Malo obadwira kwambiri ukalamba padziko lonse lapansi, kapena kuti ndowe, ndi Latin America. Mwachilengedwe, amphibian uyu ali ponseponse, chifukwa chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu komanso chinsinsi chakupha kwambiri, ali ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe.
Aga yachikazi ndi yayitali masentimita 22 ndipo imalemera mpaka 1.5 makilogalamu - chovala chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Wamphongo, ngakhale ali wocheperako kuposa wamkazi (14 cm), akadali chimphona poyerekeza ndi achule athu. Kukula kwakukulu kwa zala zamadzimadzi ndi poizoni wambiri yemwe amatulutsidwa ndi tiziwalo timene timayambitsa khungu kumapangitsa kuti nyama zambiri zizisaka ndipo, chifukwa chake, magawidwe ambiri a amphibians. Chifukwa chake, ku Australia, kumene ndulu yazitsulidwe idayambitsidwa mwadala kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa kafadala omwe amawononga mphukira zazing'ono za nzimbe, adachulukana kwambiri kotero kuti iko komwe kudasandulika kukhala kachilombo koyipa.
Malo okhala zachilengedwe za nzimbe ndi malo pafupi ndi matupi amadzi m'malo okhala ndi nkhalango ku Central ndi madera ena aku South America. Monga ma amphibians ena, aga amayenera kupitiliza kukhala ndi chinyezi pakhungu, kotero kumayambitsa moyo wamadzulo, ndipo masana amabisala kuchokera kukuwala kwa dzuwa pansi masamba, mitengo ndi miyala. Usiku, ndevu zam'mimba zimasaka, nyama zake - ma midges, kafadala, mbalame zazing'ono, zinyama ndi zokwawa, komanso achule ndi zala zina - zimameza yonse.
Phokoso lokweza
Usiku - makamaka panthawi yakuswana - anyani amphokoso kwambiri kuti akope zazikazi, atambasulire khosi lawo mwamphamvu kuti amveke bwino.
Akakumana ndi mnzake woyenera, mwamunayo amalumphira kumbuyo kwake ndikukugugudiza nkhope yake.
Khalidwe ili la achule ndi mikanda amatchedwa kuphimba. M'magulu onse am'manja osatetemera, yamphongo, kuti imveketse mazira omwe amayikira mayiyo, imapanikizidwa mwamphamvu, ikugwira mothandizidwa ndi mawondo otsekedwa m'nyumba yachifumu. Pakupita masiku angapo, ma tadpoles amatuluka mazira okhathamiritsa. Amakhala othandiza kwambiri - amadya zakudya zamapuloteni osiyanasiyana zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi, komanso zomera ndi zomera. Pakupita pafupifupi milungu isanu ndi umodzi, mankhwalawo amakula miyendo ndipo mchira umagwa. Pazaka ziwiri zotsatira, amakula msanga kukhala achikulire.
Ma besules, monga zovala zachikulire, ali ndi tiziwopsezo tambiri. Akuluakulu, tiziwalo tambiri ta parotid timakhala m'mbali mwa mutu, ndikupanga chinsinsi cha poizoni. M'magulu ambiri am'madzi am'madzi otere, chisa ichi chimadzipangira khungu, koma chimakhala chambiri. Nyama iriyonse yomwe imameza ndudu zamkati zimamwalira patangopita mphindi zochepa - koma, monga lamulo, kulawa kwa poizoni mkamwa mwa wotsogola kumapangitsa kuti imalavule msangayo.
Pakadali pano, milozo ya nzimbe imafalikira osati m'malo amtundu wake wachilengedwe - imapezekanso ku Hawaii, Florida, Puerto Rico ndi Papua New Guinea, komwe idayambitsidwa mwadala kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900.
Zatsopano
M'mbuyomu yemwe amadziwika kuti chimphona, kapena chofunda cham'nyanja, dzina laulesi uyu adadziwika nalo chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa kafadala ku Puerto Rico m'ma 20s omaliza. Pa June 22, 1935, zaka 102 zinayambitsidwa minda ku North Queensland, Australia kuti izi zitheke. Komabe, nyalugwe sizinayambe kudya nsikidzi, koma, m'malo mwake, adayamba kusaka adani awo achilengedwe, motero vutoli silinathetsedwe.
Zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe
Vuto lake ndi kuti chiphuphu chambiri ndi nzimbe zomwe zimadya nzimbe zimakhala mosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, mtundu wamtundu wina wa bango sugwera pansi, pomwe mitundu ina imangokhala m'malo momera, pomwe aga imasankha malo okhala ndi masamba obiriwira omwe amawateteza ku kuwala kwa dzuwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, chilinganizo cha ndewu chimachulukana mwachangu, ndipo ma tadpool akuluakulu kale kuposa mitundu ina ya chala ndi achule achoka mu dziwe. Mu chaka chimodzi, mkazi m'modzi amatha kuyikira mazira 35,000. Tikaganiza kuti zonsezo zitha kukhala ndi umuna, ndipo akazi azikoloweka pakati, ndiye kuti, atatha kutha, aliyense ayikira mazira ena 35,000. Chifukwa chake, m'mibadwo itatu, ana oyamba kubereka aakazi oyamba adzakhala oposa 10,000 biliyoni.
Pafupifupi palibe mdani, chofunda cha nzimbe chimafalikira mwachangu ku Queensland ndipo chimakhala chiopsezo kumafamu, minda yamizinda, ngakhale nyama zamtchire ya Kakadu National Park.
Kugawa
Malo okhala zachilengedwe zamakhalidwe achinyengochi amachokera ku Rio Grande River ku Texas kupita pakati mwa Amazonia ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Peru. Kuphatikiza apo, mibadwo yakuthana ndi tizirombo tina idabweretsa makamaka ku gombe lakummawa kwa Australia (makamaka kum'mawa kwa Queensland ndi gombe la New South Wales), kumwera kwa Florida, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, zilumba za Japan za Ogasawara ndi Ryukyu, ndi ma Pacific ambiri ndi zilumba za Pacific, kuphatikiza Hawaii (mu 1935) ndi Fiji. Inde mutha kukhala mu kutentha kwa 540 ° C.
Ecology
Zoyambira zakubadwa zimapezeka kuchokera kumiyala yamchenga yamchenga kupita kumphepete mwa nkhalango zotentha ndi mitengo yamangati. Mosiyana ndi anyani ena ambiri, nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'madzi am'mbali mwa mitsinje m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso kuzilumba. Mwa izi, eya, ndipo ndiri nalo dzina lasayansi - Bufo marinus , "Zipolopolo zam'nyanja." Khungu, keratinized khungu la aga silikuyenera kusinthana ndi mpweya, ndipo, chifukwa chake, mapapu ake ndi amodzi omwe amapangidwa kwambiri pakati pa amphibians. Aha amatha kupulumuka chifukwa chosowa madzi osungidwa m'thupi mpaka 50%. Monga zimbudzi zonse, amakonda kukhala tsiku m'misasa, akupita kokasaka madzulo. Khalidwe limakhala lokha. Aha amasuntha mwachidule. Kutenga malo achitetezo, kulowetsani.
Ng'ona, nkhanu zam'madzi zatsopano, makoswe am'madzi, akhwangwala, heron ndi nyama zina zomwe sizikhudzidwa ndi chiphe chawo pochita kukalamba. Mapaipi amadyedwa ndi nyumbu za chinjoka, nsikidzi zamadzi, akamba ena ndi njoka. Anthu ambiri amadyera limodzi lilime, kapena amadya m'mimba.
Kuzungulira kwa moyo
Mphutsi za Aga ndi zakuda komanso zosakwanira pang'ono poyerekeza ndi akulu. Mapaipi amapangira tchire ndi zina zam'madzi, zomwe amazikanda ndi mizere isanu ya mano. Ma tadpoil akuluakulu nthawi zina amadya caviar a ag ena. Metamorphosis imachitika pakadutsa masabata 2 mpaka 20 kuchokera pamene mphutsi zimatulutsa (malingana ndi zakudya komanso kutentha kwa madzi). Achule omwe achita kale metamorphosis nawonso ndi ochepa kwambiri - pafupifupi 1-1.5 masentimita. Pambuyo pa metamorphosis, mikanda ing'onoing'ono imachoka padziwe ndipo nthawi zina imadzunjenjemera pagombe. Kutha msinkhu kumachitika pazaka 1-1.5. Agi amakhala zaka 10 (zachilengedwe) mpaka zaka 15 (ali mu ukapolo). Ndi 0.5% yokha ya maula omwe amawatchingira mazira omwe amakhalapo mpaka nthawi yobala.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Anthu akuluakulu ndi opatsa chidwi, zomwe sizimakhala ngati zolaula: amadya ma arthropods ndi zina zam'madzi (njuchi, kafadala, mphero, agogo, dzombe, nyerere, nkhono), komanso anzeru ena am'mapiri, abuluzi ang'ono, anapiye ndi nyama zofanana ndi mbewa. Osanyalanyaza zovunda ndi zinyalala. M'mphepete mwa nyanja mumadya nkhanu ndi jellyfish. Palibe chakudya cannibalism angathe kumwedwa.
