena.

Ndi chisamaliro choyenera, abuluzi amabala bwino mu ukapolo, ndikuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu ochita kupanga.

Gecko Toki Gekko gecko

Buluzi wa Viviparous (Lacerta vivipara, kapena Zootoca vivipara)

Ziphuphu

Ziphuphu (lat. Lacertilia, yemwe kale anali Sauria) - gulu lochita kubwereketsa kuchokera pagulu lankhondo molingana ndi msonkho waposalo.Magulu abuluzi sakhala gulu lotanthauzira bwino, koma limaphatikizapo onse otetezeka, kupatula njoka ndi (mwamwambo) oyenda pawiri. Poona momwe gulu la bulu limakhazikikira, ndi gulu la paraphyletic, lomwe likuyenera kugawidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono amphongo, kapena kuphatikiza njoka ndi kuyenda kawiri osapatula pamenepo. Mwachitsanzo, njoka ndi mbadwa za abuluzi ndipo zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndimtundu wa iguanoid ndi abuluzi wozungulira, ndikupanga nawo chuma chimodzi Toxicofera. Mwa njira iyi, molingana ndi mfundo zosagwirizana, njoka zimatha kuwerengedwa kuti ndi abuluzi, ndipo zimasiyana pokhapokha ndi akatswiri azikhalidwe pamabungwe ena apadera. Malinga ndi The Reptile Database, kuyambira June 2017, mitundu 6332 ya abuluzi imadziwika.

Zojambula

Mosiyana ndi njoka, abuluzi ambiri (kupatula mitundu ina yopanda miyendo) amakhala ndi malekezero ochulukirapo. Ngakhale abuluzi opanda miyendo ndi ofanana ndi njoka, adakali ndi chiwopsezo, ndipo ambiri - magawo a miyendo, mosiyana ndi njoka, mbali zamanzere ndi zamanja za zida za chibwano zimasungunuka. Chizindikiro cha gawo lapansi ndilophatikizanso ndi gawo limodzi la bokosi la ubongo komanso osaposera awiri apadera a vertebrae. M'mabulu opanda miyendo, maso, monga lamulo, amakhala ndi ma eyoni osiyana ndi ena, pomwe njoka zimapangika pamodzi, ndikupanga "mandala" owoneka bwino m'maso. Amasiyananso zinthu zina zingapo, monga, mwachitsanzo, kapangidwe ndi masikelo.

Njira yozungulira

Mtima wama buluzi umakhala ndi zipinda zitatu, uli ndi atria awiri ndi gawo limodzi, logawidwa magawo atatu: venous patsekeke, colter strity ndi pulmonary patsekeke. Magazi osavomerezeka ndi okosijeni amalowa mkati mwa venousum kuchokera kumanja atrium, ndipo magazi omwe ali ndi mpweya wambiri kuchokera kumanzere a atrium amalowa m'magazi. Magazi amachoka pamtima kudzera m'mitsempha ya m'mapapo ndi m'mitsempha iwiri yamkati yotulutsa chamkati. Wodziguduza kumanzere kumanja ndi kumanzere kwa kuphatikiza kwa msempha kuphatikizira kumbuyo kwa mtima kupita mu dorsal aorta. Mitsempha yonse itatu ya mtima wa abuluzi amalankhulirana, koma kufupika kwa minofu ndi magawo awiri a gawo lamapulogalamu amachepetsa kusanganikirana kwa magazi (panjira) panthawi yachilendo. Magazi ochepera a okosijeni amayenda kuchokera ku venous cavity kupita ku pulmonary, vala ya atrioventricular imalepheretsa kusakanikirana kwake ndi magazi omwe ali ndi mpweya wambiri kuchokera kumodzi. Kenako kupindika kwa chamitsempha cha magazi kumakankhira magaziwo kuchokera m'mapapo mwanga m'mitsempha. Valavu ya atrioventricular kenako imatseka, ndikulola magazi omwe ali ndi mpweya wambiri kuchokera kumkati mwake kuti alowe mkati mwa venous ndikusiya mtima kudzera mu zingwe zamkati. Chifukwa chake, mtima wazipinda zitatu za abuluzi umagwira ntchito mofananira ndi chipinda chinayi. Ziphuphu zimapanganso kulekanitsa kwa mapapu ndi mwatsatanetsatane magazi. Komabe, kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kumatha kuchitika ndipo kumakhala ndi gawo lakuthupi nthawi zina, mwachitsanzo, kumizidwa kwa nthawi yayitali m'madzi am'madzi.

