Kuyang'ana chipembere, mukapita ku malo osungirako nyama kapena kuonera zolengedwa zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe, munthu amadabwitsidwa mwadzidzidzi ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zopanda magetsi pansi pa ziboda za "chonyamula zida zankhondo" zotere ku nyama.
Pepani kuti ubweya waubweya, chimphona champhamvu, chofalikira ku Eurasia panthawi yamapeto omaliza, munthu akhoza kungoganiza. Monga momwe zilili ndi ma mammoths, zojambula zokha za m'mwala ndi mafupa okhaokha omwe amamangidwa ndi permafrost zimakhala zikumbutso kuti kale zidakhalapo Padziko Lapansi.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a ubweya waubweya
Wozungulira Rhino - Woimira Wowonjezereka kapangidwe ka artiodactyls. Ndiye nyama yomaliza kuchokera kubanja la ma Rhino, omwe amapezeka ku kontrakitala ya ku Europe.
Malinga ndi zaka zambiri pantchito yoyendetsedwa ndi akatswiri otsogola padzikoli, ndalamazi sizinali zocheperako poyerekeza ndi mnzake wamakono. Zitsanzo zazikuluzikulu zinafika mpaka 2 mita pakufota komanso kutalika kwake mpaka mamita 4. Choyambachi chidasunthira pamiyendo yolimba ndi zala zitatu, kulemera kwa chipondacho kudafika matani 3.5.
Poyerekeza ndi zipembere zomwe zimakonda kubadwa, thupi la wachibale wake lomwe silitha limakhala lalitali kwambiri ndipo linali ndi chotupa chakumaso kumbuyo kwake komwe kunali mafuta ambiri. Mafuta oterowo ankadyedwa ndi thupi la nyamayo kuti isafe ndi njala ndipo silinalole kuti mbewuyo izifa.
Khosi kumbuyo kwa khosi limathandizanso kuti nyanga zake zikhale zazitali, mbali zina, mpaka 130cm. Nyanga yaying'ono, yomwe inali pamwamba pa yayikuluyo, sinali yopatsa chidwi - mpaka masentimita 50. Akazi onse amuna ndi amuna a chiimbidwe choyambirira anali ndi nyanga.
Kwa zaka zambiri, zopezeka nyanga za ubweya wa ubweya sinathe kugawidwa molondola. Anthu a ku Siberia, makamaka a Yukagirs, adawaona ngati nsapato za mbalame zazikulu, zomwe nthano zambiri zimapangidwa. Akasaka aku kumpoto amagwiritsa ntchito mbali za nyangayo popanga mauta awo, zomwe zimawonjezera nyonga zawo komanso kutalika kwake.
Woolly Rhino ku Museum
Panali malingaliro ambiri olakwika okhudza zigamba za ubweya waubweya. Dzuwa litalowa pakati pa Middle Ages kumapeto kwa Klagenfurt (dera lamakono la Austria), anthu am'derali adapeza chigaza, chomwe amalakwitsa ngati chinjoka. Kwa nthawi yayitali, idasungidwa mosamala muholo yapa mzindawo.
Zotsalira zomwe zimapezeka pafupi ndi tawuni ya Quedlinburg ku Germany nthawi zambiri zimawoneka ngati zidutswa za mafupa abwino kwambiri. Kuyang'ana chithunzi cha chipembere chaubweya, kapena m'malo mwake pa chigaza chake, atha kukhala wolakwitsa kukhala cholengedwa chosangalatsa kuchokera ku nthano ndi nthano. Palibe zodabwitsa buluni yoyera - Khalidwe la masewera otchuka apakompyuta, pomwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi kuthekera kopambana.
Kapangidwe ka nsagwada ya nthongo zam'madzi oundana ndi kosangalatsa kwambiri: kunalibe ma fangala kapena chinsalu. Chachikulu mano akhungu anali mkati mwake, yokutidwa ndi enamel, yomwe inali yayikulu kwambiri kuposa mano a abale ake apano. Chifukwa cha kutafuna kwakukulu, mano amenewa amasusuka mosavuta komanso ndi udzu wowuma komanso nthambi zambiri.
Chithunzichi, mano a chiwombankhanga chaubweya
Matupi osungunuka a ubweya waubweya wosungidwa bwino mu machitidwe a permafrost amathandizira kuti abwezeretsenso mawonekedwe ake mwatsatanetsatane.
Popeza nthawi yomwe idakhalapo Padziko Lapansi imagwera pa nthawi ya icing, ndizosadabwitsa kuti khungu lakuda la zikombole zakale lidakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali. Potengera utoto ndi kapangidwe kake, tsitsi lake limafanana kwambiri ndi tsitsi la njati zaku Europe, mitundu yomwe idalipo inali yofiirira komanso yopepuka.
Tsitsi lomwe linali kumapeto kwa khosi linali lalitali komanso lamiseche, ndipo kutsuka kwa tsitsi lopoterera kunakongoletsa nsonga ya mchira wa nthano za theka. Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti chipembere chaubweya sichinadye ng'ombe, koma zimakonda kukhala osiyana.
Pa chithunzicho mabwinja a ndulu yovunda
Kamodzi pa zaka 3-4 zilizonse, ndulu zazikazi ndi zazimuna zimapanga pang'ono kuti apitilize mtundu. Mimba ya mayiyo inatenga miyezi 18; monga lamulo, mwana m'modzi adabadwa, yemwe sanasiye mayi asanakwanitse zaka ziwiri.