Kuswana
Kuchulukitsa kwa Ag kumangokhala nthawi yamvula, pomwe malo osungirako osakhalitsa amayamba (June-Okutobala). Amuna amasonkhana m'madzi amtunda kapena osakwiya, ndipo ndikulira komwe kumakhala ngati kuyeretsa kokweza, kumayitanitsa akazi. Yaikazi imayikira mazira 4 mpaka 4000 nyengo imodzi. Kusamalira mazira okhala ndi umuna komanso osokonezeka sizimachitika. Makulitsidwe amatha masiku awiri mpaka 7. Mazira onse awiriwa ndi aga amapoizoni wazinyama zambiri komanso anthu. Pambuyo pa metamorphosis, izi zimasowa mwa iwo mpaka tiziwonjezeke timene timayambitsa matenda.
Inde, chakupha m'magawo onse a moyo. Chikhodzicho chikasokonekera, tiziwalo tating'ono timakhala ndi chinsinsi choyera chokhala ndi bufotoxins, chimatha "kuwombera" kwa adani. Vuto la Agi ndilamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo limakhudza mtima ndi mantha, zimapangitsa kutsekeka kwambiri, kukomoka, kusanza, kuwonjezeka magazi, nthawi zina kufa ziwalo kwakanthawi ndi kufa chifukwa chomangidwa mtima. Za poizoni, kulumikizana kosavuta ndi tiziwopsezo tokwanira ndikokwanira. Poiz kudutsa mucous nembanemba wamaso, mphuno, ndi pakamwa kumabweretsa ululu waukulu, kutupa, ndi khungu kwakanthawi. Kutalikirana kwa ma dermal gazi a aga pachikhalidwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu aku South America kunyowetsa mivi. Amwenye achi Choco ochokera kumadzulo kwa Colombia adamwetsa mkaka poizoni ndikuwayika m'matumba a bamboo atapachikidwa pamoto, kenako ndikutola chakupha chachikaso m'mbale zadothi.
Mtengo wamunthu
Aha amadziwika ndi mayina ena, mwachitsanzo, "bango lamkuwa".
Anayesa kubzala zida kuti athetse tizilombo tosiyanasiyana m'minda ya nzimbe ndi minda yabwino ya mbatata, chifukwa chomwe amafalitsa kwambiri kunja kwa chilengedwe chawo natembenukira ku tizirombo tokha, poyizoni poyizoni, omwe amadzidyetsa poyizoni, komanso kupikisana nawo chakudya ndi amphibians wamba.
Phatikizani Agi ku Australia
Zoyenera 101 zinaperekedwa mu June kupita ku Australia kuchokera ku Hawaii kuti azilamulira tizirombo ta nzimbe. Ali mu ukapolo, adakwanitsa kubereka, ndipo mu Ogasiti ming'alu yoposa 3,000 idatulutsidwa pamafamu kumpoto kwa Queensland. Poyerekeza ndi tizirombo, mibadwo inali yopanda tanthauzo (chifukwa adapeza nyama yina), koma adayamba kuchuluka kuchuluka ndikufalikira, mpaka kumalire a New South Wales mu mzindawu, komanso ku Northern Territory mumzinda. Pakadali pano malire a mitundu iyi ku Australia amasunthidwa kumwera ndi kumadzulo ndi 25 km chaka chilichonse.
Pakadali pano, mibadwo imakhala ndi zotsutsana ndi nyama za ku Australia, kudya, kupsinjika ndi kugwira ntchito ngati poyambitsa poizoni wa nyama zakunyumba. Omwe amapha nkhwawa ndi mitundu ya nyama zakuthambo ndi abuluzi ndi malo okhala, kuphatikizapo omwe ali amitundu yosowa. Kufalikira kwa aga kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha marsupial martens, komanso abuluzi akuluakulu ndi njoka (njoka zakufa ndi nyalugwe, njoka yakuda). Zikuwonongetsanso njuchi, kuwononga njuchi za uchi. Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu ingapo imasaka mwanzeru izi, kuphatikiza khwangwala wa ku New Guinea ndi kite yakuda. Njira zowongolera Aga sizinapangidwebe.
Kufotokozera kwa Aga
Thupi lakumaso ndi la imvi kapena la bulauni, malo akuda bii amwazika thupi lonse, ndipo thupi lakumunsi limakulungidwa ndi malo ang'onoang'ono ofiira.
Chovala choterechi chimasiyana ndi cha abale ake momwe chimakhalira ndi mutu komanso makulidwe a bony, omwe amakhala pamwamba pa eyelid kumtunda ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, kuphatikiza, ali ndi eardrum yosamveka bwino.
Aga ali ndi mapapu opangidwa bwino. Kumbuyo kwa mutu, kumbuyo kwa maso, pali tiziwalo tambiri tapoizoni totchedwa ma parotid, kuphatikiza pa izi, pali tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono tambiri padziko lonse kumbuyo ndi pamutu.