Njira yothandizira

Mitundu ya Herbivorous, monga iguana wobiriwira, imakhala ndi timene timakhala ndi mchere wammphuno. Pamene osmotic kuthamanga kwa madzi a m'magazi kumachuluka, sodium wambiri ndi potaziyamu amachotsedwa kudzera mu tiziwalo timene timatulutsa. Makinawa amakupatsani mwayi kuti mupulumutse madzi ndipo sikuyenera kusokonezedwa ndi matenda a kupuma.

M'mabulu akale, mapapu ndi matumba ogawikana ndi ma faveols okhala ndi mawonekedwe a spongy. M'mitundu yophuka kwambiri, mapapu amagawika padera lolumikizana. Mapapu a abuluzi owunika amakhala ndi malo ambiri, okhala ndi bronchioles, iliyonse yomwe imathera ku faveola. M'malo mongokhala, mapapu otuluka m'mapapo amapanga matumba omwe amakhala kumbali yakumapeto kwa thupi, omwe satenga nawo mbali pakusinthana kwa gasi, koma amawonjezera thupi, mwachitsanzo, pakuwopseza adani. Ma chameleon ena amakhala ndi chiwongola dzanja cham'mapapo china kutsogolo kwa kutsogolo kwawo. Mu njira zopatsirana, imatha kudzazidwa ndi zotuluka ndipo imayambitsa kutupa kwa khosi.

Zingwe zam'manja nthawi zambiri zimakhalapo ndipo zimatha kupangidwa bwino, mwachitsanzo, mu geckos ena omwe amatha kupanga mawu akulu.

Ziphuphu zilibe chifanizo ndipo kupuma kumachitika kudzera mu chifuwa. Buluzi ndi opukusa ali ndi septum yosakwanira, yomwe imalekanitsa pamimba pachifuwa, koma osagwira nawo ntchito pakupuma. Nthawi zambiri glottis imakhala yotsekedwa, kupatula nthawi yomwe ikupuma komanso kutulutsa mpweya. Kutupa kwa pakhosi sikumabweretsa kupuma kowonjezereka, koma ndi njira yothandizira pakutha kwa fungo. Ziphuphu nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa mapapu awo mpaka kuchuluka kuti ziwonekere zazikulu panthawi yamavuto.

Mitundu ina imatha kupuma kwa anaerobic nthawi yomwe kulibe kapena kuchedwa.

Matumbo oyenda

Milomo ya abuluzi imapangidwa ndi khungu losinthika, koma osasunthika. Mano nthawi zambiri amakhala pleurodontic (ophatikizidwa kumbali za nsagwada popanda matumba), mumagamu ndi chameleon - acrodontic (wophatikizidwa ndi m'mphepete mwa kutafuna kwa nsagwada popanda matumba). Mano a Pleurodont amasinthidwa moyo wonse. Mano a Acrodontic amasinthidwa okha mwa ana ochepa, ngakhale mano atsopano atha kuwonjezedwa pambali yakumanzere ya nsagwada ndi zaka. Magazi ena ali ndi mano angapo owoneka ngati abowo kutsogolo kwa nsagwada limodzi ndi mano abwinobwino acrodont. Chisamaliro chiyenera kuonedwa kuti chisawononge mano a acrodontic pamene mutsegula pakamwa pa agamas ndi chameleon. Matenda a periodontium (minofu yozungulira mano) amawonedwa mwa mitundu yomwe ili ndi mano a acrodont. Mano a abuluzi nthawi zambiri amatha kusinthanitsa kuti agwire, kung'amba kapena kupera chakudya, komanso kwa abuluzi - kudula.

Mitundu yambiri ya gululi ndi abuluzi wowopsa. Toxicofera, kuphatikiza ma iguanoids ambiri ndikuyang'anira abuluzi. Komabe, okhawo oyambitsa kuwonongeka ndi omwe amakhala ndi poizoni pomwe amasaka kapena kudziteteza: vest (Heloderma akuganizandi kuthawa (Heloderma horridum) Mano awo ali ndi zitseko zomwe sizimalumikizana ndi maungo oyipa omwe amakhala pansi pa lilime. Poizoni amayenda m'matumbo a mano ndikulowa pakhungu la wovulalayo panthawi yakuluma. Zizindikiro za poyizoni zimaphatikizapo kupweteka, kuthamanga kwa magazi, kupweteka, mseru, ndi kusanza. Mankhwalawa kulibe.