Tikasanthula mano a nyama kuti tivale ndikuyerekeza ndi mano a ma rhinos athu, zinapezeka kuti nthawi yayitali yamoyo wa herbivore wamphamvuyu inali pafupifupi zaka 40 mpaka 405.
Malo okhala ubweya wambiri
Mafupa a chikopa chaubweya amapezeka m'malo ambiri a Russia, Mongolia, kumpoto kwa China komanso mayiko angapo ku Europe. Russia North ikhoza kutchedwa kuti malo obetchera, chifukwa zotsala zambiri zimapezeka kumeneko. Kuchokera pamenepa titha kuweruza malo omwe amakhala.
Tundra-steppe inali nyumba ya nthumwi za "nyama zazikulu", kuphatikizapo mtundu waubweya waubweya. Nyamazi zimakonda kukhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, pomwe nyanjazi zinali zochulukirapo kuposa momwe zimakhalira kutchire.
Ubweya wa ubweya wambiri
Ndi mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino komanso opatsa chidwi kukula kwa chifuwa cha ubweya anali wazomera wamba. M'chilimwe, chakudya cha equidibloid ichi chinali ndi udzu ndi mphukira zazing'ono zamasamba, nthawi yozizira yozizira - yamakungwa a mitengo, msondodzi, nthambi komanso masamba.
Kutayamba kuzizira kosapeweka, chipale chofundiracho chitakutidwa ndi masamba owerengeka, chipondacho chinayenera kufukula chakudya mothandizidwa ndi lipenga. Zachilengedwe zinasamalira ngwazi ya herbivorous - m'kupita kwa nthawi, masinthidwe adachitika modzidzimutsa: chifukwa cholumikizana pafupipafupi komanso kukangana pa kutumphuka, mphuno ya mafupa a nyama nthawi yonse ya moyo wake.
Kodi nchifukwa ninji maubweya amaubweya amwalira?
Kutsiriza kwa chifuwa cha Pleistocene, kukhala moyo wabwino, kunaphetsa anthu ambiri oimira nyama. Kutentha kosaletseka kunapangitsa kuti madzi oundana azilowera chakumpoto, zomwe zinachititsa kuti zipululuzi zizilowa chipale chofewa.
Zinayamba kuvuta kupeza chakudya pansi penipeni pa chipale chofewa; pakati pa ndulu zaubweya, panali malo ena odyetserako ziweto. Pankhondo zoterezi, nyama zimavulazana, nthawi zambiri mabala ankamupha.
Kusintha kwanyengo, malo ozungulira nawonso asintha: m'malo a madzi osefukira ndi mapiri osatha, nkhalango zosavomerezeka zinakula, zosayenera kukhalamo. Kuchepetsa chakudya kudapangitsa kutsika kwawo, alenje oyambawo amaliza ntchito.
Pali umboni wodalirika kuti kusaka ndulu zaubweya sikunapangidwe kokha chifukwa cha nyama ndi zikopa, komanso miyambo. Ngakhale pamenepo, mtundu wa anthu sunakhale kumbali yabwino kwambiri, kupha nyama kokha chifukwa cha nyanga, zomwe pakati pa anthu ambiri okhala m'mapanga amadziwika kuti ndi achipembedzo ndipo amati anali ndi zinthu zozizwitsa.
Khalidwe la nyama imodzi, mibadwo yotsika (1-2 cubs muzaka zingapo), kuchepetsedwa kwa madera oyenera kukhalapo kwabwinobwino, komanso mwatsoka anthropogenic chinthu chidachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma rhinos a ubweya pang'ono.
Pomaliza ubweya waubweya wopera pafupifupi zaka chikwi 9 mpaka zapitazo, kutaya nkhondo yosayenerana mwadala ndi Mayi Wachilengedwe, monga ena ambiri kale ndi pambuyo pake.
M'malo mwake, maonekedwe ake anali otani
Khungu la chikopa chaubweya linali loyipa kwambiri, pachifuwa ndipo mapewa ake anali akulu mpaka 1.5. Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama ikhoza kukhala 3-4.5 m, kutalika kwake kufota - 2 m.
Kulemera mosinthasintha komanso kumatha matani 1.5 ndi 3.5. Poyerekeza ndi kukula kwake ,ambowo wakale anali wachiwiri kwa nyamayi. Nyamayo inali ndi nyanga ziwiri, zazikazi ndi zazikazi zinali nazo. Mawonekedwe a nyanjazo amakakamizika pambuyo pake. Kumapeto kwa lipenga lakutsogolo kunali kotakata kumbuyo, kutalika kwake kungakhale kuchokera ku 1 mpaka 1.4 metres. Nyanga yachiwiri, yakutali kwambiri, inali 50 cm basi.
Zipembere zaubweya zomwe zinali m'dera la Eurasia.
Chifukwa cha zotsalira za chikumbu cha ubweya waubweya womwe umapezeka kumpoto kwa Russia ndi Asia, asayansi atha kupeza zodalirika zokhudza kapangidwe kake ka thupi lake. Mitembo yonse ya mitengoyi itapezeka ku Siberia. Malinga ndi akatswiri, moyo wa nyama yamphamvu unali pafupifupi zaka 45. Chiwerengerochi adachipeza atayerekezera kuvala kwamino mu kanthu kena ndi cholengedwa chamakono cha mtundu wa ma bulos.
