Dzombe
Gulu la asayansi

Dzombe (lat. Acridoidea) - wopatsa chidwi kwambiri ndi tizilombo motsatira Orthoptera. Iwo ali gulu lochulukirapo kuposa ichi.

Zosiyanitsa

Dzombe limakhala ndi zolembera zazifupi kwambiri - osapitirira theka la kutalika kwa thupi; kuchuluka kwa magawo ake kumafika 28. Akazi amakhala ndi ovipositor afupi, omwe, mosiyana ndi mitundu yina ya tizilombo, amapezeka nthawi zonse. Miyendo yakumbuyo ya magawo atatu. Kuphatikiza apo, dzombe limakhala ndi ziwalo zapadera za mawu ndi kumva.

Chilping

Monga orthoptera yambiri, dzombe ndi "oimba" otchuka.

Chipangizocho chimakhala m'chiuno cha miyendo yakumbuyo ndi elytra. Mibulu ingapo yamatumbo kapena m'mimba mwake mumapezeka ntchafu yamkati, ndipo imodzi yamitsempha imakhuthala pa elytra. Panthawi yosunthira m'chiuno, ma tubercles amagwiritsika m'mitsempha iyi ndikupanga phokoso laphokoso. M'mitundu ina (mwachitsanzo, mtengo wamoto wosweka), ma tubercles ali pamphepete mwa mapiko. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatha kupanga phokoso lina pa ntchentche, lofanana ndi kulira kwa khwangwala. Kutali ndi komwe ma tubercles amakhalanso osiyana siyana.

Mtundu wina umatha kukhala ndi "nyimbo" zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, skate yocheperako imakhala ndi nyimbo 4: chachikulu, nyimbo yaotsutsayo, kukonzekera komanso kutulutsa.

Mitundu ya moyo

• Phytophiles - kukhala pamizimba.
  • Hortobionts khalani m'nthaka. Amadziwika ndi thupi lalitali, nthawi zina mochuluka kwambiri mpaka limafikira mawonekedwe owoneka ngati ndodo (mwachitsanzo, mumtambo wooneka ngati ndodo wokhala ku South America). Thupi lokha limakhala losalala, lokumbukira udzu watsopano kapena wowoneka bwino.
    • Ma hortobionts enieni idyani chimanga. Mphumi nthawi zambiri umayenda.
    • Herbivorous Hortobionts kudya zakudya zamera. Mphumi ndi yowongoka; nsagwada yakumbuyo idapangidwa kuti masamba azitafuna.
  • Tamnobionts khalani pamitengo ndi zitsamba. Zimavala mbali yamkati ya tibia yamiyendo yakumbuyo kutalika kwakunja. Pa miyendo yokhazikika makapu oyamwa.
• Mafiyamu - amakhala m'malo otetezeka a dothi.
  • Tsegulani miyala nthawi zambiri amakhala m'm zipululu komanso chipululu. Amadziwika ndi thupi lonenepa, makapu osakwanira kapena osowa. Zovala zamtundu wathupi ndizakhungu, zopakidwa utoto.
  • Kubisa Geophiles (herpetobionts) amakhala panthaka yopanda masamba, masamba ogwa, etc. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ochulukirapo. Thupi ndi fusiform.

Kuswana

Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ma orthopterans ambiri, dzombe limalowanso mkati. Spermatophores ndi amitundu iwiri: 1) posungira yokhala ndi veicular yokhala ndi gawo lalitali lotulutsa, 2) baluni yozungulira. Matching amatha mpaka maola 20.

Akazi a mitundu yambiri amaikira mazira awo pansi pamtunda, ndikumiza m'mimba pansi ndikuchotsa madzi enaake onyansa omwe ali ndi mazira kuchokera ku ovipositor. Kuuma, madziwo, titero, kumakumba dothi, ndikupanga dzira laling'ono momwe mumakhala mazira.

Kukula

Amayamba kumene kukula kwa mluza pakayandikira pamene chimfine chikuyandikira ndikuyambiranso mu masika, ndiye kuti, diapusing ya embryonic imachitika. Mphutsi zimaswa pambuyo kotentha nthaka. Imakhala ndi chiwalo chapafupi - chopukutira, chomwe chimasankhidwa kumtunda. Poyamba, mphutsiyo imakhala yoyera kwambiri, ndipo itatha maola 2-3 imadetsedwa ndikufanana ndi munthu wamkulu, yaying'ono, yopanda mapiko ndi magawo a antenna ocheperako (osapitirira 13).

Gawo la mphutsi limatenga masiku 30 mpaka 40, omwe amatchulidwa ndi mtundu wa tizilombo komanso nyengo. Munthawi imeneyi, 4-5 molts amapezeka, itatha iliyonse kuchuluka kwa antennae magawo ndi kukula kwa thupi ndi mapiko primordia kuchuluka.

Ubale Waumunthu

Dzombe zambiri ndi tizirombo taulimi. Pankhani imeneyi, anthu akhala akuchita chidwi ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Zithunzi za dzombe zimapezeka pa frescoes akale ndi ku gumbwa kuyambira kale mu 3000 BC. Kufotokozera za masoka omwe amayamba chifukwa cha dzombe, ophedwa mu 1490-904 BC, amasungidwanso.

Mu 1928, malo a Locust Control Center adapangidwa ku London, yemwe mtsogoleri wawo kwa nthawi yayitali anali Boris Uvarov.

Anthu ambiri a ku Africa ndi ku Asia amadya dzombe monga chakudya.

Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe

Zamoyo zinapereka dzombe ndi thupi lalitali ndi miyendo isanu ndi umodzi, yomwe awiriawiri - lalifupi ndi lofooka, limodzi (kumbuyo) - lamphamvu komanso lalitali. Nthawi zina, mumakhala zitsanzo zomwe "Kukula" kwake kumayandikira 15 cm.

Mbiriyi ili ndi mutu waukulu wokhala ndi maso owoneka bwino. Jozi imodzi yolimba imakwirira mapiko awiri owonekera osawoneka ndikapindidwa. Dzombe limagwira ku Orthoptera yemwe adakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali, omwe alipo mitundu yopitilira 20,000.

Kupaka utoto nthawi zambiri sikugwirizana ndi kubadwa, zokhazo zomwe munthu amakhala ndi gawo lakapangidwe ake zimakhudza utoto. Masamba ochokera ku zinyalala zomwezi azikongoletsedwa mosiyanasiyana ngati amakula mosiyanasiyana.

Gawo lazopangidwako limakhudza momwe maonekedwe a tizilombo - ma spheroti amajambulidwa muutoto wamtundu (wobiriwira chikasu kapena hazel), zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi dera lokhala. Paketi ikapangidwa, aliyense amapeza utoto, ndendende ndi wina aliyense. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kukutha tsopano.

Liwiro lomwe gulu limayenda limafikira 120 km pa tsiku. Dzombe mu chithunzi zimawoneka ngati ziwala zodziwika bwino kwa mwana aliyense. Pofuna kuti musalakwitse kapena kuphonya mawonekedwe onyenga oyipa, muyenera kulabadira izi:

• ziwala ndi udzu wozindikirika makamaka ndi kukula kwa tinyanga. Ndevu zaudzu sizokulirapo kuposa kukula kwake, dzombe limakhala ndi ndevu zazifupi, silinanso mutu wake,
• anthu dzombe alibe luso lakutsogolo kuposa ziwala,
• ziwala zimakonda kuzizira kwausiku ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito madzulo, ndipo dzombe limagwira ntchito masana,
• Ziwombankhanga ndizosilira, sizimasonkhana m'magulu akulu kuti mudzisunge,
• mbuto wamba ndi nyama yolusa yomwe imadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ndipo dzombe limadya zomera (nthawi zambiri, imadya chilichonse chomwe chimadutsa popanda kusanthula).

Mitundu yotsatira dzombe ndiyodziwika kwambiri:

1. Osamukira kapena aku Asia.

Imapezeka m'maiko ambiri ku Europe komanso kumayiko akumadzulo kwa Asia, kumadera a Mediterranean kumayiko aku Africa, kumayiko a East Asia. Kukula kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu nthawi zambiri kumakhala 40-60 mm.

Mapikowo amakhala ndi kamvekedwe kasooneka bwino komanso mitsempha yakuda. Mtundu umabwereza mithunzi yoyandikana ndi malo ena ozungulira - emarodi amtundu wobiriwira, wonyezimira kapena wamchenga. Miyendo yakumbuyo ya tizilombo timakhala ndi mtundu wakuda kuposa thupi.

Mtunduwu umapezeka pafupipafupi ndi dera la Mediterranean kumpoto kwa Africa. Mutha kuwona tizilombo kum'mwera kwa mayiko a ku Europe, komanso kumayiko omwe amapezeka ku Balkan Peninsula komanso kumwera kwa Russia.

Akuluakulu, nthawi zambiri, amakhala osaposa 20 mm, mtunduwo nthawi zambiri umakhala wowoneka bwino, wotuwa. Mbali yodziwika yomwe amatha kuzindikiridwa ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mawonekedwe a mthunzi wowongolera kumbuyo ndi malo amdima omwe amapezeka paliponse m'thupi.

Malo akuluakulu okhala ndi maiko a Iberian ndi Apennine peninsulas. Mutha kukumana ndi tizilombo kumadera omwe ali kumadzulo kwa Urals ndi ku Asia, ku Altai Territory komanso ku mayiko a Arab East.