Poizoni wa chala
Chidutswa chilichonse chamadzala chili ndi pafupifupi 0,07 magalamu a poizoni. Wotsogola akaukira chikhodzodzo, poizoni amamasulidwa ku tiziwalo tating'ono. Chinsinsi ichi chimakhala ndi fungo lamphamvu, chimakonda kulawa ndipo chimayambitsa moto pakamwa. Chidacho chimakwiyitsa ziwalo za mucous, ndipo wolandayo amayenera kulavulira.
Poizoni wamphamvu kwambiri ali mkatikati mwa aga. Asananyamuke kuti akafufuze chakudya, chofacho chimafinya chakudyacho ndikuchiguguduza ndi miyendo yake kumbuyo kuti chidziteteze ku ngozi zomwe zingagwere.
Poizoniyo amakhala ndi bufotenin, tryptamine, catecholamine, serotonin ndi zinthu zina. Mlingo wocheperako, poizoniyu ali ndi antishock, anthelmintic, antitumor ndi radioprotective. Chifukwa cha izi, poyizoni wa toad aga amawonedwa ngati gwero lamankhwala atsopano.
Zizindikiro za poyizoni wa poizoni
Pakupha poyizoni m'zinyama, timagulu tambiri timatulutsa, gulu lankhondo, tachycardia, kupweteka, pulmonary edema kumachitika, ndipo m'malo ovuta kwambiri kufa kumatha kuchitika.
Ngati poizoni wafika pamatumbo amtundu wa munthu, ndipo makamaka m'maso, ndiye kuti ululu wowopsa umayamba, keratitis ndi conjunctivitis amakula.
Mitundu iyi idapezeka ku zilumba za Hawaii, ndipo mu 30s adachokera ku zilumba kupita ku Australia kuti awononge tizirombo. Masiku ano amawononga kwambiri nyama za ku Australia, chifukwa amadziwitsa poizoni nyama zomwe sizigwirizana ndi poyizoni wawo komanso kufunafuna mikanda ina.
M'miyala yaku South America yotchedwa Bufo marinus, ma enzyme a hallucinogenic amamasulidwa pakhungu. M'malo mwake, amafanana ndi mankhwala a LSD. Mkhalidwe woledzera umakwiyitsa bufotenin, womwe umabweretsa kuchepa kwakanthawi. Pakufukulidwa kwa mzinda wakale wa Meyi ku Mexico, zotsalira zambiri zamalovuzi zidapezeka pafupi ndi zipupa za kachisi.
Nyama yomwe yakwiyitsidwa imatha kumasula mtsinje wa poizoni kuchokera ku ma parotid - masango akuluakulu a poyizoni owopsa m'diso. Komanso madzulo, asanafune, mibadwo nthawi zambiri imadzipukusa ndi mawamba awo, ndikufinya chakudyacho pakhungu. Ndi chiwopsezo choukiridwa, aga amafufuza mkombero wa poizoni mwachindunji kwa wolakwayo, ndikuonetsetsa kuti akuponya chandamale kutali ndi mita imodzi!
Mawonekedwe
Inde - imodzi mwamitundu yayikulu kwambiri yopanda zingwe zopanda maukonde (Anura): opitilira masentimita 20, mpaka 12 cm mulifupi. Unyinji wa akulu eya nthawi zina umaposa ma kilogalamu awiri. Mtundu wa aga ndi wakuda bii, kumbali ya dorsal ndi wakuda wakuda, kumbali yamkati ndi malo ang'onoang'ono ofiira. Pamutu kuchokera m'maso mpaka m'mphuno zimadutsa mafupa akuda. Aga ndi nyama zofala kwambiri kumadera ena a South America ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'mizinda. Mafuta a khungu la aga ndi oopsa kwambiri, ndipo nzika zake amazigwiritsa ntchito kukonzera poyizoni mivi.
Moyo
Zida-aga zimakonda kukhala m'malo ovuta komanso otentha, khalani pafupi ndi dziwe kapena dambo, komabe, zimapezeka pamchenga wamchenga. Chikhalachi chimakhala nthawi yayitali masana mumthunzi, kubisala mitengo ikuluikulu pamiyala, pansi pa miyala, masamba ogwa. Kutayamba kwausiku, abambowa amapita kukasaka. Agi amadyetsa njuchi. kachilomboka aliyense, amapeto. ziwala. nyerere. nkhono, abuluzi. anapiye, mbewa zazing'ono.
Kubalana kumachitika mu Juni. Akazi amayikira mazira mwanjira zazingwe zazitali m'madzi. Tadpoles yakuda yomwe yatuluka mazira ndi ochepa kwambiri. Zala zazing'ono, kumapeto kwa kusinthaku, zimafika masentimita 1 kutalika.