Kodi ziwanda zomwe zidagwa kale ndikuti zidadya chiyani?
M'malo omwe amakhala ndi ubweya waubweya wokhala ndiubweya, makulidwe otchingidwa ndi chipale chofewa anali ochepa, zomwe zinkapangitsa kuti zinyama zizithyola chipale chofewa ndikudya udzu wofewa. Zotsalira za chakudya chomera zomwe zimapezeka m'matumbo a zimbudzi, zinapereka yankho lachangu, zomwe abuluwo adadya chiyani. Asayansi amati nyanga za nyama zimawathandiza kuteteza chisanu. Khalidwe lakale la chilombochi silidali losiyana ndi moyo wamtendere wamasiku ano, ngakhale kuti omaliza amakhala nthawi yotentha. Mitundu yakale inkadyera nthawi yayitali m'malo ambiri azakudya m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi mafuta ochulukirapo.
Mahule awa ankakhala moyo wapadera ndipo sanapangitse gulu kapena magulu. Akatswiri amati kutha kwa ubweya waubweya wambiri chifukwa chakuti chipale chofewa chinabwereranso kumpoto ndipo ukulu wa chivundikirocho unkakulirakulira. Nyama sizinkatha kufikira zamasamba ndipo nthawi zambiri, zikamasuntha, zinagwa kwambiri m'chipale chofewa. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, malo otambalala m'malo mwake adasinthidwa ndi nkhalango zowirira ndipo malo owetera nthangala zaubweya adachepetsedwa kwambiri. Ndizotheka kwenikweni chifukwa cha nyengo zosintha nyengo, monga asayansi akufotokozera, kuti ma artiodactyls amphamvuwa adatha.
Chibade cha chipembere chakubweya.
Cholinga china chakuchepetsera kuchuluka kwa mapokoso aubweya amatchedwa kusaka kwa anthu akale. Panthawi yomwe nyama izi zinkadwala chifukwa chosowa chakudya, kuchotsedwa kwawo ndi anthu kunathandizira kuti nyamazo zizitha. Cavemen, motero, inathandizira kufalikira kwa kubowo, komwe kumaberekanso ana pang'onopang'ono. Wamkazi wamtunduwu amabweretsa m'moyo wake wonse ndi ana a 7-8 okha. M'mikhalidwe yovuta, pamlingo wotere woberekera, sizinali zotheka kusungitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu mwachizolowezi.
Pazifukwa izi, tsopano ndikotheka kuyang'ana zaubweya waubweya wokhazikika mu malo osungirako zinthu zakale.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Wozungulira Rhino. Nyama yapa prehistoric, komwe iwo amakhala, malongosoledwe, malo okhala
Ndikosavuta kuyerekeza kuti ndi nyama zingati zomwe sitingathe kuziona. M'modzi mwa odziwika bwino kwambiri pamitunduyi yomwe ili yachilengedweyi ndi chipembere chofewa. Tsoka ilo, monga chikumbutso cha nyama zoterezi, tidangosiyidwa ndi zojambula za mphanga ndi mafupa okhaokha mu permafrost. Titha kungolingalira, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ma mamony, momwe anali amphamvu kwambiri mu nyama yanyama.
Kutsegulira
Anthu obadwira ku Siberia ndi ku Mongolia adziwa kalekale zafupa waziphuphu, koma, sichoncho kuzidziwa. Mafuko ambiri aku Russia kumpoto anali ndi nthano zachikhalidwe chaubweya, mafupa ake amatengedwa ngati zotsalira za zolengedwa zosiyanasiyana zopeka, mwachitsanzo, nyanga - nsapato za mbalame zazikulu. Mlandu wopeza chigaza cha ma bulino umadziwikanso ku Europe wakale, kumpoto kwa Klagenfurt pakati pa zaka za XIV. Anthu okhala mu mzindawu adatsimikiza kuti apeza zotsalira za chinjokacho, ndikuyika chigobacho pamalo osungirako tawuni. Mu 1590, wosema m'deralo potengera mawonekedwe a chifuwa cha chipemberechi, adapanga kasupe wodziwika ndi chinjoka. Chibade ichi chimasungidwabe mumzinda uno, kumalo osungirako zakale a dziko la Carinthia. Mafupa a chipembere, omwe adapezeka mu 1663 pafupi ndi mzinda waku Germany wa Quedlinburg, ataphunziridwa ndi asayansi otchuka O. von Guericke, adanenedwa kuti ndi mabungwe a cholengedwa china chabodza - unicorn.