Kukula kwakukulu komwe kachilombo kamakula kumakula ndi 40 mm. Anthu amtundu wa ku Italy ali ndi njerwa kapena mtundu wa bulauni, kumbuyo kumawoneka bwino kapena mikwingwirima.

4. Zosefera zaku Siberia.

Mutha kukumana pafupifupi madera onse a Asia gawo la Russian Federation (kupatula madera a permafrost) komanso ku Kazakhstan. Chiwerengero chochuluka cha zonyansa zaku Siberia chitha kupezeka ku madera akumpoto kwa Mongolia ndi China, mapiri a Caucasus. Akuluakulu okhwima a kukula kwake kocheperako, kutalika kwake nthawi zambiri sikoposa 25 mm. Mtundu wa tizilombo ndi bulauni ndi tint ya brownish kapena khaki.

5. Wamanyazi wachiigupto.

Mutha kukumana ndi mitundu iyi ku maiko aku Europe, madera akumpoto kwa Africa, ndi mayiko aku Middle East. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazilombo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Zachikazi zimatha kukula mpaka 60-70 mm. Amuna ndi ochepa, kukula kwawo kwa thupi sikoposa 40-45 mm.

Dzombe lotere limapakidwa utoto wa mbewa kapena utoto wanyalala. Miyendo yakumbuyo ya kachiromboka imakhala yoluma, nthawi zina imakhala yofiyira. Mawonekedwe omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino - akuda ndi oyera, amatha kuwonekera pamaso a convex.

6. Zamtundu wamtambo wamtambo.

Amakhala kumapiri ndi kumapiri kwa Asia ndi Europe, Caucasus, zigawo zakumadzulo kwa Siberia ndi Kazakhstan. Zilibe ntchito kwa mitundu yomwe ndi yayikulu. 20 mm ndizonse zomwe tizilombo ta mapiko okongola timatha kukula. Mtundu wa tizilombo ndi wodabwitsa.

Mapikowo amakhala ndi mtundu wonyezimira wamtambo kapena wamtambo wabuluu, pomwe mawonekedwe ake abwino amitambo yakuda amaonekera bwino. Miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala ndi timiyala ting'onoting'ono ta mthunzi wowala ndipo tintambo tofiira.

7. Utawaleza.

Madzi pachilumba cha Madagascar. Izi ndizodabwitsa kwambiri komanso zowoneka ndi maso, koma nthawi yomweyo, ndizowopsa. Ziwalo zake zonse zinadzazidwa ndi zinthu zapoizoni komanso zapoizoni, popeza amadya chomera chokha chomwe chimapanga madzi akumwa.

Zakudya zokondedwa - masamba ndi zipatso za milkweed. Maonekedwe ndiosiririka - mitundu yonse yosiyanitsidwa ndi mapiko ake, ndipo izi ndizomveka, chifukwa amakhala m'maluwa owala. Miyeso ya kukongola kwake ndi yosangalatsa - mpaka 70 mm.

Moyo & Habitat

Chodabwitsa pakati pa dzombe ndi kuthekera kokhala ndekha ndikusonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu. Ngati mnzakeyo ndi wosungulumwa, amakhala wodekha, wodekha komanso wosusuka. Zowawa zomwe adakhalapo nthawi zambiri sizionedwa.

Chakudyacho chikazimiririka, tizilombo timayesa kuyikira mazira ambiri momwe tingathere, pomwe gulu limasaka, ndikukonzekera kuyendayenda malo akuluakulu. Ana awa ndi okulirapo, ndipo mapiko awo amasinthika bwino maulendo ataliatali. Pafupifupi theka la anthu mabiliyoni nthawi zina amasonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu a dzombe. Makamu oterewa amasunthika modabwitsa ndipo amalumikizana ngati chinthu chimodzi.

Amakhulupirira kuti kuchepa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi ma amino acid m'thupi la anthu atha kukhala ngati chizindikiridwe cha dzira chifukwa chifukwa chosakwanira chakudya pazaka zouma.

Ndipo dzombe lidakumana ndi dziko lonse la Egypt ..

Kukula kwaulimi zaka chikwi zapitazi kwalumikizidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa dzombe paminda yolimidwa. Zithunzi zamtundu umodzi wodziwika bwino wa tizirombo - dzombe la m'chipululu - zimapezeka m'manda a Afarao achi Egypt. Mapale olembedwa pamanja a Asuri ndi Babuloni akuwonetsa kuwonongeka kwa dzombe la m'chipululu.

Dzombe limatchulidwa kangapo konse m’Baibulo, ndipo makamaka ngati cholengedwa choyipa kwa munthu. Palibe zodabwitsa kuti adalandira ulemu wa imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za "ku Aigupto": "Ndipo dzombelo lidazungulira dziko lonse la Aigupto, nagona tulo m'dziko lonse la Aigupto, lisanakhale dzombe lotere, ndipo pambuyo pake sipadzakhala chotere" (Ekisodo 10, 14). )

Kupanga kwatsopano kwa tizilombo tosaka kunakumananso ndi anthu a ku Russia wakale. Chifukwa chake, mu "Tale of Bygone Zaka" chithunzi chowopsa chidawonedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 11: "Dzombe lidadzafika pa Ogasiti 28 ndipo lidakutira nthaka, ndipo zinali zowopsa kuyang'ana, lidapita kumayiko akumpoto, likudya udzu ndi mapira".

Kuyambira pamenepo, zochepa zasintha. Chifukwa chake, ndi kuwukira kwa dzombe mu 1986-1989. Kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Middle East, minda idachiritsidwa ndi mankhwala opha tizilomboto pamalo okhala mahekitala 17 miliyoni, ndipo mtengo wonse wodziphulitsa ndi zotulukapo zake zidaposa $ 270 miliyoni. Mu 2000, mahekitala opitilira 10 miliyoni adalimidwa m'maiko a CIS (makamaka ku Kazakhstan komanso kumwera kwa Russia).

Kufalikira kwa misa kubereka makamaka amakhala otchedwa gulu la dzombe (m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku - dzombe chabe). Amakhala m'malo abwino malupanga - zophuka zazikulu za mphutsi, kachulukidwe kamene kamatha kupitilira 1000 ind./m 2. Magulu, komanso gulu la achikulire, limatha kusuntha mwachangu, nthawi zina pamtunda wautali kwambiri (pamakhala magulu a dzombe akuwoloka Nyanja ya Atlantic).

Mwamwayi, ndi mitundu yochepa yokha yomwe imatha kuwerengeka zowopsa. Choyamba, ndi chipululu komanso dzombe losamukasamuka. Oyimira odziwika kwambiri komanso ambiri pa gulu la dzombe ali ndi zochitika zina - zotchulidwa gawo kusiyanasiyana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu osiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana amasiyana. Anthu amtundu wa gulu amadziwika ndi mtundu wakuda, mapiko autali komanso kukula bwino kwa minofu.

Zosintha pamaonekedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu ina yazitsulo (mwachitsanzo, dzombe la ku Italiya ndi la Morocan lomwe likukhala ku CIS) sizowopsa kotero, komabe, sizikulepheretsa mapaketi awo kuwuluka pamtunda wawutali (makumi kapena ngakhale makilomita mazana) akusaka chakudya.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Zomwe zowonongeka zowonongeka m'malo obiriwira sizibweretsa. Kulakalaka anthu pawokha ndi kwapakatikati. M'miyoyo yawo yonse, samadyanso kuposa magalamu mazana asanu amtundu wobiriwira. Vuto lalikulu ndi dzombe, logwirizana pagulu.

Kuti mubwezeretse mphamvu komanso nyonga, anthu omwe asonkhanitsidwa m'busa amakakamizidwa kudya osasiya, apo ayi adzafa ndi ludzu komanso kusowa kwa mapuloteni. Dzombe, likukhala ndi abale ambiri, limayamba kuwonetsa kukongola modabwitsa. Munthu m'modzi amatha kuyamwa pafupifupi ma gramu mazana anayi a zipatso zobiriwira patsiku, koma pali mamiliyoni aiwo pagululo.

Kuperewera kwa mapuloteni m'thupi, tizilombo timayamba kusanduka zilombo, ndipo njira zake zodya mtundu wawo zimayamba. Mwanjira imeneyi, gululo lagawidwa m'magulu awiri ophiphiritsira, omwe amayamba kutsogolo, ndipo lachiwiri - amayesera kuti adye ndikudya. Ndipo omwe akuthawa, ndikugwira, akudya chilichonse panjira zawo, akuwonongeratu mbewu ndi minda.

Dzombe – tizilombo wonyoza. Anthu ochulukitsa madola mamiliyoni ambiri adzasiya malo opanda kanthu okhala ndi zotsalira zosowa chifukwa cha kukhalapo. Anthu pawokha amasiyanasiyana pakudya kwawo kopanda kutentha (m'mawa ndi madzulo).

Opanga chonde

Ndi mitundu ya dzombe yomwe imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu pazaka zakumapeto kwa kuchuluka kwawo, ndikuwononga pafupifupi magawo onse obiriwira azomera ali m'njira. Koma abale awo osasinthika (omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa zamanyazi ndi masiketi, komanso abale awo akutali a orthoptera Order, amathanso kuchulukitsa zochulukitsa ndikuwononga zomerazi pazomera komanso zachilengedwe.

