| chopanda kanthu | Tarbosaurus nthawi zambiri amakhala a banja la ankhanza a subropod suborder, mwa ma tyrannosaurins subfamily. Mawu omaliza amagawidwa ndi okhawo omwe ali ndi misonkho, mwachitsanzo, Lu ndi anzawo mu 2014 adaphatikiza mtunduwo mwachindunji m'banja la wankhanza.
M'mawonekedwe, tarboosaurus ili pafupi kwambiri ndi wankhanza kuposa albertozaurus ndi gorgosaurus. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi khungu lalikulu kwambiri, chigaza chokulirapo komanso cholimba motalika kuposa oimira nthambi yanthano yachiwiri yosinthika, kuphatikiza albertosaurus ndi gorgosaurus, pomwe nthawi imodzimodzi, nthambi yachiwiri iyi imakhala ndi mafupa a tibia komanso metatarsal ofanana ndi kukula kwa thupi lonse. Ofufuza ena akuganizira T.bataar ngati mtundu wa ankhanza, malingaliro awa adawonetsedwa posachedwa atapeza komanso mu maphunziro atsopano. Makamaka, Ken Carpenter amatsutsana ngakhale momwe adakhazikitsira, malinga ndi momwe ma tarbosaurs anali ocheperako poyerekeza ndi achibwanabwana, komanso kusiyana konsekapangidwe ka chigaza pakati pa tarbosaurus ndi trisannosaurus, m'malingaliro ake, amagwirizana ndi kapangidwe kazosiyanasiyana pakapangidwe ka chigaza cha anthu osiyanasiyana mkati mwa zolengedwa. Tyrannosaurus rex . Olemba ena amasiyanitsa ma tarboosaurs ngati mtundu wina, ngakhale amazindikira ubale wawo wapamtima ndi ankhanza.
Kuchokera pa kafukufuku wa 2003, zidatsatila kuti ma aforama omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi ma tarbozaurs amagawana zigawo zomwe sizikupezeka mu mitundu ina ya ma tyrannosaurins (Onani mawonekedwe a chigaza). Ngati lingaliro ili likutsimikiziridwa, izi zikuwonetsa kuti kusintha kwa ma trannosaurins ku America ndi Asia kunapita mosiyanasiyana ndipo tarbosaurus siyingazindikiridwe ndi olamulira ankhanza. Nthawi yomweyo, woyimirira yekha wa ma alioramas, malinga ndi mawonekedwe angapo, ndi chithunzi chaching'ono, mwachidziwikire, siwotchete wachichepere, popeza ali ndi mano ambiri (kuchokera pa 76 mpaka 78) komanso gulu linalake lamatumba a mafupa kudera lam'mwambamwamba la chizungulire. Nthawi yomweyo, mu kafukufuku wa 2013, wankhanza wina waku Asia adatchedwa wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa tarbosaurus - Zhuchengtyrannus, ndipo wanyoza amaperekedwa monga wotsatira kufupi ndi chikhalidwe cha morphological.
Malo a tarbosaurus m'magulu apadera ndi ankhanza m'zaka za zana la 21 ali ndi mfundo zosakanikirana ndi ziphunzitso zokhudzana ndi kufalitsa kwa anthu ankhanza ku North America ndi Asia. Makamaka, munkhani ya 2013 yomwe ikuwunika dziko lakale la Laramidia ngati malo omwe akutulukapo ma tyrannosaurids, akuyembekezeredwa kuti adafalikira ku Asia mu funde limodzi - munthawi yomwe nthaka yapadziko lapansi idagwa kumapeto kwa gawo la Campanian. Kusintha kwina kwa ankhanza kunachitika motsatana ku America ndi Asia, motero mtsogoleri wankhanza waku America ali kutali kwambiri kuchokera ku Asia taxa pafupi wina ndi mnzake Tarbosaurus ndi Zhuchengtyrannus . M'malo mwake, kafukufuku wa 2016, omwe olemba ake amalimbikitsa chiphunzitso cha kuyandikira kwambiri kwa wankhanza ndi tarbosaurus, akuwonetsa kuti ndi Tyrannosaurus rex ndi mbadwa ya ziphona zazikulu za ma firannosaurids omwe adapanga ku Asia, omwe adalowa ku America ngakhale pambuyo pake - chakumapeto kwa Cretaceous, ndichifukwa chake ichi ndiye mtundu wokhawo waukulu womwe udapezedwa ku North America komwe ndi ma tyrannosaurids apakati okha omwe amapezeka kuwonjezera pamenepo.
Mbiri yopezeka komanso dzina
Mu 1946, gulu lankhondo la ku Mongolia lotsogola ku U.S.SR lotsogozedwa ndi A. A. Efremov ku Gobi, ku South Gobi aimak, lidapeza chigaza ndi ma vertebrae angapo ku Nemaget Suite. Mu 1955, wasayansi wina wa ku Soviet Union, dzina lake E. A. Maleev, ananena kuti izi ndi mtundu wamtundu wa mitundu yomwe kale sankailemba, komwe adatchulayo Tyrannosaurus bataar kuyimira nyumba yopotoka. Baatar (ngwazi yaku Russia). M'chaka chomwecho, Maleev adafotokozanso zigaza zina zitatu zopezeka mu mzindawu mu 1948 ndi 1949. Ndi chigonje chilichonse chilichonse, zina zazokhudza mafupa zidapezeka, ndipo chilichonse chimasankhidwa ndi a Maleev ngati amtundu wina. Bokosi loyamba lidatchedwa Tarbosaurus efremovi - dzina latsopano lenileni lochokera ku Greek. τάρβος (mantha aku Russia, ulemu) ndi σcyσοῦρ (Buluzi waku Russia), ndi dzina linalake lolemekezedwa ndi wolemba wa Soviet paleontologist komanso wolemba nthano za sayansi A. A. Efremov. Ma sukul awiri otsalawa adatchulidwa kuti mitundu yatsopano ya mtundu wa Gorgosaurus wodziwika ku North America (motsatana, G. wokonza ndi G. novojilovi) Zonena zonsezi zinali zazing'ono kuposa zoyambirira.