Zotsalira za ndalamazi zinayamba kukopa chidwi cha asayansi ophunzira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800. Nkhani za aborigine a ku Siberia zokhudza mikanda ya mbalame zazikulu zimakondweretsa asayansi ambiri aku Russia ndi ku Western Europe omwe anayerekeza zomwe zapezedwa ndi nyanga za ma bulosino ndi nthano za mikanda yayikulu yotchulidwa ndi olemba akale (mwachitsanzo, Herodotus). Ena ofufuza chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 amakhulupirira kuti nyanga zolembedweratu zidali mbalame za mbalame zakufa. Potere, olemba adasokonezeka ndi mawonekedwe achilendo a nyangazo, osafanana ndi mtundu wa nyanga za ku Africa ndi ku Asia zomwe adazigwiritsa ntchito. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, wofufuza malo wotchuka kwambiri ku Arctic, M.M. Gedenstrom, anakaikira kuti zotsalira za ndalamazo ndi zake, akukhulupirira kuti nyanga zomwe zapezedwa zinali ngati nsapato za mbalame yayikulu:
Nthawi zina, limodzi ndi mitu iyi, amapeza chinthu chomwe chimawoneka ngati misomali kuchokera kumaloko kuposa nyanga ... Kuyenda m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Arctic, a Yukagirs amayesa kupeza ziphuphu izi. Kuchokera zatsopano, amapanga fupa lolowera mauta, lomwe limayikidwa pansi pa mtengo womangira uta kuti liwonjezeke. ... Uta wa msomali wa Yukagir umaposa onse omwe ali ndi zotanuka, ndipo muvi woponyedwa kuchokera mmwamba udatha kuwona kwathunthu. AchiYukaghirs amatcha mitu ya mbalamezi ndi zikhadabo, ndipo pali nthano zambiri pakati pawo zokhudzana ndi mbalame ya kukula kwabwino iyi. Ena mwa omwe adawona mitu iyi adawaganizira kuti ndi zipembere, ndipo zikhadabo zinali nyanga ya chilombochi. Kutsika kwa lipenga kunachitika chifukwa cha chisanu, chomwe chimaganizira kuzungulira kwachilengedwe. Koma kutalika kwa mutu, komwe sikungafanane ndi m'lifupi, kumapangitsa munthu kukayikira. Nyanga ya buluzi imakhala yofanana, osati yosalala komanso yopindika, mtundu wake siwobiriwira chikasu, ndipo ilibe mawondo. |
Thandizo lofunika kwambiri pakuphunzira za ubweya waubweya wopangidwa ndi ubweya waubweya wodziwika bwino ku Germany adapangidwa ndi P.S. Pallas, malinga ndi zotsatira za kuthamangitsidwa kwawo mu 1768 mpaka 173, adapereka ntchito yowonetsa bwino komwe kudatsala zotsalira za chikumbuzi, kufotokozera kwa chigaza chake ndi nyanga ziwiri. Pambuyo pake zidakhazikitsidwa kwa iwo kuti zopezazo ndi za mimbulu, osati za nyama zosadziwika. Mu 1772, Pallas adatha kupeza mutu ndi miyendo iwiri ya chipembere (chomwe chimapezeka mu permafrost) kuchokera kwa anthu akumaloko ku Irkutsk. Pambuyo pake, P. S. Pallas adafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane chigaza china ndi nsagwada ya m'munsi, yomwe adapezanso ku Transbaikalia. Malinga ndi zomwe asayansi apanga, ma rhinos aja adabwera ndi chigumula.
Kulengedwa kwakale kwa chikondwerero cha ubweya waubweya kumapeto pake kunatsimikizika chifukwa cha kuyesetsa kwa katswiri wazamaphunziro waku Russia F.F. Brandt, yemwe, malinga ndi zotsatira za ntchito zambiri kuzungulira 1865, adazindikira kuti chipembere cha ku Siberia chidayimira zilombo zoyimilira ndipo zinkakhalako nthawi yomweyo ndi anthu omanga phanga. Thandizo lofunikira pakuwunika kwa zipembere ndi zomwe zimapezeka zatsopano za thupi komanso mafupa pafupifupi a 1850-1870s.
Zambiri zomwe zimapezeka zimakhudzana ndi malo opumira a Siberia, kunja kwake komwe kunapangidwa mitembo iwiri yokha (yonse ya Western Ukraine pafupi ndi mudzi wa Starunya). Kukula kwakukulu kwa chidziwitso chokhudza moyo ndi thanzi la mapinimidwewo kunaloledwa ndi zomwe zatsopano zapezedwa ndi asayansi aku Russia mu 2007 mu beseni la Kolyma.
Mbiri Yogawa
Wofufuza woyamba kupereka mtundu wa chikombo chaubweya dzina lachi Latin anali P.S. Pallas, yemwe amatcha chilombo Rhinoceros lensensis (lat. Rhinoceros - chipembere, lens - Lensky, wochokera ku Mtsinje wa Lena). Kuika patsogolo kwa Pallas pofotokozera za kubetchera, monga momwe akatswiri amakono amagogomezera, ndikwachidziwikire, koma zopereka zake sizinadziwike chifukwa choti ntchito zake zinafalitsidwa ku Russia nthawi imeneyo, ndipo sizinali zofala ku Europe. Komanso, Pallas atakhala ku Russia, gulu la asayansi silinabwererenso kukafufuza za mtundu wakalewu mpaka zaka za m'ma 1840, ngakhale atapeza zatsopano.