Koma kodi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tiziwona ngati chilango chokhacho kwa anthu? M'malo mwake, ngati nyama zam'mera, ndizofunikira kwambiri kulumikizana kwa chakudya m'malo a udzu, makamaka m'malo otsetsereka, malo otetezedwa, mapiri ndi mapiri.Ntchito iyi, yomwe sinali yodziwika bwino, idadziwika m'mabuku a Bayibulo: "Dzombe lomwe lidatsalira ndi mbozi lidadya mphutsi, mphutsi zomwe zidatsala dzombe, ndi kachiromboka komwe kamatsalira ndi nyongolotsi" (Buku la Mneneri Yoweli, 1, 4).

Wofufuzira wodziwika bwino wa ku Siberian I.V. Stebaev kalelo kumayambiriro kwa 1960s. adawonetsa kuti m'malo otentha a ku Eurasia, dzombe nthawi yotentha ikhoza kudya zoposa 10% ya udzu wobiriwira. Kuphatikiza apo, amagwiritsa ntchito zinyalala pachakudya, ndipo chifukwa chosowa chakudya chomera amatha kusintha mitembo ya abale awo, chimbudzi cha nyama zina, etc. (dzombe limatha kudya zovala ndi zovala zachikopa!). Munthu m'modzi mwa anthu a dzombe la Siberia amadya pafupifupi 3,5.5 g ya zobiriwira zachilengedwe m'moyo wake wonse - izi zimalemera kawiri konse kulemera kwake (Rubtsov, 1932). Zambiri zinapezedwa kwa dzombe la North America ndi South Africa.

Kususuka kwa tizilombo timenewa modabwitsa kumasanduka dalitso kwa madera achilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, Stebaev ndi mnzake adawona kuti dzombe limathandizira pakuwonongeka komanso kubweza mwachangu kwa chomera chochulukirapo kuzungulira kwa zinthu ndi mphamvu: m'matumbo amitundu yambiri ya dzombe, masamba ndi zimayambira sizinthu zambiri zomwe zimadulidwa monga kudulidwa komanso kugawanika, ndipo michere yamatumbo oyimilira imathandizira zidutswa izi Mavitamini a gulu B. Zotsatira zake, dzimbiri la dzimbiri limasanduka feteleza wabwino kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ofufuza aku Canada adawonetsa kuti dzombe, pakudya masamba, zimayambitsa kukula kwa mbewu ndikuwonjezera zipatso.

Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuti kuwonongeka kwa dzombe ndi orthoptera kumatha kukhala kwakukulu, ntchito yawo kuonetsetsa momwe chilengedwe chikugwiridwira ntchito, makamaka udzu, ndizopanda tanthauzo.

Kodi mwamunayo ndi mdani kapena mnzake?

Anthu kwazaka zambiri akhala akuyesera kuwononga dzombe. Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Njira zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito zidagwiritsidwa ntchito: kuwononga mawotchi, kuwotcha ndi kulima ma depisiti oyikira mazira.

Pambuyo pake, mankhwala osiyanasiyana adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, mawonekedwe a mankhwala ophera tizilombo asintha kwambiri: DDT yodziwika bwino ndi HCH inasinthidwa ndi mankhwala a organophosphorous, kenaka mapangidwe apadera a pyrethroids, zoletsa kuphatikizika kwa chitin (gawo lalikulu la mafupa akunja a tizilombo), etc. .

Komabe, ngakhale kuchepa kwa kawopsedwe komanso kuperewera kwa mankhwala atsopano, zovuta zachilengedwe zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito sizinathe (makamaka izi zikukhudzana ndi kufa kwa ma invertebrates ena). Zinthu zachilengedwe, zinthu zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe komanso njira zina zofananira zimaperewera zolakwitsa izi, nthawi zambiri zimapereka zotsatira zabwino. Komabe, zovuta za mankhwalawa sizimawoneka nthawi yomweyo, ndipo ndizosatheka kuponderezana kufalikira kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi chithandizo chawo.

Zotsatira zake, ngakhale atayesetsa kwanthawi yayitali bwanji, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito DDT komanso kulima kwakukulu kwa malo osowa atsikana, sizinathebe kuthetsa vutoli. Komabe, nthawi zina, kudziwika kwaumunthu kwa dzombe ndi ma orthopterans ena kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zowopsa, ndipo izi sizingagwire ntchito kwa mitundu yocheperako yopanda timiyala tating'ono. Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi wofufuza waku America a D. Lockwood, yemwe wavutitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito nthaka kumapeto kwa zaka za XIX. inadzakhala dzombe lotchuka lotchedwa Rocky Mountain. Pambuyo pa kubalanso kwachulukidwe kambiri, anthu ake adalimbikira zigwa za mitsinje, zomwe zidayamba kulimidwa mwachangu. Zotsatira zake, lero mtunduwu umaganiziridwa kuti watha: woimira wake womaliza adagwidwa mu 1903.

Koma pali zitsanzo zotsutsana: nthawi zina, zochitika za anthu zimapangitsa kuti kuchepa, koma kukulira kuchuluka kwa orthoptera. Zotsatira zoterezi zimachitika, mwachitsanzo, pakukula mopitilira muyeso, kuyambitsa machitidwe olimbana ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka komanso kuchuluka kwa madera. Chifukwa chake, zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwa, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Western Siberia, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito malo anthropogenic, madera a Lesser Krestovichka, mapiko amtambo wamtambo, mapiko wamba, ndi ena akukula.

Nkhani za kufalikira kwa ma anthropogenic a orthopterans, pamtunda wautali, zimadziwikanso. Mwanjira imeneyi, mitundu ingapo ya ku Europe, mwachitsanzo, nyama zazikuluzikulu zokhala ndi malo obisalamo, zimadutsa malo otentha a kum'mawa kwa North America.

Zosangalatsa

Mwa zina za kapangidwe ndi moyo wa dzombe, munthu amatha kusiyanitsa zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa:

1. Chifukwa chakuti kachilombo kameneka kali ndi miyendo yakumbuyo yosakhwima, imatha kuyenda pakulumpha kamodzi mtunda wopitilira kukula kwa thupi katatu.
2. Akamadya dzombe, amadya chilichonse chopaka utoto. Chakudya chikangokhala ndi masamba obiriwira, chimatha m'chipinda chotseka, dzombe limayamba kudya abale ake, ngati ali ndi mtundu wobiriwira.
3. Tizilombo titha kuuluka tambiri tambiri popanda kukwera - mpaka ma kilomita mazana anayi. Ulendo wautali kwambiri wa gulu la dzombe umachokera ku Africa kuno kupita kuzilumba za Pacific. Gulu la dzombe lomwe likuyenda wapansi limadutsa dera la makilomita makumi awiri nthawi ya masana.
4. M'masiku asanu, matani 7,000 a malalanje adamezedwa ndi gulu la dzombe lomwe linaukira malo a mitengo ya lalanje ku Morocco. Kususuka kodabwitsa - toni imodzi pamphindi.
5. Dzombe – tizilombo, omwe amakhala kumayiko onse padziko lapansi, kusiyapo ndi ku Antarctica kokha. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta komanso kusowa chakudya. Koma chochititsa chidwi, iwo sakhala ku North America. Pomaliza kudziwika kuwukira dzombe ku kontrakitala kuyambira 1875.
6. Njira yachilendo kwambiri yolamulira dzombe idalembedwa m'ma 1500 ku France. Woweruza, yemwe adaganizira za kuwonongedwa kwa minda yamphesa ndi tizilombo, adagamula pakugawidwa kwa malo omwe anali oletsedwa mwamphamvu kuti asiye tizirombo.
7. Dzombe lili pamndandanda wa mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi. Idyani tizilombo izi m'maboma makumi atatu kudza zisanu ndi chimodzi omwe amakhala ku Africa, maiko makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zinayi zaku Asia komanso kumayiko makumi awiri mphambu atatu a kontinenti ya South America. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti dzombe ndi chinthu chopatsa thanzi chomwe chitha kusintha nyama, lilibe mafuta ambiri komanso mavitamini ambiri.

Kuyimba mu udzu

Dzombe ndi abale awo ochokera ku banja la orthoptera iwonso akuimira chinthu chosangalatsa pakufufuza. Chifukwa chake, ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti pakati pawo pali mitundu yomwe imakhala moyo wawo wonse kapena pafupifupi moyo wawo wonse pamitengo ndi zitsamba (makamaka mitundu yambiri yotere m'nkhalango zotentha). Anthu ena okhala m'mitunda yotentha amatha kuyenda pamwamba pamadzi ngati mita yamadzi, ena amatha kusambira kwambiri, ngakhale pansi pa madzi. Orthoptera zingapo (mwachitsanzo, zimbalangondo) zimakumbanso mabowo, ndipo ziwala zabodza zimatha kukhazikika m'mapanga.

Dzombe limakhulupirira kuti ndi mitundu yambiri, koma zenizeni pafupifupi zonsezo zimakonda kudya magulu azomera, ndipo kwa ena, kutchulidwa kokhala kotchedwa trophic ndi kakhalidwe. Ma gourati oterowo amatha kudya, mwachitsanzo, zomera zapoizoni (wrestlers, hellebores, etc.) popanda kuvulaza thanzi lawo. Pakati pa ziwala, zazikulu, zazikuluzikulu kapena mitundu yokhala ndi zakudya zophatikizika, komanso gawo lofunikira la orthoptera limatha kukonza zinyalala zakufa.