Chilankhulo cha abuluzi zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana komanso makulidwe osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, imakhala yam'manja komanso imatuluka mosavuta. Ma tubles okoma amapangidwira m'mabuluzi omwe amakhala ndi lilime lofewa ndipo sapezeka m'mitundu yomwe lilime lawo limakutidwa ndi keratin, mwachitsanzo, mumayang'anira abuluzi. Ma tubercles onunkhira nawonso ali pakhosi. Ziphuphu zokhala ndi lilime lokhazikika kwambiri (kuwunika abuluzi ndi tegu) zimakankhira kuti ipereke mamolekyu onunkhira kuti amve fungo la "vomson". Lilime limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pochotsetsa chakudya m'matungulu. Pa iguanas zobiriwira, nsonga ya lilime imakhala yofiyira. Ichi sichizindikiro cha matenda. Ziwalo zophatikizika za Jacobson zotseguka ndi mabowo ang'ono mkati mwa gawo lamkati la nsagwada yapamwamba, ndipo kumbuyo kwawo kuli mphuno zamkati.

Mimba ya abuluzi ndi yosavuta, J. Kubaya miyala mwakudya si zachilendo.

Cecum imapezeka m'mitundu yambiri. Matumbo akulu amakhala ndi makhoma oonda komanso ulusi wocheperako kuposa m'mimba ndi matumbo ochepa.

Mitundu yambiri ya herbivorous ili ndi koloni, yogawidwa m'magumbi kuti akwaniritse chakudya chambiri. Mitundu yotere imadziwika ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwambiri, komwe kumafunikira kuti zochita za michere zizichitika. Iguana yobiriwira ndiyonso ya abuluzi oterowo.

Cesspool imagawidwa m'magawo atatu: coprodeum, urodeum ndi proctodeum. Anus m'mabuluzi amasinthasintha.

Dongosolo la genitourinary

Mphukira za buluzi ndi metanephric ndipo zimakhala kumbuyo kwa patsekeke la thupi kapena pakuya kwa ngalande ya m'chiuno, kutengera mtundu. Zotsatira zake, kukulira kwa impso pazifukwa zina kungayambitse kusokonezeka kwa colon, komwe kumadutsa pakati pawo.

Mapeto kumbuyo kwa impso za ma geckos, ma skink, ndi iguanas amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi jenda. Malowa amatchedwa gawo lachiberekero. Nthawi yakukhwima, gawo ili la impso limakulanso kukula ndikukulimbikitsa kupanga kwa seminal fluid. Mtundu wa gawo lamtunduwu umatha kumasiyanasiyana.

Zotulutsa zokhala ndi nitrogen zomwe zimakhala ndi metabolic zimachotsedwa m'thupi momwe mumapangidwira uric acid, urea kapena ammonia. Mphukira zam'mimba zokhala ndi ma nephrons ochepa, alibe pelvis ndi loop ya Henle ndipo sangathe kutsata mkodzo. Komabe, madzi amathanso kumizidwa kuchokera mu chikhodzodzo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti amasulidwe a mkodzo wokhazikika. Kutulutsidwa kwa urea ndi ammonia kumayendera limodzi ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa madzi, chifukwa chake, zinyalala zimachotsedwa pokhapokha pazamadzi ndi zam'madzi zochepa. Mitundu ya chipululu secrete yopanda uric acid.

Pafupifupi abuluzi onse amakhala ndi chikhodzodzo chopanda khoma. M'malo momwe mulibe, mkodzo umapangira kumbuyo kwa koloni. Popeza kuti mkodzo umayenda kuchokera ku impso kudzera mu urethra kupita ku chovala usanalowe mu chikhodzodzo (kapena m'matumbo), sichikhala chodetsa, monga nyama zazikazi. Kapangidwe ka mkodzo kamatha kusintha mkati mwa chikhodzodzo, kotero zotsatira za kusanthula kwake sizikuwonetsa bwino ntchito ya impso. Monga zinyama. Miyala ya chikhodzodzo imatha kupanga chifukwa chotaya madzi kwambiri kapena zakudya zama protein. Miyala nthawi zambiri imakhala yosakwatira, yokhala ndi mmbali, yosanjika komanso yayikulu.