Mu 1799, wasayansi wotchuka ku Germany I.F. Blumenbach adasankha dzinalo Rhinoceros antiquitatis (lit. -). Zikuwoneka kuti Blumenbach adatulutsa ziwandazo osadzionera yekha mafupa kapena chigaza, ngakhale kuti adagwiritsa ntchito kufotokozera kwa chigaza chomwe chidapezeka ku Germany.Komabe, kwanthawi yayitali sikunali kotheka kulumikizana ndi chibale chaubweya wambiri ndi nyanga zake. Mu 1822, katswiri wofufuza za nyama ku Germany, G.H. von Schubert, potengera kafukufuku wa nyanga, adafotokozanso khosi lalitali kwambiri, ndikuupatsa dzina la binomial Gryphus antiquitatis (lit. - khosi yakale).
Matendawa anafufuzidwanso ndi katswiri wina wofufuza zachilengedwe wa ku France, dzina lake J. Cuvier, yemwenso adazindikira kuti kunali kofunikira kusiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikuipatsanso dzina mu 1832 - Rhinoceros tichorinus (Greek Greek) - khoma, ndiye kuti, mphuno yofanana ndi khoma, yomwe imawonetsera kupezeka kwa septum ya mphuno yolowa mkati mwa chilombo). Komabe, dzinali silinapezeke kutchuka kwambiri. Dzinayamba kuperekedwa ndi Blumenbach lidalipo mpaka 1850s, koma silinali lolondola kwenikweni, chifukwa limatha kugwiranso ntchito ndi ma rhinos onse ndipo sanazindikire mawonekedwe amtundu wa ubweya waubweya. Kenako dzinalo linayamba kudziwika - Coelodonta ("Wokhala ndi mano", wokhala ndi mano osiyika), zomwe zimawonetsera mawonekedwe a mano a chikwangwani chaubweya. Dzinali linafunsidwa kale mu 1831 ndi Germ Brontologist wa ku Germany.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, funso la "zovala" zodabwitsa za maulosi akuluakulu oyerekeza sizinathetsedwe. Kupezeka kwa izi ndi nyanga za zilembo zakalezo kwatsimikiziridwa ndi pulofesa wa yunivesite ya Moscow G.I. Fischer von Waldheim.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Zipembere zaubweya zakunja zimayimira kunja kwenikweni kwa banja lake. Komabe, ngakhale anali wofanana ndi abale ake amakono, iye anali osiyana nawo mthupi. Matendawa onga ubweya anali wamfupi, thupi lake linali lokwera kwambiri, ndipo mutu wake unkadukanso. Chiphuphu cha chikwatu chaubweya chonyamula ndikuchikweza ndi chingwe champhamvu, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi minofu yolimba kwambiri yopangidwira kulimba kwa lipenga lalikulu ndikutenga katundu pamene lipenga likugunda pansi mukadyetsa. The hump inalinso yamafuta ochulukirapo, ofunikira ngati nkhokwe yazakudya kuti mupeze zakudya. Miyendo ya zikwangwani zaubweya, zokhala ngati maubweya amakono, anali ndi mbali zitatu. Chofunikira kwambiri pa maubweya wachimake chinali kusakhalapo kwa chinsisi ndi mafangasi, mano ena anali, poyerekeza ndi mano a ndulu zamakono, zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zazitali komanso ndi enamel wokulira. Ndizachilendo kuti mano a chikumbu chaubweya, komanso mitundu ina yofananira yamtunduwu Coelodontainali ndi mkati momasuka.
Monga momwe dzinali likusonyezera, ndulu zaubweya zokutidwa zinakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali. Khungu silipezeka kawirikawiri m'matupi amtundu wa nyama zakale, koma mitundu yotsalayo imakhala yotuwa, nthawi zina imakhala yofiyira. Panali mkanda wonenepa kwambiri pansi pa tsitsi lophimba, kumapeto ndi m'khosi kunali mawonekedwe a chingwe cha tsitsi lalitali komanso lolimba, miyendoyo idakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi. Thupi linatha ndi mchira wa masentimita 45-50 wokhala ndi burashi ya tsitsi lotayirira kumapeto. Akazi anali ndi nsonga ziwiri zopezeka m'chigawo cha inguinal. Nipples adapezeka koyamba mwa mkazi yemwe adapezeka mu 1907 pafupi ndi mudzi wotchulidwa wa Starun, anali ndi kutalika kwa 20 ndi 16 mm.
Zinthu zingapo zakunja za ndulu yaubweya zimasonyeza kusinthasintha kwake kwakukulu pazitali zazitali. Chifukwa chake, makutu ake anali ocheperako poyerekeza ndi amzungu obiriwira otentha (makutu osungidwa a zikuluzikulu zakale omwe amakhala ndi utali wautali wosaposa 24 cm, pamene ma rhinos amakono omwe amakhala m'malo otentha ali ndi pafupifupi 30 cm), mchira nawonso ndi wochepera wamfupi. Zochitika zoterezi ndizofala kwa nyama zonse zomwe zimakhala nyengo yozizira, popeza kuti mchira wofupikitsa ndi makutu amachepetsa gawo lathu lonse lomwe kutaya kwamoto kumachitika. Khungu la chikopa chaubweya linali lozama kwambiri, lotithandizanso kuchepetsa kutentha kwa thupi. Makulidwe ake m'magawo osiyanasiyana amthupi kuyambira 5 mpaka 15 mm, ndipo makulidwe ake anali pachifuwa ndi mapewa.