Masinthidwe atizilombo omwe amakhudzana ndi kubereka ndi osangalatsa komanso osiyanasiyana. Izi ndizowona makamaka momwe njira yolumikizirana imayendera, kuti zitheke kuzindikira mtundu wa munthu ndi mnzake. Amphongo a Orthoptera ndi apadera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe amapanga mawu: apa, pali kulumikizana kwa dzanja lamanzere lamanzere, miyendo yakumbuyo ndi mbali yakumtunda ya elytra, miyendo yakumbuyo ndi mbali yakumunsi ya elytra, mbira yaikazi, ndipo gawo lapadera la Krauss limangokhala "kukukuta" nsagwada zake. Nthawi zina akazi amatha kuyimba.

Mitundu yomwe imalephera kupanga phokoso nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito utoto wa chikwangwani: Amuna ali ndi mapiko akumbuyo owala kwambiri, kumbuyo kwa tibia, ndi mbali yamkati ya kumbuyo kwa femur, yomwe tizilombo timene timawonetsa nthawi ya chibwenzi.

Zambiri dzombe, ukadzala ndi umuna, zimayikira mazira m'dothi lozunguliridwa ndi chipolopolo cholimba kapena chocheperako. Kupanga koteroko, poyanjana ndi chotengera chamakandulo, kumatchedwa dzira laling'ono. Ma orthopterans ena amathanso mazira munthaka, koma pali ziwala zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zobiriwira izi. Amadula masamba kapena mphukira ndi m'mphepete mwa ovipositor awo ndikuyika mazira pazotulukapo.

Kutha kusuntha bwino pakati pa dzombe ndi abale awo kuyenera kutchulidwanso kwina. Ambiri aiwo amatha kuyenda mwachangu, kudumphira ndikuuluka, komabe, monga lamulo, mayendedwe awo sapitilira mamita makumi. Zowombera monga momwe zimakhalira kumwera kwa Siberia zimatha kukhala mlengalenga kwa mphindi zambiri: kugwiritsa ntchito mitsinje yofunda, imakwera kutalika kupitilira 10. Koma ngakhale olemba awa nthawi zambiri amabwerera kudera lomwe adachokerako (Kazakova, Sergeev, 1987). Zosiyanazo ndi dzombe la gulu. Monga tanena kale, amatha kuyenda mtunda wautali: mphutsi mpaka makumi ndi mamitala, ndipo akuluakulu amathawa makilomita mazana.

Mitundu ina yosawuluka imagwiritsa ntchito njira zopanda pake pobwezeretsanso nyumba. Chifukwa chake, wofufuza wachingelezi G. Hewitt ndi anzawo (Hewitt et al., 1990) adaona m'mapepala a Alps momwe anthu amatsenga osazungulira amaphatikizira nkhosa ndikugonera kumene.

Zaka mazana awiri atawombera mfuti

Dzombe ndi abale ake adaphunzitsidwa mwachangu zaka ziwiri zapitazi: mawonekedwe a orthoptera adadziwika ndi P.A. Latrey mu 1793. Ofufuza zaka za m'ma 1900 Ankachita nawo mafotokozedwe amitundu yatsopano komanso kuphunzira kwa kakulidwe ka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komabe ngakhale zomwe zoyambirira zakuwonekera zidawonekera, kuphatikiza mitundu yazoyipa.

M'zaka za XX. Mayendedwe achikhalidwe awa: taxa zatsopano zingapo zavumbulutsidwa, makamaka kuchokera kumadera otentha, njira zoyambirira zogawa orthoptera zidakhazikitsidwa. Koma chidwi chachikulu chinalandiridwa ku zachilengedwe - kulumikizana kwachilendo, mphamvu za anthu ndi madera, komanso udindo wawo pamalo achilengedwe ndi anthropogenic.

Udindo wofunikira kwambiri pakuphunzira dzombe udachitika ndi anzathu omwe amagwira ntchito ku USSR komanso kumayiko ena. Chifukwa chake, a B. P. Uvarov, membala wa English Royal Society komanso wopanga wa malo otchuka a Locust Control Center ku London, m'ma 1920s. adapanga malingaliro a zigawo, zomwe zidakhala maziko a zachilengedwe zamakono za dzombe.

Zachidziwikire, kumapeto kwa XX - zaka zoyambirira za XXI. Ofufuzawo ali ndi mwayi wopeza chidziwitso chatsopano cha tizilombo tomwe tikugwiritsa ntchito ma genetic, biochemical ndi njira zidziwitso. Izi ndizowona makamaka pakuwongolera kosintha kuchokera ku gawo limodzi kupita ku gawo la gulu ndi kumbuyo, kusunthidwa kwa maulendo ndi maula, etc.

Komabe, mwayi uwu nthawi zambiri sukwaniritsidwa. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa choti chidwi cha tizilombo tizi (komanso ndalama zofufuzira) chimatsika kwambiri pambuyo polumikizidwa kwa kubuka kwina, pomwe ngozi ya ulimi yadutsa.

Komabe, zomwe zapezeka zaka zapitazi zimatilola kuyang'ana zovuta za dzombe kuchokera kumbali ina. Chifukwa chake, anthu amakhulupirira kuti m'chilengedwe chomwecho, mphamvu zakuzungulidwe zakukula zofananira zimakhala zofanana.

Komabe, maphunziro a kuchuluka kwa dzombe ku Italy kudera la Kulundinskaya mu 1999-2009. adaulula chithunzi chokhala ngati 'funde' chakugawika kwa nthawi yayitali kwa kachulukidwe kakang'ono komanso kocheperako. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngakhale magulu oyandikana nawo amtunduwu wa dzombe nthawi zosiyanasiyana adatuluka chifukwa cha kukhumudwa ndikufika pachimake pa kubereka.

Kodi nchiyani chimawonetsera mikhalidwe yosiyana ngati imeneyi ya zoperekera anthu kuchuluka? Zinapezeka kuti chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimafotokozera gulu la kuchuluka kwa anthu (ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovulaza) dzombe ndi kupezeka kwa chilengedwe. Zowonadi, malo aliwonse sofanana ndi enawo, kuwonjezera apo, pa chilichonse mwazizindikiro zazikulu za tizilombo monga chinyezi, nthaka ndi masamba, komanso kuchuluka kwa zotsatira za anthropogenic zikusintha mosalekeza.

Zotsatira zina zosokoneza ndikudziwikika kwa madera ambiri pakubalidwa kwa dzombe lochulukitsa ndi malo osiyanasiyana a tizilombo tina. Ndipo kuwongolera tizilombo kumatha kubweretsa kuphedwa kwa mitundu yachilendo.

Zomwe asayansi ali nazo lero zikuwonetsa kuti masiku ano anthu samapeputsa vuto la dzombe ndi abale awo.

Ndikofunikira kupitiliza maphunziro a nthawi yayitali okhudzana ndi zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe za anthu ambiri, komanso magulu a mitundu yambiri. Zambiri zimatha kukhala maziko owunikira, komanso kukonza kwa njira zoyendetsera anthu zomwe zimathandizira kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komanso kusunga zachilengedwe. Njira yowongolera kuchulukana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sikuyenera kukhala yoletsa kupondereza kuchulukitsa, koma poletsa izo.

Pakufunika kuti pakhale njira yoyenera yogwiritsira ntchito ukadaulo wa chidziwitso, makamaka makina azidziwitso zakumalo ndi machitidwe akumvekedwe a Earth. Ndi mbali iyi kuti kuwonjezeka kwa tekinoloje ndikotheka, komwe kuonetsetsa kuti zamtsogolo zafika pamlingo wina wosiyananso. Ndipo izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakadali pano, pakuwonjezeka kwa kusokonezeka kwanyengo komanso kukulitsa kusintha kwa zochitika zaanthu.

Lachininsky A. V., Sergeev M. G., Childebaev M. K. et al. Zombe za Kazakhstan, Central Asia ndi madera oyandikana nawo // International Association of Applied Acridology, University of Wyoming. Laramie, 2002.388 s.

Tizilombo ta Sergeev M.G. Orthoptera (Orthoptera) waku North Asia: zaka makumi asanu pambuyo pake // Erasian Entomological Journal. 2007.Vol. 6, No. 2. P. 129-141 + tabu II.

Lockwood J. A. Dzombe. New York: Basic Basic, 2004.294 p.

Lockwood J. A., Latchininsky A. V., Sergeev M. G. (Eds.) Zazitsamba ndi thanzi la msipu: Kuthana ndi mavuto obwera chifukwa cha udzu popanda kuwononga chilengedwe. Publishers of Kluwer Academic, 2000.221 p.

Samways M. J., Sergeev M. G. Orthoptera ndi malo amasintha // Ma bionomics a ziwala, katydid ndi abale awo. CAB International, 1997. P. 147-162.

Sergeev M. G. Kusungidwa kwa mitundu yachilengedwe ya orthopteran yosiyanasiyana ndi kusintha kwa malo ku kutentha kwa Eurasia // Journ. Kuteteza Tizilombo. 1998. Vol. 2, N 3/4. P. 247–252.

Chithunzi cha wolemba chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pofalitsa.

Dzombe

Dzombe ndi imodzi mwazilombo zoopsa kwambiri zachuma cha dziko lonse. Zomera zachilengedwe komanso zamtchire zili ponseponse padziko lapansi. M'mbuyomu, kugwidwa kwa dzombe sikudangowononga mbewu, koma kungayambitse njala dziko lonse. Munthu m'modzi alibe vuto lililonse, koma akalowa m'matumba, amangowononga mbewu zonse m'njira yake.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Dzombe ndi mtundu wa banja la dzombe weniweni. Tizilombo tambiri ta arthropod, komwe ndi gawo la subthoptera suborder yokhazikika, timakula kukula kukula mpaka 1 cm mpaka 6 cm. Anthu ena osowa kwambiri amatha 14 cm. Akazi ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa amuna. Maonekedwe ake, dzombe limafanana ndi ziwala. Utoto wa dzombe umagwira ntchito mosintha ndipo ungasiyane malingana ndi chilengedwe.