Ngozi.
Mthupi la chala, aga, pali tiziwalo tambiri tambiri timene timatulutsa poyizoni wamphamvu kwambiri, womwe umapha nyama, kuphatikizapo anthu. Vuto la Aga limatha kulowa mkatikati kudzera pakhungu, ndiye kuti simuyenera kukhudza mkanda. Ngakhale kuyandikira kwa aha ndi kowopsa kwambiri, popeza kuti malalawo amatha kutulutsa chifuwofu chambiri kuchokera ku tiziwalo tating'ono tomwe tili pafupi ndi maso. Manja atulutse ndudu za poizoni ndikumenya chandamale kutali ndi mita imodzi.
Palibe wa ife amene angadabwe kuti kuli njoka zapoizoni. Koma ngati zomwezi zikunenedwa za maula, ndiye kuti ambiri sakhulupirira. Osati kuti izi zimangokhala mitu yathu. Komabe, pakati pa mitundu yonse yosiyanasiyana ya zinyama za dziko lathuli, simungapeze aliyense. Mwachitsanzo, pali abuluzi ena owuluka! Kuphatikiza ndi zala zapoizoni. M'modzi mwa oimira awa ali ndi dzina lokwezeka komanso lachifundo aha. Pansipa mutha kuwona chithunzi chake.
Dziko ladzala ndi toad-aga limadziwika kuti ndi kumwera kwa North ndi kumpoto kwa South America. Idafika ku Asia ndikumayambira, ndiko kuti, mwa kukhazikitsanso anthu. Mwamuna adabwera naye ku Philippines, Taiwan, New Guinea, Australia ndi zolinga zabwino.Anthu anaganiza kuti nyama yolusa imeneyi ingathe kulimbana ndi tizilombo tomwe timawononga ulimi.
Kupatula apo, zala zam'maso za moyo wake zimawononga tizilombo tambiri. Ngakhale kuphatikiza pa izo, imadya nyama zazing'ono, makoswe, abuluzi, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya ma gastropod omwe amakhala m'dera limodzi.
Inde, imodzi mwabuluzi wamkulu kwambiri Padziko Lapansi. Kutalika kwake kuchokera pamphuno mpaka m'miyendo yakumbuyo ndi masentimita 13 mpaka 17. Amalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu. Imasunthira mwachidule yaying'ono, koma imadumphadumpha. Ndizachidziwikire kuti ndi deta yakuthupi, imawononga mwachangu zochulukitsa tizirombo.
Koma anthu amawadziwa molakwika kwambiri. M'malo mosaka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, adapeza chakudya china chosavuta kupeza. M'mayiko aku Asia, adayamba kuwukira achule am'deralo ndi abuluzi. Kuphatikiza apo, zovuta zamkati zimayamba kuchulukana mwachangu, zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa nyama zam'deralo.
Zovala zakupha izi, kuwonjezera pa kuwonongeka mwachindunji kwa nyama zachilengedwe, zimawapangitsa kukhala mpikisano wa chakudya.
Komanso, nyama zambiri zodya nyama zimafa ndi poizoni wawo, yemwe amadana molakwika ndi ukalamba, kuwasokoneza ndi achule am'deralo. Kuchokera poizoni wawo ngakhale ng'ona ndi njoka zimatayika! Monga chiwopsezo kwa mdani wake, inde, amatha kutupa.
Ogwira ntchito kwambiri kwamadzulo komanso usiku. Masana, amapuma m'misasa.
Poizoni wa zovala zonsezi ndi wakufa kwa nyama zonse, kuphatikizanso anthu. Palibe zochitika zambiri zakufa zochokera kwa iye, komabe ali nawo malo.
Mafuta oopsa mwa iwo amapezeka m'matumbo omwe ali kumbuyo kwa maso. Komanso, timadzi timeneti timayenda kuchokera ku tiziwalo timene timadutsa mumabowo apadera ndikufalikira pakhungu. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kukhudza kosavuta kwa mkalambowu kumadzetsa chidakwa.
Nthawi zina, aha amatha "kuwombera" poyizoni kwa omwe akuwakha. Ndipo ngati mumeza izi, ndiye kuti chilombo chosasamala chikuyembekezera kufa.
Poizoni wa tood-aga ali ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi: kupumula, mseru, kuchuluka kowonjezera, masoka amanjenje ndipo, chifukwa chake, kufa chifukwa cha kulephera kwa mtima.
Kuchokera pazovalazi anthu ambiri amavutika omwe amasokoneza ndi omwe alibe poizoni. Mu magawo oyambilira akukula, ndizofanana ndi achule ena kukula kwake ndi mtundu wake, onani chithunzi.