Nyanga zaubweya wovunda
Ziphuphu zaubweya zokhala ndi ubweya zinali ndi nyanga ziwiri, komanso nyanga zaimuna ndi zazikazi. M'mapangidwe awo, nyanga za ubweya waubweya sizinasiyane ndi nyanga zam'miyendo yamakono: zinalibe maziko a mafupa a chigaza ndipo panali ulusi wokhala ndi mafinya. Komabe, mawonekedwe ake a nyanga zake anali achilendo kwambiri. Ngati m'mitundu yamakono nyanga zomwe zili mgawoli zili ndi nthawi yokwanira yozungulira, ndiye kuti nyanga zonse zaimbirimboni ndizokakamizidwa mwamphamvu kuchokera kumbali. Nyanga yakutsogolo inali yokulirapo ndipo inali yokhotakhota kumbuyo. Kutalika kwake nthawi zambiri kunali pafupifupi mita ngakhale zambiri, mpaka 1.4 m, kulemera kwake kufika 15 kg. Mu umodzi wa ma rin (mwina ochepa) omwe amapezeka mu 2007 mu beseni la Kolyma, kutalika kwa nyanga yakutsogolo pamphepete yakunja kunali 84,5 masentimita, maziko anali 22.9 cm kutalika kwake ndi mainchesi 12,3, ukulu mkati mwake udangokhala 23 mm. Nyanga yachiwiri inali yotalika masentimita 15 m'munsi mwa 14.6 × 8 cm
Lachiwiri, lipenga la nyanga linali lalifupi kwambiri - osaposa theka la mita. Nyanga yakutsogolo inkalunjikitsidwa cham'mbuyo kwambiri kuposa njuchi zamakono. Ndizachilendo kuti mphuno za mphuno zamakedzana zimapukutidwa kwathunthu, zomwe sizimawoneka m'mikangano yamakono. Ichi, mwachiwonekere, ndichofanizira china pakuwonjezera katundu pa lipenga ndipo, motero, pankhope yonse mukudya. Komabe, mwa akazi ndi achichepere, septum nthawi zambiri silinkakhudzidwa konse.
Kutsogolo kwa nyanga yoyamba kumakhala kupukutidwa bwino chifukwa chokangana nthawi zonse ndi chipale chofewa. Ndizosangalatsa kuti ma scuffs sanapezeke kutsogolo kokha, komanso nyanga yakumbuyo ya zikwangwani zaubweya, zomwe sizinathe kuwafikira pamtambo, ndikumatulutsa nthawi yachisanu. Mwina zotupa izi zimayambitsidwa ndi nkhonya za nyanga zina pakamenyana ndi abale nthawi yakukhwima.
Chiwerengero cha nyanga zonse zosungidwa bwino komanso zosungidwa bwino m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ziwonetsero za ziwalo zina za mtembo. Komabe, m'zaka khumi zoyambirira za zana lino la 21, kuchuluka kwa nyanga zopezeka kwa asayansi kunachulukirachulukira, makamaka chifukwa chokhudzidwa ndi mabizinesi ndi magulu azokha. Mpaka 1990s, chopereka chachikulu kwambiri cha nyanga 30 chinali mu Zoological Museum ya Russian Academy of Science pa St. Petersburg, koma mu 1995 chopereka china chachikulu chinakhazikitsidwa ku Museum ya Ice Age ya Ice Age, yomwe idafikiranso 30 mu 2010.
Kukula kwake
Vuto laubweya waubweya linali nyama yayikulu kwambiri, osati yocheperapo poyerekeza ndi maulimi amakono. Kutalika kwake m'mapewa kunali pafupifupi 1.5 m, mpaka 1.9 ngakhale 2 m mu anthu akuluakulu, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi kunali mpaka 4.5 m. Mtembo wa mzimayi, wopezeka mchaka cha 1972 m'mudzi wa Churapcha kum'mawa kwa Yakutia, anali wamtali mikono 3.2, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi 1.5m. Nyanga zonse ziwiri zinatsalira pamtembo, kutsogolo kwake, kooneka ngati bawa, lopindika, 1.25 m. ma belo awiri, kutalika kwa thupi ndi 3.55 ndi 3.58 m, kutalika kwake kufota kunali 1.53 m.
Kulemera kwa phokoso la chipemberecho, nyama yakuwombayo yomwe idapezedwa bwino panthawi yomwe adatchulidwa mu 2007, ndi matani 1.5 (kulemera kwa mtembo wolemerako ndi makilogalamu 850). Ichi mwina sichinali fanizo lalikulu kwambiri, kutalika kwake m'mapewa kunali 1.42 m. Mchirawo unali wautali masentimita 40, khutu (lina silinasungidwe) linali masentimita 12. Maso, monga ma rhinos onse, anali ochepa - mainchesi awo sanali kupitirira 5 cm, ndipo malo akunja pakati pa eyelids anali pafupifupi 3 cm.
Ma buluzi akuluakulu amatha kulemera matani 3.5, ngakhale sanapeze zolemera zambiri kuposa zambiri. Chifukwa chake, zipembere zaubweya zomwe zinali zaubweya pakubadwa zinali zofanana kulemera ndi kukula kwa mitundu yakuda yakuda yamakedzana, pomwe munthu wamkulu kwambiriyo, mwina wokhala m'mabungwe akuluakulu, sanali wotsika poyerekeza ndi zipembere za azungu (chipembere chokulirapo). Ofufuza achi Russia omwe anaphunzira nyama zingapo zakale za chikosacho akuzifanizira ndi kukula kwa dzombe lotchedwa Javanese. Mulimonsemo, pakati pa nthumwi zonse za zilombo zoyamwa kwambiri, ndulu zaubweya zinali nyama yachiwiri yokulirapo, yachiwiri kwa nyamayi.