Mu 1965, A.K. Rozhdestvensky adasindikiza nkhani yomwe zolemba zinayi zonse zomwe zidafotokozedwa koyambirira kwa Maleev zidazindikiridwa ngati oimira amodzi mwa mitundu imodzimodziyo pamlingo wosakula. Malinga ndi Rozhdestvensky, mtunduwu sunali wofanana ndi North America Tyrannosaurus rex. Mukuwona, komwe Khrisimasi idafotokoza dzinali Tarbosaurus bataar, sinangokhala ndi zitsanzo zomwe zafotokozedwa mu 1955, komanso zida zatsopano. M'mabuku aposachedwa, kuphatikizapo ntchito ya Maleev iyemwini, zotsimikiza za Rozhdestvensky zimadziwika kuti ndizowona, ngakhale olemba ena amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito dzina linalake Tarbosaurus efremovikoma ayi T. bataar . Komabe, mu 1988, a Gregory S. Paul akutchulanso ma dinosaurs olusa. Tarbosaurus efremovi kwa banja Tirannosaurus . Patadutsa zaka zinayi, katswiri wazopeka wa ku America a Kenneth Carpenter anapendanso zitsanzo zomwe anaphunzira ndi Rozhdestvensky ndipo anazindikira kuti zinthu zakalezo ndi zomwe zimatsalira Tirannosauruskuvomereza zomaliza zoyambirira za Maleev. Kalipentala anati: Tyrannosaurus bataar nthawi zonse kupatula imodzi yomwe inafotokozedwa ndi Maleev monga Gorgosaurus novojilovi. Malinga ndi Carpenter, chiwonetserochi chimayimira mitundu yocheperako, ya tyrannosaurids, yomwe adafuna kuti atchule Maleevosaurus novojilovi . Maganizo enanso adafotokozedwa mu 1995 ndi wotchuka wa paleontology George Olshevsky, yemwe adaganizira dzina latsopano la generic Jenghizkhan (polemekeza Genghis Khan) Tarbosaurus bataar, ndipo tarozosaur Efremov ndi Maleevosaurus Novozhilov adawerengedwa monga magawo awiri osiyana, amakono ndi oyamba ndikukhala m'dera limodzi. Katswiri wina wa ku Canada, dzina lake Thomas Carr, anafotokozanso za Maleosaurus mu 1999 monga Tarbosaurus. Pambuyo pa 1999, zofalitsa zonse zimafotokoza mtundu umodzi wokha, kaya womwe umadziwika ndi dzina Tarbosaurus bataar kapena, zochepa, Tyrannosaurus bataar .
Mu 1963, gulu lankhondo logwirizana la Chipolishi-Mongol kupita ku Gobi linayamba. Pazotuluka, zomwe zidakhalapo mpaka 1971, zotsalira zambiri zatsopano zidapezeka, kuphatikiza zitsanzo zingapo za tarboosaurs ku Nemaget Suite. Maulendo aku Japan-Mongolia kuyambira mu 1993 mpaka 1998, komanso maulendo apadera a katswiri wina wa ku Canada, a Philip Curry, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 nawonso adabweretsa zatsopano za mafupa, zolembedwa ngati za oyang'anira tarbosaurs. Ponseponse, mafupa a mitundu yopitilira 30 anapezeka, kuphatikizapo zigaza zoposa 15 ndi mafupa angapo okwanira.
Kutanthauza
Tarbosaurus (lat.Tarbosaurus, ochokera ku Greek yina "chowopsa, chinthu chochititsa mantha" ndi "buluzi" ndi mtundu wa chimphona (chautali wa 12 metres) cha banja lozunza lomwe limakhala kumapeto kwa Cretaceous, zaka 70-65 miliyoni zapitazo, mdera lamasiku ano la Mongolia ndi China.
Kupeza kuyambira 1946, mabwinja a anthu angapo a tarbosaurus, kuphatikizapo zigaza zathunthu ndi mafupa, amatilola kuti tiwunikenso mawonekedwe ake ndikupeza lingaliro la moyo, komanso kuti tidziwe momwe adasinthira. Kuyambira 1955, pomwe dzinalo Tarbosaurus idagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ndi A. A. Maleev, ofufuzawo adapeza mayina angapo omwe adapezeka. Komabe, kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za XXI m'gulu la asayansi palibe kukayikira kukhalapo kwa amodzi mwa mitunduyi, Tarbosaurus bataar (zochepa, chifukwa cha kufanana kwakukulu ndi ankhanza a ku North America, amadziwika kuti Tyrannosaurus bataar) Achibale apafupi a tarbosaurus ndi maazorama omwe amapezeka ku Mongolia.
Ma Tarbosaurs anali zilombo zazikulu zokhala ndi mabimbi olemera mpaka matani 4-6, zokhala ndi kutsogolo pang'ono zazing'onoting'ono zazimaso ziwiri zolumikizana ndi thupi lonse. Pafupifupi mano pafupifupi 60 mpaka 85 mm anali pakamwa pa tarbosaurus. Ngakhale ofufuza angapo amawona ngati tarbosaurs ndi scavenger, lingaliro lodziwika ndilakuti anali omwe amadyera kwambiri nthawi yawo ndi dera lawo, akusaka ma dinosaurs akuluakulu a herbivorous m'madzi osefukira amtsinje.
Gulu la magulu ndi machitidwe a Sinthani
Tarbosaurus ndi wa suborder Theropods, gulu la ankhanza la banja la ankhanza. The subfamily imaphatikizanso tyrannosaurus waku North America ndi daspletosaurus woyambirira, komanso ma aforama omwe angapezeke ku Mongolia. Oyimira mabungwe ocheperawa ali pafupi kwambiri ndi ankhanza kuposa a Albertosaurus, amasiyanitsidwa ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri, chigaza chokulirapo motalika komanso motalika motalika kuposa mwa oyimira achiwiri owerengeka - albertosaurus.