Nthawi yakukhwima imatsimikizika ndi kutalika kwa maola masana, kutentha, chinyezi komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya. Amuna, kutengera nthawi yogonana, ma testes amatha kuchuluka. Amuna achikulire obiriwira obiriwira nthawi yakukhwima amakhala okwiya kwambiri.

Feteleza ndi mkati. Buluzi wamwamuna waluka hemipenis, momwe mulibe minofu yamkati. Pakupuma, ali pamalo otsetsereka pansi mchira ndipo amatha kupanga ma tubercles ooneka. Hemipenis imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakubala kokha ndipo satenganso nawo pokodza.

Mazira achikazi ali ndi thumba losunga mazira ndi ma ovidu omwe amatsegukira mu cloaca. Kuchedwa kwa clutch kumatha kukhala preovulatory pamene ovulation sizichitika ndipo masamba okhwima amakhalabe m'mimba, ndipo postovulatory mazira akamachedwa m'mazira oviducts.

Kutsimikiza zogonana mwa achichepere ndikovuta; mwa achikulire ambiri, zithunzi zamatsenga zimawonedwa. Akuluakulu amuna iguanas amakhala ndi zikwama zazikulu zapachifuwa, chifuwa, ndi chifuwa chachikulu cha hemipenis pansi pa mchira. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zachimuna zimatchula zokongoletsera pamutu pawo ngati nyanga kapena zitunda. Amphongo amphongo ena nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mitu yayikulu, matupi, komanso mitundu yowala.

Zachikazi komanso zowoneka bwino zazimuna ndizokulirapo kuposa zazikazi. Iyi mwina ndi njira yodalirika kwambiri yodziwira zakugonana kwa abuluzi akuluakulu. Mayeso ogonana amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi iguanas ndikuwunika abuluzi, koma osatsimikizika kuposa njoka. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mchere wamkati mwa mchira wotsekemera kwa hemipenis kuyenera kuchitika mosamala kwambiri kuti asavulaze hemipenis. Vuto lodziwika bwino ndi necrosis. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'mitundu yomwe malingaliro awo ogonana ndi ovuta kudzera m'njira zina - zikuni, zikopa zazikulu ndi mano owopsa. Malo otsetsereka amatha kutseguliridwa mwa amuna pansi pa opaleshoni ndikanikizira pansi pam mchira mutangotsala ndi cesspool. Hemipenis yamabuluzi ambiri owunika amawonedwa ndipo amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi ma x-ray. Kuti mudziwe zakugonana, mungagwiritse ntchito ma envelopu kuti mufufuze gonads. Ultrasound imatha kuwona gonads mu patsekeke la thupi kapena kupezeka kapena kusowa kwa hemipenis pansi pa mchira.

Ziphuphu zimatha kukhala oviparous, ovoviviparous (pomwe mazira amakhalabe m'thupi la mzimayi mpaka atabereka), viviparous (wokhala ndi mtundu wambiri kapena wozungulira) ndikuchulukitsa ndi parthenogeneis. Ena mwa mitundu ya banja la abuluzi owona (mitundu yambiri yazinyama Lacerta) ndi abuluzi othamanga (Cnemidophorous) imakhala ya akazi okhawo omwe amabereka ndi parthenogenis.

Khutu

Khutu limagwira ntchito yothandizira kumva komanso kusamala. Nembanemba ya tympanic imakonda kuonekera mkati mwa zowongoka zazing'ono m'mphepete mwa mutu. Imakutidwa ndi khungu, kumtunda kwake komwe kumasintha ndikusungunuka. Mwa mitundu ina, mwachitsanzo, pabuluzi louma (Holbrookia maculata), nembanemba ya tympanic imakutidwa ndi khungu loopsa ndipo silingawoneke. Ziweto zimakhala ndi mafupa awiri okha: ziwalo ndi njira yake yozizira. Machubu a Eustachian amalumikiza chapakati khutu ndi pharynx.