Dzombe lomwelo

"Dzombe lidawuluka, linauluka. Adakhala, adadya chilichonse ndikuthawanso" - nthabwala iyi ya A.S. Pushkin itha kudziwidwa ngati lipoti lalifupi kwambiri la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ku Russia - dzombe laku Asia (Locusta migratoria)Lingaliro loyambirira la dzombe mwambiri limalumikizana nacho. M'mbuyomu (zaka 50 zapitazo), dzombe laku Asia silinali loopsa kwambiri, komanso tizilombo tambiri tambiri. Kuchokera ku Danube kupita ku Lake Zaysan, mitunduyi inali ndi "malo okhazikika". Ndipo "kulembetsa kwakanthawi" ndikosavuta kutchula. Zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za dzombe zaku Asia zidalemba m'Dera la Moscow, ku Kirov ndi Tobolsk Regions, komanso ku Finland.

Malo okhalamo nthawi zonse a dzombe ku Asia ndi ogwirizana kwambiri ndi mabedi amabango okhala m'madzi osefukira. Mwinanso V.V. Nikolsky (wamkulu wa dipatimenti yopanga zanyumba ku Moscow Tr tropical Institute mu 1925, wolemba buku la "Asia locust") adalondola, yemwe adati dzombe lotchedwa "bango". Mu 1925, malingaliro a Nikolsky sanali okayika: Kumwera kwa Russia kunalibe mitsinje yokhala ndi zipsepse zamadzi osefukira, kulikonse komwe kudapezeka dzombe la ku Asia. Tsopano dzinalo "bango" silingafanane ndi dzina lake "Asia", popeza dzombe la Asia lachepetsedwa kwambiri ndipo latha ku Central Asia. Malo abwino kwambiri okhala ndi malo okhala m'dziko lathuli amapezeka ku Amu Darya delta, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Kazakhstan, ndi malo akuluakulu a Syrdarya omwe analipo mpaka posachedwapa atatsala pang'ono kuthetsedwa. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa dzombe la ku Asia ndi zisa zake ndikuwonongeka kwamadzi osefukira m'madzi amtsinje chifukwa chakuwongolera kwazinthu zamadzi. Ndi kayendetsedwe ka madzi ndi mikhalidwe ya nthaka yomwe ndiyo njira yayikulu yofunika kuchititsa dzombe ku Asia.

Dzombe la ku Asia ndi lalikulu mamilimita 65-75 mamilimita. Akazi ndi mamilimita 5 mpaka 10 kuposa amuna. Utoto wake umakhala wobiriwira kwambiri, ngakhale pakhoza kukhala zosankha zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe moyo umakhalira komanso "kulimba kwa kampani," koma nsagwada zamtunduwu nthawi zonse zimakhala zamtambo kapena zabuluu pang'ono. Parietal fossa sichinapangidwe bwino. Kafukufukuyu ndi wokwera ndipo amakhala ndi keel wakuthwa, yemwe amatha kuyang'aniridwa (ngati dzombe limapezeka lokha) ndikuwongoka kapena ngakhale kuwongoka pang'ono (ngati dzombe lipezeka pagulu). Chifuwa cha dzombe la ku Asia ndi "chaubweya" - chophimbidwa ndi zopepuka zowoneka bwino - ichi ndi chinthu china chosiyanitsa anthu aku Asia. Vesi lazovala laikazi limakhazikika m'miyendo yake; Izi zimamupangitsa kuti aziyika kapisolo wa dzira mu mwala kapena dongo lolimba.

Tanenanso zakakhudzidwe ka utoto wa dzombe la “kuchuluka kwa anthu”. Izi ndizosangalatsa kwambiri. Palibe amene angatchule nyama yina iliyonse kuti ikuyenera kusintha kuchokera ku phokoso ngati dzombe. Zowona, zamoyo zambiri, kuphatikiza mbewu ndi nyama zapamwamba, zimatha kusintha zikukhala m'malo okhala anthu ambiri, ngati sizichitika ndi zizindikiro zakunja, kenako pamachitidwe. Kuthekera kotopetsa (kuchuluka kwa anthu, kupsinjitsa, kugwirizanitsa) kunakhala maziko a dzina la mtundu wina wa dzombe - dzombe la nkhuku kapena dzombe chabe. Dzombe lazitsamba limaphatikizanso mitundu yomwe imatha kupanga maulendo osunthira ndikusunthira mumtambo wopanikizana ndi dzombe (phokoso losagwirizana) kapena masukulu akuuluka (dzombe la mapiko akuluakulu). Izi ndi monga Asia, Moroccan, Italiya, dzombe la m'chipululu, ndi zina. Mosiyana ndi gulu la dzombe, mitundu yawo yonse imadziwika kuti siyabwino, kapena yamanyazi.

Pamene kuchuluka kwa dzombe laku Asia kuli munthu m'modzi pa mahekitala awiri atatu (pafupifupi osavulaza paulimi), maonekedwe a tizilombo tili ndi mawonekedwe: Mtunduwo ndiwobiliwira kapena wachikasu, liwoti la (adotum kuchokera kumbali) ndi humpback kapena arcuate-convex. Kusintha kwa chinyezi boma la malo okhala, kuyanika kwa zomera zosasinthika, anthu osakwatiwa amadzunjikana m'malo otentha, kuzolowera (gulu lachiwerewere likuwonekera) ndikuyamba kuyendayenda mozungulira. Maonekedwe a tizilombo amasintha modabwitsa: mawanga owoneka bwino kapena ofiira amawoneka pa thupi, kumbuyo kumawongola. Pakati pazigawo ziwiri - chimodzi (phasis soliiaria) ndi gulu (phasis gregaria) - pali kusintha komwe B.P. Uvarov adatcha gawo logontha (oyang'anira phasis), ngati kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo, komanso gawo logawanika.phasis dissocians), dzombelo likasweka ndi gulu la dzombe limasandulika kamodzi.

Kwa zaka zoweta zochulukirapo, dera lomwe zokhala ndi dzombe la Asia kudera lililonse la chisa limatha kufikira mahekitala masauzande ambiri. Kulimbana ndi dzombe la ku Asia mu zisa zake si ntchito yophweka: munthu ayenera kudziwa bwino zovuta komanso zovuta za maiwe ndi udzu m'madambo osefukira, athe kupeza dzombe lambiri m'mabedi osavuta kufikirako ndikuzilepheretsa kuwuluka kwa mbewu. Chifukwa chake, maulendo apadera a dzombe amagwira ntchito m'malo ochezera, omwe amayang'anitsitsa kusinthasintha kwa chiwerengero cha dzombe laku Asia, ndipo zikaonjezera, amawononga matulukidwewo mwa kukonzekera kwa mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito ndege kapena zida zapansi.

Kukula kwake (kutalika kwa tizilomboti kuchokera pa mamilimita 45 mpaka 60) komanso kuthekera kopanga magulu amphamvu omwe amatha kuthana ndi malo akulu, shistotserka yosunthika ndi yofanana ndi dzombe laku Asia (Schistocerca gregaria), koma kufanana kumeneku ndi kwakunja chabe (poyang'ana koyamba), koma kwenikweni mitundu iyi ndi oimira mabanja amtundu uliwonse. Chimodzi mwazosiyana ndi Shistotserk ndikutuluka kokhazikika pakati pazoyambira miyendo yakutsogolo (mukamayang'ana mbali yotsekera), komanso utoto wopindika wokhala ndi mawanga amdima akuda ngati ma freckles thupi. Shistotserka sakhala kudera la USSR, koma pamakhala zochitika pamene gulu lake limatiwululira kuchokera kumayiko oyandikana - Iran ndi Afghanistan, kumene, pafupifupi chaka chilichonse limadutsa kuchokera ku Africa, Arabia kapena India.

M'zaka za m'ma 1900, kufalikira kwa Shistotserk kudalembedwa ku Iran ndi Afghanistan, ndipo zaka 60 zapitazo, Shistotserk adafika kumalire a Turkmenistan kasanu ndi kamodzi. Kuthawa kwamphamvu kwa gulu lalikulu la shistotserki kupita kudera la Central Asia republican kunadziwika mu 1929, mafunde osalimba pang'ono kugunda kwa Transcaucasus mu 1930. Tsoka lachilengedwe lomweli limawonetsedwa mu nthano (nkhani ya Leonid Leonov "Dzombe").

Kuyambira 1910 mpaka lero, pakhala kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kubwezeretsa kwa misozi yambiri, komwe kumabweretsa madera akulu kunja kwa dziko lathu. Pofuna kupewa kufalikira kwa tizilombo ku USSR, akatswiri aku Soviet Union amalumikizana pafupipafupi ndi akatswiri ochokera kumayiko oyandikana, amasinthana zambiri zokhudzana ndi zisa za dzombe, komanso njira zatsopano zothanirana ndi izi. Mobwerezabwereza, akatswiri athu, kuphatikizapo katswiri wodziwika bwino wa dzombe wotchedwa Shistotserki N. S. Shcherbinovsky, adapita kuchigawo cha Iran, komwe amayang'anira ntchito yoletsa kufalikira kwamatenda ambiri.