Ofufuza ena akuganizira T. bataar ngati mtundu wa ankhanza, malingaliro awa adawonetsedwa posachedwa atapeza komanso mu maphunziro atsopano. Makamaka, Ken Carpenter amakangana ngakhale malingaliro okhazikitsidwa, malinga ndi momwe ma tarbosaurs anali ocheperako kuposa olamulira, ndi kusiyana konse komwe kapangidwe ka chigaza pakati pa tarbosaurus ndi trisannosaurus, m'malingaliro ake, kumagwirizana ndi kapangidwe kazosiyanasiyana pakapangidwe ka chigaza mkati mwa mitunduyo Tyrannosaurus rex . Olemba ena amasiyanitsa ma tarboosaurs monga mitundu yosiyana, ngakhale amazindikira mgwirizano wawo wapafupi ndi ankhanza. Kuchokera pakufufuza kwa 2003 zikutsatira kuti ma aforama omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi tarbosaurs amagawana zigawo zomwe sizikupezeka mu mitundu ina ya ma tyrannosaurins (onani Kapangidwe ka chigaza). Ngati lingaliro ili likutsimikiziridwa, izi zikuwonetsa kuti kusintha kwa ma trannosaurins ku America ndi Asia kunapita mosiyanasiyana ndipo tarbosaurus siyingazindikiridwe ndi olamulira ankhanza. Nthawi yomweyo, woyimirira yekha wa ma alioramas, malinga ndi mawonekedwe angapo, ndi chithunzi chaching'ono, mwachidziwikire, siwotchete wachichepere, popeza ali ndi mano ambiri (kuyambira pa 76 mpaka 78) komanso gulu linalake lamatumba a mafupa kudera lam'mwambamwamba.
Mbiri yopezedwa ndi dzina la Sinthani
Mu 1946, gulu lankhondo la ku Mongolia lotsogola ku University of Science of the USSR lotsogozedwa ndi I. Efremov ku Gobi, Waimak Umnegov, adapeza chigaza ndi ma vertebrae angapo mu malo a Nemaget. Mu 1955, Soviet paleontologist. A. Maleev adafufuza izi monga mtundu wokhazikika wa mitundu yomwe kale idatchulidwa, komwe adatchulayo Tyrannosaurus bataar , yomwe ndi "Baatar" yolakwika ya ku Mongolia. ngwazi) M'chaka chomwecho, Maleev adafotokozanso zigaza zina zitatu zopezeka mu mzindawu mu 1948 ndi 1949. Ndi chigonje chilichonse chilichonse, zina zazokhudza mafupa zidapezeka, ndipo chilichonse chimasankhidwa ndi a Maleev ngati amtundu wina. Bokosi loyamba lidatchedwa Tarbosaurus efremovi - dzina latsopano lenileni lochokera ku Greek. τάρβος (Russian mantha, ulemu) ndi σcyῦρος (Russian buluzi), ndi dzina lautundu woperekedwa polemekeza wolemba wa Soviet paleontologist ndi wolemba nthano za sayansi A. A. Efremov. Ma sukul awiri otsalawa adatchulidwa kuti mitundu yatsopano ya mtundu wa Gorgosaurus wodziwika ku North America (motsatana, G. wokonza ndi G. novojilovi) Zonena zonsezi zinali zazing'ono kuposa zoyambirira.
Mu 1965, A.K. Rozhdestvensky adasindikiza nkhani yomwe zolemba zinayi zonse zomwe zidafotokozedwa koyambirira kwa Maleev zidazindikiridwa ngati oimira amodzi mwa mitundu yomweyo pamlingo wosakula. Malinga ndi Rozhdestvensky, mtunduwu sunali wofanana ndi North AmericaTyrannosaurus rex. Mukuwona, komwe Khrisimasi idafotokoza dzinali Tarbosaurus bataar, sinangokhala ndi zitsanzo zomwe zafotokozedwa mu 1955, komanso zida zatsopano. M'mabuku aposachedwa, kuphatikizapo ntchito ya Maleev iyemwini, zotsimikiza za Rozhdestvensky zimadziwika kuti ndizowona, ngakhale olemba ena amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito dzina linalake Tarbosaurus efremovikoma ayi T. bataar . Komabe, mu 1988, a Gregory S. Paul akutchulanso ma dinosaurs olusa. Tarbosaurus efremovi kwa banja Tirannosaurus . Patadutsa zaka zinayi, katswiri wazopeka wa ku America a Kenneth Carpenter anapendanso zitsanzo zomwe anaphunzira ndi Rozhdestvensky ndipo anazindikira kuti zotsalazo ndi za oimira zamtunduwu Tirannosauruskuvomereza zomaliza zoyambirira za Maleev. Kalipentala anati: Tyrannosaurus bataar nthawi zonse kupatula imodzi yomwe inafotokozedwa ndi Maleev monga Gorgosaurus novojilovi. Malinga ndi Carpenter, chiwonetserochi chimayimira mitundu yocheperako, ya tyrannosaurids, yomwe adafuna kuti atchule Maleevosaurus novojilovi . Maganizo enanso adafotokozedwa mu 1995 ndi wotchuka wa paleontology George Olshevsky, yemwe adaganizira dzina latsopano la generic Jenghizkhan (polemekeza Genghis Khan) Tarbosaurus bataar, ndipo tarozosaur Efremov ndi Maleevosaurus Novozhilov adawerengedwa monga magawo awiri osiyana, amakono ndi oyamba ndikukhala m'dera limodzi. Mu 1999, Thomas Carr, waku Canadaontontologist, adanenanso za a Maleosaurus monga chithunzi cha achinyamata a Tarbosaurus. Pambuyo pa 1999, zofalitsa zonse zimafotokoza mtundu umodzi wokha, kaya womwe umadziwika ndi dzina Tarbosaurus bataar ngakhale Tyrannosaurus bataar .
Mu 1963, gulu lankhondo logwirizana la Chipolishi-Mongol kupita ku Gobi linayamba. Panthawi ya ulendowu, womwe udakhala mpaka 1971, zotsalazo zambiri zidapezeka, kuphatikiza zitsanzo zingapo za tarboosaurs ku Nemagat Suite. Maulendo aku Japan ndi ku Mongolia kuyambira mu 1993 mpaka 1998, komanso maulendo apadera a katswiri wina wa ku Canada, dzina lake Philip Curry Philip J. Currie), kumayambiriro kwa zaka za XXI zidabweretsanso mafupa atsopano, omwe amawerengedwa kuti ndi a Tarbosaurs. Ponseponse, mafupa a mitundu yopitilira 30 anapezeka, kuphatikizapo zigaza zoposa 15 ndi mafupa angapo okwanira.