Zambiri
Malinga ndi ntchito ya a paleontologists a ku Britain azaka za 2010s, maonekedwe a ziwonetsero ndi zina mwa mawonekedwe a chikumbu chaubweya mosakayikira amalankhula zodziwika bwino za kukhazikika kwake pamalo otentha komanso nyengo yozizira, chivundikiro cha "chaching'ono" komanso makamaka udzu. Palibe chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti maubweya waubweya wachikhalidwe amatsogolera kukhala ndi moyo wosiyana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha maulamuliro amakono. Mwinanso, monga mitundu yamakono, amadya nthawi yayitali, amanenepa m'malo olemera kwambiri m'mapiri a mitsinje komanso pafupi ndi madzi. Maubweya waubweya, mwina, wofanana ndi maulimi amakono, adakhala yekhayekha, wopanda gulu ndi magulu.
Kafukufuku wambiri wa zigamba za zipembere ndi nsagwada zaanthu (268 ndi zidutswa 150, motsatana) akuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa kuvala kwa mano a chikomekete chaubweya pafupifupi kumayenderana ndi kuvala kwamano a ndere zamakono za ku Africa. Ofufuza pamaziko awa anazindikira kuti magawo a mibadwo yaubweya wamakedzana ndi amakono ndi ofanana motero, nthawi yayitali yokhala ndi moyo ndi zaka 40-45.
Kuswana
Pafupifupi palibe chomwe chimadziwika pang'onopang'ono pakubadwa kwa zikombo zaubweya zaubweya. Ziwerengero ndi zomaliza pamfundoyi zimapangidwa pokhapokha poyerekeza ndi kupanga nthito zamakono. Amakhulupirira kuti ngati fanizoli ndi loona, ndiye kuti mapikidwewo amapangika kamodzi pachaka chimodzi ndi theka kwa kanthawi kochepa kofunikira. Amuna, mwachionekere, panthawiyi adalowa nkhondo ndikulimbana ndi mkazi. Kupezeka kwa ma nipples awiri okha mwa mkazi kumatanthauza kuti nthawi zambiri amabereka kamodzi, nthawi zambiri, ana awiri aamuna. Mimba inatenga pafupifupi chaka ndi theka. Mwanayo adakhala ndi mayi ake kwa miyezi ingapo (mpaka zaka ziwiri), kenako adafunafuna gawo lawolawo. Kuchulukitsa kotereku kumatanthauza kuti kubadwanso kwina kwaubweya waubweya kunkachedwa - mu 20-25 zaka zakubala, zazikazi zimatha kubereka ana 6-8 okha.
Kukula kwa nyama zazing'ono, zikuwoneka kuti, kunali kofanana ndi kwamakono. Mwachitsanzo, kakulidwe ka kusunthika ndi kusintha kwa mano amkaka mu zikwati zaubweya kumayanjana ndi data yomweyo ya ma cubin oyera ndi akuda. Nthawi yomweyo, mibadwo ya mibadwo yaubweya yophunzitsidwa bwino imaphunziridwa bwino chifukwa chosapezeka mtembo wa ana amkaka.
Dera
Pakutha kwa mapiri a mpunga (pafupifupi zaka 3,000,000 zapitazo), malo a maubweya achimbudzi anali m'dera lalikulu, lomwe linali pafupifupi lonse la Eurasia kumpoto kwa dera lotentha. Zipemberezi zinkakhala ku Europe konse (kupatula kumwera kwa Scandinavia ndi madera akumwera kwambiri ku Europe, mwachitsanzo, kumwera kwa Iberian Peninsula), Russian Plain, kumwera kwa Western ndi Eastern Siberia, Primorye, Mongolia ndi kumpoto kwa China, mpaka kufika ku 72 ° kumalire kwambiri kumpoto ndi 33 kumwera. ° kumpoto chakumadzulo. Zotsatira za ndulu zaubweya waubweya zimapezeka ngakhale kuzilumba za Novosibirsk.
Matendawa onga ubweya ayenera kuti sanalinso ku Japan, komanso ku Europe pachilumba cha Ireland, chifukwa mafupa ake sanapezeke pamenepo. Kumpoto kwa Siberia wapakati, chipembere sichinakhale chofala. Kuperewera kwa zotsalira za zipembere izi ku North America kukusonyeza kuti palibe zipembere zomwe zinapezeka kumeneko, ndipo zikuyimira chinsinsi china cha sayansi. Sizikudziwikabe chifukwa chomwe njerazi sizinadutse dziko lino, ngakhale nyama zina zazikulu, monga chinzonono ndi njati zankhondo, zimatha kufika pamtunda, zomwe zili patsamba la Bering Strait yamakono (lotchedwa Beringia), makamaka kuyambira ma rhinos ku Chukotka adapezeka.