Mu 1928 mpaka 1941 gulu la dzombe losamukasamuka linayamba kuchuluka ku Africa (kumwera kwa Sahara) (Locusta migratoria migratorioides), kufalikira kuchokera ku zisa kum'mwera kwa Niger. Ma Flock anali ndi dera lalikulu ma kilomita 17 miliyoni. Kukuwonjezeka kwa dzombe lofiira kunagwera nawonso (Nomadacris septemfacciata) ochokera ku Tanzania. (Bukuli limayamba ndikufotokozera zotsatira za kugwidwa kwamtunduwu.) Kubuka kwakukulu komanso kusamukira kwa dzombe kumachitika ku America (Melanoplus spretus), Australia (Chortoicetes terminifera ndi Austroicetes cruciata).

Malinga ndi a Cha Chavin, "palibe amene wakwanitsa kufotokoza chifukwa chomwe dzombe limasankhira mbali ina kapena ina, chifukwa chake imawuluka, chifukwa chiyani imawuluka. Mawu oyamba ofunsidwa anali, osavuta kwambiri: dzombe (ndipo nthawi zambiri nyama zonse zosamukira) zimachotsedwera kumalo osiyira ena Funani chakudya. Izi ndizolakwika ponena za dzombe, komanso nyama zonse zosamukasamuka. M'malo mwake, dzombe limatha kudzichotsa pamalo odyetserako ziweto ndi kufa m'chipululu kapena kufa mamiliyoni mabiliyoni akuzama. "

Wasayansi wa ku Soviet N. S. Shcherbinovsky adafotokoza za kutalika kwa mizinga ya miliri ya dzombe. Analumikiza kuphatikizana kwa dzombe ndi nthawi yayitali. Ntchito ya poizoniyu ikukwera kwambiri patadutsa zaka 11, N. S. Shcherbinovsky akufuna kupanga chiwonetsero cha anthu aku Schistocerca poganizira za chiwerengerochi. Lingaliroli silatsopano, linafotokozedwa ndi katswiri wazamaphunziro wa ku Russia, a F. P. Keppen (1833-1908), mawu ochokera m'mabuku omwe tinatengera monga epigraph ku bukuli, koma N. S. Shcherbinovsky adapanga ndikukhazikitsa lingaliro la F. P. Keppen pazinthu zowona ndi zowona zakale . Kuphatikiza apo, adaphunzira njira zomwe zingatheke ngati ma Shistotserk komanso moyo wake kudziko lakwawo: ku North-East Africa ndi South-West Asia. Kwa zaka 150 zapitazi, N. S. Shcherbinovsky adawerengera ziwopsezo 13 ndikuyimitsidwa kwa zaka 11.5.

Kubalidwa kwa dzombe ku Asia kulinso ndi nthano ina yoyenderana ndi dzuwa. Izi zimatilola kulosera za kubalanso kwa tizilombo: chiyambi cha kuchulukitsa kwa dzombe laku Asia chikuyembekezeredwa kuyambira pomwe ntchito zam'madzi zidzachitika. Panthawi yochepetsedwa ndi dzuwa, kuphulika kwake kumakulirakulira ndikufika pamlingo wambiri pofika nthawi yochepa kwambiri ntchito dzuwa. Pambuyo pake, dzombe limagwa kwambiri ndikukhazikika.

Munthu amayang'anira kuchuluka kwa dzombe pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, koma zinthu zachilengedwe zimamuthandizanso, pakati pomwe zazikulu ndi adani komanso tizirombo touluka. Adani onse a dzombe B.P. Uvarov ndi G. Ya. Bey-Bienko adagawika m'magulu awiri: tiziromboti ndi adani a mazira, tiziromboti ndi adani a mphutsi ndi tizilombo akuluakulu.

Mazira a dzombe opezeka m'mabotolo a mazira ndi chakudya chamtundu wina wa ntchentche kuchokera paubzzing ndi sarcophagid, kafadala ochokera kubanja la akalulu, makamaka kalulu wamutu wofiira, ndi mphutsi za nthata zofiira.

Tizilombo touluka ndi akangaude amadya dzombe. Pakati pawo, ma mantis, ziwala, mavu, kyty ndi akangaude nthawi zambiri amatsutsa mphutsi za dzombe.

Zamoyo, makamaka mbalame, zimangowononga m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ochepa a dzombe. Kusesa kwamphamvu kumatha kuchoka pabango lamadzi, komwe kumakhala kotetezeka kopitilira muyeso.

Komabe, zilombo kapena majeremusi, mwatsoka, satenga nawo mbali pakuwonongeka kwa dzombe ndikusintha kuchuluka kwawo. Kuthetsa kufalikira kwa ubala wambiri ndi bambo. Koma mumadziwa bwanji ngati izi zikufunika? Tikufuna kuneneratu, ndiye kuti, kudzilungamitsa kwasayansi pakuwonjezereka kapena kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha tizilombo chaka chamawa kapena zaka zingapo patsogolo.

Kuneneratu za kuchuluka kwa dzombe kutengera kuphunzira kwa malamulo apadera a momwe zimasinthira poyerekeza ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Chimodzi mwazinthu izi ndizodalira kubereka pa hydrothermal boma m'malo okhala nthawi zonse, ndiko kuti, kosungitsa.

Ndizodziwika bwino kuti kutentha kochepa kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kugwidwa kwa dzombe ku Asia, pomwe nyengo yofunda, yofunda imatsogolera kuchuluka kwake ndikuwuka kwa kubereketsa kwakukulu. Ntchito zamadzi zokhala malo ochezera, monga zatchulidwira kale, zimathandiza kwambiri kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo.

M'zaka zakukwera kwamadzi ambiri mchipululu, pomwe malo ambiri okhala malo osungira madzi osefukira, kuchuluka kwa dzombe ku Asia kuli kotsika. Madzi akachuluka, kuchuluka kwa dzombe kumachuluka kwambiri, ndipo chaka chachiwiri chaka choyamba cha kusesa ndi magulu a gulu latsamba layamba kale.

Kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa dzombe ku Asia kumachitika chaka chotsatira atachoka dzombe lochuluka m'derali, losayenera chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri. Pambuyo pakuchoka kwakukulu, nthawi zambiri zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zotsika zimayamba.

Kutuluka kwa dzombe la ng'ombe ndi kuthekera kwachulukanso kwachulidwe chake chochuluka titha kuneneratu ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi: kuyambiranso kuyanika kwa milu yayikulu bango, pakati pawo pomwe pali malo otseguka omwe amakopa dzombe nthawi yakukhazikika, kuwonera dzombe pafupi ndi malowa nthawi ya mazira itagona mu kuchuluka kwa toyesa kapena 500 kapena kupitirira 1 mahekitala, masika ofunda oyambirira ndi kusefukira kwakanthawi komanso kochepa, chilimwe chofunda ndi nyengo yotentha yayitali. Zinthuzi zikamvana, gulu la dzombe limayembekezereka chaka chamawa.

Kudziwa nthawi yankhokwe ya mphutsi chaka chamawa, zambiri pazomwe zachitika pa nyengo ndi deta pazakuzidwa kwa mluza pakutsegulira mazira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati mluza wakhazikika pamutu pa dzira lakuberekera ndipo umakhala pafupifupi theka la dzira, ndiye kuti kuyerekeza kwa mphutsi kumatha kuyembekezeredwa masiku 15 pa kutentha kwatsiku lililonse kwa madigiri 15-20. Ngati mluza ukhala dzira lonse, nthawi yomweyo mphutsi zimamera pambuyo masiku asanu ndi limodzi.

Kuchulukana kwa dzombe ku Asia chaka chotsatira kunanenedweratu kuchokera pakuwunika kwa chilimwe kuchuluka kwa dzombe ndi kufufuzaku kwa m'dzinja kwa malo omwe mazira a mazira adayikidwa m'chilimwe.

Kuyang'anira kuthamanga kwa gulu la dzombe kumayambira kuyambira pomwe mapiko ake amafa kapena kubalalitsa kwa ziweto - kuyambira Julayi mpaka Okutobala. Nthawi yomweyo, kutalika kwa kuthawa, kuthawa ndi kutsogolo komanso kuya, komanso kuwongolera komwe kukuyenda, komwe kumayikidwa pamapuwa, kumadziwika. Pazithunzi ndi pamapu, malo omwe nkhosazo zimasungidwamo zalembedwa. Mukamayang'anira nkhosa, malo oikamo mazira amakonzedwa. Madera oterewa amakhala ndi zisonyezo zosiyanasiyana (zopota za pansi, zikhomo, mitolo ya mabango), kuti pakapita kanthawi mutha kuzipeza.

Mukugwa, kafukufuku wamdothi amachitika kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa makapisozi anthawi yachisanu. Rampulu iliyonse imatengedwa kuchokera kudera la 025 metres (50X50) yakuya masentimita 5-7. Nthaka imakonzedwa ndi manja, makapisozi onse omwe amapezeka amatsitsidwa ndikulemba mwatsatanetsatane. Ntchitoyi ndi yovuta kwambiri, imagwiridwa ndi magulu apadera a anthu a6-6. Oyesererawa adakonzedwa mu mzere umodzi ndikutalikirana kwa 100 metre kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake ndikudutsa thirakiti lonse kuchokera kumalire kupita kumalire, amatenga zitsanzo 100 zilizonse. Mukamayang'ana malo momwe kuchuluka kwa dzira kumakhala kotsika, zitsanzo zimatengedwa pambuyo pa 50 metres. Malo olembetsedwera ndi kuwunika mazira amalembedwa m'mbali m'mbali mwa mtunda kapena ma bango. Pambuyo pake, ajambule mamapu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito malo omwe pali dzira limodzi kapena lina.

Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wophukira, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe akubwera chaka chamawa akukonzekera. Gawo losagwera la Amu Darya delta komanso dera la Nyanja ya Aral, momwe zilumba zambiri zimamwazikana pakati pama swamp, kafukufukuyo amachitika kuchokera ku helikopita.

Mukamaliza kumaliza ntchito pamalo aliwonse, kuchuluka kwa tizilombo kumatsimikizika ndipo magawo a malo omwe ayesedwawo amafotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zapadera.

Njira yayikulu yolamulira dzombe ku Asia idakali mankhwala. Njirayi imakuthandizani kuti muchepetse kufalikira kwa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toononga, koma malo opukutira mungu okhala ndi tizilombo touluka ndi ndege sizotetezeka m'chilengedwe. Ndiye kuthana ndi tizirombo?

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Zomwe dzombe limawoneka

Mwachilengedwe, dzombe limakhala ndi thupi lalitali komanso miyendo isanu ndi umodzi, iwiri yomwe, yomwe ndi yakunja, ndi yofooka. Kubwerera kumodzi kumatalika kuposa kwachiwiri ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwamphamvu. Mwachilengedwe, pali anthu omwe kutalika kwa thupi lawo kumafikira masentimita khumi ndi asanu. Nthawi zambiri, kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 3 mpaka 7. Komanso dzombe limakhala ndi mutu waukulu wokhala ndi maso otuluka.

Mapikowo ndiwowonekera bwino komanso osawoneka pomwe amapindidwa ndikutseka ndi awiri olimba. Dzombe ndi m'modzi mwa oimira akale kwambiri a orthoptera. Padziko lonse lapansi, pali mitundu pafupifupi 20,000. Mtundu wa dzombe umangotengera malo omwe akukhalamo ndi komwe udapangidwira.Choncho, zinthu zimene anaonekera pa nthawi yomweyo kuchokera wamkazi wosakwatiwa kungakhale chosiyana mtundu, ndi proviso kuti pali anakulira m'mikhalidwe yosiyana.

Maonekedwe dzombe kwakukulukulu zimadalira siteji ya mapangidwe ake. Mtundu wa zokondazo ndi suti yobisika yamtundu wobiriwira wachikasu kapena walnut. Azioneka Choncho kwathunthu amadalira dera la okhala tizilombo lapansi. Pamene mapangidwe nkhosa kumachitika, ophunzira onse adzakhala ofanana ndi mzake. Palibe kusiyana pakati pa anthu payekhapayekha, kupatula kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Dzombe Angakugonjetseni mtunda wa makilomita 200 pa tsiku. Mitundu ina ya dzombe ndi ofanana kwambiri chiwala a. Chifukwa chake, poyang'ana koyamba, zimakhala zovuta kuzindikira tizilombo mwa anthu otere. Zolakwa Pankhaniyi kungakhale wapatali, makamaka alimi.

Choncho, muyenera tcheru ndi zizindikiro zomwe zikhoza siyanitsa ziwala chiwala:

• thupi la dzombe ndi lalitali kuposa thupi la wakuda,
• nkhope ya dzombe ali ndi amakona anayi mawonekedwe, pamene dzombe ndi lengthened,
• dzombe tinyanga ndi waufupi zokwanira ubale kwa mutu wake,
• Miyendo yakutsogolo ya dzombe idakulitsidwa pang'ono kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo,
• ziwala mafani yozizira ku madzulo, choncho moyo wokangalika maola madzulo. Dzombe, mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kutikonda kwambiri masana, kotero aktivnichaet mu usana,
• ziwala sizisonkhana m'matumba, koma dzombe, m'malo mwake, zimapezeka nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi abale awo.

Kodi dzombe limakhala kuti?

Photo: Dzombe ku Russia

Pali zambiri za mitundu ya dzombe, ndi mazana asanu a iwo amakhala ku Russia. Makamaka m'malo ake akumwera. Steppe ziwala moyo mu Asia, Africa North ndi Europe. Monga pali mitundu moyo pa malire a Sahara, ndi m'mayiko - Chimaleya Archipelago, New Zealand, Kazakhstan, Siberia ndi Madagascar. Komanso, anthu ambiri amapezeka pamtsinje wa Amu Darya, Dagestan.

Pali mitundu kuti moyo mu kumpoto, koma chiwerengero chawo zambiri m'munsi. Dzombe amakonda otentha ndi youma nyengo ndi kukhazikika mu madera chofanana nyengo. Dzombe limakhala pafupifupi kulikonse padziko lapansi kupatula Antarctica. Mu Madzi oundana iye sanakhale ndi moyo.

Chochititsa chidwi: Dzombe sapezeka North America. Kuwukira kwake komaliza kuno kunali kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19. Pambuyo nkhondo kuberekana ndi tizilombo mu m'dera sitinazione dzombe.

Today dzombe populates ndi mabacteria onse nyengo ya dzikoli. Popeza amakonda nyengo yotentha, ndikosavuta kupeza madera otentha komanso otentha. Ndi zonse izi, dzombe ndi ankakhala ku Western Siberia. Mtundu uliwonse wa dzombe woyenera ena moyo womasuka. Pomwe mtundu wina wa tizilombo umakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalangozi pafupi ndi dziwe, mtundu wina umakonda malo opanda chipululu pamtunda wamiyala, womera ndi udzu wobiriwira.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa pamene ziwala mwachizolowezi. Tiyeni tione zimene ugwire tizilombo.

Kodi dzombe limadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Tizilombo Tizilombo

Dzombe anapatsidwa ndi mphamvu za nsagwada kwambiri, amene amalola kuti timadya chakudya chilichonse chakudya zofewa ndi zovuta. Kapangidwe ka m'kamwa salola tizilombo kudya timadzi tokoma kapena kuyamwa. Amatha kutafuna mbewu. Pankhaniyi, kuti akakwaniritse iyo inamukwanira zomera iliyonse.

Mphamvu dzombe zimadalira gawo ake. Anthu osungulumwa amadya moyenera ndipo sizimayambitsa zowonongeka zowopsa. Kudya ndi dzombe inam'thandiza kudya moyo wonse osaposa kilo theka la wobiriwira. Komabe, pamene dzombe kukhala mbali ya paketi kamodzi kudya ake kumawonjezera kwambiri. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapulumuka timakakamizika kumamwa chakudya chambiri nthawi zonse. Ngati dzombe nthaŵi zonse kusintha bwino mphamvu ndi kubwezeretsa umoyo, izo wathedwa kufa ndi ludzu, mapuloteni akusowa.

Dzombe, omwe ali mbali ya gululo, wawononga zomera zonse padziko okha motero akhoza kudya ndi kilogalamu theka la misa wobiriwira patsiku. Chakudyacho chikatha, tizilombo timene timasanduka chizolowezi ndikuyamba kudya abale ake. Kudya dzombe zimatengera pa mlingo kutentha, ndi apamwamba ilo liriri, zobiriwira kwambiri kudya.

Chochititsa chidwi: A gulu la dzombe aziphedwa chilichonse kupatula chitsulo, mwala ndi synthetics. Chakudya chomwe Reed chimakonda ndi udzu wobiriwira.

Pambuyo zouluka touluka dzombe m'madera wobiriwira ndi pafupifupi anabala pansi.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Photo: ziwala Large

Kudziwika kwa dzombe kumaonekera chifukwa chakuti limatha kukhala lokha komanso pakakhala gulu lalikulu. Pamene dzombe amakhala yekha, iye alibe kudya yaikulu ndipo amayendayenda zochepa. Si owopsa ndipo sayambitsa kuwononga kwambiri. Chakudya chikamaliza, dzombe limayesa kuyikira mazira ambiri momwe lingathere, pomwe gululi limagwiranso mtsogolo, lomwe lingayende mtunda wautali.

Mphukira adzakhala lalikulu kuposa makolo awo, mapiko awo adzakhala amphamvu kwambiri, chimene chikutanthauza kuti ikhoza kusunthidwa pa mtunda wautali. Wadzaoneni dzombe ndi mafoni kwambiri ndipo amazipanga wosusuka. Ziweto zitha kuwerengeka theka miliyoni. Kuyamba achire nyama wochezeka, ayenera kuchepekedwa zinthu organic ndi kwa amino zidulo mu thupi la dzombe, ndi chifukwa chake, atha kutumikira ngati chaka cha chilala ndi alibe chakudya.

Chochititsa chidwi: Chabwino anayamba miyendo yakumbuyo tizilombo kuwalola kusamukira ku kulumpha limodzi ndi mtunda wautali kuposa kukula thupi la dzombe mu nthawi makumi. Gulu la dzombe masana masana limatha kuyenda mtunda wa 20 km.