Maso

Kapangidwe ka diso la zokwawa ndi kofanana ndi ka vertebrates ena. Iris imakhala yokhazikika, osati yosalala, minyewa yamafupa, kotero mydriatics yokhazikika ilibe kanthu.

Khirayo nthawi zambiri limakhala lozungulira komanso losasunthika m'mitundu yamasana ndipo limawoneka ngati phwete pakati pausiku. Vuto la ma geckos ambiri ali ndi mbali zotumphukira, zomwe zimadziwika pomwe zimachepetsedwa kwathunthu. Chifaniziro cha iwo chimayatsidwa mobwerezabwereza pa retina, chomwe chimapangitsa ma geckos kuwona ngakhale pang'ono. Magalasiwo sasunthika, mawonekedwe ake amasintha mothandizidwa ndi minofu ulusi wa thupi la ciliary.

The Reflex Reflex palibe. Palibe membrane wa ascemet mu cornea.

Ma eyoni nthawi zambiri amakhala alipo, kupatula ma geckos ndi ma skin amtundu Albepharusamene matope ake amatsukidwa ndikuwonekera, ngati njoka. Maso a m'munsi amakhala anzeru kwambiri, ndipo amatseka diso ngati kuli kotheka. M'mabulu ena, amatha kukhala owonekera, omwe amawalola kuwona, pomwe amateteza maso. Kusintha kwamaluwa kumakhalapo.

Retina limakhala losasinthika, koma lili ndi thupi la papillary - ma cell ambiri amitsempha yamagazi omwe amagwera mu vitreous.

“Diso lachitatu” lomwe limapanga bwino m'zamoyo zina limakhala pamwamba pamutu. Ili ndiye diso lomwe limakhala ndi retina ndi mandala, ndipo limalumikizidwa ndi mitsempha kupita ku chiwalo cha pituitary. Chiwalochi chimagwira ntchito yopanga mahomoni, kuphatikiza kutentha ndipo sikupanga zithunzi.

Zolemba za mafupa a abuluzi

Amabuluzi ambiri amatha kuchita zotulutsa - kugwetsa mchira. Mchira wake nthawi zambiri umakhala utoto wowongola kuti ukope chidwi cha adani. Amabwinja amatero ali ndi mapulani amitsempha yama cartilage kapena minyewa yolumikizika m'thupi komanso gawo lamitsempha yama mitsempha yotupa. Mu iguanas, minofu iyi imayamba kukula ndi zaka, ndipo mchirawo umalimba. Mchira womwe wakula umakhalanso ndi mtundu wamdima, mawonekedwe osintha ndi mawonekedwe.

Zikwangwani nthawi zambiri zimapezeka pamiyendo yonse kupatula pa caudal.

Dongosolo la Endocrine

Mlingo wamahomoni ogonana umatsimikizika ndi kutalika kwa maola masana, kutentha, komanso nyengo.

Chithokomiro cha chithokomiro, kutengera mitundu, chimatha kukhala chimodzi, kupangika kapena kuphatikizika ndipo chimayambitsa kusungunuka. Tizilombo ta parathyroid taolo timayendetsa kuchuluka kwa calcium ndi phosphorous m'magazi a m'magazi.

Tizilombo ta adrenal timapezeka m'mitsempha ya testis ndipo sayenera kuchotsedwa m'malo mwake nthawi yomwe amaponyedwa.

Zikondamoyo za repitili zimachita ntchito za exocrine ndi endocrine. Maselo a Beta amatulutsa insulin, koma matenda ashuga sawoneka bwino m'mabuluzi ndipo nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi matenda ena achilengedwe. Insulin ndi glucagon amawongolera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Fossil

Malinga ndi mtundu wina, fanizoli wakale kwambiri wopezekapezeka ndi woimira gulu la Iguania. Tikiguania estesiwopezeka ku India m'magulu a nthawi ya Triassic (wazaka pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni). Koma kufanana Tikiguania ndi agamas amakono kwadzetsa kukayikira zaka zake. Monga lingaliro lina, zidafotokozeredwa kuti zotsalazo ndi za nthawi ya Late Tertiary kapena ngakhale nyengo ya Quaternary, ndipo mu miyala ya Triassic adakhalapo chifukwa chosakanikirana ndi miyala iyi ndi yatsopano.