Bamboli, monga aliyense amadziwa, ndi a banja la cyprinids (Cyprinidae). Mkati mwa banja lalikululi - pafupifupi mitundu iwiri ndi hafu - zolembedwazi zimawerengedwa kuti ndi gulu laling'ono la ma elts (Leuciscinae). Achibale ake apamtima ndi awa: mbewa yoyera, yodontha, siliva wosemera, mbedza, wopota, roach, podust ndi nsomba zina, zodziwika bwino.
MaCyprinid ndiofala padziko lonse lapansi (samapezeka ku South America kokha), koma mtundu wa zofalitsa sizimapitilira malire a Dziko Lakale. Kumeneku kumakhala pafupifupi kulikonse komwe kuli mitsinje, nyanja ndi madera osoweka a kumpoto, Baltic, White (to Pechora), Aegean, Black, Azov, Caspian ndi nyanja za Aral. Poyamba, malo okhala sanali opita kum'mawa kupitilira kumapiri a Ural, koma mu 1950-1970. adalowetsedwa mu Mtsinje wa Ural, mu beseni la Ob ndi Irtysh, mu Yenisei, Lena ndi beseni la Baikal-Angarsk.
M'malo otsika a Dnieper, Don ndi Volga, mawonekedwewo amakhala mitundu iwiri - yogona komanso semi-kanjira. Nyanjayi imadumphira munyanja ndikuwonekera m'malo otsika a mitsinje. Kummwera chakumapeto kwa Asia, ku Central Asia, pali kaphokoso kakapangidwe kakang'ono ngati bango.
Kupangika kumakhala mpaka zaka 20, kumatha kutalika masentimita 75-80 ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu 900. Kirimu amakonda kukhala m'mitsinje yoyenda pang'onopang'ono, m'madziwe ndi m'malo osungira. Mochulukirapo amadya masamba ocheperako (makoswe, ma mollus, mphutsi, crustaceans), koma amatha kudya pang'ono pa zooplankton. Pakamwa pobwezeretsanso timalola kuti chakudyacho chizichotsa chakudya pansi ndipo chakuya masentimita 5 mpaka 10.
Kubzala mu bream kumachitika pamadzi otentha madigiri 12-14. Kummwera - kuyambira kumapeto kwa Epulo mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Juni, kumpoto - mu Meyi-Juni.
Pali nsomba zingapo ku Russia zomwe zimawoneka zofanana kwambiri ndi bream. Ena mwa iwo ndi abale ake apamtima (oyera, ofiira, amtundu wamtambo, aberekawo ocheperako), komanso mitundu yakutali yosinthika (bream yakuda ndi yoyera ya Amur).
Diso Loyera (sapa ya Abramis)
Thupi limakhala lotalikirapo kuposa poyerekeza. Pofikira pamakhala zotsekemera, kamwa limakhala lochotseka, lochepera. Mtundu wake ndi imvi. Zipsepse zimachita imvi, zopanda pake - zokhala ndi m'mphepete zakuda. Pansi pamunsi pa caudal fin.
Mano amodzi a pharyngeal. Malo okhalamo amakhala m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Zachikuda ndi Zaku Caspian: mabeseni a Danube (mpaka Vienna), Dniester, Prut, Bug, Dnieper, Don, Kuban, Volga, Kama, Vyatka, Urals. Zomwe zidakumana kale ku Volga kumadera ake akutali (Mtsinje wa Tvertsa, Lake Seliger), koma tsopano ndizosowa pano, ngati sizinasoweke konse, sizili mu Mtsinje wa Moscow. -Maso oyera ali mumtsinje. Volkhov komanso mu Volkhov Bay ya Lake Ladoga. Imapezeka mosangalatsa m'mitsinje Vychegda ndi Severnaya Dvina.
Imafika zaka zisanu ndi zitatu ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, kutalika kwa 41 cm ndi kulemera kwa 0,8 kg.
Gustera (Blicca ticherkna)
Thupi ndi lokwera, ndipo amatha kugwedezeka. Maluso a caudal samayikidwa kwambiri, malo ake okhala amakhala ofanana kutalika. Mutu ndi wocheperako, maso ndi okulirapo. Pakamwa pamakhala pang'onopang'ono, pang'ono, pang'ono. Kuseri kwa zipsepere zamkati pali keel yosaphimbidwa. Kumbuyo kumbuyo kwa mutu, masikelo ochokera kumbali za thupi samatseka, ndipo poyambira osakutidwa ndi mamba pamiyala yakumbuyo kwanu. Makala kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi okulirapo kuposa amtunduwo. Mulingo woyeserera ndi wokuyimira, wolimba-wokwanira, kuyambira mzere wam'mbali kupitilira sizikukula. Zipsepse zosapsa ndi imvi, pectoral ndi ventral m'munsi ndi ofiira. Mano a Pharyngeal ndi mzere wachiwiri.
Kufalikira mokulira ku Europe kummawa kwa Pyrenees ndi kumpoto kwa Alps ndi Balkan. Amakhala m'mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja za North, Baltic, Black, Azov ndi Caspian. Mphepete mwa Nyanja Yoyera, bwaloli limadziwika munyanja zam'madzi amtsinje wa Onega ndi Northern Dvina, osowa ku Northern Dvina ndi mabungwe awo.