Kutanthauzira komwe kungakhalepo Sinthani
Mu 1976, S. pale Kurologist wa Soviet, wogwiritsa ntchito zotsalira zakale kwambiri, wopezekanso ku Mongolia, adafotokoza mtundu wina watsopano wa wankhanza. Alioramus . Kusanthula pambuyo pake kunawonetsa ubale wapakati pa ma aliorama ndi tarbosaurus. Ngakhale malingaliro omwe adapezeka adafotokozedwa kuti ndi achikulire, chigoba chamtali komanso chotsika ndichikhalidwe cha achinyamata, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti Curry aganize kuti Alioramu ndi mwana wamisala wocheperako, koma adanenanso kuchuluka kwa mano ndi kupezeka kwa mafupa am'mimba pazizindikiro za maazorama, zomwe sizimapangitsa kupanga mosayenerera. Kutsiliza. Pakati pa 1960s, akatswiri a ku China atumbika ku Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Subashi Fform) zotsalira (chigaza chosakwanira ndi chigoba) cha theropod yaying'ono yomwe idalandira nambala ya nambala IVPP V4878. Mu 1977, Dong Zhiming wa ku China adafotokoza za fanizoli ngati woimira mtundu watsopano. Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis . Mu 1988, pantchito ya wochita kafukufuku waku America a Gregory Paul, chancanosaurus adafotokozedwa ngati woimira zamtunduwu Aublysodon (mtundu wa ma tyrannosaurids, omwe pambuyo pake sanatengedwe kuphatikizidwa kwachilengedwe), Dun ndi Curry, atayang'ananso zotsalira za shanshanosaur, adazindikira kuti ali m'gulu laling'ono la mwana wankhanza wamkulu, koma sanathe kudziwa kuti ndi mtundu uti womwe amaimira, ngakhale kuti tarbosaurus idalembedwa ngati imodzi mwa zomwe zingatheke, gulu lofufuza la Japan-Mongolian lidanenanso zomwezo mu 2011 ataphunzira zotsalira za mwana wa Tarbosaurus wazaka 2-3, zomwe zimafanana kwambiri ndi zotsalira za shanshanosaurus pa M'zaka zotsatira, ma foss amatayika oponderezedwa nawonso adapezeka m'malo ena a PRC, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo adapatsidwa mayina awo ndi ofufuza am'deralo, pamodzi ndi zotsalira zomwe zafotokozedwa kuti Albertosaurus periculosis, Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis, Tyrannosaurus turpanensis ndi Chingkankousaurus fragilisatha kukhala a tarboosaurs.
Mu 2009, zotsalira za dinosaur yolusa, mosakayikira iri ya ankhanza, zidapezeka mu Gobi. Poyamba, zotsalira zidafotokozedwa ngati chithunzi chaunyamata wa Tarbosaurus, koma pambuyo pake adadziwika kuti ndi wa gulu laling'ono laling'ono, laling'ono kwambiri, raptorex, ndipo lidalipo nthawi yakale ya geological - the Lower Cretaceous. Mu 2011, gulu la akatswiri ofufuza zakhungu ku America adanenanso zotsatira za kusanthula kwatsopano, malinga ndi momwe chibwenzi cha mafupawo ndichopanda tanthauzo ndipo zotsalazo zikadali za mwana wa wankhanza wamkulu - mwina tarosaurus.
Maonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka Sinthani
Zotsalira zotchuka za tarbozavra, komanso maudindo ena akuluakulu, ndi ambiri, ndipo ambiri amasungidwa bwino.Ku Nemagate Suite kokha, kotala la mafupa onse omwe amapezeka ndi a tarboosaurs. Mafupa, zigaza ndi mafupa amodzi a tarbosaurs amaperekedwa pamisonkhano yosungiramo zinthu zakale kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza zophatikizika za Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences ndi Institute of Paleobiology of the Polish Academy of Sciences ku Warsaw, Museum of Natural History ndi Paleontological Museum of the Academy of Science of Mongolia ku Ulaanbaatar (mu June 2013 nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale idatsegulidwa pamalo apakati pa Ulaanbaatar, pomwe pali chifanizo chonse cha tarboosaurus), Tokai University Museum of Natural History (Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan), ndi National Museum of Natural History ndipo mu Paris, ndipo Melbourne Museum (zaumbanda chitsanzo). Ngakhale ma tarboosaurs sawerengeka pang'ono poyerekeza ndi ankhanza a North America, zomwe zilipo ndizokwanira kuti asayansi athe kudziwa zina zokhudza matupi awo.
Kuchepera kukula kwa wankhanza, tarbosaurus inali imodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri mwa maudindo akuluakulu. Anthu odziwika kwambiri adafika pamtunda wa 10 mpaka 12 metres (1983 edition cite urefu wa 14 metres). Unyinji wa munthu wamkulu umatengedwa chimodzimodzi kapena yaying'ono kuposa iyo Tyrannosaurus rex (Matani 5.5-6).
Tyrannosaurids sanali osiyana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake pakuwoneka, ndipo tarbosaurus sinaliyonso lamulo. Mutu wa tarbosaurus unkakhala pakhosi lowoneka ngati S, ndipo msana wonse kuphatikiza mchira wautali, unali wowongoka. Zolocha zazing'onoting'ono za tarbosaurus zinali zochepa ngakhale poyerekeza ndi thupi lonse kuposa ena onse pabanjapo. Mtondo uliwonse, monga mitundu ina yolumikizana kwambiri, unali ndi zala ziwiri zolumikizidwa, ndipo zofananira zina zimakhala ndi chala chachitatu popanda bulangeti. T. Holtz akuwonetsa kuti zala za tarbosaurus zidachepetsedwa mwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa ma firannosaurids ena, popeza fupa lachiwiri lazitsulo la tarbosaurus ndilosachepera theka la kutalika koyamba, pomwe mitundu inanso ili pafupi kufanana ndi 2: 1. Fupa lachi metacarpal lachitatu la tarbosaurus lilinso laling'ono poyerekeza ndi la ma tyrannosaurid ena, lomwe limakhala lalifupi kuposa loyamba, pomwe, mwachitsanzo, mu albertosaurus ndi daspletosaurus ndi lalitali kuposa loyamba.