A dzombe ndi dongosolo m'bungwe zokwawa purposefully pa foni ya mantha ndi njala. The wamkulu amatha kuyenda, kulumpha ndi kuwuluka. Komabe, njira yothandiza kwambiri yosunthira ndikuuluka. Tailwind amathandiza dzombe kusuntha mofulumira kwambiri, kupulumutsa mphamvu zake.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Photo: ziwala Large

Dzombe limayikira mazira ndi kubereka. Kuti kukopa amuna ntchito yake wamkazi yeniyeni timadzi (opangidwa pamene mwamuna akututuma mapiko), ndi yaikazi amasankha nayenso mwamuna chifukwa iye ankakonda fungo. Pambuyo akaipeza mwamuna, iye ayesera kuyandikira kwa izo monga momwe akanathera. Yaimuna imakhudza mnzake kangapo ndi tinyanga, ndipo pambuyo pake imafikira yaikaziyo ndikuyesa kuyika kapukusi kapadera ndi umuna kumbuyo kwake.

Ndi ndithu yolemetsa ndi nthawi yambiri ndondomeko, kotero pafupifupi nthawi mating maola 13, koma kumachitika mofulumira kwambiri. Pambuyo mating, Mavu akazi digs mu nthaka lonyowa, kuphimba wapadera foamed madzi amene pambuyo solidification ndi n'kukhala ndi chikhungwa solidified. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mazira mu clutch imodzi imachokera ku 60 mpaka 80 mazira. Pa moyo wa kumathandiza wamkazi pakati pa 6 ndi 12 mphamvu kuti pafupifupi wofanana ndi mazira mazana anai. Patapita masiku khumi ndi awiri a mazira pa nthawi yomweyo pali mphutsi za mtundu woyera, amene pambuyo pa kubadwa ayamba kudya ndi kukula.

Kuti mutuluke mu kapuzi, mphutsi zimafunikira kulimbikira komanso nthawi. Kamodzi mphutsi kuwaswa iwo molt amapezeka ndi kutulutsidwa kwa nthambi. The larva wa dzombe ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi wamkulu, si laling'ono kwambiri ndipo alibe mapiko. Pambuyo pokumana ndi magawo angapo a chitukuko, mphutsi, pambuyo pa masiku 35 - 40, zimakhala dzombe la akulu, zikukumana ndi maulalo asanu.

Adani a dzombe

Chithunzi: Zomwe dzombe limawoneka

Nature ali ndi njira kuti dzombe ndi chakudya cha zina zamoyo. Izi ndichifukwa cha phindu lake lalikulu lathanzi chifukwa lili ndi mapuloteni ambiri, mafuta ndi phosphorous. Mdani chachikulu cha tizilombo ndi nthenga. Mbalame monga kudya akulu, komanso kuwononga mazira, vyklevyvaya iwo m'dziko. Chimodzimodzinso, mazira a dzombe amapha nkhumba, timadontho ndi tambala. Sanyoza chakudya ndi akangaude.

Kufuna dzombe ankapemphera mantises ndi nyama zina kuti chakudya tizilombo yaing'ono. Dzombe limadyera mitundu yosiyanasiyana monga mbidzi, mbawala, ndi agwape, komanso njovu ndi mikango. ziweto zambiri amagwiritsidwa ayi kudya azichitira chokoma mwa mawonekedwe a dzombe. Dziwani kuti ziwala kwambiri simusamala kudya m'bale wake, pamene zakudya zina kale.

Chochititsa chidwi: Anthu amagwiritsanso ntchito dzombe pophika chakudya, chophika (chokazinga ndi chophika) komanso chosaphika. Kuyambira sunbeams predried ndipombo acimbadzoza mu ufa wa dzombe fumbi amapangidwa amene anawonjezera kuti mkaka kapena mafuta pa adzaphika.

Pali zingapo majeremusi, amenenso kuwononga dzombe:

• boilers ndi bowa amawononga mazira a dzombe,
• ntchentche viviparous ndi dzombe hairworms bwanji thupi kuchokera mkati.

Dzombe ubwenzi ndi munthu

M'madera omwe kale anali Soviet Union, alimi oyamba adabadwa m'zaka za zana lachiwiri, ndipo mu 1008 kutchulidwa koyamba kwa zachipongwe kudawonekera. Tikhoza kuganiza kuti kuwukira uyu sanali woyamba.

Mu oimira 1095 izi superfamily asamukira ku madera kutseka kumpoto malangizo a Kiev. Pochita izi, awononga mapira ndi udzu. Kenako, kutchulidwa kwa maulendo a tizilombo izi moonjezera, ndi pamene dzombe anali kalikiliki kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu chinalembedwa mu olemba m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri.

Zithunzi za dzombe zimapezeka pa frescoes akale ndi ku gumbwa kuyambira kale mu 3000 BC.

ambiri a superfamily dzombe ndi ziwala ndi tizirombo. Monga tawonera kale, zolembedwa zoyambirira zolembedwa zimapezeka mu papyri waku Egypt. Komabe, iwo ali nalo kumbuyo kawiri wakale murals Iguputo, amene amajambulapo tizilombo, mwachionekere zokhudzana superfamily izi. Zithunzi izi unatengedwa za zaka zikwi zisanu zapitazo.

Chifukwa chake, kuzolowera kwa munthu ndi tizilombo izi kuli ndi mbiri yayitali. Koma za masoka ndiponso kuwonongeka chifukwa cha tizilombo awa, akale ambiri tsiku zomwe zilipo kwa zaka 1490-904 BC.

N'zochititsa chidwi cholemba kuti London dzombe pakati ulamuliro unakhazikitsidwa mu 1928, limene kwa nthawi yaitali lotsogoleredwa ndi Russian zoogeographer ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono Boris Uvarov. Chifukwa choti chiyambi cha dzombe lamakono chikugwirizana ndi momwe makolo awo adakhalira malo omata komanso makoma, komanso kukula kwa udzu, ntchito yawo monga ogwiritsa ntchito udzu mpaka lero ndizofunikira kwambiri madera a chipululu. Kudera, dzombe herbage kuonekeratu chogwidwa ndi zotsalira zazomera, ndipo nthawizina waukulu pakati tizilombo tina.

Mu 1928, London analengedwa dzombe pakati kulamulira.

Kufunika kwawo kwenikweni kumakulitsidwa ndi kufalikira pang'ono kwa chinyezi chazomera (pafupifupi 30%), zomwe zimakulitsa kuchuluka kwa dzombe. Zimenezi zikugwira makamaka m'madera a youma ndi yotentha nyengo lililonse kwa kum'mwera kwa dziko la Palearctic.

Tikumbukenso kuti ngakhale makumi asanu ndi awiri a zaka mazana makumi awiri, izo wasonyeza kuti kudya dzombe 20 ndipo ngakhale 60 peresenti ya misa wobiriwira, chifukwa zoopsa biogeocoenose si.

Ponena za madera ataliatali ndi mapiri, apa ntchito za dzombe nthawi zambiri zimathandizanso kuti udzu ubwere bwino. Makamaka mitigates ntchito yawo mavuto obwera chifukwa cha odyetserako ziweto ndi kuipa kusankha pokha-kudya zomera.

A kuchepa noticeable ntchito yokolola misa wobiriwira zogwirizana ndi dzombe amapezeka akumane okha zomera kapena zaka youma. Komabe, kwakukulu, kumadera omwe ali ndi ulimi wotukuka, dzombe nthawi zambiri limawonedwa ngati tizirombo.

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Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Photo: mliri wa dzombe

Mbali dzombe amangosankha ogaŵikana mbali zotsatirazi:

• malo omwe dzombe limawonekera pafupipafupi m'magawo osiyanasiyana komanso nthawi zonse za chitukuko. Ndi ndi malo awa ndi kufala kwa tizilombo touluka periphery lapansi. Malowa amatchedwa anthu kuswana.
• kumalo komwe dzombe silimawulukira nthawi zonse ndikuyika ana mmenemo. Popeza tizilombo akhoza kuchita kwa zaka zingapo.
• malo tizilombo analowerera, koma simungathe yesa mazira,
• dzombe la dzombe nthawi zambiri limasanduka mitsinje ya mitsinje ndi nyanja, yokutidwa kwambiri ndi mabango.

Yabwino zinthu zakunja, monga nyengo, ndi mwachindunji njila kwa bwanji kukula kwa chiwerengero dzombe. Mu nthawi yochepa ndi dzombe zikuchulukirachulukira ndipo akusunthira kutali. Nthawi zambiri gulu limanyamulidwa ndi mphepo. Kukula kwa tizilombo ukuwonjezeka anthu makamaka a kusinthika kuchokera ku siteji dzombe sitepe umodzi wa gululo. The chogwirika zambiri payekha, zowoneka ndi mankhwala anakumana ndi achibale awo mu gululo, ndi zambiri choncho, gawo kusintha.

Asayansi mwa njira yoyesera adatha kudziwa kuti zoyambitsa zomwe zimapangitsa dzombe kuti lisunthane kuchokera pagawo lina kupita kwina zimayambitsa kutulutsa kwa serotonin mu ma neuron a tizilombo. anapeza Izi zidzathandiza m'tsogolo kukhala mankhwala ntchito pofuna kuchepetsa chiwerengero dzombe. Dzombe massively kusinthidwa kamodzi pa zaka khumi. Nthawi ngati imeneyi, gulu lalikulu limakhala pamalo okwanira 300 mpaka 1000 km ndipo nthawi yomweyo limakhala pamalo okwanira mahekita 2000 ofunda.

Dzombe ndi tizilombo zoipa imene ingathandize zinawonongeka kwambiri kuti ulimi. Dzombe payekha si owopsa malo wobiriwira, koma pamene akulowa nkhosa za achibale awo mwachangu anayamba kuwononga onse greenery ozungulira. Gulu la dzombe siliyakudya pachakudya chake, pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chimabwera m'njira chake chimakhala chakudya.