Koma kuphatikiza pa zovulaza, zimabweretsa zabwino kwambiri kwa munthu. Chifukwa chake, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazachipatala (opaleshoni yamtima), ngati aphrodisiac, etc.
Inde - chida
Chifukwa zalaula sangalalani ndi mbiri yoyipa chotere ndipo kodi mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu otemberera? Ndikuganiza kuti izi zitha kufotokozedwa mosavuta: nyamazi ndizoyipa ndipo kuphatikiza apo, khungu lawo losweka limapereka katulutsidwe koyipa, ngakhale kuti si kowopsa kwa anthu. Chifukwa zalaula poizoni amatengapo gawo lofunika kwambiri: ndi njira yokhayo yomwe ikusonyeza cholowa ukhoza kuwopa adani ako. Tsoka ilo, iye samadumphira mochenjera monga achule. Ngati mukugwirizana ndi zalaula oganiza bwino, mutha kusangalala ndi kufulumira kwawo komanso kucheza kwawo komanso maso awo okongola. Chifukwa chake, asadakhale kale anthu okhala m'misika. Kuyambira lero, pazifukwa zoonekeratu, sizipezeka pazowonjezera masewera, ndidzadziika pamitundu iwiri yokha maphwando osangalatsa achilendo . amene aikidwa kukhala akulu koposa.
Eya tayamba monga zonse zenizeni zalaula ndi banja Bufonudae . Amakhala m'gawolo kuyambira kum'mwera kwa North America mpaka Patagonia, koma chifukwa cha luso lake lodabwitsa polimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, adatumizidwa kumayiko ena padziko lapansi. Imakhala yotalika pafupifupi 20 cm, yofiirira, nthawi zambiri yokhala ndi madontho amdima kapena opepuka. Chida lalikulu, ndipo lalikulu chifukwa limafunikira malo owonjezera, osati okwera, chifukwa silinapangidwe kuti lizidumphira komanso kukwera. Pansi liyenera kuphimbidwa ndi chisakanizo chachikulu cha peat ndipo chizikhala chonyowa nthawi zonse. Mukusakaniza kofewa zalaula kukonda kukumba. Malo ochitira masewerowa amayenera kukhala ndi dziwe laling'ono, nthambi zokhala ndi miyala, miyala kapena zidutswa zazikulu za mitengo zomwe zingagwiritse ntchito cholowa pobisalira. Ponena za mbewu, ili ndi vuto lalikulu, popeza zalaula - nyama zolimba zokwanira ndi mphamvu yokumba mwamphamvu. Chifukwa chake, pochitira terarium, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kokha mbewu zamphamvu zomwe zili zosavuta kusintha. Aha zaphokoso amakonda mawonekedwe osakhalitsa komanso kutentha kwa mpweya, madzi ndi nthaka pa 25ºº, komwe kumatha kusungidwa mothandizidwa ndi radiation point. Kuti malo ogwiritsira ntchito nyumbayo asawonekere mwamtendere, tikulimbikitsidwa kuyikapo nyali ya fluorescent, yomwe imazimitsidwa usiku. Masana zalaula kubisala m'malo awo okhalamo, popeza amangogwira ntchito madzulo. Pofika madzulo, amakhala ndi moyo ndikuyamba kufunafuna chakudya. Tizilombo tambiri, mphutsi, ngakhale mbewa zomwe zayamba kusambulidwa ziwathandiza. Ngati cholowa mu terarium akumva bata ndipo ali omasuka, ndiye kuti angathe kudya kuchokera m'manja mwa woyang'anira. Mutatha kulumikizana ndi wodi yanu, muyenera kusamba m'manja kuti muchotse poizoni, yomwe imamasulidwa makamaka kuchokera ku ndulu ya makutu.
Malo: alins.ru, web-zoopark.ru, poasii.ru, dic.academic.ru, www.ekzotika.com
Nkhani yathuyi ikunena za m'modzi mwa anthu akuluakulu kwambiri padzikoli - bango lamakhwala. Dziko lakwawo ndi Lapakati ndi South America, koma mitundu yonse ya kubindikira.
Kuchokera kwa Masterweb
Nkhani yathuyi ikunena za m'modzi mwa anthu akuluakulu kwambiri padzikoli - bango lamakhwala. Kodi ndi cholengedwa chamtundu wanji? Zinthuzi ndizosangalatsa osati kwa aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi ndi nyama zamtchire, komanso kwa makolo omwe ana awo amapita giredi 3. "Toad aha" ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri yomwe opanga magrade atatu ayenera kulemba. Ana afunsidwa kuti amvere mawu onena za nyama iyi, kenako ayankhe mafunso angapo.
Dera
Aga ndi kwawo ku Central ndi South America, koma mitundu yonseyo imakhudzanso mayiko ena. Mwachitsanzo, ku Australia, maphikidwe azitsekereti adangokhazikitsidwa mwangozi kuti athane ndi tizilombo. Monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri, kuyesaku sikunaphule kanthu: kukhala wopanda adani, chule lalikulu kwambiri lomwe limadzaza anthu ena ambiri, linabalalika mwachangu kudera lakum'mawa ndikuwonongeratu mitundu ingapo yomwe sinatetezedwepo. Zoterezi zikuchitikanso kuzilumba zina za Oceania ndi Pacific.
Ma amphibians awa sangathe kukhala moyo wamadzi abwino, komanso komwe madzi amtsinje amasakanikirana ndi mchere, nyanja yamchere. Chifukwa chaichi, m'zilankhulo zina, aha amatchedwa toad sea. Kutentha kwamtunda kumakhala kotalika: kuchokera madigiri 5 mpaka 41 kuposa zero.
Zojambula zakunja
Ena amati zidole zamkati ndi chimodzi mwa zolengedwa zoyipitsitsa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Sikoyenera kuonetsa mtundu wamtunduwu, ngakhale mawonekedwe a nyamayi ndi odabwitsa kwambiri.
Kuyerekeza kugonana sikunatchulidwe kwambiri, koma akazi nthawi zonse amakula kuposa amuna. Amuna wamba amatha kulemera mpaka 2 kg, pomwe kulemera kwa amuna kumasiyana mkati mwa kilogalamu imodzi. Kukula kwa Amphibian kumatha kutalika 25 cm, ngakhale ambiri oyimira mitundu nthawi zambiri amakula mpaka 15 cm.
Kuyang'ana chithunzi cha aga toad, mutha kupeza zikwama zolimba za chikopa zomwe zimaphimba mutu ndi thupi. Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zolengedwa izi ndizazikulu, miyendo ndiyifupi. Pali ziwalo kumbuyo kwa miyendo yakumbuyo, ndipo pamphumi sizikupezeka. Phunziroli ndi lozungulira. Mtundu wa khungu ukhoza kukhala kuchokera ku maolivi opepuka mpaka bulauni. Kumbuyo nthawi zonse kumakhala koipa kuposa pamimba.
Ngakhale ndi diso lamaliseche mutha kuwona mawonekedwe omwe mawonekedwewo amapezeka ndi mkanda. Tikulankhula za tiziwalo timene timayambitsa ma sumu. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi poizoni timapezeka m'thupi lonse.
Chilichonse mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi poizoni wa 0.07 g. Kwa anthu, kuchuluka kumeneku si kowopsa, koma madzi oyera a viscous amathanso kuwotcha kwambiri. Poizoni sitha kuvulaza zilombo zolusa: chinthucho sichimakoma ndi fungo labwino, chifukwa chule yemwe wagwera nsagwada posakhalitsa umangotuluka.
Kusaka ndi chakudya
Aha amakhala moyo wamadzulo. Popita kokasaka, amafalitsa chakudyacho ndi zotupa zake pakhungu lake lonse kuti chisameze mosazindikira. Nthawi yosaka - nthawi yamadzulo. Ichi ndi nyama yokongola kwambiri. Matala agalu amadya aliyense yemwe amathamanga kuposa iye ndipo amatha kulowa mkamwa: nsomba, tizilombo, nkhono, abuluzi, mikanda, jellyfish, nkhanu ndi ena oimira zilombo, kukula kwa mbewa kapena kuchepera. Ngati kusaka sikulephera kwa nthawi yayitali, mibadwo imatha kutembenukira ku cannibalism. Anthu athanzi amadya tadpoles, caviar ndi nyama zazing'ono.
Adani achilengedwe
Pali nyama zochepa zomwe zimasaka aga kuposa zomwe zimawopsa. Ngakhale kudya caviar kumatha kuyambitsa poizoni mu nyama zina. Ng'ona, akamba akuluakulu, njoka zina, makoswe am'madzi, mbalame (nkhanu, akhwangwala, heron) zimadyera aga.
Caviar amadyedwa ndi nsomba zazinkhanira, zikwanje za chinjoka, mphero, tizilombo ndi nsomba zomwe sizingatenge poizoni. Zadziwika kuti nyama zomwe zimadya zimatha kudya mkati mwa chule osakhudza khungu lakelo.
Kusankha kwazinthu zina zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa aga kumathandizira kudziwa bwino momwe zolengedwa izi zimakhalira mwachilengedwe.
- Kamodzi pakapita miyezi ingapo, makulidwewo amayamba. Kuti achite izi, amafika pamalo owala bwino ndikuyamba kulowerera mpaka khungu lomwe limaphulika kumbuyo kwake. Kutuluka mu chipolopolo chakale, wokalamba amawudya.
- Amwenye aku South America adagwiritsa ntchito poizoni m'mipembedzo. Ndizofanana pakupanga LSD ndipo imatha kuyambitsa kuyerekezera zinthu zina. Amatsenga a Voodoo adagwiritsanso ntchito izi pazinthu zawo.
- Aha ali ndi mapapu otukuka kwambiri mkalasi.
- Liwu la ma chovalachi ndilokwera kwambiri. Kuchokera kutali, kwayala ya chule imawoneka ngati chipolopolo cha injini zadizilo.
- Chidwi ndi nyama izi komanso okonda mankhwala ozunguza bongo. Aga akhoza kusungidwa kunyumba, koma iyi si ntchito yophweka. Monga ma amphibians ena akulu, chikhomo chimodzi chimafunikira malo okwera bwino. Zida zamtanda zimadyetsedwa ndi tizilombo todyedwa ndi ma mollusks. Amadziwika kuti ali mu ukapolo, aga amatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka 20, pomwe nthawi yachilengedwe imakhala theka. Ena obereketsa amakwanitsa kuswa bwino ma batu ali mu ukapolo.
Zida zamkati - kufotokoza, mawonekedwe ndi zithunzi.
Kukula kwa amphibian kumakhala kopatsa chidwi: nthawi zina malilowa amalemera kuposa 1 makilogalamu, kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 16, ngakhale kawirikawiri amatha kufika 20 cm .. Ndizosangalatsa kuti akazi ndi okulirapo kuposa amuna. Mtundu umodzi wokha wamaphokoso omwe ungapikisane ndi aga kukula kwake - iyi ndiye chida chachikulu kwambiri pa Blomberg padziko lapansi (Bufo blombergi).
Mbale wamtunduwu samatha kutchedwa wokongola: kumbuyo kwa chala chakupha chaubweya ndi imvi kapena bulauni yokhazikika, yokutidwa ndi malo akulu akuda. Mimba yake ndi yachikaso komanso yokutidwa ndi mawanga amdima, koma yaying'ono. Khungu limakhala warty komanso keratinized kwambiri. Ana omwe amapezeka mozungulira ndi chifukwa cha moyo wamatsenga wamakedzana. Monga mitundu ina ya timiyala, aga ali ndi mapazi opindika.
Kodi chikhalacho chimakhala kuti? Pa bara liti?
Dziko lokhala ndi poizoni wazakudya zakale ndi South ndi Central America, malo amachokera ku Rio Grande River, ukuyenda ku Texas, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Peru ndi Amazon Lowland. Ma Amphibians sangathe kupirira kuzizira, kotero malo onse azinthu zazikuluzikulu za aga, zonse zachilengedwe komanso zatsopano, ali m'malo otentha komanso otentha. Mosakhazikika, chida cha aga chinayambitsidwa m'maiko ndi madera angapo: Australia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, komanso zilumba zina za Pacific ndi Pacific. Ankachita izi kuti poizoni waziphuphu uja atulutsiratu tizirombo taulimi. Komabe, poizoni yemwe adapangidwa ndi wophatikiziyu sanasamale: kuphatikiza tizirombo, mitundu yonse yakum'mwera komanso nyama zapakhomo zimadwala chifukwa cha kupwetekedwa kwa chala.
Kupweteka kwa chala.
Tizilombo ta kumbuyo kwa khutu, lomwe limatulutsa poizoni wodziwika bwino kwambiri, lili kumapeto kwa chigaza. Kuphatikiza apo, pakhungu la kumbuyo ndi pamutu, pali tinthu tambiri tambiri timene timayambitsa matenda. Galu kapena mphaka yemwe walumitsa chala cha ndodo amwalira nthawi yomweyo. Ndizowopsa kwa anthu: poyizoni wakupha wa zala zamkati amatha kulowa mkatikati mwa thupi, ngakhale agulobiyo akangomugwira ndi dzanja. Atazindikira kuti akuwopseza, inde amafufuza poyizoni mdani.
Kodi chimadya chiyani ndi chiani?
Kuchokera mitundu ingapo yamapulogalamu, kudya makamaka tizilombo, chakudyacho choopsa chimasiyanitsidwa ndi omnivore. Kupita kokasaka mumdima, nkhanu yam'madzi iyi, chifukwa cha poizoni wake, imapha komanso osati kudya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana komanso mphutsi, komanso makoswe ang'onoang'ono, mwachitsanzo, mbewa, komanso mbalame, mitundu ina ya achule ndi achule. Ngati ndi kotheka, mkanda wa nzimbe ungakhale wokhutira ndi zovunda.