Mosiyana ndi kutsogolo, miyendo yam'mbuyo ya tarbosaurus inali yayitali komanso yamphamvu, yonyamula thupi lonse. Mchira wautali wolemera unkakhala ngati wothana nawo kumutu ndi torso, kotero kuti pakatikati pa mphamvu yokoka panali m'chiuno.
Kapangidwe ka Chibade
Chigaza chachikulu kwambiri cha tarbosaurus chopezeka ndi 1,3 mita kutalika, kuposa tyrannosaurus wina aliyense kupatula tyrannosaurus yokha. Chigoba chimakhala chokwera, ngati wankhanza, koma osati chachikulu, makamaka kumbuyo kwa mutu. Chenicheni chakuti chigaza sichikulira kumaso kwa mutu kumatanthauza kuti maso a tarbosaurus sanayang'ane kutsogolo ndikuti, mwina, mosiyana ndi wankhanza, sunali ndi kuwona kwa bizinesi. Kuchulukitsa kwa chigaza kunachepetsedwa chifukwa cha mawindo akulu (zotseguka) m'mafupa akuda. Mano a 56-64 amapezeka m'nsagwada, zokulirapo kuposa wankhanza, koma osachulukana ndi ma tyrannosaurids ang'ono, monga gorgosaurus kapena alior. Mano ambiri anali ozungulira m'chigawocho, kupatula mano akhungu am'magawo, omwe ali pa premaxilla. Hterodontism yotereyi imadziwika banja lonse. Mano atali kwambiri, mpaka 85 mamilimita, anali pamalo apamwamba.
Kufotokozera kokwanira kwathunthu chigaza cha Tarbosaurus kunachitika mu 2003. Chidwi chidakhudzidwa pakusiyana kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka chigaza cha tarbosaurus ndi ma tyrannosaurids aku North America, ndipo zambiri mwazosiyana izi zimakhudzana ndi momwe kukakamiza kumagawanidwira chigaza nthawi ya kuluma. Panthawi yoluma, kupanikizika kumafalikira kudzera pachibwano chapamwamba mpaka kumafupa oyandikana ndi chigaza. Nthawi yomweyo, ku North America tyrannosaurids, gawo lalikulu la katundu limafalikira kudzera pachiwono chapamwamba kupita kumafupa amphuno ogulitsidwa mu muzzle, olumikizidwa molimba ndi mafupa osalala okhala ndi milatho yamapfupa, mafupa anali olumikizidwa mokwanira kuti atha kutsimikiza kuti kupanikizika kudutsidwa kudzera m'mafupa amphuno kupita ku lacrimal . Nthawi yomweyo, ziboliboli za bony izi sizinali ku Tarbosaurus, ndipo kulumikizana pakati pa mafupa amphuno ndi osalala kunali kosalimba. Kumbali inayi, tarbosaurus, mosiyana ndi olamulira ankhondo aku North America, inali ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri, lam'mbuyo kwambiri la nsagwada yapamwamba, yomwe imalowa "m'thumba" lopangidwa ndi fupa lapamwamba kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, zikuwoneka kuti, kulumikizidwa panthawi yakuluma kudatulutsidwa kuchokera pachiwono mpaka kumafupa obisika a tarbosaurus. Nawonso mafupa osalala a tarbosaurus anali olimba kuposa a abale ake a ku North America, omwe amalumikizidwa kumaso ndi mafupa apatsogolo, ndikupangitsa kukonzekera kwathunthu kwa nsagwada yapamwamba kukhazikika.
Kusiyananso kwina pakati pa Tarbosaurus ndi ma tyrannosaurids aku North America kunali kupanga kolimba kwa nsagwada yapansi. Ngakhale mu theropods ambiri, kuphatikizapo ma tyrannosaurids aku North America, cholumikizira cham'mbuyo komanso mafupa ansagwada a m'nsagwada amadziwika kuti amasinthasintha, nsagwada yam'munsi ya tarbosaurus imadziwika ndi njira yokhoma yopangidwa ndi mlatho wamkati pakati pa fupa lamkati ndi kumbuyo kwa fupa lamaso anter. Pali hypothesis malinga ndi momwe mphamvu yayikulu yamkono wam'munsi wa tarbosaurus imakhalira chifukwa ma sauropod akuluakulu, ma titanosaurs, omwe mafupa ake amapezekanso mu Namegat Suite, adagwira ngati nyama yake. Ma dinosaurs a Herbivorous ofanana ofanana kwenikweni sanachitike ku North America nthawi ya Late Cretaceous.
Kapangidwe kake ka chigawo kamathandizanso kudziwa komwe tarbosaurus ikupezeka mu sayansi ya chilengedwe. Zofananazi zitha kupezekanso mu chigaza cha ma aliorama, omwe amapezekanso ku Mongolia, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti ndi alirama, osati wankhanza, ndiye m'bale wawo wapamtima wa tarbosaurus. Ndizotheka kuti mawonekedwe ofananawo pakuwoneka kwa tarbosaurus ndi tyrannosaurus adadzipangira okha, monga chifukwa chachidziwitso cha kukula kwawo kwakukulu, ndipo ndi zitsanzo cha kusinthika kwa kusintha.
Tarbosaurus mu Chikhalidwe Sinthani
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, pobwera matekinoloje atsopano, zidakhala zotheka kupanga mitundu yazithunzithunzi yazinyama zitatu zomwe sizinakhaleko kapena sizinakhaleko. Ukadaulo udagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pantchito zamafayilo, ndipo ma dinosaurs anali amodzi mwa oyamba kukhala "opanga". Zithunzi zitatu za tarbosaurs zitha kuwoneka m'mafilimu otsatirawa ndi masewera apakompyuta:
- Mu 2003, BBC idatulutsa zolemba "Mdziko la Giants." Tarbosaurus akuwoneka gawo lachiwiri la filimuyo - "Giant Claw", yomwe imasimba za ma dinosaurs a Cretaceous a Mongolia.