Akatswiri a Russia a paleontologists anena kuti chiphuphuchi sichinasamuke ku North America chifukwa cha mpikisano wamphamvu wa chakudya kuchokera ku mabungwe ena akuluakulu ku Beringia, komwe chakudya chinali chochepa kwambiri (zomera zamtchire zinkangokhala mu mzere wopendekera, pomwe gawo lonse linali madzi oundana). Amanenanso kuti kuthekera kosunthika kwa ma Rhinceros poyerekeza ndi ena a Pleistocene herbivores - mammoths, njati, akavalo - anali otsika, chifukwa ma rhinos sapanga ng'ombe. Maulendo obwereza maulendo obwera kudziko lina la North America sakulamulidwa, koma malo omwe amakhala, osagawika konse, afalikira konse kumalire ake.
Chisinthiko
Mwachiwonekere, makolo akale apachibale aubweya waubweya amapezeka zaka pafupifupi 2 miliyoni zapitazo ku East Asia, m'chigawo cha kumapiri a kumpoto kwa Himalaya. Pakati pa ma genin osowa, omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndiubweya waubweya ndi ndulu za Elasmotherium, zomwe zimawonekera pachiwonetsero cha chisinthiko pamaso pa mtundu Coelodonta. Mizere iwiriyi idagawika theka loyamba la Miocene. Chifundo Coelodonta (ndipo, makamaka, maubweya waubweya) adakhala wosasankhidwa mwapadera komanso wokonzeka kusintha zochitika zosiyanasiyana poyerekeza ndi elasmoteries. Mwinanso, kusinthika koyambirira kwa mtundu kumachitika m'malo otentha, omwe amafotokozera kusapezeka kwa zotsalira Coelodonta mu Miocene madipoziti. Kukula kwa ndulu za ubweya kunayamba nyengo yopanda chisanu, komanso kuzolowera kuzizira (malaya, ndi zina) kumatha kuchitika chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa nyengo mu Koyamba Pleistocene kudera lozungulira Himalaya komanso kumpoto kwa iwo. Olemba ena akuti gulu lomwe linali pafupi kwambiri ndi ubweya waubweya waubweya linali la Pleistocene rhinos la genus Stephanorhinusmakamaka, mawonekedwe Stephanorhinus hemitoechus . Pogwiritsa ntchito njira za paleoproteomics, zinali zotheka kukhazikitsa kuti nthonthi yochokera ku Dmanisi Stephanorhinus ex gr. etruscus-hundsheimensis Zaka za miliyoni 1.77 zikutanthauza mzere wakale pokhudzana ndi maubweya wovunda wofanana (Coelodonta antiquitatis) ndi mtundu wa Merck (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis) Chifundo Coelodonta wotsika pamzere woyambira Stephanorhinus. Chifukwa chake jenda Stephanorhinus pano paraphyletic.
Kwa zaka masauzande angapo, maubweya waubweya amakhala m'chigawo chapakati cha China komanso kum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Baikal. Amakhulupilira kuti dzombe laubweya limachokera kwa nthumwi yoyambirira yamtunduwu - tselodontsy (lat. C. tologoijensis). Wakubwerezanso wina wa ku Middle Pliocene amatchulidwanso kholo lamakolo aubweya, Coelodonta thibetana . Ananenanso kuti kusankha kwa maubweya waubweya monga mtundu wodziimira pawokha kunachitika kumapeto kwa Pleistocene (zaka zoposa 300 zapitazo) kumpoto kwa mapiri a Tibetan. Olemba ena akuti ndizotheka kuti madera omwe amapanga mitunduyi adaphimba kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa China, dera la Baikal ndi Mongolia. Kuchokera apa, maubweya aubweya amakhala kumpoto ndi kumadzulo, mpaka ku Europe. Ziphuphu zanyumba zaubongo ndiodzi mwa anthu wamba okhala tundra-steppe, woimira nyama zazikuluzikulu zam'madzi.
Mfundo yoti mitundu yoyambirira yamtunduwu inali ku Asia imatsimikiziridwa ndi zaka zambiri za zotsalazo za chipemberecho. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zakale kwambiri zimagwirizana ndi Eastern Siberia, pomwe zokhudzana ndi nthawi ina zimapangidwa kufupi ndi Europe. Kukhazikika kwa ubweya waubweya wokhotakhota kumadutsa chakumpoto, kummawa ndi kumadzulo. Kufalikira kuchokera pamtundu wake wapoyamba, dzambalo linawonetsa kusinthasintha kwakanema. Poyamba, sizinali mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya zipembere ku Europe, koma poyambapo nyengo yotsatira ya madzi oundana ndi nyengo yozizira kwambiri kumeneko, komanso mu mapiri a ku Epasia, inasinthanso mitundu ina, yomwe inali yokonda kutentha kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zachilengedwe. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito kwa ma rhinos akuluakulu komanso ofala ngati nthumwi za mtundu wa Elasmotherium ndi Rhino Merka.
Wachibale wapamtima kwambiri (ngakhale ali kutali kwambiri) ndi mtundu waubweya waubweya amaonedwa kuti ndiye wakuphayo wa Sumatran, womwe umatsimikiziridwa ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wa majini m'zaka zaposachedwa. Maubwenzi okhudzana ndi zipembere, kuphatikizapo zaubweya, omwe amaperekedwa muntunduwu: