Pofika m'dzinja, timawona m'mlengalenga mbalame zazikulu zomwe zimawulukira nyengo yachisanu. Pazinthu izi pali nkhani zambiri, mabuku, zojambula komanso zopeka. Popeza pali mitundu yambiri, ndiye kuti, omwe amakhala m'malo amodzi chaka chonse, ngakhale nthawi yozizira. Mbalame zoterezi zimatchedwanso mbalame zosasuntha. Pali mbalame zachilendo zambiri zomwe, mmalo mwake, zimawulukira ife nthawi yozizira ndipo zimatha kubereka nthawi yozizira! Izi ndizosangalatsa komanso zodabwitsa. Tiyeni tiwone chifukwa chake mbalame zosiyanasiyana zimachita izi komanso zomwe zimadalira.

Mbalame za nyengo yozizira zaku Russia: gulu, oimira

Kodi ndi mbalame ziti zomwe zimatsalira ku nthawi yachisanu ku Russia? Pafupifupi mitundu 70 ya mbalame imatsala. Tifotokozeranso. Mbalame za nthawi yozizira zimawonedwa kuti ndizomwe zimakhalabe m'malo awo nthawi yachisanu yozizira. Chifukwa chake, amatha kupulumuka ndikupeza chakudya pano. Kupatula apo, mbalameyo siziwuma kokha ngati idadyetsedwa. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yomwe imangodya tizilombo touluka imachoka. Ndipo pali ena omwe amatha kudya zipatso, nthangala, zinyenyeswazi kapena adani.

Chifukwa chake, mbalamezo zidagawika m'magulu angapo ndi mtundu wa chakudya :

• zopatsa chidwi
• omnivores
• olusa

Ndipo kumalo okhalamo m'nyengo yozizira, magulu otsatirawa adadziwika:

• khalani mumzinda
• khalani m'nkhalango
• khalani m'munda

Msampha wa mbalame umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti uwagwire ndikukhala kunyumba. Mitundu ina imamera mosavuta kunyumba, ina muukapolo imangofa. Chifukwa chake, msampha wa mbalame nthawi zina umakhala wopanda ntchito ndipo ndibwino kumasula mitundu ina nthawi imodzi, m'malo mowazunza. Mu block yotsatira, timaganizira mwatsatanetsatane mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame zozizira. Izi ndi zofala kwambiri:

Ma Bullfinches, Mtambuka, ma Jays, Khwangwala, Mimbulu, Maxwings, Makedare, Carduelis, Muscovites, Mpheta, Siskins, Mafumu Amaso Aukali, Woodpeckers, Tits, Nuthatches, Schuras, Magpies, Eagle Owls, Owls, etc.

Mbalame zachisanu za ku Russia: gulu, mndandanda

Kuchokera kuzakudya zopaka ozizira. About mbalame yozizira Amati: "Ndi mbalame zabwino zokha zomwe siziopa kutentha." Chifukwa chake, mbalame zomwe zimatsalira kuti zizisungunuka ziyenera kukhala ndi moyo pakati pa njoka.

Itha kukhala mbewu, zipatso, nyama zing'onozing'ono, zovunda, zotayidwa mu zakudya zotaya kumatauni. Mitundu yosagonjetseka ya mbalame imasamukira kumadera akumwera nthawi yozizira. Ku Russia, pafupifupi mitundu 70 ya mbalame imakhalabe yozizira.

Gulu la mbalame yozizira pamtunda pali mitundu ingapo:

Malinga ndi njira ya zakudya, adagawidwanso:

Kulemba mayina a mbalame yozizira zosatheka kwathunthu. Mutha kungoganiza mndandanda wamitundu yodziwika bwino komanso yotchuka.

• bulfinch
• mpheta
• chikwapu
• nuthatch,
• siskin,
• mutu wamutu wachikaso,
• kukhola
• mkungudza
• mphodza
• Goldfinch
• Moscow,
• khumi
• jay
• Schur
• kuvina kwa tap
• mangoichi
• makumi anayi
• njiwa
• khwangwala
• jackdaw
• mtengo wa thundu
• pika
• hazel grouse
• grouse wakuda
• phala
• chiwombankhanga
• kadzidzi woyera
• kadzidzi.

Bullfinatch

Mosakayikira woimira wowala kwambiri komanso wotchuka kwambiri wa mbalame nthawi yozizira. Ngakhale ana ang'ono kwambiri amamuzindikira ndikumudziwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake ofiira owoneka ofiira ndipo safuna kufotokozedwa mwapadera. Mwa njira, sikuti aliyense amadziwa kuti akazi amakhala ndi bere wamba laimvi. Zowala zofiira zokha mwa amuna. Zingwe zazingwe ngati mpheta.

Chaka chonse amakhala m'nkhalango pamodzi. M'nkhalango zosakanikirana kapena zowoneka bwino, zimadyetsa mmera ndi njere ndi zipatso, masamba ochokera pamitengo.

Timamuwona yekha nthawi yozizira, chifukwa nthawi yino yokha ya chaka ali wokonzeka kusiya malo ake achilengedwe kukadyetsa zodyera mumzinda. Zipatso zomwe amakonda kwambiri nthawi yozizira zimakhala phulusa lamapiri, kotero aliyense amene adzakulitse mu mayadiwo amatha kudziwa mbalame zokongola izi nthawi yozizira.

Ngati mungafune, mutha kugwira ng'ombe zamphongo mosavuta ndikuphunzira kuti mukakhala kunyumba yankhokwe. Bullfinches amakonda kudya, amasangalala kudya zabwino zonse za mbewu ndi zipatso zomwe adzapatsidwe. Ndiwobisika bwino ndipo ali okonzeka kuyimba nyimbo zawo kwa omwe asungidwa. Chokhacho chomwe chili chowopsa ndichoti amasavuta kudyetsa ndikuvulaza thanzi lawo.

Ngakhale kuti nyamayi ndi yozizira, sizikhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali kuposa madigiri 50. Chifukwa chake, ng'ombe zamphongo zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango zachilengedwe kumpoto kwa dzikolo zimawulukirabe nyengo yachisanu. Chowonadi sichili kumwera, kuyandikira pang'ono pang'ono komanso kutentha ndipo zimapezeka kuti kuthawira nyengo yozizira kuli chimodzimodzi kwa ife ku Russia. Ndiye tapeza kuti ndi mbalame ziti zomwe zimawuluka nthawi yozizira?

Mpheta

Mbalame zazing'ono zofiirira izi zimakhala bwino m'mizinda ndipo chaka chonse pamaso pathu. Ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri chotanthauza mbalame zam'mizinda yozizira. Padziko lonse lapansi amakhala pafupifupi biliyoni imodzi! Gwirizanani ndi zochititsa chidwi, motero mpheta zimadziwika m'maiko ambiri.

Mbalame zazing'onoting'ono zoterezi sizachilendo kwenikweni kwenikweni. Mwachitsanzo, makosi awo amakhala ndi ma vertebrae owirikiza kawiri kuposa twiga. Zimamveka zosamveka chifukwa khosi la mpheta ndi zazifupi komanso osati lalitali, koma chinsinsi chonse ndikuti ma vertebrae awo ndi osalala motero kuchuluka kotere kumakwanira khosi lalifupi lalifupi.

Mbalamezi nazonso ndi zokhulupirika kwambiri. Sankhani mnzanu wa moyo wonse. Amatha kuyanjana ndi mbalame ina yokha ngati imfa ya mnzawo yachitika. Izi ndi zinthu.

Mpheta ndizabwino kwambiri. Pofunafuna chakudya, zimawuluka m'magulu ndipo ngati mpheta imodzi ipeza chakudya, nthawi yomweyo amawayimbira enawo. Usiku, kuti afundidwe, onse amakhala limodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri wina ndi mnzake, amasintha malo, nadzitenthetsa.

Mpheta ndizothandiza kwambiri kuminda chifukwa zimadya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana touluka. Koma nthawi iyi sizinatengedwe chidwi ndi PRC nthawi imodzi, ndipo momwe mpheta zimadyeranso ndi chimanga, adaganiza zowononga mpheta m'minda yawo ya tirigu kuti pakhale zokolola zochulukirapo. Asayansi apeza kuti mpheta imatha kuwuluka kwa mphindi 15 ndikuwawopsa ndi phokoso silinawaloletse kuti atuluke m'minda, chifukwa adatha kupha mbalame mamiliyoni angapo. Koma chisangalalo chawo sichinakhalitse, tizirombo tambiri tomwe tinasudzulidwa mwadzidzidzi, ndipo mpheta zimayenera kubweretsedwa mwachangu kuti apulumutse kwathunthu.

Chifukwa chake mpheta ndiyofunikira kwambiri pamtengowo.

Bwanji sikuti mbalame zonse zimawuluka nthawi yozizira

Mitundu yambiri yamalo otentha siyisuntha chifukwa cha nyengo yofatsa yozizira, yomwe imawathandiza kuti asadzimane chakudya chokwanira komanso kubereka ana chaka chonse. Kukhazikika kwa mbalame zambiri "zakumpoto" (akhwangwala, maula, njoka, ana aang ono, nuthatch, njiwa, woodpeckers, mpheta ndi zina) zimafotokozedwanso luso lotha kusintha, kupezeka kwa zakudya zoyenera komanso kusapezeka kwa adani achilengedwe.

Kugawikana kwa mbalame za nthawi yozizira pamtunda, ngakhale kuli kovuta, kumawoneka motere:

Chisa choyamba mu mzindawu komanso malo omwe amakhala, akuyandikira pafupi ndi nyumba nthawi yachisanu, kuti ayang'ane ndulu za zinyalala momasuka pofunafuna zotsalira za chakudya. Mwa njira yodyetsera, mbalame zozizira nthawi yoimiridwa zimayimiriridwa ndi magulu onse odziwika:

Mbalame zonse zosagonjetsedwa ndi chisanu zinaphunzira kupezera chakudya ndi chipale chambiri komanso kuzizira kwambiri. Mafuta onenepa kwambiri komanso maula owuma, omwe amasungidwa kutentha, apulumutseni ku kutentha kochepa.

Ndikofunikira. Maganizo olakwika ndi akuti mbalame zosatetezeka zimawulukira kumwera chifukwa cha kuzizira kwa tizilombo. Mwachitsanzo, matuwa ndi nuthatch, zimawapeza pansi pa khungwa, osanyalanyaza mazira, mphutsi ndi pupae.

Kodi mbalame zozizira nthawi zambiri zimadya chiyani?

Samavutika kwambiri ndi chisanu monga kusowa kwa chakudya, chomwe chimafunikira kukhutiritsa njala komanso, makamaka, kutulutsa kutentha. Ndiwosavuta kwa mbalame zam'miyendo (monga carduelis, siskins, bullfinches kapena tapas) ndi menyu yawo yozizira yozizira, yomwe imaphatikizapo:

• mbewu za birch
• alder mbewu
• burdock
• zipatso zamizere
• mbewu za lilac ndi phulusa.

Mbalame zotsogola zomwe zimagwirizana kuti zigwire masewera ochepa ngakhale pansi pa chipale chofewa, ndipo zina zonse, poganiza kuti zipeza zofunikira, zimayandikira pafupi ndi anthu.

Kudyetsa mbalame yozizira

Cholinga chake ndikuchepetsa kufa kwa mbalame yozizira. Kudyetsa nyengo yachisanu kumayamba (poganizira nyengo) mu Okutobala - Novembala ndipo kumatha mu Marichi - Epulo.

Mbewu ndi zina

Kudyetsa nyengo yachisanu kumayang'ana kukopa mbalame zothandiza, makamaka ma tayi ndi ma nuthatching, komanso kusamalira ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwawo. M'nyengo yozizira zakudya za mbalamezi zimaphatikizapo mbewu:

• mpendadzuwa
• hemp
• spruce ndi pine (mozama),
• chivwende ndi vwende
• maungu.

Chipolopolo cha mpendadzuwa chimabwereka mosavuta ma tini akuluakulu ndikukula, pomwe tinthu tating'ono timafunikira kuphwanyidwa pang'ono. Mbewu zamadzi, zimadyedwa ndi mtima wonse ndi zipatso zake, ndikamazizira kwambiri zimasandutsidwa, ngakhale zazikulu.

Chidwi. Pasakhale mchere mu wodyetsa (uwu ndi poyizoni wa mbalame zonse), ndipo mbewu za mpendadzuwa, dzungu, vwende, paini ndi chivwende ziyenera kuyikidwa mwatsopano, osati yokazinga.

Mitundu yonse yodya tirigu imadya ma oats ndi mapira, ndi zipatso, kuwonjezera apo, imadya magawo a mafuta osakwanira, nyama, mafuta amkati ndi mitembo ya nyama zazing'ono, zokhazikitsidwa pa nthambi yokhala ndi waya / chingwe.

Zosakaniza zodyetsa

Amasiyana kwambiri m'mapangidwe, kutengera mtundu wa chakudya cha mbalame zodyetsedwa. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha zotetezera, mpendadzuwa ndi mbewu ya hemp muyezo wa 1: 4 ndikulimbikitsidwa. Monga lamulo, chosakaniza chilichonse chimakhala ndi tirigu wosweka ndi mbewu: yoyipa kapena yodzazidwa ndi mafuta a nyama. Omalizawa amakonda kwambiri zipatso.

Chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri zamaphikidwe a calorie ndi zidutswa za nyama yophika, yodzazidwa ndi mafuta, yomwe imawonjezeranso zinyalala za tirigu, nthangala kapena mbewu monga, oatmeal. Mbalame zodya-mapira ndi mbalame zosavutikira zimawulukira mofunitsitsa kwa odyetserako, pomwe zosakaniza zamasamba za hemp, mapira, zipatso zouma (phulusa la mapiri, elderberry), mpendadzuwa wa mpendadzuwa ndi oats woponderezedwa akuyembekezera.

Odyetsa

Mapangidwe awa amatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu, chinthu chachikulu ndikuti samamasulira chakudya. Kuti izi zitheke, odyetserawa ayenera kukhazikitsidwa pafupi ndi nyumba zogona, popeza mbalame zambiri nthawi yozizira zimamvetsetsa kuti thandizo limachokera kwa munthu.

Ngati wodyetsedwayo adapangidwa kuti akhale ndi ma tonne ndi ma nuthatching, mtengo wa pamwezi umachokera ku 1.5 mpaka 2 kg wa msanganizo wa chakudya, 0,5 makilogalamu a nyama ndi 200-300 g wamafuta. Munkhalango ndi m'mapaki, momwe akuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo zovulaza, amaika wodyetsa m'modzi pa 100-200 ha.

Kutalika kwa masanjidwewo sikugwira nawo ntchito, pokhapokha ngati m'derali mulibe mphalapala, nthawi zambiri mumagwetsa othandizira. Poterepa, amapachikidwa pafupifupi mamilimita 2,5, ngakhale ndichosavuta kwambiri pomwe wodyetsayo sapachika kuposa kutalika kwa munthu.

Pofuna kukopa mbalame, ikani odyetsa malo omwewo, kuti mbalame zibweretse kukula kuno.

Kudyetsa ngati choyambitsa chisinthiko

Mbalame za nthawi yozizira zimasintha ngati zimadyetsedwa nthawi zonse. Mapeto ake, omwe amafotokozedwa patsamba la magazini ya Current Biology, adapangidwa ndi akatswiri azachipatala omwe amaonera zikwangwani zakuda kwa zaka zingapo. Asayansi adazindikira anthu awiri a ku Sylvia atricapilla ochokera ku Germany, omwe adangogawana 800 km okha. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike, mbalame za anthu onse awiriwa zidapita kunyanja ku Mediterranean, zikudya azitona ndi zipatso pamenepo.

Mu 1960s, gawo la zigawenga (pafupifupi 10%) lidayamba nyengo yachisanu ku chifion Albion, yomwe idathandizidwa ndi kudyetsa mbalame mosadukiza ndi mbali ya Chingerezi. Kupenda kwa DNA kunawonetsa kuti omenyera nkhondo awiriwa, omwe akupitilira kuwukira ku Mediterranean, adawonetsa kufanana kwawo (ngakhale poganizira mtunda wa makilomita 800) kuposa omwe adasamukira ku UK.

Akatswiri a zamankhwala amakhulupilira zakufunika kwakusiyana kwa ma genetic omwe amawoneka m'gulu lanyengo yozizira m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, nthambi zonse ziwiri za anthu zinayamba kusiyana kunja.

Kumbali ina, monga ofufuzawo atsimikizira, kumayambiriro kwenikweni kuti athe kuzindikira zomwe dziko likuchita, chifukwa Sylvia atricapilla adayamba nthawi yozizira m'malo osiyanasiyana osati kale kwambiri. Komabe, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amati apeza mgawanowo kukhala mitundu iwiriyayokha, zomwe zidachitika motsogozedwa ndi munthu.

Mpheta

Dzinali limakonda kubisa mpheta zamnyanja, mitundu yotchuka kwambiri komanso yosasimbika ya mtundu wa mpheta zenizeni. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse khumi ndi iwiri, kupatula zosowa, zimakhala ndi moyo wokhazikika ndipo zimakonda anthu. Mpheta zam'makomo zimakhala kum'mwera ndi kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi (kuphatikizapo Eurasia, Australia, North / South America, South Africa, New Zealand ndi zilumba zambiri), koma satha kuzolowera Arctic yokha.

Wamphongo amatha kuzindikiridwa mosavuta ndi malo akuda omwe amapita ku chibwano, kummero / kukoka ndi chifuwa chapamwamba, komanso ndi imvi yakuda (osati yakuda bii, ngati yachikazi). Yaikazi imakhala ndi imvi komanso mutu, ndipo timadontho timene timayang'ana imvi.

Mpheta yamkuntho, monga momwe zimakhalira, ndi mkazi wamwamuna m'modzi, ndipo amalowa muukwati wachiwiri pambuyo poti mwamuna wake wamwalira.

Mbalame ndizosawerengeka ndipo zimadziwika chifukwa cha chipwirikiti - osazengereza kuyika patebulo la cholembera cham'misewu kuti ugole zinyalala zingapo. Nyumba ya Sparrow ili ndi nthawi yotalikilapo, osapitilira zaka 5. Mphekesera za mpheta zomwe zimakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri sizilembedwa.

Bullfinch

Woimira uyu wa banja labwino kwambiri ndi kakang'ono kuposa mpheta, koma zikuwoneka zokulirapo chifukwa cha thupi lawo. Wamphongo amasiyanitsidwa ndi m'mimba ofiira, omwe mtundu wake umakonzedwa ndi mithunzi yofiira ya masaya, pakhosi ndi m'mbali (osati chitsanzo cha mkazi wololera). Zazikazi, kuphatikiza apo, zimapatsidwa kanthu kovala yoyera pamapiko awo, ndipo nyama zazing'ono mpaka molt woyamba atakhala ndi chipewa chakuda pamitu yawo.

Bullfinches amakhala ku Europe, Near East ndi East Asia, kuphatikiza Siberia, Kamchatka ndi Japan. Mphepete yakumwera ya malembawa imafika kumpoto kwa Spain, Apennines, kumpoto kwa Greece komanso kumpoto kwa Asia Minor. Ambiri okhala ku Russia akutsimikiza kuti bulfinch imawonekera m'nkhalango zathu nthawi yozizira, koma sichoncho: m'chilimwe imakutidwa ndi masamba owongoka, ndikuyang'ana kumbuyo kwa mitengo yachisanu imayamba kuonekera.

Matriarchy amalamulira m'mabanja a ng'ombe zamphongo - wowombera chipale chofewa amapeza zofunika, amawongolera achimuna komanso amakangana ndi oyandikana nawo ngati pakufunika. Wamphongo wapatsidwa ntchito yoleredwa ndi anapiye.

Ma bullfinches amatha kutulutsa nthangala kuchokera ku zipatso za mzere, hop ndi juniper, koma amakonda kwambiri mapulo, phulusa ndi mbewu zina. Mu feeders musanyalanyaze buckwheat ndi mapira.

Wobadwa wina wa banja lokongola kwambiri, wokhala ndi nkhokwe zambiri ndipo amati ndi mbalame yozizira pang'ono m'dziko lathu. Chizh sachepera mpheta, koma yosatchuka kwambiri, chifukwa cha nyimbo yotulutsa mawu yokhudza Chizhik-fawn.

Siki ili ndi mitundu yambiri yosakhala ya banal yokhala ndi mtundu wachikasu wobiriwira komanso deta yabwino kwambiri yokhudzana ndi mawu, chifukwa chake amasangalala kuigula m'misika yamitundu. Sokono amayenda mwachangu ndikuzolowera khola, pomwe amaliza nyimbo zosavuta kumva ndikuwonetsa anapiye.

Mbewu za deciduous (makamaka birch / alder) ndi ma conifers osakanikirana ndi tizilombo, monga nsabwe za m'masamba, ndizofunikira kwambiri pakudya kwachilengedwe kwa Chizh. Mbozi zosamalidwa zimapita kukadyetsa anapiye. Potengedwa, mbalameyo imazolowera canola, nthomba za fulakesi ndi mbewu za canary.

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timangokhala nthawi yocheperako. M'dzinja, timagulu tambiri timene timakhala komwe timasungirako madzi oundana.

Klest-elovik

Iye ndi chikwapu wamba, mbalame pang'ono kuposa mpheta, koma ochepera kuposa nyenyezi. Klest ndi wodziwika chifukwa cha mlomo wake wolimba wamtali, osagwiritsidwa ntchito pongotulutsa njere za ma cones, komanso mitengo yokweza. Klest-elovik amakhala ku Europe (kuphatikiza danga la pambuyo pa Soviet), Central ndi North Asia, North-West Africa, Philippines, ndi Central ndi North America.

Mbalameyi imasankha mosamalitsa ndipo imakhala makamaka yozungulirazungulira, yosakonda kukhala paini komanso yosakanikirana, koma osakhala mitengo ya mkungudza.

Wamphongo amathanso kuzindikira mbali ya mawere a rasipiberi (mwa akazi ndi imvi). Mchira ndi mapiko amtundu wamba wopakidwa utoto. Mbalame nthawi zambiri imapachikika mozondoka, ndikufika pa chulucho, ndikugwiritsitsa nthambiyo ndi zala zazitali zazitali.

Kukwapula sikumasulira ngongole mpaka kumapeto, kukhuta pafupifupi 1/3 ya mbewu: zotsalazo zimadyedwa ndi mbewa ndi agologolo. Ziphokoso zaphokoso komanso zazing'onoting'ono zimakhala nthawi yayitali pamitengo; kuthawa, nthawi zambiri zimamveka mawu a "cap-cap-cap". Mosiyana ndi mbalame zambiri, zimatha kubereka nthawi yozizira.

Goldfinch Goldfinch

Choyimbira nyimbo, chotsika mtengo kukula kwa mpheta, komanso choyamikiridwa ndi okonda chifukwa cha luso lawo laphokoso. Wofala, kapena wamutu wakuda, wakuimbira golide, amayimba mosatalikirapo chaka chonse, osataya mphatso yake ngakhale khola.

Zachilengedwe zinapatsa Carduelis osati ndi luso la woyimbayo, komanso mawonekedwe ake ochititsa chidwi - kuchuluka kwamtambo wakuda wamapiko, masaya oyera, nthenga zofiirira komanso nthenga zofiirira kuzungulira mlomo ndi mulomo. Kuwala kwamatsenga kumawonekera m'lifupi mwa mzere wofiirira pansi pa mulomo: mwa amuna ndi 8-10 mm, mwa akazi - akazi ochulukirapo.

Malinga ndi akatswiri a ornithologists, sizingatheke kukumana ndi 2 Carduelis omwe ali ndi mtundu womwewo wa manambala.

Carduelis wamba amakhala ku Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, ndi Western Siberia. Ngakhale kuti sakonda zipatso za chisanu, nthawi zambiri nyengo yozizira imakhala kunyumba, kusuntha pafupi ndi malo okhala. Carduelis amawononga tizilombo todwalitsa m'munda mwa kudalira mphutsi za mitengo, komanso nthangala za udzu, kuphatikizapo burdock, yokanidwa ndi mbalame zina.

Dzina lakutchire la mbalame yamtchire iyi - tambala wachifinishi, kapena parrot wa ku Finland - adawonekera chifukwa cha chowala (chodzala ndi rasipiberi wakumbuyo) kuchuluka kwa amuna. Akazi ndi amuna achichepere alibe mawu: mawere, mutu ndi kumbuyo kwawo kuli utoto wachikasu.

Schur ikukula kuchokera ku nyenyezi, idagogoda mwamphamvu ndikuyika mulomo wokutidwa ndi ulusi, ndikuthandizira kukoka mbewu kuchokera ku cones ndikuphwanya zipatso. Ordinary Schur imakonda nkhalango zachilengedwe, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala, komwe zimayambira kuitana "Ki-Ki-Ki", yomwe imakumbukira mochokera pansi pambuyo za bullfinch. Zimaperekanso kulira kwa "pew-li" kapena, makamaka nyengo yakukhwima, kusinthana ndi mawu okondweretsa.

Schur nthawi zambiri imasokonezedwa ndi bulfinch chifukwa cha kuchuluka kofiyira kwamabele ndikudziphatika ndi phulusa laphiri. Zowona, Schur, mosiyana ndi bulfinch, amakonda njira zamadzi mosasamala nyengo: Amati mbalame zidawonedwa zikusambira ngakhale pakati pa dzinja. Schur wopanda mavuto amayamba ukapolo, koma, tsoka, amakana kubereka.

Nkhani yokhala ndi mutu wachikasu

Amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri (10 cm) zokha ku Europe komanso mbalame yamtundu wa Luxembourg. Amfumu amatenga dzina lake ku lamba wagolide, wosayang'aniridwa mozungulira, monga korona weniweni amayenera, koma pamutu. "Korona" (lalanje mumwamuna ndi wachikasu) amawoloka kansalu wakuda pamwamba pa mutu, ndipo kulibe kwathunthu mwa achichepere.

Mtundu wamba wamapulogalamu monga mchimake ndi maolivi, ndipo kapangidwe ka thupi ngati mu wand ndi thupi lozungulira, mutu waukulu wokhala ndi khosi losaoneka komanso mchira wamfupi.

Nyumba zokhala ndi mutu wachikasu zimakonda kukhala m'nkhalango zachilengedwe zophatikizika (munkhalango zowirira), komanso m'minda ndi m'mapaki momwe mitengo yakale ya spruce imamera. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zokhazikika, sizisamukira nthawi yachisanu. Imafanana ndi zipatso munjira ya moyo: nawo, Kingletonso amayendayenda, kupitilira malire a nesting biotopes.

Pansi, Mafumu ali pafupifupi osawoneka, chifukwa amvekedwa nduwira zachifumu. Apa nthawi zambiri amatuluka kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi, kuwonetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizira pansi. Mfumuyi ndi yokhazikika ndipo imatha kutseka munthu pafupi, koma osati munthawi yachakudya.

Magpie

Mbalame yodziwika bwino ndi nthambo zosiyana, zakuda ndi zoyera, zopatsidwa ulemu ndi nyimbo, nthano ndi ndakatulo. Akazi ndi amuna amakhala ndi utoto womwewo, ngakhale kuti omalirawa amakhala ndi chitsulo chosyanasiyana (chobiriwira / chamtundu wamtundu wa violet) cha mchira wopekedwa ndimtambo womwe umasungunuka.Mlomo wam'miyendo ndi miyendo yake ndi wakuda, ndipo mtundu woyera umaphimba mbali zake, pamimba, mapewa ndi m'munsi kumbuyo.

Mbalame yakale imalemera kuyambira 200 mpaka 300 g ndi mapiko kutalika kwa 19-22 cm ndi mchira wa masentimita 22-31.

Nyama zazikuluzikulu zimakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ndipo nthawi zina zimasamukira m'magulu akulu a anthu 200. Mbalame zanyengo yozizira izi m'malo ena ndizochulukirapo, koma zosowa kwambiri m'mizinda komanso m'mizinda yambiri.

Pochepetsa nthawi zambiri amasankha:

• nkhalango zowongoka komanso zosakanikirana komwe kuli konsekonse
• minda ndi minda
• malamba
• tchire lokulira.

Makumi anayi sachita mantha ndi mapiri, pomwe amapezeka pamtunda wa 1.5-2.6 km kumtunda kwa nyanja, nthawi zambiri amakhala kutali ndi madzi. Ku ntchentche yozizira kupita kuminda yotsetsereka, malo okhalamo komanso zowonongeka pamatauni.

Big tit

Osati zazikulu zokha zokha, komanso mitundu yambiri yamtundu wa genus tit, yomwe imatchedwanso kuti tit. Imafanana ndi mpheta kukula kwake, koma kuposa kuwala kwake kowoneka bwino - kapu yakuda imakongoletsedwa pamutu pa munthu wamkulu, pamimba yachikasu yowoneka bwino imagawidwa ndi "taye" wakuda kuyambira pachifuwa kupita kumchira, masaya amapaka utoto woyera. Amuna nthawi zonse amawonekera kuposa akazi.

Great tit ndiofala ku Europe, Middle East komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa. Mbalame zodabwitsazi komanso zogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupi ndi anthu (m'minda, mabwalo ndi m'mapaki), komanso m'minda, pamapiri ang'onoang'ono komanso m'nkhalango zowala.

Chakudya chachikulu ndi chopatsa mphamvu ndipo chimadya chomera ndi nyama (makamaka podyetsa anapiye) chakudya:

• nsikidzi ndi ziwala,
• mbozi ndi nyerere,
• akangaude ndi nsikidzi,
• udzudzu ndi ntchentche,
• mbewu za mpendadzuwa, rye, tirigu, chimanga ndi oats,
• mbewu / zipatso za birch, linden, mapulo, elderberry ndi ena,
• mtedza wawung'ono.

Bolshaki, makamaka amuna, ndi oyimba abwino omwe ali ndi mawu osinthika mpaka 40 pamalonda awo. Amayimba chaka chonse, osangokhala chete nthawi yophukira komanso nthawi yozizira.

Kuthamanga

Mbalame yabwino kwambiri yokongola yokhala ndi mawonekedwe, pafupifupi yosawoneka pakuuluka. Zachikazi sizabwino kwambiri kuposa zazimuna, popeza zachiwiri zimakhala ndi maonekedwe owala kwambiri - tsitsi lofiirira, pakhosi lakumaso, chikaso, choyera, nthenga zofiirira pamapiko ndi nsonga yachikasu chachikuda pozungulira poyambira ponseponse.

Khungwe limakonda nkhalango zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, minda ndi zitsamba, pomwe zimawuluka ambiri, mazana komanso mbalame masauzande. Chakudya chachikulu cha nthawi yozizira cha kupukuta ndi mizere. M'nyengo yotentha ndi yophukira, mbalame zimadya chipale chofewa, agalu amadzuka, elderberry, zipatso za jida ndi nthangala za apulosi.

Ndikofunikira. Waxworms nyengo yozizira m'malo ena ngati chakudya chochuluka. Kupanda kutero, mbalame zam'madzi zimayendayenda kukafunafuna chakudya, zikuyenda kutali ndi malo okhala zisa.

Wosavutika ndi zipatso zamtchire, nyengo yake yozizira yambiri m'mizinda ndi m'matawuni. Mbalame ndizosusuka, ndipo zipatsozo sizikhala ndi nthawi yogaya, zomwe zimapangitsa kufalikira kwa mbewu zadyedwa.

Chiwombankhanga

Mwinanso wolimbikitsa chidwi kwambiri kuchokera ku kadzidzi, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe okongola - thupi looneka ngati mbiya, maso owala a lalanje, "makutu a nthenga" (nthenga zodumphadumpha pamwamba pa maso) komanso nthenga zowuluka. Chiwombankhanga chimatembenuza mutu wake madigiri 270 ndipo chimatha kuwuluka mwakachetechete pakati pa mitengo.

Bundi la chiwombankhanga limatha kuwoneka osati ku Europe ambiri, komanso ku North Africa (mpaka 15th in). Mbalame yofanizira nthawi yozizira yomwe imakhala ndi chidaliro mu ma biotopes osiyanasiyana, kuyambira taiga kupita kuchipululu, nthawi zina imawoneka pamafamu ngakhale m'mapaki amtawuni.

Zosangalatsa za kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga ndizochulukirapo ndipo zimaphatikizanso zonse za m'mimba ndi zotsika:

• makoswe
• ngati kalulu
• ofera
• ana a osakhulupirira
• ma hedgehogs, omwe nthawi zambiri amadyedwa ndi singano,
• wokhala ndi tsitsi
• nsomba
• repitilians ndi amphibians.

Khungu la chiwombankhanga silivutika kusankha chakudya, kusintha mosavuta kuchokera ku mtundu wina kupita kwina ndi kusankha kuchuluka kotsika mtengo.

Zakudya zomwe zimakonda zimadalira malowa. Chifukwa chake, kadzidzi a koleji yaku Rogaland yaku Norwe amayang'ana kwambiri achule (mpaka 45% ya zakudya).

Kadzidzi ilinso ndi mawu okweza komanso olemerera - kuchokera kuzinthu zodziwika bwino mpaka kulira mpaka kuseka.Mwa njira, womalizirayo akuti mbalameyo siisangalala, koma idachita mantha.

Jay

Mbalame, yomwe idalandira dzinalo kuchokera ku dzina lakale lachi Russian "kuwala", pofotokoza zonse mkwiyo wake wokongola ndi maonekedwe ake okongola, mtundu wa beige womwe umakhala ndi buluu, yoyera komanso yakuda pamapiko. Jay wamkulu imalemera pafupifupi 200 g ndi kutalika kwa 40 cm ndipo imakongoletsedwa ndi perky crest yomwe imatuluka ikakhala kuti ili tcheru.

Mlomo wolimba wolimba umasinthidwa pogawa zipatso zolimba, ma acorn ndi mtedza. Masamba (mbewu, mbewu ndi zipatso) amapezeka mumenyu ya jay, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi mapuloteni amtundu, monga:

• tizilombo ndi arachnids,
• ana, mwachitsanzo, mphutsi,
• makoko ang'onoang'ono
• abuluzi
• achule
• mazira ndi anapiye.

Jay ili ndi gawo lalitali, lokhala pafupifupi Europe, North Africa ndi Asia Minor. Mitunduyi imakhala ku Caucasus, ku China ndi Japan, Mongolia ndi Korea, Siberia ndi Sakhalin. AchiJans amakhazikika mofunitsitsa m'nkhalango (zotentha, zowola komanso zosakanikirana), kupereka zokonda ku mitengo yamitengo ya oak. Mbalameyi siyimachita manyazi kukhala malo osamalilidwa, komanso tchire lalitali (nthawi zambiri kumwera).

Kedari

Iye ndi nati wochokera ku banja la mphaka. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti kutalikirana kwa mbalameyi ya 30-centimeter imatha kukhala yolakwika kwathunthu ngati khwangwala. Pafupifupi, zojambulidwa zakale zimatsutsana ndi utoto wautoto - mutu ndi thupi la mkungudza sizili zakuda, koma zofiirira, zokhala ndi mawonekedwe oyera, ndipo mchira wakuda umakhala mbali yoyera. Mitundu ya kugonana imakhala yofooka: zazikazi ndizopepuka / zazing'ono komanso zimakhala ndi malo owonekera pathupi.

Nkhalango za paini zimakhala kuchokera ku Scandinavia kupita ku Japan, ndikusankha mitengo yamitengo ya chisa, makamaka nkhalango za mkungudza. Mbalame sizichita mantha ndi kuzizira kwambiri, ngakhale kutentha kwake kumatsikira pansi pa 40 digiri Celsius.

Zinthu monga:

• ma acorn
• Ng'ombe zamtengo wopatsa chidwi / wopatsa chidwi,
• Zipatso za Hazel
• zipatso
• ma invertebrates ang'ono.

Pine nutcrackers ndi anzeru, monga ma corvés onse: kusonkhanitsa mtedza, kutaya zosowa, ndikusunganso tsiku lamvula, kubisalira mtedza m'maenje, pansi pamadenga kapena kuyika pansi.

Panthawi ina, mbalameyo imanyamula mtedza wa paini 100, nkuwaika m'thumba la hyoid.

Nkhalango za mkungudza zimakhala chimodzi nthawi imodzi kapena zoweta, zimasamukira kumitunda yaying'ono pomwe chakudya chimatha. Mgwirizano wapabanja umapanga mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo.

Kadzidzi yoyera

Ndizokulirapo kuposa zazikuluzonse zina zomwe zimakhala mu tundra, ndipo zazikazi zamtunduwu zimakhazikitsa mbiri, zomwe zimakula mpaka 70 cm ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu atatu ndi atatu. Ali ku ukapolo, mbalame zimakhala nthawi yayitali, mpaka zaka 30, koma theka kuthengo kuthengo.

Mutu wa kadzidzi wopota ndi wozungulira, wazungulira masamba ambiri pakati pa akhwangwala, oyera ndi mivi. Amuna ndi oyera kuposa akazi ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala ndi malo owerengeka. Maso ake ndi achikaso chowoneka bwino, mulomo wake ndi wakuda wokhala ndi nthenga, nthenga m'miyendo yolowera mu "cosmas", mapikowo amafikira mamita 1.7.

Kadzidzi ya polar, yodziwika pang'ono ngati mitundu yoyendayenda, imayang'ana malo otseguka, monga lamulo, tundra, nthawi zambiri - kufikira steppe ndi nkhalango-tundra.

Amakhala ku Eurasia, North America, Greenland komanso kuzilumba za Arctic Ocean. Kukhazikika pansi, kumapewa zomera zazitali, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha njira yosaka - kuchokera pansi, nditakhala paphiri. Kuchokera pamenepo, imayang'anitsitsa malo ozungulira ndipo pakuwona nyama, idawolokera, ikuwombera mapiko ake kwambiri kuti ibowame kumbuyo kwake.

Mu chakudya cha kadzidzi yoyera pali cholengedwa chamoyo:

• makoswe, nthawi zambiri mandimu,
• ntchentche ndi pikas,
• malemu
• nsapato
• atsekwe ndi abakha
• magawo
• nsomba ndi zovunda.

Zoyang'anira zimameza masewera ang'onoang'ono kwathunthu, yayikulu - inyamizeni kupita nayo ku chisa ndikuidya, ndikuziphwanya. Chofunikira cha tsiku ndi tsiku ndi makoswe anayi. Mbidzi za ku Polar zimasaka mbandakucha komanso dzuwa litalowa, zikuuluka kutali ndi chisa chawo. Kunja kwa nyengo yakuswana, kadzidzi zoyera zimangokhala chete, koma nthawi ina zimafinya, kufuula modzidzimutsa, khungwa ndi khwangwala.

Njiwa

Zimayimira banja la njiwa ndipo amakhala pafupi ndi anthu, omwazikana padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula Arctic ndi Antarctic.Kulemera kwa nkhunda zenizeni kumalumikizidwa ndi mitunduyo ndipo zimasiyana kuchokera ku 0,2 mpaka 0,65 kg. Ma njiwa amasiyanasiyana ma utoto ndi ma plumage - mbalame zimatha kukhala zapinki, pichesi kapena mitundu yambiri, ngati mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe. Nthawi zina nthenga zimapindika, kupindika, kapena kupanga mchira wa peacock.

Nkhunda, makamaka zamatawuni, zimakonda kukhala zonenepetsa, zikafika ku zinyalala. Mwambiri, mndandanda wa nkhunda zenizeni ndi:

• mbewu ndi mbewu
• zipatso ndi zipatso
• tizilombo.

Kuphweka kwa njiwa kwa nkhunda kumalongosoledwa ndi masamba ochepa a kulawa - okhawo 37 motsutsana ndi 10 000 receptors omwe munthu aliyense ali nawo.

Chifukwa chiyani samawulukira kumwera

Nthawi zambiri, iwo omwe amakhalira nthawi yozizira adzapulumuka kuzizira. Mwachitsanzo, heron amadya chakudya cham'madzi ndi tizilombo. M'nyengo yozizira, palibe, osati ena - zomwe zikutanthauza kuti imvi yokhala ndi imvi, yomwe imakhala pakanjira yapakati, imakakamizidwa kumayendayenda chakum'mwera, monga pafupifupi zopanga zonse zosavutikira: kumeza, ntchentche, ndi lark.

Pakati pa mitundu yomwe imangokhala, pali zilombo zambiri ndi phytophages zomwe zimatha kudyetsa makungwa, zipatso, nthanga, zipatso za nthawi yozizira - sizifunikira kusuntha. Oyimira ambiri a gululi amapanga masheya m'mabowo ndi pamatayala. Mbalame zolemera, zomwe sizitha kuphimba mtunda wautali kuthawa: mapira, grouse wakuda, ndi hazel grouse sizikuwuluka konse.

Zomwe zimathandiza nthawi yozizira

Mbalame zilizonse zimalekerera chisanu kwambiri. Mphepo yozizira imalowa pakati pa nthenga pomwe ikuuluka, chifukwa chithunzichi chimayamba kugundika. Zimakhala zovuta kwambiri nthawi ya chipale chofeŵa kwa iwo omwe amadya mbewu ndi mbewu. Kenako kapangidwe kapamwamba kamalomo kamathandizika - kumatha nthawi yayitali kuti chakudya chithetse pansi pa chipale chofewa, kapena champhamvu komanso chopindika, chomwe chimathandiza kuchotsa njere zam'mimba. Ndipo nthenga zoyenera kwambiri ndi fluff zimathandiza kuti thupi lizitentha.

Mbalame zina zasintha kuti zizigwiritsa ntchito zabwino zonse zakukhala pafupi ndi anthu. Chifukwa chake, nkhunda za m'mizinda ndi mpheta sizingakhale moyo popanda chitukuko. Amawulukira kumadyereti apadera chakudya, beseni pafupi ndi nyumba, pansi padenga ndi pazenera. Akatswiri a Ornithologists amatchula gawo ili la ma sedentary synanthropes.

Kusiyana kosamukasamuka

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kumakudya a magulu awiriwa. Mbalame ndi zolengedwa zamagazi ofunda, pamlingo wotentha wa 41 ° C amatha kulekerera ngakhale kutentha kwambiri ku Siberia ndi Altai Territory. Komabe, kuti apulumuke kuzizira, amafunika mphamvu zambiri, motero chakudya.

Chifukwa chake, mafoni am'madzi akudyetsa tizilombo tama m'madzi, herbivores ambiri ndi osatetezeka amakakamizidwa kuti azitha kusamukira pachaka kukafunafuna chakudya. Mosiyana ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, anthu omwe nthawi yozizira samataya chakudya chawo ngakhale nthawi yozizira. Chifukwa chake, amakhalabe m'gawo losasinthika. Kuphatikiza apo, ena a iwo (monga grouse wakuda, capercaillie, ndi ena otero) samasinthidwa maulendo ataliatali ndipo kutayika kwa anthu awo poyesa kupanga ndege kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa nthawi yachisanu yozizira kwambiri pamalopo.

Zojambula

Mbalame za nthawi yozizira m'matumbo awo sizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimasamukira.

Amadziwika kuti ubongo ndi ntchito zomvekera bwino zimakhazikika bwino mokhazikika, pomwe ubongo waomwe akusamukira umatha kuyenda bwino.

Matupi awo amakhala ophatikizika, osasinthika, pomwe amangokhala kungakhale olemerera pang'ono. Khungu la mbalame limakhala lopanda tiziwalo thukuta, pali amodzi okha, osakhazikika m'gululi, coccygeal. Nthenga za nthawi yozizira zimakhala zowuma komanso zowuma; fluff amatetezedwa ku chimfine. Chigoba cha achikulire ndi chopepuka komanso chopanda seams. Mbambo ndi kakulidwe kapadera (keel) mbalame zotere sizimapangidwa pang'ono. Koma oyimilira akuluakulu (Partridge ndi wakuda grouse) ali ndi minyewa yamiyendo kwambiri.

Makina ogwiritsira ntchito nthawi yozizira amasiyanitsidwa ndi chikwama chokhazikitsidwa chomaliza kumapeto kwa esophagus, pomwe mankhwala opangira chakudya chokhazikika amapezeka mu nyama zamiyala. Mapapu ndi matupi olimba, ndipo kupuma movutikira kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ma secreti amlengalenga.Dongosolo loyenda magazi ndi labwino kwambiri kuposa la zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa, mtima umagawika m'magawo am'mimbamo. Kutentha kwa thupi kumasungidwa nthawi zonse osatsika ndi 38 ° C, ndipo mwa mitundu yomwe imayenera kupirira kutentha pang'ono, imafika pa 43 ° C.

Njiwa

Mtundu umodzi wodziwika bwino wa ma synanthropes. Pakadali pano, anthu ambiri amakhala m'midzi yayikulu ndi yaying'ono: mizinda, midzi, midzi. Odziwika kwambiri komanso ambiri ndi njiwa yaimvi.

Imeneyi ndi mbalame yayikulu-yayikulu - kulemera kwake imafika 650 g. Ndiwosazindikira chakudya - imatha kudya nthangala, mbewu monga chimanga, zipatso, zipatso, kapenanso kutaya zinyalala. Mtundu wa nkhunda ndi wosiyana ndipo zimatengera mtundu: pali zoyera, ndi zapinki, ndi inki, ndi mitundu yakuda. Mitundu ya imvi ikhoza kudziwika ndi maonekedwe amtundu wamtambo. Adagawidwa paliponse kupatula Antarctica.

Tit

Mbalame yakuda kwambiri iyi m'dziko lathu imadziwika ndi onse. Kutalika kwake sikuposa 17 cm, kulemera 20 g, mapiko - apakati a masentimita 25. Nayi mawonekedwe a gawo lalikulu, buluu lamtundu wa buluu ndizochepa pang'ono. Maonekedwe ake owoneka bwino: mutu komanso khosi, masaya oyera, bere lachikaso ndi mapiko akuda. Pali gawo la gawo la Eurasia ndi North Africa.

M'chilimwe, mbalameyi imagwiritsa ntchito tizirombo toyambitsa matenda, nthawi yophukira komanso nthawi yozizira imasinthira zipatso ndi mbewu za mbewu. Samakana chidutswa cha mafuta, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amamuyikira wodyetsa zipatso.

Goldfinch

Mbalame yaying'ono yamtundu wamitundu yachikasu, pamutu pa mitundu ina pali "chipewa" chofiyira. Carduelis amakhala kumapeto kwa nkhalango, mapaki ndi mapepala. Kutalika kwake kumakhala kotsika ngakhale mpaka ma tits - 12cm yokha, ndipo kulemera mpaka g 20. Itha kupezeka ku Europe, Russia, Asia ndi kumpoto kwa Africa.

Zomera monga burdock ndi linnet ndizokondedwa, koma mbewu zonse ndi chimanga zimaphatikizidwa pazakudya zawo. Goldfinch amatha kuzolowera kukhala muukapolo - posachedwa adatchuka ndi chiweto chifukwa cha kukongola komanso kudabwitsa, kuyimba.

Kinglet wamutu wachikasu

Birdie, wodziwika bwino ku Belarus. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazing'ono kwambiri ku Europe ndi Russia. Ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 10, unyinji wa mfumu sudutsa magawo 8. Zowonjezerazo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi ma toni a maolivi, pamutu pali chizindikiro chachikaso chowala chotchulidwa m'dzina la mtundu.

Mtengo wamtengowu umakhala pamitengo yamitengo yamtundu wotchuka kwambiri. Samasankha chakudya - amadya chimanga, zitsamba, ndi zipatso. M'chilimwe, amasaka tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Mbalame yam'madzi kwambiri, ndizovuta kwambiri kuzizindikira m'nthambi za mitengo.

Khwangwala

Mosiyana ndi mtundu wokhazikika womwe umapezeka m'mabuku a ana, akhwangwala ndi akhwangwala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame. Khwangwala amakhala m'nkhalango, ndipo khwangwala sakhala patali ndi chitukuko. Kukula kwake, woyamba ndi wokulirapo kuposa wotsiriza - kukula kwake kumafika 60 cm (10cm), ndipo kulemera kwake kumapitilira mtundu wa "m'matawuni" ndi 500-700 g - mpaka 1.5 kg. Mbalame zonsezi ndizodziwika ndi maula akuda komanso mlomo wamtali. Raven imapezeka paliponse, kupatula South America ndi New Zealand. Khwangwala ukukhala kokha kumpoto kwa Europe, pakati pa Russia ndi North America.

Onse oyimira ma corvids ndi opatsa chidwi, koma amakonda kulosera. Amadya mopitilira muyeso komanso amatsitsa ngakhale nyama zazing'ono.

Khalid

Woodpeckers amakhazikika m'nkhalango za Eurasia, Africa ndi America onse. Mtundu wake ukhoza kukhala wosiyana, koma wotchuka kwambiri wamtundu wapakati ndi mtundu wamatabwa okhala ndi kapu ofiira, chakumbuyo chakumbuyo, mapiko ndi mchira wake, matumbo oyera ndi masaya. Ntchito yayitali yodutsa nkhuni ndizoboweka mabowo mumitengo ndikusonkha masheya nthawi yachisanu yosungidwa m'maenje awa. Amasunga nthangala, njere ndi mtedza. M'nyengo yotentha, imagwira ma invertebrates, nthawi zina imaba mazira ku zisa za mbalame zazing'ono.

Omwe amakhala ku Russia

Ku Russia, kuli mitundu yoposa 70 ya mbalame zokhazikika.

Mu Moscow Region phytophages amapezeka: crossbill, waxwing, Muscovite, wakuda grouse, Schur, komanso carnivores: kadzidzi ndi kadzidzi. Dera la Leningrad lakhala nyumba ya greenfinch, khwangwala imvi, blackfinch ku Europe, ndi curler.

Dera la Voronezh lili ndi ziwombankhanga, chiwombankhanga chagolide, zabodza ndi akambuku. Mbalame zopanda vuto zambiri zimakhala pano: gadget, chikasu, oak. Kudera la Nizhny Novgorod, kuli ma nuthatch, redstart, finch, hazel grouse, ndi nkhandwe ya miyendo yofiira.

Ku Urals, ma tap-otters, mapiri, mphungu zagolide, waxwings, capercaillie amakhala. Bashkiria imakhala anthu akuda, udzu, tsekwe, ndi vakhir. Ku Far East amakhala boas, ospreys, loons, zuikas.

Chifukwa chiyani muyenera kudyetsa mbalame m'nyengo yozizira

Kwazaka zambiri za moyo, limodzi ndi anthu, mbalame zambiri zomwe zimazizira nthawi yachisanu sizinaphunzitse kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wonse wopezeka m'derali, komanso zimadalira chitukuko. M'nyengo yozizira, makamaka muFebruary, mbalame zimavutika ndi kuzizira komanso njala. Kudyetsa mbalame m'nthawi yozizira, anthu amawathandiza kupulumuka kuzizira, kuwalola kuti azikhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezera.

Monga chovala chapamwamba, mbewu za mpendadzuwa, oats, mapira, mafuta anyama, zipatso zouma ndizoyenera - zonsezi siziyenera kukhala zopanda tanthauzo komanso zosapsa. Ndikwabwino kudzaza odyetserako maora angapo asanafike mumdima kuti ma wadi asataye mwayi wofunafuna chakudya ndipo nthawi yomweyo osagona ndi njala.

Mtengo wozizira kwa anthu

Okhazikika amachita ntchito zofunikira m'chilengedwe, zomwe zimakhala ndi zothandiza kwa anthu. Chifukwa chake, amadyera tizirombo touluka, kuteteza mbewu ndi kupewa kufalikira kwa matenda kudzera pakukhetsa magazi. Kudya ndi kusunga mbewu, zina nthawi yachisanu zimazinyamula mtunda wautali, zimathandizira kuti mitengo ndi zitsamba zizigawidwa moyenera. Pomaliza, ma scavenger (magpie, khwangwala ndi jay) amayeretsa chilengedwe cha zinthu zowonongeka.

Mbalame zopitilira nyengo yachisanu

Mbalame za nthawi yozizira zimalephera kwambiri, chifukwa nthawi yozizira imakhala yovuta kwambiri kwa iwo. Kuyambira m'mawa mpaka usiku amayenera kufunafuna chakudya, popeza kuti thupi lopeza bwino limawalola kutulutsa kutenthe kwambiri, komwe kumawathandiza kuti asazizire. Kuzizira kwambiri, mbalame zimayesetsa kuti zisawuluke, choncho zimafunafuna chakudya pomadyetsa komanso pansi. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zomwe zimakhala zokhazokha nthawi yokhazikika zimatha kusokera zoweta.

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Mndandanda wa mbalame zachisanu

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Zikuwoneka ngati mbalame yaying'ono komanso imvi ndi yopanda mantha kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, mpheta zamtchire zimayesa kuwuluka pafupi ndi mzinda kapena mudzi kuti zikapeze chakudya pakati pa anthu. Mpheta zimawuluka m'magulu, ngati mbalame imodzi ipeza chakudya, imayamba kuyitanitsa enawo. Kuti mukhale otentha usiku wachisanu, mbalame zimakhala m'mizere ndikuzisinthana malo ndikusinthasintha.

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Njiwa

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Chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka ma paws, njiwa samasinthidwa kuti ikhale pamtengo. Posankha chakudya, mbalameyi si yoyera. Chochititsa chidwi ndi nkhunda ndizomwe zimakonda kwawo komwe amakhala.

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Mukugwa, akhwangwala amawuluka mtunda waufupi kulowera kumwera. Akhwangwala aku Moscow afika ku Kharkov, ndipo ku Moscow ndi akhwangwala a Arkhangelsk. Ndi chakudya chokwanira, khwangwala amakhalabe wokhulupirika ku tsamba lake. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zimasinthasintha kukhala ndi moyo wosadukiza komanso zoweta.

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Klest

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Mbalame yakumpoto iyi, ikafunafuna chakudya, imatha kuuluka mtunda wautali. Maulendo apamtunda amasinthidwa kuti akhale chisanu ndi kutentha pang'ono. Kukana kuzizira kumapangitsa kuti mbalame zizilowetsa mazira ngakhale nyengo yolipa. Amamanga zisa zawo bwino ndi moss ndi tsitsi la nyama.

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Bullfinch

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Ku Russia, amakhala makamaka m'nkhalango zowirira pafupi ndi mitsinje, komanso amakhala m'mizinda. Bullfinches amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. M'mizinda, amadya phulusa la kumapiri ndi maapulo atchire, komanso mbewu.

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Tit

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Samapanga nkhokwe yazakudya nthawi yachisanu, ndiye kuti nthawi yozizira zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti zilowerere. Nthawi zambiri, mbalamezi zimakhalako nthawi yozizira kokha chifukwa chodyetsa zowonjezereka ndi anthu. Amakonda mafuta anyama, zipatso zouma, mbewu ndi mtedza.

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Mimayi

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Mbalamezi ndizopatsa chidwi komanso zimakonda kudya. M'nyengo yozizira, imapita ku zipatso, mtedza ndi mbewu.M'nthawi yozizira, iwo amabwera limodzi m'gulu la nkhosa ndipo amayendayenda pofunafuna chakudya.

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Jay

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Mbalame ya nomadic idya chomera ndi nyama. Amatha kupanga chakudya cham'nyengo yozizira monga masokosi a zipatso.

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Magpie

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M'nyengo yozizira ngakhale mphutsi zimatsitsa odyetsa. Amakhala moyo wongokhala ndipo samapita kutali ndi chisa m'nthawi yozizira.

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Goldfinch

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Mbalame za Sedentary kumpoto kwa dera limatha kuyendayenda mtunda wautali. Pofunafuna chakudya amasonkhana m'matumba.

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Kedari

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M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zamtchire zimakonda kudya nthanga za mkungudza ndi mtedza wina. M'nyengo yozizira, samakumana ndi kusowa kwa chakudya.

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Owl

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M'nyengo yozizira kwambiri, kadzidzi amatha kupita kumizinda kukasaka mpheta. Mbalamezi zimapanga chakudya m'nyengo yozizira zisa zawo.

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Nuthatch

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Mbalame yozizira iyi imadziwika bwino. Mbaleyu samakhala ndi chakudya chambiri m'nyengo yozizira, chifukwa nthawi ya chilimwe amayambanso kupeza njere, mtedza ndi zipatso. Mbalame imabisala chakudya pamalo omwe imakhala.

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Zowoloka

Woimira gulu la mabanja labwino Passerformes ndiwodziwika bwino pakati pa ena onse. Kuyankhula za zomwe mbalame zimabisala ku Russia, ndikutchulanso zowoloka, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti amabala ndi kudyetsa ana mu kuzizira kwa makumi atatu!

Ndipo nthawi yomweyo, mbalame zazing'onozi zimatchedwa "kuyimba mu chisanu." Zowona, mayendedwe owoloka sangakhale mu nthawi yozizira zokha, komanso m'chilimwe. Kuti mzimayi azikhala pamazira, kungodziwa zakupezeka chakudya kokwanira ndikofunika.

Thupi la munthu wamkulu wowolokeranso losapitilira 20 cm; munthu amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 50. Akazi pofika zaka zitatu amakhala ndi maulusi obiriwira obiriwira, ndipo amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ofiira.

Mitengo yoyambanso kudya zipatso za ma cones. Mbalame zimatulutsa chakudya pogwiritsa ntchito mlomo wokhota. Malinga ndi zokonda zazakudya, mtanda ndi mitengo ya pamtunda yomwe ili pamtunda imasiyanitsidwa. Amadziwikanso monga magulu akunja.

M'madera okhala, zopambanitsa sizingachitike. Izi ndizachidziwikire okhalamo nkhalango.

Zowoloka zazikazi sizowala ngati zazimuna

Nuthatch

Dzina lachiwiri la mbalame yaying'ono iyi ndi dzenje. Ndi ya banja la nuthatch, lopezeka mwamitengo yambiri, yosakanikirana komanso yosakanikirana ya nkhalango zapakati Russia ndi Siberia. Nuthatch imaberekanso m'mapaki ndi m'minda yomwe amakhala. Chifukwa chake, nuthatch imatha kudziwidwa kuti ndi yamtchire komanso yamtundu wa mbalame yozizira ku Russia.

Mbalame zimatchedwa nuthatch chifukwa cha luso lawo lodabwitsa kukwera mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo, kumamatirira mwamphamvu kumanja awo. Komanso, mbalame zambiri nthawi zambiri zimayenda molunjika mitu.

Woyendetsa nuthatch amayitanidwa kuti atha kupanga phokoso lofanana ndi kulumikizana kwa chilankhulo. Phokoso lofananalo limapezeka munthu akamayang'anira hatchi. Koma awa si "nyimbo" zawo zokha. Zotsatira za Nuthatch ndizofalikira. Mbalame yaphokoso iyi imayimba kwambiri makamaka pa nesting: kumapeto kwa dzinja ndi m'dzinja loyamba.

Mverani mawu a nuthatch

Amaberekera ana m'maenje, kumakhalamo nyumba zakale za mitengo, kapena kupeza mayenje oti palibe munthu - sangakwanitse kudzipatula okha. Samapewa ma nuthatch ndi maenje okumba.

Wophunzitsayo amadyera chakudya komanso nyama. Mbalame yosamala nthawi zonse imapereka chakudya cha "tsiku lamvula", kubisala chakudya chochulukirapo pamiyala yamitengo ndikutchingira "cache" ndi lichen kapena khungwa.

Mbalameyi idatchedwa ndi dzina lotanthauza kuthekera kukwera mitengo mosadumphira pansi

Ndiponso zomwe mbalame zimasiyidwa nthawi yozizira m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia? Zachidziwikire, mlongo! Uyu ndi woimira wina wa mabanja a Finchiformes. Uyu ndi wokhalamo nkhalango zachilengedwe. Sikiyo imadya tizilombo ndi mbewu, kutengera nyengo.

Awiri amapangidwa pokhapokha pa nthawi ya nesting. Ndikayamba yophukira kumapeto kwa Seputembala, masisitini amagwetsedwa pagululo ndipo amayendayenda kumalo osungirako madzi opanda ayezi. Chifukwa chake, asinki amawerengedwa ngati mbalame pang'ono kuzizira ku Russia.

Chizhik-fawn imadzipatulira ku nyimbo yodziwika ndi onse. Kupatula apo, mbalame yaying'ono iyi imadziwika chifukwa cha kutseguka, kusinthika. Amagwera mosavuta mumisampha yosiyanasiyana, amagwiritsa ntchito ukapolo, amagwira ntchito mwamphamvu, komanso amabereka ana muukapolo. Amadyetsedwa m'khola ndi mbewu za canary, amagwiriridwa, ndi mbewu za fulakesi.

Ndi chipiriro chokwanira, munthu amatha kuphunzitsa siskin yanyumba misampha, misampha. Chifukwa chake, m'misika yam mbalame, mbalameyi imakhala yotchuka nthawi zonse ndi omwe akufuna kukhala ndi chiweto chokhala ndi chiweto.

Mafumu okhala ndi mutu

Uwu ndi mtundu wina wa nyimbo zochokera m'nkhalango zowuma, zomwe sizisuntha kuyambira nthawi yachisanu ndipo ngati nuthatch, zimatha kupita chammbali pansi. Pali mbalame pamutu wa mbalame, pomwe idatchedwa dzina. Ndipo mfumuyo ikadatsukidwa, koma kukula kwa mbalameyo sikokwanira. Kukula kwa chinjoka chachikulu kuposa chinjoka chino. Inde, kubisala kwa prying maso ambuye.

Mfumuyi ndizovuta kuwona pakati pa masamba, koma ndizosavuta kumva. Ndikosavuta kusokoneza nyimbo yodabwitsa yolankhula nyimbo za m'nkhalango ndi ena, mapangidwe ake ndi kusefukira kwake ndizodziwikiratu. Komanso, mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zomwe "zimalankhula" nthawi yakudyaku, mfumu ikuimba nthawi iliyonse pachaka.

Mverani kuyimba kwa mfumu ya mutu wachikasu

Chisa cha mbalame chimamangidwa ngati mawonekedwe a mpira wopendekera udzu, fluff, moss, lichen, ndikuthamangitsa chilichonse ndi cobweb. Kenako makolo amtsogolo azikhomerera nyumba yawo pamtanda wowongoka wamtengo. Mkati mwenimweni mwadzaza anthu, anapiyewo atakhala pansi atapanikizana.

Kupeza mfumu ngati chiweto ndi nkhani yovuta. Amasamala kwambiri kuthengo, ndipo ali mu ukapolo - amasankha za zomwe zili. Nthawi zambiri, kamodzi pachilala, kingletel amakana kudyetsa ndikufa ndi njala.

Mbalameyi ndi yaying'ono, chifukwa chake ndizosavuta kuzizindikira m'nkhalango nthawi zambiri, koma ndizosavuta kumva

Mimayi

Mbalame yaying'ono yokongola iyi yochokera ku banja la passerines, pafupifupi 20 cm kukula kwake ndi masekeli 60 g, imatha kupezeka m'nkhalango za Russia zachisanu. Pamutu pa mbalameyo pamakhala timitengo tating'ono, maso, mapiko, zokhala ndi mchira kuti timazunguliridwa zakuda. Kuphatikiza apo, mawanga ofiira amawoneka pamapiko, ndipo mchirawo pali mzere wachikaso.

Chithunzicho chidadziwika ndi dzina la matupi ake amtundu wofanana ndi mawu akuti: "Sviri-ri-ri-ri". Aliyense amene wamva kuyimba kwa phula sangasokoneze iye ndi mbalame ina iliyonse.

Mverani mawu a sera

Mphezi zodziwika bwino zimapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango za taiga kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. M'nyengo yozizira, samakhala malo amodzi. Amadziwika kuti ndiosamuka, popeza amakhala akusaka zakudya.

Kedari

Dzina lachiwiri la mbalame iyi ya banja la corvidae ndi nati. Ndi yaying'ono pang'ono kuposa jackdaw, koma ili ndi mlomo wautali. Amathandizira mkungudza kutulutsa timiyala tambiri. Kubisala chakudya mu thumba la hyoid, mbalameyo imasamutsira chisa chake.

Nthawi imodzi, munthu m'modzi amatha kunyamula mtedza pafupifupi 100. Ndipo zina zonse, zomwe mtengo wa mkungudza unazindikira, koma osakwanira mu chikwama chake, mbalameyo imabisala m'chigawo cha 2-4 km nthawi yachisanu, ndipo nthawi zina pachaka imalowera munthaka.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mumzinda wa Tomsk mumakhala chipilala chopatsa thanzi. Zowonadi, chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwake, zimathandiza kukulitsa nkhalango zachilengedwe. Osati mtedza wonse womwe unabisidwa pansi umapezeka, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zina mwazomwe zimapezekazo zimaphuka mu kasupe.

Carduelis

Dzinalo la mbalame yochokera ku banja latsopanoli limagwirizana ndi mawu akuti "golide." Izi ndizoyenera, chifukwa munthu wokongola amayenerabe kuyang'ana. Masaya oyera amasiyana bwino ndi chisoti chakuda chamutu. Chigoba chofiyira kuzungulira mulomo wamtali wamtali chimatsiriza chithunzi cha mbalame yolira.

Carduelis samasiyana kukula kwakukulu, popeza amakula mpaka 17 cm.Ukulemera kwawo sikudutsa g 20. Komabe, kutchuka kwa drachunov kunamamatira kwambiri kwa mbalamezo. Mbalame zolimba mtima ndizokonzekera kumenyera gawo lawo osati moyo, koma kufa.

Mbalamezi ndi zamtundu wa kuthengo.Zovala za ma golide agolide zimakhala ngati maudzu a udzu, makamaka nthula, burdock, burdock, wakuda wodwala ndi zitsamba zina. Sanyalanyaza mbewu za ma cones. Ndi nyengo yozizira, mbalame zimafunafuna chakudya pazomera zomwe zimakhazikika pakati pa akhwangwala.

Goldfinch amakonda nyimbo. Mu repertoire yake ilipo mitundu 20 ya zolemba zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha izi, amakonda kumusunga m'nyumba zawo ngati chiweto.

Mverani mawu a carduelis

Ndipo golide wagolide wotetezeka, akasamalidwa bwino, amasangalatsa eni ake ndi nyimbo zoseketsa chaka chonse. Carduelis amatha kukhala mu ukapolo mpaka zaka 20!

Moscow

Dzina lachiwiri la mbalame yaying'onoyo ndi tit black. M'mawonekedwe, ndizofanana kwambiri ndi gawo wamba, koma laling'ono. Ndipo bere lake ndi imvi.

Kwa chigoba chakuda kuzungulira mulomo, posandulika chipewa, mbalame ija poyamba imatchedwa "chigoba". Koma patapita nthawi adasinthanso liwulo kukhala losavuta kwambiri kwa munthu waku Russia, yemwe amawoneka kuti abwerera mumzinda waukulu wa dzikolo - ku Moscow.

Muscovites amakhala m'nkhalango zachilengedwe. Koma ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira imatha kupezeka pafupi ndi odyetsa minda ndi mapaki.

Dzina loyambirira la mbalameyo inali chigoba, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kanyimbo ngati chigoba

Ma Tits

Mbalame yaying'onoyi ndi yodabwitsa chifukwa imatha kuwononga mphutsi pafupifupi chikwi chimodzi za mbozi ndi mbozi patsiku. Chifukwa cha kususuka kotere, adakhala woteteza minda ndi minda yamasamba. Anthu adazindikira izi ndipo adayamba kusamalira ma tini. M'zaka za zana la 17, ngakhale lamulo lachifumu lidalipo, malinga ndi momwe wakupha angalangidwe koopsa.

Ndikayamba nyengo yozizira, maliseche amayandikira pafupi ndi nyumba yomwe amakhala, pomwe amadya zotsalira za chakudya cha anthu kapena kudya paphwando zotsala zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zikhale ndi "canteens". Ophunzira amasangalala kukawakonzera chakudya.

Ndizosangalatsa kuti ku Russia yamakono, ma toni adalandilanso chidwi. Pa Novembala 12, Sinichkin Day idakhazikitsidwa mdzikolo. M'malo ena (mwatsoka, osati kwina kulikonse), ngakhale zikondwerero zimakonzedwa ndi aboma pa mwambowu.

Jays

Mbalameyi ndi ya banja la ma corvids a Passeriformes odutsa. Imafika kutalika kwa 34 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake kumakhala pafupifupi g 180. Dzinalo limapezekanso ku mawu akuti "kuwala", chifukwa ma jay ndi okongola kwambiri. Zowonjezera zake ndi zotumphukira, mapiko okhala ndi zikopa zoyera ndi zamtambo, ndipo pamutu - kakang'ono kakang'ono.

Chakudya cha Jay chimakhala ndi njere za mpendadzuwa, spruce, phala, acorns. Mbalameyi siimangodya nyemba za thundu, komanso imadzikonzekeretsa yokha, ndikuyiyika pansi. Chifukwa chake, zimathandizira kugawa mitengo yazipatso m'derali.

Jay ndiwopambana. Kuphatikiza pa kubzala chakudya, nyama imaphatikizidwanso muzakudya zake: zovalazo, makoswe ang'onoang'ono, anapiye a mbalame zina, mazira. Izi ndizowonjezera kwa tizilombo komanso mphutsi zawo. Pali nthawi zina pomwe jay anaukira mbalame zazikulu, adazipha ndikuzidya.

Wopindika amakhala osamala kwambiri. Ndizovuta kugwira komanso kungowona, mwachinyengo iye amabisala pakati pamitengo. Koma mutha kumva. Ngakhale pali zovuta pano: jay samakonda kuyimba nyimbo zakeyake, nthawi zambiri amatsata mawu a anthu ena: Nightingale trill, crow crow, bark agalu komanso ngakhale chitseko cha pakhomo.

M'nkhalango za taiga, mbalame zazing'ono zokongola za banja lotchedwa Schur, zimakhalako. Makulidwe awo amagwirizana ndikukula kwa nyenyezi. Kwa mtundu wawo wowala (mawere a rasipiberi ndi kumbuyo kwake, m'mimba mwaimvi, mapiko amtundu wakuda ndi mchira, mikwingwirima yoyera pamapewa) amatchedwa roosters aku Finnish kapena mbalame zaphokoso za ku France.

Zowona, Schura yachikazi imakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yowoneka ngati maula: m'malo mwa utoto wa rasipiberi, chikasu chodetsedwa chimakhala mwa iwo. Ponytails a schurov okhala ndi khosi lokongola. Nthawi zina pike imasokonezedwa ndi bulfinch - onse amakhala ndi mabere ofiira ndipo amakonda kudya phulusa la kumapiri.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pike amangokonda kusambira, zilibe kanthu kuti ndi chaka chiti chomwe amakhala pabwalo. Ngakhale nthawi yozizira, mbalame zodabwitsazi zimapeza maiwe osazizira komanso ozizira mosangalala. Akaidi, mbalamezi zimakhala mokhazikika, koma zimaberekanso kawirikawiri.

Magi

Kwa ma magpie, dzina lakutchulidwa kuti "wakuba" lidakhazikika.Kulakalaka chilichonse chonyezimira ndi kowala kumakhala kwazonse. Nthawi zambiri anthu amapeza zodzikongoletsera zagolide zodula, ma watchi, ndi zodulira zasiliva m'miyala yawo ali ndi zofunda zachitsulo ndi mikanda. Momwe mbalamezo zinakwanitsira kuba izi kwa eni chinsinsi ndichinsinsi chodziwika okha.

Nyama ndi mbalame zanzeru kwambiri. Akatswiri a zamatsenga adatsimikizira kuti ndiwopepuka kuposa mbalame zina, popeza ndi nyama zokhazokha zokhazokha zomwe zimatha kudzizindikira pagalasi. Samawona mbalame ina pakuwonetsera, akumukwapula kapena kumuwopseza, osadandaula.

Ngati matsenga akakula mwa munthu, ndiye kuti amazindikira mbuye wake osati ndi mawu ake, komanso ndi gait, chithunzi. Awa ndi mbalame zokhulupirika: amabweretsa zikhalidwe zawo kwa eni (omwe nthawi zina amaba), amagawana chakudya. Nkhani zambiri zoseketsa zimayankhulidwa ndi izi ndi iwo omwe amayenera kuthana ndi "mphatso" kuchokera kwa chiweto chokhala ndi minyewa.

Maukwati ali mu ukapolo amakhala nthawi yayitali, amasinthidwa mosavuta, akhoza kuphunzitsidwa. Khalidwe lawo nthawi zina limakhala lodabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yake yopuma, mbalame yodyetsedwa bwino imatha kusangalala poyenda padenga la padenga pachivindikiro chachitsulo. Ndipo ikagudubuka, nyamayo inatenga "chikole" chake ndi mulomo ndikuwakweza m'mwamba, monga ana a m'phirimo amachitira.

Pali nthano zomwe Metropolitan Alexei m'zaka za m'ma 18 amakaikira malingaliro amunthu mu mbalamezi. Adasankha kuti amatsenga anali mfiti zomwe zidatenga mawonekedwe a mbalame. Chifukwa chake, matsenga anali oletsedwa kupita ku Moscow.

Oimira ena amtunduwu amatha kutsanzira phokoso lopangidwa ndi anthu. Ngakhale izi zimachitika pafupipafupi.

Kufotokozera

Kukula kwa bullfinch sikapitilira mpheta, koma kumawoneka okulirapo chifukwa cha phokoso lokhazikika. Mbalameyi ndi ya banja labwino.

Mbali yodziwika bwino yaimuna ndi mimba yofiyira, komanso masaya, khosi kuchokera pansi ndi mbali zake zimakhala ndi kansalu kofiyira. Mwa akazi, malowa ali ndi kamvekedwe ka bulauni. Amuna ndi akazi ndiosavuta kusiyanitsa wina ndi mnzake. Kuphatikiza pa mtundu wa mabere, amakhalanso ndi kusiyana kwamankhwala. Wamphongo amakhala ndi chingwe choyera pamapiko, koma maupanga alibe. Mbalame zazing'ono, nthawi yoyamba isanakhazikike molt, imasiyananso ndi akuluakulu. Mbalame zazing'ono sizikhala ndi kapu wakuda, zimakhala ndi mtundu wakuda wa maula onse, kupatula mchira ndi mapiko. Ndizakuda.

Ngati mungawone ana a ng'ombe zamtchire m'nkhalangomo, ndiye kuti kusiyanasiyana pakati pa wamphongo ndi wamkazi, komanso kwa achinyamata, kukuchitika.

Palinso kusiyanasiyana pang'ono mu mtundu wa mbalame, kutengera dera lomwe zimakhala. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi kumwera kwa dziko lathu zili ndi mtundu wa chifuwa ndipo masaya amakhala ofiira. Ndipo kuyandikira ku Far East, chowonekera kwambiri m'derali. Mu zilumba za Kuril mungapeze mbalame yokhala ndi bere la pinki. Ndiponso, izi zikugwira ntchito kwa amuna okhaokha.

Habitat

Mbalame ya bullfinch imakhala ku Russia konse. Amakhulupirira kuti amatilumirira nthawi yozizira. Komabe, izi ndizolakwika. M'chilimwe, pakati pa masamba, mbalameyi imavuta kuzindikira. Koma nthawi yozizira, kutengera mtundu wa chipale chofewa - ng'ombe zamphongo zofiira zimawonekera kwambiri.

Mbalameyi imakhala m'nkhalango momwe mumapezeka udzu wambiri. Amapewa mitengo ya payini yoyera. Amakhala alendo pafupipafupi m'mapaki ndi mizinda yamizinda. Imakonda maluwa obiriwira okha, komanso nkhalango zowirira zomwe ndizabwino kwambiri.

Monga mbalame zina, imawulukira kumwera nthawi yachisanu, ndipo m'mwezi wa Marichi imawulukiranso kumalo osungirako nyama. Pofika chapakati pa Epulo, iwo pafupifupi amachoka ku maiko akumwera ndi pakati a Russia. Malo akuluakulu osungira mbalamezi ndi malo am'mphepete mwa kumpoto kwa Arctic Circle.

Mbalamezi zimakhala ku Europe konse, Siberia, Kamchatka Peninsula ndi Japan. Malire a malo awo kumwera amadutsa pafupi ndi malire a Apennine Peninsula, ndipo kumpoto ndi malire ndi Arctic Circle. Mbawala za mbalame zam'madzi ndi mbalame zomwe zimangokhala, choncho Epulo aliyense amabwerera kumalo omwe amakhala. Mabanja a ng'ombe zamphongo ndi zamakedzana. Masewera a chipale chofewa amapeza chakudya pano, amakonzanso "zochitika zosemphana". Wamphongo amakhala pachibadwa.

Chakudya cha Bullfinch

Mbalame izi zimakhala ndi mulomo wosazolowereka - zimakhala ndi mtundu wakuda, wandiweyani, wotakata komanso wosalala kumapeto kwake, ndimalovu osalala. Ndi mlomo wotere, ndikofunikira kwambiri kutulutsa nthangala kuchokera ku zipatso zosakanizidwa, ma cones a hop ndi juniper. Komabe, chakudya chomwe mbalame zimakonda kwambiri ndi mbewu za phulusa, mapulo, alder.

Amuna amakhala okongola komanso aulesi mwachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, odyetsa omwe amakola anthu. Mbalamezi ndizotchuka kwambiri. Kenako wamphongo (ndi wamkazi nayenso) sadzanyalanyaza mapira ndi ng'ombe.

Izi mbalame chisa "muyezo", woboola kapu. Damu la chisa limatha kufika 20 cm, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 8. Akazi amatha kuyikira mazira 6. Izi zimachitika pofika pakati pa Epulo. Bullfinches amakonda chisa pamitengo ya spruce.

Zachikazi zimasaka mazira masiku 10 oyambilira, kenako kukasokoneza anapiyewo kumawuluka kukapeza chakudya cha banja, ndipo champhongo chimatsala chisa. Yaikazi imadyetsa anapiye ndi chakudya chomera, imangobweretsa tizilombo mwangozi. Pathunthu, anapiye ali mchisa pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Kenako amayamba kuphunzira kuuluka.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Mpheta zimadya chilichonse m'Mawu enieni. Alibe zokonda zapadera. Amadya tizilombo, chimanga, zinyenyeswazi, amawononga chakudya cha anthu. Mbalamezi sizikhala zodzichepetsa kwambiri. Amatha kukhala pansi ndikuyang'anitsitsa modzaza pakamwa pa munthu yemwe akudya patebulo yophika nthawi yachilimwe.

Ngati kwatsala nthawi yayitali chonchi osayendayenda, mbalameyo imatha kukwera pamwamba pa tebulo ndikugwira zomwe zimakopa chidwi. Kuyenda kocheperako kumapangitsa kuti mbalameyo ithe. Mbalame sizisirira chakudya. Gulu lonse la nkhosa limagundana, phwandolo litayamba.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Kumapeto kwa dzinja, nyimbo za mpheta zimamveka ndipo mawu ake ena amadziwika. Izi zikusonyeza kuti nthawi yawo yakukhwima ndiyabwino. Kulimbana pakati pa omenyanirana sikupewedwa kwenikweni. Zotsatira zake, banja lili ndi moyo, lomwe kumapeto kwa mwezi wa March likumanga chisa cha mabanja awo.

M'mwezi wa Epulo, wamkazi amayikira mazira. Nthawi zambiri mu chisa mulibe kupitirira 8. Pafupifupi milungu iwiri wamphongo ndi wamwamuna adzafunika kuwakwatula. Ndipo zimachita limodzi.

Samakhala nthawi yayitali, pafupifupi zaka 5. Koma pakati pa mpheta panali anthu azaka zana omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali maulendo awiri. Kutalika kwa mbalamezi kumakhala chifukwa cha kuzizira kwa nyengo zina m'malo ena.

Mawonekedwe

Kukula kwake, golide wagolide wamba amatha kufananizira ndi mpheta, kulemera kwake ndi magawo 20. Mawu a golidewo ndi osangalatsa kwambiri, amatha kuchita zopitilira magawo awiri. Akazi amakhala ndi mawu okoma kwambiri, amuna nthawi zina amakhala ndi zolemba zakuthwa kumadulira makutu awo.

Mtundu wa mbalameyi ndi wowala komanso wachilendo. Mimba ndi yopepuka, kumbuyo ndi chifuwa ndizosiyanitsidwa: mawanga akuda, a bulauni, amtundu wa beige. Mizere yamapiko imatsimikiziridwa ndi nthenga zachikasu. Mutu wake ndi woyera, kumbuyo kwa nthenga zam'mutu zimapanga kolala yakuda, chifukwa chomwe 1 mwa mitunduyi chimatchedwa kuti golide wa mutu wakuda. Mlomo wazunguliridwa ndi nthenga zofiira kwambiri. Anapiyewo alibe, amawoneka panthawi yakula. Mitundu ya akazi ndi yowala pang'ono kuposa yaimuna. Akatswiri a zamankhwala amati ma 2 Carduelis okhala ndi mtundu womwewo kulibe.

Biology

Magpie ndi mbalame wamba, nthawi zambiri, yokhazikika. Chimakhala m'nkhalango zamitundu yosiyanasiyana (ikukonda m'mphepete mwa nkhalango), nkhwangwa, minda, mikanda ndi zitsamba zonse kumapiri ndi kumapiri mpaka mamita 2600 pamwamba pa nyanja. m mu Tien Shan ndi 1,500 metres - ku Altai, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi madzi. Kawirikawiri amakhala m'mizinda ndi m'matawuni omwe ali ndi mitengo yamitengo. M'nyengo yozizira, yomwe imapezeka m'misika, malo otsetsereka ndi malo owombera. Kulikonse, pachaka chachikulu chimapezeka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, mwapadera, mpaka mbalame 200. Mu kasupe, mawonekedwe awiriawiri kumapeto kwa February - Marichi. Amaberekana awiriawiri motalikirana mita 75-200 kuchokera pa wina ndi mnzake.

Kubala nkhunda

Ma njiwa amakhala amwano ndipo amapanga banja kwa moyo wawo wonse. Ngati njiwa yamphongo itasamalira wamkazi, imatambasulira mchira wake ndikuyimilira, kenako imagwada pansi, yotupa ndikutuluka mozungulira mkaziyo. Panthawi yovina iyi, yamphongo imalira kwambiri. Okondawo amayeretsa nthenga za wina ndi mnzake ndi kukhudza milomo yawo, ndikupanga kupsompsona.

Amuna akakwatirana, yamphongo imakwera pamsana pake pachikazi ndi masikelo chifukwa cha mapiko. Pambuyo pake, akuuluka, akugubuduza mapiko ake. Nyengo yakukhwima kwa nkhunda imatha kukhala nthawi iliyonse pachaka, malinga ndi malo omwe anthu amakhala. Ma njiwa awiri amapanga chisa pamalo obisika momwe zimavuta kudziwa. Wamphongo amatenga zinthu zokhala m'nyumba, ndipo nkhunda imayala nthambi zoonda, masamba ndi masamba a udzu. Mu chaka, chachikazi chimatha kupanga timitanda tokwana 8, timene timakhala ndi dzira limodzi kapena angapo. Nthawi zambiri, zazikazi zimasaka mazira, koma nkhunda yamphongo imatenganso nawo gawo. Pambuyo pa masiku 16 mpaka 19, anapiye a njiwa amawoneka, akhungu komanso akhungu lachikasu. Samabadwa nthawi yomweyo, popeza kugona kwa mazira kumatha kupezeka masiku awiri. M'masiku oyambilira, makolo amadyetsa ana awo burp kuchokera ku tsekwe. Kenako mbewu zimawonjezeredwa muzakudya. Pakupitilira mwezi umodzi, nkhunda zazing'ono zimayamba kuwuluka ndikukhala ngati akuluakulu.

Kukhala Ndi Khalidwe Labwino

Kadzidzi ya polar imakopeka momveka bwino m'malo otseguka. Amadana ndi zomera zazitali zilizonse. Izi ndichifukwa cha njira yosaka. Mbalame nthawi zonse imasaka pansi, ndikukhala pamalo okwezeka. Amayang'ana malo ozungulira, kufunafuna nyama, ndipo ataona tambala, akuwuluka m'mapiko ake kwambiri, nawuluka kwa iye ndikugwadira wogwidwa ndi chiwopsezo chake. Imameza cholengedwa chaching'ono. Amang'amba zida zazikulu ndikudya. Mafuta ndi mafupa zimang'ambika ngati mapupa ang'onoang'ono. Kadzidzi ya polar imadya makoswe anayi patsiku kuti akwane. Amakonda kusaka m'mawa kapena nthawi yamadzulo.

Kuphatikiza pa makoswe, chakudya chake chimaperekedwa ndi hares, ma eymines, ma hedgehogs, abakha ndi magawo. Amadyanso nsomba, osanyoza kunyamula. Mbodzi samasaka pafupi ndi chisa chake. Makungu omwewo amawagwiritsa ntchito. Zimakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi kadzidzi ndipo zimakhala zotetezeka kwathunthu, chifukwa mbalame yodya nyama ndiyanzeru kwambiri. Ali pamtunda wamakilomita angapo kuchokera pachisa, akuyamba kuthamangitsa adani kuti, Mulungu asalole, kudya anapiye ake.

Dera komanso chikhalidwe cha nthabwala

Ma Jays afalikira ku Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, ndi Caucasus. Mutha kukumana ndi mbalame zachilendozi ku Siberia, China, Japan, Mongolia, Korea ndi Sakhalin. Ku Central Asia, mbalameyi sizimachitika mwachilengedwe.

1. Zina mwa mbalamezi zimakhala zosamuka, pomwe zina zimakhala chabe. Kudalira uku sikukukhala anthu akumpoto kokha, komanso madera aku Europe.
2. Panyengo yonse yozizira-nyengo yachisanu, ma jay amayendayenda m'nkhalango. Kutalika kwakazungulira kumawonedwa pakati pa Seputembala mpaka theka la Novembala. Kusunthika kwa kasupe kumachitika mu Marichi.
3. Mbalame zokhala m'nkhalango - zowoneka bwino, zophatikizika komanso zosakanikirana. Zokonda zapadera zimaperekedwa kwa mwana wankhuku ya jay ndi mitengo ya oak ndi nkhalango.
4. Kum'mwera, mbalame zimakhomera pakati tchire lalitali. Kuphatikiza pa nkhalango, anapiye a jay amatha kukhala m'mapaki akale, ovunda kapena otentha kwambiri.

Kufalitsa

Ku Magpie ku Kazakhstan ndizosangalatsa, kupatula madzi osefukira komanso zipululu. Kuti mumve zambiri pofalitsa ku Kazakhstan, onani Gawo laling'ono.

Biology

Magpie ndi mbalame wamba, nthawi zambiri, yokhazikika. Chimakhala m'nkhalango zamitundu yosiyanasiyana (ikukonda m'mphepete mwa nkhalango), nkhwangwa, minda, mikanda ndi zitsamba zonse kumapiri ndi kumapiri mpaka mamita 2600 pamwamba pa nyanja. m mu Tien Shan ndi 1,500 metres - ku Altai, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi madzi. Kawirikawiri amakhala m'mizinda ndi m'matawuni omwe ali ndi mitengo yamitengo. M'nyengo yozizira, yomwe imapezeka m'misika, malo otsetsereka ndi malo owombera.Kulikonse, pachaka chachikulu chimapezeka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, mwapadera, mpaka mbalame 200. Mu kasupe, mawonekedwe awiriawiri kumapeto kwa February - Marichi. Amaberekana awiriawiri motalikirana mita 75-200 kuchokera pa wina ndi mnzake.

Njiwa

Kufotokozera

Nkhunda, kapena nkhunda zenizeni, ndi mbalame zochokera ku njiwa, banja la nkhunda. Nkhunda yakuthengo inaletsedwapo pafupifupi 5,000, ndipo mwina zaka 10,000 zapitazo. Kutalika kwa mapiko a njiwa ndi 20-27 masentimita, kulemera kwake kumayambira 200 mpaka 650 g.

Mtundu wa nkhunda ukhoza kukhala wosiyaniratu. Mitundu ina ndi mitundu ya nkhunda imakhala ndi mitundu yambiri, ngati mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe, kapena michira ngati mapikoko. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti pinki njiwa mitundu, chikasu, pichesi kapena khofi. Ma njiwa amatha kukhala amtundu womwewo, amitundu yambiri kapena okhala ndi mawonekedwe ake. Pali mitundu yokhala ndi ma curly kapena ma nthenga ambiri pafupi ndi mutu kapena ma paws.

Malo ogawa

Nkhunda zimakhala paliponse, kupatula ku Antarctica ndi dera louma. Ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kwa nkhunda zomwe zimayendayenda zinafika 5 biliyoni, zidatha chifukwa cha kudula mitengo kwa mitengo ku North America.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Nkhunda zimadya njere, zipatso za mitengo yazipatso, ndi zipatso. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'mizinda zimatha kudya zonyansa (tirigu, chimanga, oats, barele). Nthawi zina nkhunda zimadya tizilombo. Kwenikweni, mbalame zimakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi nyumba yomwe amakhala, kotero ndizosavuta kupeza chakudya. Nkhunda sizimasamala posankha chakudya, chifukwa nkhunda imakhala ndi masamba owerengeka pang'ono mkamwa: 37 masamba omwe amalawa poyerekeza ndi masamba 10,000 omwe munthu amakhala nawo.

Ngati njiwa imamwa, imadzitungira yokha ngati udzu, pomwe mbalame zina zimagwira madontho ochepa ndi milomo yawo kenako ndikuponyera mitu yawo kuti madzi alowe pakhosi.

Kubala nkhunda

Ma njiwa amakhala amwano ndipo amapanga banja kwa moyo wawo wonse. Ngati njiwa yamphongo itasamalira wamkazi, imatambasulira mchira wake ndikuyimilira, kenako imagwada pansi, yotupa ndikutuluka mozungulira mkaziyo. Panthawi yovina iyi, yamphongo imalira kwambiri. Okondawo amayeretsa nthenga za wina ndi mnzake ndi kukhudza milomo yawo, ndikupanga kupsompsona.

Amuna akakwatirana, yamphongo imakwera pamsana pake pachikazi ndi masikelo chifukwa cha mapiko. Pambuyo pake, akuuluka, akugubuduza mapiko ake. Nyengo yakukhwima kwa nkhunda imatha kukhala nthawi iliyonse pachaka, malinga ndi malo omwe anthu amakhala. Ma njiwa awiri amapanga chisa pamalo obisika momwe zimavuta kudziwa. Wamphongo amatenga zinthu zokhala m'nyumba, ndipo nkhunda imayala nthambi zoonda, masamba ndi masamba a udzu. Mu chaka, chachikazi chimatha kupanga timitanda tokwana 8, timene timakhala ndi dzira limodzi kapena angapo. Nthawi zambiri, zazikazi zimasaka mazira, koma nkhunda yamphongo imatenganso nawo gawo. Pambuyo pa masiku 16 mpaka 19, anapiye a njiwa amawoneka, akhungu komanso akhungu lachikasu. Samabadwa nthawi yomweyo, popeza kugona kwa mazira kumatha kupezeka masiku awiri. M'masiku oyambilira, makolo amadyetsa ana awo burp kuchokera ku tsekwe. Kenako mbewu zimawonjezeredwa muzakudya. Pakupitilira mwezi umodzi, nkhunda zazing'ono zimayamba kuwuluka ndikukhala ngati akuluakulu.

Arctic Owl (White Owl)

Mawonekedwe

Kadzidzi yabwinoyo imakhala ndi thupi lalikulu. Kutalika kwake, mwa amuna, ndi 55-65 cm, zazikazi ndizokulirapo. Amafika kutalika kwa masentimita 70. Kulemera kwa abambo kumayambira 2-2,5 kg - kugonana koyenera kumalemera. Nthawi zina zazikazi zimakhala ndi makilogalamu 3,2, zolemera zambiri zimafanana ndi 3 kg. Mapikowa amafika masentimita 165. Mbalameyo imakhala ndi mutu wozungulira komanso maso achikasu owala. Makutu ndi ochepa kwambiri - ali pafupifupi osawoneka. Mlomo wapaka wakuda. Komanso, imakutidwa ndi nthenga kwathunthu. Nsonga yake yokha ndiowoneka. Miyendo imakutidwa ndi maula tambiri, nthenga zochuluka kwambiri ngati ubweya. Zovala zake ndi zakuda, ngati mtanda.

Mtundu wankhandwe wa mbalameyo ndi yoyera komanso yoyera ndi mitsempha ya bulauni. Nthawi zina, m'malo mwa mikwingwirima, mikwingwirima ya mtundu wa bulauni imawonedwa.Amuna ndi opepuka kuposa achikazi, anapiye amabadwa atakulungidwa ndi nsalu yoyera, ndiye amasintha mtundu kukhala bulauni. Amuna omwe atsala ali ndi mitundu yoyera yoyera - achichepere, ndimawangamawanga. Kukhetsa kumachitika mwa mbalame kumayambiriro kwa Julayi komanso nthawi yophukira. M'masiku omaliza a Novembala, kadzidzi wa polar amavala zovala zatsopano za nthawi yozizira.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Nthawi yakukhwima kwa kadzidzi wa polar igwera pa Marichi-Epulo. Kwa ana amtsogolo, mkaziyo amakonzera chisa. Chifukwa cha izi, amasankha malo okwezeka. Nthawi zambiri amakonda zitunda. Zimapangitsa kupsinjika kakang'ono pansi, kumalimbitsa ndi masamba owuma ndi pansi. Mazira amayamba kugona theka lachiwiri la Meyi. Dzira limodzi patsiku, kawiri. Hatch mwezi wawo. Kadzidzi woyamba akumana kumapeto kwa June. Wamphongo amasamaliradi kudyetsa, koma posakhalitsa mkaziyo amamugwirizanitsa, popeza kuchuluka kwa akhanda kumawonjezeka mofulumira.

Pazaka zopatsa thanzi za anapiyewo, amatha kukhala khumi kapena 17. Amapaka timapaka tomwe timatenthetsa mazira otsiriza. Munthawi yanjala, pali mazira ambiri. Ngati ili yoyipa kwathunthu, ndiye kuti palibe ana konse. Ng'ombe mwachangu kukhazikika mchisa, zimayamba kukwawa kuchokera pamenepo, kumayendayenda. Patatha mwezi ndi theka atabadwa, choyamba amawuluka mlengalenga. Kutha msamba mu kadzidzi wa polar kumachitika pazaka chimodzi. Chiyembekezo cha moyo ndi zaka 15-17. Ali mu ukapolo, mbalamezi zimatha kukhala zaka 30.

Kukhala Ndi Khalidwe Labwino

Kadzidzi ya polar imakopeka momveka bwino m'malo otseguka. Amadana ndi zomera zazitali zilizonse. Izi ndichifukwa cha njira yosaka. Mbalame nthawi zonse imasaka pansi, ndikukhala pamalo okwezeka. Amayang'ana malo ozungulira, kufunafuna nyama, ndipo ataona tambala, akuwuluka m'mapiko ake kwambiri, nawuluka kwa iye ndikugwadira wogwidwa ndi chiwopsezo chake. Imameza cholengedwa chaching'ono. Amang'amba zida zazikulu ndikudya. Mafuta ndi mafupa zimang'ambika ngati mapupa ang'onoang'ono. Kadzidzi ya polar imadya makoswe anayi patsiku kuti akwane. Amakonda kusaka m'mawa kapena nthawi yamadzulo.

Kuphatikiza pa makoswe, chakudya chake chimaperekedwa ndi hares, ma eymines, ma hedgehogs, abakha ndi magawo. Amadyanso nsomba, osanyoza kunyamula. Mbodzi samasaka pafupi ndi chisa chake. Makungu omwewo amawagwiritsa ntchito. Zimakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi kadzidzi ndipo zimakhala zotetezeka kwathunthu, chifukwa mbalame yodya nyama ndiyanzeru kwambiri. Ali pamtunda wamakilomita angapo kuchokera pachisa, akuyamba kuthamangitsa adani kuti, Mulungu asalole, kudya anapiye ake.

Klest

Kufotokozera

Kukhazikika kwa miyendo kumapangitsa mbalameyo kuti ikwere mitengo, itapachikika kumtunda. Mtundu wa pachifuwa cha amuna ndi rasipiberi, ndipo mwa akazi ndi imvi. Mchira ndi mapiko a mbalame zimasanduka mbewa. Kuyimba kwamtunda wokhala ndi zilembo zapamwamba kumafanana ndi twitter yomwe ikuwomba mluzu. Izi zimawonedwa pa ndege. Pa nthambi, mbalame zimakhala chete.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya mbalame, zitatu zomwe ndizofunikira ndipo zimakhala mu Russia:

Ndiwofanana machitidwe okhala ndi zakudya. Mayina amalumikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe amitundu yamitundu yosankha ya ma conifers komanso kupezeka kwa nthenga zoyera.

Habitat

Makolo akale amakumbukizi amakono ndi akale kwambiri, ali ndi zaka 7 miliyoni miliyoni. M'nkhalango zachilengedwe za North Hemisphere, anthu ambiri owoloka mapiri adabadwa. Kukhazikika kwawo kumadalira mwachangu kukolola kwa ma cones, omwe ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha mbalame. Chifukwa chake, maulendo owoloka amakhala mu tundra komanso m'nkhalango zamtchire, amapanga ndege zazikulu kupita kumadera olemera ndi chakudya. Pakhalapo zochitika pomwe amapezeka 2,000 km kuchokera kumalo odyera. Ku Russia, amakhala m'nkhalango za pine komanso zokongola za m'mapiri kum'mwera kwa dzikolo, kumpoto chakumadzulo. Mbalame zimatha kupezeka m'nkhalango zowongoleredwa ndi mfuti.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Zingakhale zolakwika kuganiza kuti mtanda wam'madzi umadya kokha ndi njere zam'madzi anyani, ngakhale zili chakudya chake chachikulu. Mlomo wokhala ndi ulusiwo umachotsa mamba, kuvumbula mbewu, koma gawo limodzi lokha lachitatu la khonalo limapita kukadya. Mbalameyi imasiyira mbewu yovuta kufikirako, ndikosavuta kuti ikapeze kampumulo kena.Zochulukazo zimagwera pansi ndipo zimakhala chakudya cha mbewa kapena agologolo komanso anthu ena okhala m'nkhalango. Mtambowo umatha kudya masamba a spruce kapena paini, makamaka akakhala kuti pali kuchepa kwa ma cones, udzu kumapeto kwa utoto pamodzi ndi khungwa la mitengo, komanso mbewu zina, tizilombo ndi nsabwe za m'masamba. Ali mu ukapolo, samanyoza mphutsi za ufa, oatmeal, phulusa la kumapiri, hemp ndi mbewu za mpendadzuwa.

Kuswana

Anapiye omwe adawolokedwa, mosiyana ndi mbalame zina, amawonekera nthawi yozizira, nthawi zambiri pa Khrisimasi, monga chisomo cha Wam'mwambamwamba, malinga ndi nthano. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi malo osungirako zakudya. Chisa chimamangidwa ndi chachikazi pamwamba pa conifers kapena pansi pa chivundikiro cha nthambi zokumbika kuchokera kumvula komanso ma snows. Kupanga zisa kumayambira ndi chisanu choyamba ndipo kumachitika poyang'ana mayesero onse ovuta: ndi chingwe chofunda cha moss, tsitsi la nyama, lichens, nthenga za mbalame. Makoma a chisa amatha kudzitamandira kukhazikika: kuchokera kunthambi zopangidwa, zigawo zingapo zimapezeka, zamkati ndi zakunja. Chisa chimakhala chofanana ndi thermos kuti chizitha kutentha nthawi zonse. M'nyengo yozizira, njira zowoloka, ngakhale atazizira, ndizolimba kusamalira ana awo. Kutseka mazira a 3-4 kumatenga masiku 15. Munthawi imeneyi, yamphongo m'njira iliyonse yomwe imatha imasamalira wamkazi, imadyetsa ndi nthito zofewa mu tsekwe.

Khwangwala wakuda

Kufotokozera

Mwa thupi, kukula ndi kuchuluka kwake - cholembedwa cha khwangwala wa imvi, koma kuchuluka kwake konse ndi kwakuda, ndi sheen wachitsulo. Amasiyana ndi khwangwala m'ming'alu yaying'ono, mchira wozungulira wozungulira (wopanda wozungulira), mutu wopepuka, wopanda mulomo wamphamvu kwambiri. Ndikosavuta kusokoneza ndi kamtanda kakang'ono, komwe kamayenera kusiyanitsidwa ndi phokoso lonyentchera, mulomo wolimba kwambiri (pamwamba pa mulomo umakhala ndi lakuthwa pansi pansi), palibe "mathalauza" (mwachitsanzo, nthenga zomwe zili kumbali sizinadonthe), nthenga zapakhosi pamutu. anakweza kotero kuti mutu ndi "lathyathyathya", ndi wozungulira wozungulira kuchokera mulomo mpaka kumbuyo kwa mutu. Amuna ndi akazi akunja samasiyana. Achichepere ndi ofanana ndi achikulire, amasiyana mumitundu yambiri, opanda gloss. Kulemera 500-750 g, kutalika 50-57, mapiko 32.7-41.2, mapiko mpaka 90-105 cm.

Kufalitsa

Ku Kazakhstan, imakhala m'mapiri komanso kumapiri a South-Western Altai ndi Kalba Uplands, Saur, Dzungarian Alatau ndi Tien Shan, m'chigawo cha Zaysan ndi Balkhash-Alakol komanso m'chigawo cha Kumwera kwa Balkhash, m'chigwa cha Chu, m'chigwa cha Sarysu komanso kudera lonse la Syr Darya. Kumpoto gawo ili la Kazakhstan limafika kumapiri a Turgay ndi Ulkayak. Kwa zaka zowuma kunja kwa nyanja zamtundu wa Turgai, chimadzala ku Naurzum. M'malire omwe adafotokozedwa omwe amapezeka koyendayenda nyengo yachisanu. Kuwunikira kwambiri kunadziwika pa Ustyurt, ku Mugodzhary, vagrants - pa Kokchetav Upland.

Biology

Mbalame yokhazikika yokhazikika. Amakhala m'nkhalango zam'mphepete mwa nyanja, mitengo, malamba okhala ndi mabango kumapeto, komanso m'nkhalango zowuma, zosakanikirana ndi mapiri ataliatali mpaka 2600 m mu Tien Shan ndi 2200 m ku Altai, makamaka pafupi ndi madzi. Chimawonekera kumalo azisamba mu Marichi. Amaberekera awiriawiri motalikirana kwa 100-150 m, ndipo nthawi zina 8-10 km kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Chidacho chili pamtengo (spruce, juniper, elm, mtengo wa apulo, popula, mbuzi, msondodzi, birch, lark) pamtunda wa 2-25 mamita pamwamba pa nthaka, kapena pamatchire a tamarisk ndi mabango, chisa chimamangidwa kuchokera ku nthambi kapena bango ndi masamba, ndipo amakhala ndi tsitsi zambiri. Clutch ya mazira 3-6 amapangidwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa Marichi mpaka kumapeto kwa Meyi. Makolo onsewa amadyetsa anapiye omwe amapezeka kumapeto kwa Meyi mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Julayi. Kubwerezabwereza nesting itawonongeka koyamba kofala. Kusuntha kwa Autumn kumayambira kumapeto kwa Seputembara - koyambirira kwa Okutobala.

Jay

Dera komanso chikhalidwe cha nthabwala

Ma Jays afalikira ku Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, ndi Caucasus. Mutha kukumana ndi mbalame zachilendozi ku Siberia, China, Japan, Mongolia, Korea ndi Sakhalin. Ku Central Asia, mbalameyi sizimachitika mwachilengedwe.

1. Zina mwa mbalamezi zimakhala zosamuka, pomwe zina zimakhala chabe. Kudalira uku sikukukhala anthu akumpoto kokha, komanso madera aku Europe.
2. Panyengo yonse yozizira-nyengo yachisanu, ma jay amayendayenda m'nkhalango. Kutalika kwakazungulira kumawonedwa pakati pa Seputembala mpaka theka la Novembala. Kusunthika kwa kasupe kumachitika mu Marichi.
3. Mbalame zokhala m'nkhalango - zowoneka bwino, zophatikizika komanso zosakanikirana. Zokonda zapadera zimaperekedwa kwa mwana wankhuku ya jay ndi mitengo ya oak ndi nkhalango.
4. Kum'mwera, mbalame zimakhomera pakati tchire lalitali. Kuphatikiza pa nkhalango, anapiye a jay amatha kukhala m'mapaki akale, ovunda kapena otentha kwambiri.

Mawonekedwe

Jay ndi mbalame yankhalango iyo ili ndi dzina lake kuchokera ku mawonekedwe akale achi Russia akuti "kuwala". Dzinali linapatsidwa kwa mbalame chifukwa cha maonekedwe ake owoneka bwino komanso kuti anali wokondwa.

1. Thupi la mbalameyi limapakidwa utoto. Pa bere, nthenga zimakhala zowala.
2. Mapikowo amakongoletsedwa ndi mawanga amtambo, oyera ndi akuda, omwe amatchedwanso magalasi.
3. Kukula kwa mbalame ndi mchira sikupita masentimita 40. Mwana wankhukuyo imabadwa yayikulu kwambiri ndikukula msanga.
4. Kulemera kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu sikupitirira 200 g.
5. Nthenga zimakhala ndi timabowo tofiirira.
6. Pamutu wa mbalameyo pamakhala nthenga zabwino kwambiri. Akangosintha kumenewo, izi zimasonyeza kuti mbalameyo yachita mantha.
7. Chowoneka mosiyana ndi jay ya buluu ndizowoneka zowoneka bwino zakumbuyo kumbuyo ndi chovala chamtambo chowala pamutu.
8. Mlomo wamtunduwu ndiwolimba komanso wowonda, wocheperako. Ndibwino kuwononga mtedza, ma acorn, ndi zipatso zolimba kwambiri.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Nthawi yakukhwima mu mbalamezi imayamba mchaka. Posankha awiri, yamphongo imayamba kuwuma, kupanga phokoso lambiri, kusungunula chikumbumtima chake kuti akondweretse mkaziyo.

1. Kuyambira pakati pa Epulo, mbalame zimayamba kupanga awiriawiri ndi chisa. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika m'malo omwe ma jay amakhala nthawi yayitali ndipo sangasokonezedwe ndi mbalame zina.
2. Chisa chonyowa chikumangidwa palimodzi. Kuti achite izi, amagwiritsa ntchito mapesi a udzu, nthambi zoonda komanso zopota za ubweya. Zomera zimakhala pamtengo wamatanda pamtanda wolimba pamwamba pamtunda wa mita imodzi ndi theka kuchokera pansi.
3. Mazira omwe ali mumayaya ndi owoneka, amtchire wobiriwira. Nyengo imodzi, yaikazi imayikira mazira 4-7.
4. Funso loti ndani aswa mazira limatsutsanabe. Akatswiri ena a zamankhwala amati izi ndi zomwe zimachitika wamkazi, pomwe ena amakhulupirira kuti chachikazi ndi chachimuna akhala pachisarecho.
5. Pakatha masiku 15-17, anapiye amawoneka chisa. Akuluakulu amasamalira anapiye mpaka kugwa. Pambuyo pa masiku 20, achinyamata pang'onopang'ono amayamba kudzilamulira - amatuluka zisa zawo poyesa kupeza chakudya. Achinyamata amadya mbozi zomwe makolo awo amapeza. Popita nthawi, ana aang'ono okalamba amasinthira kwathunthu kubzala zakudya.
6. Pakatha chaka, anapiye a jay adayamba kukhwima.

Chakudya Chosangalatsa

Zakudya za mbalamezi ndizosiyanasiyana kwambiri ndipo zimatengera nthawi ya chaka. Ma bango okhathamiritsa amadya nyama komanso chomera, chomwe chimapezeka pamitengo komanso padziko lapansi.

1. M'nyengo yotentha, anapiye a jay amadya tizilombo - nyongolotsi, akangaudeetc. Izi zimabweretsa phindu lalikulu kunkhalango molingana ndi kayendedwe ka tizilombo.
2. Kuphatikiza pa tizilombo, mbalameyi imadyerera mwachidwi mbewa, achule kapena abuluzi.
3. Achifwambawa sanyansidwa ndi zisa za anthu ena, kuwawononga ndikuyamba kudya anapiye ndi mazira.
4. Kuchokera pachakudya chazomera, mbalame za nthabwala zimakonda nthangala, mbewu, ndi zipatso. Mwambiri, "zakudya" zam'munda ndizomwe zimapanga chakudya chochuluka cha mbalamezi. Amakonda kwambiri ma acorn, ma hazelnuts, chitumbuwa cha mbalame ndi zipatso za mzere.

Nkhani yokhala ndi mutu wachikasu

Mawonekedwe

Mafumu ndi mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri ku Europe. Cholemba chamutu wachikasu chimasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba pamutu komanso thupi lofanana, kumtunda kumakhala kobiriwira, pansi kumakhala koyera, kokhala ndi mtundu wachikasu."Chipewa" pamutu wamphongo chimakongoletsedwa ndi chingwe cha lalanje (lalitali chikazi), chomata m'maso chakuda. Achichepere alibe chojambula chamutu chamitundu yambiri.

Kufalitsa

Mtunduwu umakhala wokhala komanso wosamuka, wokhala ndi masamba 13 ku Eurasia. Mtundu waukulu wa ku Europe sapita kumwera kwa 45 ° kumpoto chakutali. Masamba pafupi ndi malo oswana kapena kumwera, mpaka kumwera kwa Europe. Ku Italy, chiwerengero cha mbalame zodyera ndi mazana awiri ndi mazana awiri ndi mazana awiri, omwe amapezeka pamtunda wamamita 900 mpaka 1,900 pamwamba pa nyanja. Zodziwika bwino nthawi yozizira.

Wokhala m'nkhalangozi, mpaka kumapiri. Ku Alps, kugawa kwa mfumu yambewu zachikasu kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi fir ndi spruce. Pomwe muli zisa m'mapaki am'mizinda komanso m'minda momwe mudyera mitengo yambiri.

Biology

M'mwezi wa Meyi-June, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira 9-11, omwe amadzimatira, kwa masiku pafupifupi 16. Nthochi zimasiya chisa 17-18 patatha masiku awiri chibadwa. Kubweretsa awiri pachaka. Amfumu a mutu wachikasu samatsikira pansi, kufunafuna akangaude ang'onoang'ono ndi tizilombo, mazira awo ndi mphuthu za masamba, ndikupenda nthambi iliyonse yaying'ono. Nthawi zambiri "amayimitsidwa" kuchokera kunthambi zomwe zili pansipa kapena kupendekera patsogolo pawo, mapiko otuluka. Imayimba mokweza kulira, yopanda mphamvu komanso yayitali kuposa ya mfumu yodula mutu.

Big tit

Kufotokozera

Great tit ndi mbalame yochokera ku banja la titmouse. Ino ndi mbalame yowoneka bwino komanso yokongola - ali ndi kapu wakuda kumutu, masaya ake ndi oyera ngati chipale, tummy wake ndi wachikasu wowoneka bwino, kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira. Mchira ndi mapiko ake zimakhala ndi buluu. Kuzungulira mutu ndi pachifuwa pali mikwingwirima yakuda yowoneka bwino. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala akhungu kuposa akazi. Kukula kwake, mbalameyi imakhala yofanana ndi mpheta yodziwika bwino. Kutalika kwake kumayambira 13 mpaka 17 cm, ndipo mapiko ake ali mpaka 26 cm.

Kufalitsa

Chuma chachikulu chili ponseponse padziko lonse la Europe, komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa. Mbalame zimakhala m'nkhalango zowerengeka, m'mapiri, m'mapiri komanso m'malo otetezeka ndi mitengo yosowa. Titmouse modzipereka amakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu - amatha kupezeka m'minda, malo okwerera, mapaki ndi mabwalo.

Zizolowezi za Mphungu

Chiwombankhanga chimakonda nkhalango, mapiri, mapiri kuti azikhalamo. Kupatula izi, zimatha kukhazikika pamtsinje ndi nyanja. Zowona, sakonda nkhalango zowirira kwambiri, chifukwa ndizovuta kwambiri kusaka mwa iwo, makamaka usiku. Kudera la Russia, mbalamezi zimapezeka kudera la Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Republic ya Komi, zigawo za Ulyanovsk ndi Saratov ndi madera ena. Mbalame izi zimakhala moyo wokhazikika.

Nyengo yoswana ndi kubereketsa

Mbalame za "Ukwati", kuyambira Januware. Kuti akope wamkazi, kadzidzi yamphongo imayamba kuyimba. Atakhutitsidwa ndi kuyimba, njirayi nthawi zina imadzijowina, ndipo tsopano - pali oimba awiri kale kunthambi. Nyengo ikadzatha, kadzidzi wamkazi amadzaza mazira awiri kapena asanu.

Pafupifupi mwezi umodzi ataswa, anapiye ang'onoang'ono satuluka chisa. Koma kale miyezi 2 - 3 yaikazi yaikazi ya chiwombankhanga imawuluka pamtunda waung'ono payokha. Makolo amasamalira anapiye mosamala, amatha kuwateteza kwa adani onse.

Nuthatch

Mbalameyi imakhala ndi khungu loyera komanso pamimba yoyera. Nthenga zimakhala ndi mikwingwirima yofiira ndi mikwaso yakuda. Pa miyendo - mawondo akuthwa. Amapinda ndikugwetsa mitengo, mwachangu komanso mosasamala. Mbalameyi ikuyang'ana tizilombo zobisika, mphutsi zawo. Mlomo wakuthwa, wautali umawalola kuti azikwawa nthawi yozizira. Mbalame imawaphunzitsa iwo ndi mng'alu uliwonse wapakhomo.

Nutatches amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango za oak. Komwe mitengo yamitengo yathutu siyimakula, mbalame zimasankha mapaki a masamba. Nuthatch akuyang'ana mitengo yopanda mayenje, kukhazikika mmenemo. Ngati khomo lanyumba ndilotakata, limakutidwa ndi dongo. Nuthatchers akuchita nawo ntchitoyi munyengo yotentha.

Nuthatch amakonda kupulumuka kuzizira atakhala m'maenje a mitengo