- Mu 2006, ku Germany, kampani yaku Germany SEK idapanga ParaWorld masewera apakompyuta. Tarbosaurus imawonekera pazowonjezera zowonjezera.
- Mu 2009, zolemba ziwiri "The Ballad of the Tarbosaurus [d]" ("Tarbosaurus the Mightiest Ever") zidatulutsidwa. Wotsogolera Han Sangho, EBS, Korea.
- Mu 2012, Tarbosaurs adakhala otchuka pakanema kakanema "Tarbosaurus 3D" ("Jeombaki: Hanbandoeui Gongryong 3D"), wopangidwa ndi director yemweyo waku South Korea.
Pezani Mbiri
Tarbosaurus Holotype PIN 551-1
Mu Seputembala 1946, wakuyamba wakuyenda ku Soviet Union waku USSR Academy of Sciences adapeza chigaza ndi zina zambiri za khomo lachiberekero lakufa lakutsogolo ku chipululu cha Nemegt kumwera kwa chipululu cha Gobi. Nkhani yosangalatsa yokhudza kupezeka kwa nyama yolusa imeneyi ikufotokozedwa ndi Ivan Efremov mu buku lake la 1955 lotchedwa "Wind Road": ". Masiku asanu otsatira adadutsa ndikukwera mosalekeza pamatanthwe ndikufukula mafupa. Pambuyo pa Orlov ndi ine tikulira chifukwa cha mafupa akulu akulu a miyendo iwiri yamphongo - choponderezedwa, tidatha kupeza kuti mafupa ena adapulumuka khoma lamkuntho. Mwalawo womwe unali ndi zigawo zoyamika unadzakhala wolimba, koma tidalimbikira. Chigoba chonse, pafupifupi, zonse, nsagwada ndi mano a wolusa wamkulu wokhala ndi mafupa oyera otseguka modabwitsa adatsegulidwa. Chibowo tsopano chimakongoletsa holo ya Paleontological Museum of the Academy of Science. Koma palibe aliyense mwa alendo omwe amafika pachokongolerayu akuwakayikira momwe zimafunikira kuti atulutse chigaza ichi kwa omwe atulutsa Namagat. "Nsagwada yathunthu ya dinosaur ya herbivorous yomwe ili ndi mphuno ya bakha, saurolophus, pomwe mano ake onse mazana asanu adasungidwa bwino, adachotsedwa pamtsinje wapafupi."
Zofukulidwa zakale zokumbidwa pansi ndi Soviet-Mongolia paleontological mu 1948 mpaka 1949 ku Gobi Desert, zinapangitsa kuti mapangidwe a zotsalira a mafupa a ma dinosaurs akuluakulu azinyama ndi mafupa ambiri osiyanasiyana. Mabwinja ambiri apezekanso patsamba la Tsagan-Ula, pafupifupi 60 km kumadzulo kwa Nemegt. Mu Meyi 1948, gulu lankhondo logwirizana la Soviet-Mongolia ku Gobi Desert lidapeza mafupa akulu akulu:
". Chifukwa chake, pa Meyi 8, ulendo wathu unakhazikika ku Nemagata Basin, wotayika mumchenga wa South Gobi pakati pa spurs a Gobi Altai. Pa Meyi 9, Jan Martynovich Eglon anali ndi mwayi wopeza mafupa okwanira a dinosaur yayikulu yakudya. Ichi chinali choyambirira chosangalatsa kwambiri. M'mawa, ogwira ntchito omwe adakonzekera Lukyanova ndi Presnyakov adapita ku malo okumba a dinosaur wodyedwa ndi Jan Martynovich ndipo nthawi yomweyo adatcha "Eglon skeleton". Ogwira ntchito ayamba kale kuyeretsa mafupa. Wotsogola woyipa wa nthawi ya Cretaceous adawonekera pamaso pathu, atagona "mwala" wake wamiyala zaka 80 miliyoni ndipo kamodzi adayambitsa mantha kwa moyo wonse. Mafupa anali pafupifupi mikono 10. Adagona mbali yake, ngati kuti agwirizira miyendo yake ya kumbuyo ndi kuponyera mutu wake, kapena mutu wake. Wotsirizirayo anali wamkulu mokulira (kupitirira mita), chida choyimira chida champhamvu, chomwe chinatsimikiziridwa ndi mano a pakhungu 20-centimeter atakhala
Mafupa a Tarbosaurus PIN 553-1
m'mphepete mwa nsagwada. Mphamvu zoterezi zinali zofunikira kuthana ndi ma ankylosaurs okhala ndi zida komanso ma dinosaurs otetezeka. Pamodzi ndi mafupa akulu a tarbosaurus, mafupa osakwanira a "khanda" pafupifupi mita imodzi anapezeka. Anali ndi mafupa a miyendo yamiyendo yolumikizidwa bwino ngati mafupa achikulire, anali ndi mafupa a miyendo yamiyendo, osanjikizana kwambiri komanso kutsogolo kwa mafupa olekanitsidwa, ngati makolo a tarbozaur.
Pa 20 Meyi, a Efremov adatumiza Rozhdestvensky kuti akalandire kumadzulo kwa Nemagatu, mdera la Altan-Ula. Msewuwu udakhala wovuta kwambiri, pofika pakati pa tsikulo, gululi lidakwanitsa kudutsa kumapiri akum'mawa kwenikweni kwa Altan-Ula: ". Pamtunda wapafupi pomwepo panaoneka mafupa awiri ogwera a tarbozavrov. Mafupawo anali atasakanizidwa mosiyanasiyana ndipo gawo lalikulu linali litawonongeka, komabe tinatha kutenga mafupa angapo osungidwa bwino. Uwu ndiye mphotho yoyamba chifukwa chazunzo lathu lalikulu. Apa tidapeza mitengo yamtengo yambiri yamitengo ya choko monga ma swampress. Tidagona pafupi pafupi, ndikuyendetsa mtunda wamakilomita owerengeka kumadzulo, ndipo m'mawa m'malo oyandikira tidapeza msana wa dinosaur yayikulu yamphongo. Tsoka ilo, ma vertebrae adalowa pansi potsetsereka ndipo tidatha kukumba, kapena m'malo mwake timangogogoda timiyala tating'ono tokha tating'onoting'ono tokwana 18 kuchokera pamwala wamiyala. ". (A.K. Rozhdestvensky, "Mukufunafuna Ma Dinosaurs ku Gobi," 1969.)
Mu 1955, katswiri wa ma paleont Evgeny Maleev adafotokoza za chigaza (PIN 551/1) pansi pamawonekedwe atsopano a wankhanza Tyrannosaurus bataar. M'chaka chomwecho, a Maleev adafotokozanso ndi kutchulanso mitundu yatsopano ya mitundu itatu, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi mafupa omwe adapezeka ndikuthamangitsidwa komweku mu 1948-1949, woyamba wa iwo (PIN 551-2) adafotokozedwa pansi pa dzina Tarbosaurus efremovi, chinali chifanizo chachikulu kwambiri chokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi lokwanira mamitala 10-12, koma chocheperako kukula Tyrannosaurus rex. Mitundu iwiri yotsalira ya achinyamata idatchulidwanso kuti mitundu yatsopano ndikupatsidwa mtundu wa North America gorgosaurus - G. novojilovi (chitsanzo PIN 552-2), mita 5-6 kutalika ndi G. wokonza (chitsanzo PIN 553-1), kutalika kwake pafupifupi mita 9. Mu 1965 A.K. Rozhdestvensky anazindikira mitundu yonse ya Maleev ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana yofanana ya mitundu imodzimodzi, yomwe imasiyana ndi North-T-rex yaku North America ndikuti mtundu wawo ndi mtundu watsopano Tarbosaurus bataar - "chowolin chowopsa."
Zosankha za Tarbosaurus
Mu 1992, Kenneth Carpenter adawona kuti tarbosaurus ili ndi kusiyana kochepa kuchokera ku wankhanza ndipo adabwezeretsa dzina lake loyambirira Tyrannosaurus bataar, komanso imodzi mwazitsanzo zazing'ono zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi Maleev pansi pa guure of Gorgosaurus novojiloviadasankha mtundu wake Maleevosaurus. Mu 1995, a George Olszewski adaganiza za mayanjano ake, ndikupanga dzina latsopano "Jenghizkhan" (Genghis Khan) m'malo mwake Tyrannosaurus bataar ndi Tarbosaurus efremovi ndi Maleevosaurus novojilovi ngati mtundu wodziyimira pawokha wa ma dinosaurs olambula kuchokera ku mapangidwe a Nemegt.
Zovuta za Tarbosaurus zopezeka ndiulendo waku Poland
Mu 1963-1971, maulendo atolankhani a ku Poland-Mongolia adayamba, ndikupereka zatsopano zatsopano, kuphatikiza ZPALMgD yayikulu kwambiri - I / 4 kuchokera ku Institute of Paleobiology ku Warsaw, yomwe idapezeka mu 1964-65. Kutalika kwa chigaza ichi ndikuyerekeza 110 cm. MPC-D 107/2 - chigoba chachikulu chachikulire chokhala ndi chigoba cholongosoka cha 122 masentimita, zidapezeka kuti gulu lachijapani la ku Japan-Mongolian mu 1984 ndipo adalongosoleredwa ndi Kenett Carpenter ndi Philip Curry mu 2000. Malingaliro awa amadziwika m'mabuku asayansi ngati GIN 107/2, chidule cha sampuli (monga zitsanzo zina zonse zomwe zimayikidwa mu GIN), idasinthidwa ndi MPC atayikidwa mu Mongolian Paleontological Center (MPC) mu 1996.
Tarbosaurus toyesa MPC-D 107/2 mu Paleontological Museum ku Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Kutuluka ndi kutenga nawo gawo kwa asayansi aku Japan ndi ku Mongolia mu 1993 ndi 1998, komanso maulendo apadera omwe adapangidwa ndi a Phil Curry ku Canada chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 izi, adapeza ndikupeza mitundu yopitilira 30 ya tarbosaur, kuphatikiza zikopa zopitilira 15 ndi mafupa angapo pafupifupi. Kuyambira 1999, zitsanzo zonse zomwe zidapezeka zidadziwika kuti ndi zamtundu womwewo Tarbosaurus bataar. Chigoba cha Tarbosaurus chinafotokozedwa bwino mu 2003, asayansi adazindikira kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Tarbosaurus ndi wankhanza ochokera ku North America. Tarbosaurus amadziwika kuchokera ku zinthu zakale zosungidwa bwino, gawo limodzi mwa zinthu zakale zosonkhanitsidwa m'chigawo cha Nemegt ndi a Tarbosaurus.
Mafupa a Young Tarbosaurus (MCD-D 107/7)
Mu 2006, pakukula kwaumbanda chakumadzulo kwa Gobi Desert, komwe kutulutsidwa mu Japan Museum of Natural Sciences Hayashibara ndi malo oyang'anira chilengedwe a Mongolian Paleontological Center, mpukutu wosowa kwambiri wapezeka - mafupa pafupifupi a tarbosaurus achichepere. Pambuyo pakuphunzira kwakutali ndi gulu la akatswiri a paleontologists ochokera ku Japan, Mongolia ndi United States, adafotokoza zomwe apeza mu magazini ya May 10 ya Vertebrate Paleontology. Kwa a paleontologists Takanobu Zuihiji ndi Mahito Wataba ndi anzawo, kudziwa kwa tarbosaurus wachichepere kunali kosavuta kudziwa, tarbosaurus ndiye trisannosaurus wamkulu yekha wopezeka ndi zigawo zolembetsa mafupa a Bugin Tsav, wina wankhanza wina yekha yemwe adakhalako nthawi yomweyo, kuyambira 70 miliyoni mpaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo , - Alioramus, mwakuthupi anali wosiyana kwambiri. Choyerekeza chatsopanocho chinali ndi mano 13 m'chigawo chachikulu cha nsagwada yapamwamba, yolumikizidwa ndi mano 14 ndi 15 kumbali iliyonse ya nsagwada yakumbuyo, yomwe ili m'njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimawonedwa ndi akuluakulu a Tarbosaurs. Ngakhale izi zitha kuwoneka ngati zazing'ono, mano a tyrannosaurus ndi njira imodzi yofunika yomwe ma paleontologists amasiyanitsira mitundu, ndipo nthawi zina pakati pa akuluakulu ndi ana amtundu womwewo. Chifaniziro ichi, cholembedwa pansi pa chiwerengero cha MCD-D 107/7, chinali ndi zaka 2 mpaka 3 zokha, panthawi yamwalira, kutalika kwa chigaza chake kunafika pa 290 mm. Poyerekeza ndi zigaza zachikulire, chigaza ichi sichinapangidwe bwino, chinali ndi maso akulu kwambiri, ndipo mano anali oonda, kuwonetsa kukonda kwakudya pakati pa achinyamata ndi achikulire, komwe kunachepetsa mpikisano pakati pa magulu azaka zosiyanasiyana.
Kuphatikiza apo, fanoli latsopanoli ndi lofanana ndi mafupa ena ofotokozedwa mu 1977 pansi pa dzina la "Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis", zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti ndi lingaliro laling'ono la Tarbosaurus.Chifukwa chokwanira kwa fanizoli, lomwe ndi imodzi mwazinsinsi zamasamba osadziwika, ochokera ku China, amatha kuonedwa kuti ndi oyenera. Chiyerekezo chatsopano cha mwana wa Tarbosaurus ndi chodabwitsa kwambiri. Mafupa samangopereka ma paleontologists kuti athe kuwona bwino nthawi yeniyeni mu nthawi ya kukula kwa Tarbosaurus, chitsanzochi chitha kutsitsimutsa kukangana kotalika pang'onopang'ono pazokhudza kukula kwa olamulira ankhanza ndi mitundu ina yosatsimikizika, monga nanothyran ndi raptorex. Olamulira achichepere sanali kokha kakang'ono kakang'ono ka akulu, olamulira ankhanza akuluakulu a Cretaceous, adasintha kwambiri pakusintha, koma mzere wabwino pakati pamalingaliro achinyamatawa a mitundu ikuluikuluyi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtunduwu imakhalabe malo otsutsana pa kafukufuku.
Mitundu ndi zofananira
- Tarbosaurus bataar (Maleev, 1955) - mawonekedwe
- Tyrannosaurus bataar (Maleev, 1955)
- Tarbosaurus efremovi (Maleev, 1955)
- Gorgosaurus novojilovi (Maleev, 1955)
- Gorgosaurus lancator (Maleev, 1955)
- Maleevosaurus novojilovi (Carpenter, 1992)
- Jenghizkhan bataar (Olshevsky, 1995)
- Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis (Dong, 1977)
M'mafilimu
- Mu kanema wa BBC "Mdziko la Giants. Giant Claw"
Kanemayo adatulutsidwa mu 2000. Nigel akukumana ndi tarbosaur yomwe imatuluka kuthengo ndikuti ndikuzimitsa kamera. Pambuyo pake, tarbosaurus amalimbana ndi herbivorous teresinosaurus ndipo amagonjetsedwa.
- Mu kanema wa BBC "Zowonadi Zokhudza Killer Dinosaurs"
Tarbosaurus ndi Wanker
Kanemayo adatulutsidwa mu 2005. Tarbosaurus imawonekera mndandanda wachiwiri ndikuukira kuzungulira (kotchedwa ankylosaurus). Komabe, amagonjetsedwa ndikuphwanya fupa.
- Mu kanema "Tarbosaurus 3D"
Kanemayo adatulutsidwa mu 2012. Mwana wamaona amabadwira m'mabanja a tarbozaurs. Kwa nthawi yayitali akufuna kuti azikasaka. Komabe, Amayi, mchimwene wazaka 10 Quick komanso awiri amapasa azaka 6 samutenga. Koma kenako adanyengerera amayi ake kuti amutenge. Koma patsikuli, banja lake lidawonongedwa ndi wankhanza wowopsa wa diso. "Anapondera" Mwachangu, ndipo mapasa oluka atagwera kuphompho. Amayi ake amaso amadziponya yekha kuphompho. Mwanayo adatsala yekha mpaka tsiku lina atakumana ndi mkazi Sineglazka. Kuyambira pamenepo, adalimbana mpaka moyo wonse ndipo nthawi ina adayendetsa Umodzi. Koma patsiku losangalatsalo, atatu ataswedwa, phirilo lidadzuka ndipo nkhalangayo idayaka moto. Ma dinosaurs onse anapita kukayang'ana malo atsopano. Diso la buluu linavulala, ndipo ana akewo pafupifupi anafa pansi pa miyala. Patatha milungu iwiri, Sineglazka anamwalira, ndipo Spotted adamenya nkhondo ndi mazana a Velociraptors. Patatha milungu iwiri, panabwera nkhalango yobiriwira. Koma panali kutsogolo nyanja. Mwamwayi, kagawo kakang'ono kamene kanatsogolera kunkhalangoko.
Koma osadziwa. dinosaurs adalowa gawo la One-eyed. Tsopano Spotted wazaka 20 ayenera kulimbana ndi mdani wakale. Mwana wamaso amodzi amaponyera ana munyanja. Mapeto ake, One-Eyed imagwera munyanja ndipo akufuna kupha Juni, mwana yekhayo amene atsala. Koma Spotty amadziponyera mu fray. Tsopano imadutsa pansi pa madzi, ndipo ma tylosaurs amasambira kununkhira kwa magazi ndi kugwira Maso amodzi. Amawaza amatenga kamwana kenako amakwawira mkamwa mwake. Mapeto ake, Spotted wotopa amaponyedwa kumtunda. Quetzalcoatl amalingalira kuluma, koma kenako "mtembowo" umatsegula pakamwa pake ndipo Junior wamoyo atatuluka. Posakhalitsa Spotted amawuka. Amapita kuthengo.
Share
Pin
Send
Share
Send