Amakhala osaposa zaka 15, amafika kutalika kwa 35 masentimita ndi 1.5 makilogalamu.
Sinets (Abramis ballerus)
Thupi limakhala lokwera, lotsika kuposa poyerekeza. Mafuta a caudal afupikitsa kwambiri. Ndalama za caudal ndizabwino kwambiri; Makamaka ndi opepuka, nthawi zambiri amakhalagic: kumbuyo kwamdima, gawo lamthupi limaponya buluu, mbali zake ndizopepuka, m'mimba mwayera. Mano amodzi a pharyngeal.
Amakhala ku Europe kuchokera kum'mawa kwa Rhine kupita ku Urals. Malire a kumpoto kwa malowa amadutsa South Karelia; ku Syamozero ndi nyanja zina za tsambalo. Shui, komanso ku Vodlozero. Ma Sinets adadziwikanso m'dera la Arkhangelsk (beseni la Onega River). Imapezeka ku Volkhov, Ilmen, kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Ladoga, Neva, Narova, kum'mwera kwa Finland ndi Sweden. M'munsi mwa Volga, kuchokera kumunsi kukafika kumtunda, kumakhala malo ambiri osungirako, komanso ochulukirapo ku Rybinsk.
Imafika zaka 9-10, kutalika masentimita 45 ndi kulemera 600 g.
ChakudaAmurbream(Megalobrama terminalis)
Kumbuyo kwakumbuyo kwa mutu kumatulukira potsetsereka. Mtundu wakumbuyo wakumbuyo ndi wakuda, mbali, m'mimba ndipo zipsepse zonse ndi zakuda. Utawaleza wamaso ndi wakuda. Mutu ndi wocheperako. Pakamwa pake ndi kakang'ono, kowongoka. Kumbuyo kwa ziphuphu zamkati, sikophimba ndi mamba. Mano a pharyngeal atatu. Kutalika kwa matumbo ndi 150% kutalika kwa thupi.
Kugawa: East Asia, kuyambira ku Amur basin kumpoto kupita ku South China (Canton) kumwera. Pamwamba pa Amur imakwera kumtunda kuposa Blagoveshchensk, ndipo idatsikira mpaka Novo-Ilyinovka. Muli ku Sungari, Ussuri ndi Lake. Hanka. Zimachitika kawirikawiri kwambiri kuposa mtundu wakale wa Amur.
Imafika kutalika kwa masentimita 60 ndi kulemera kwa 3 kg. Chiyembekezo chokhala zaka zosachepera 10.
Nsomba yamtengo wapatali kwambiri, pankhani yamalonda yamtengo wapatali imakhala yamtengo wapatali kuposa carp udzu. Chiwerengerocho chakhala chotsika kwambiri, m'zaka zaposachedwa chatsika kwambiri. Nyanja Hanka pakadali pano amapezeka nthawi imodzi yokha. Monga mtundu wowopsa, walembedwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation. Zomwe zimayambitsa kutsika kwa chiwerengero ndizochulukirapo pazomwe zimachitika ku China komanso kuchepa kwa madzi a Amur.
Amam oyera akale (Parabramis pekinensis)
Pakamwa pake ndi kakang'ono, kowongoka. Pamimba si chopanda pake kuchokera kumapazi a pectoral kupita kwa anus. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kwamtambo kapena kobiriwira, mbali ndi m'mimba ndi siliva. Mapeyala opakika ndi ma anal amakhala opepuka, achizungu komanso amkati amakhala amdima. Malekezero a zipsepse ndi zakuda. Mano a pharyngeal atatu. Zida zitatu zosambira.
Kugawidwa kuchokera ku beseni la Amur kumpoto kupita ku South China (Shanghai, Hainan Island) kumwera. M'mphepete mwa Amur imapezeka pakati pake komanso m'munsi; imapezeka ku Ussuri, Sungari, ndi Lake. Hanka. Mu ma 1950 Adawabweretsa m'matupi amadzi a Central Asia (mabwawa a Amu Darya ndi Syr Darya) ndi Europe.
Imafika kutalika kwa 55 masentimita ndi kulemera kwa 4.1 kg. Amakhala ndi zaka 15-16.
Gustera ndi mkangazi
Kankhanira ndi kamwana kakang'ono koyamwa, kamodzi mwodziwika kwambiri kwa asodzi onse. Banja la cyprinids. Kupaka utoto kumatengera zaka komanso malo okhala. Mwa achichepere, sikelo zimakhala za imvi, pomwe munthu amakula zimakhala zagolide. Kankhanira kamasungidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi malo ochulukirapo osungirako. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka kuti ndi wanzeru komanso wosamala. Zoyenda pansi nthawi yozizira m'malo ozama pang'ono ndi pang'ono mumitsinje komanso pang'ono munyanja.
Gustera
Gustera - mosiyana ndi scavenger m'malo athu osungirako sakhala wamba. Ndiokhawo woyimira mtundu wa Blicca. M'malo mwake, pamakhala magulu akulu akulu okhala ndi magulu ofanana. Zimayenda bwino ndikamadya nyambo, kumayendetsa galimoto ndikumatulutsanso miyala ikuluikulu. Mitundu yayitali ikudziwika ndi kuchulukana kwambiri kwa gulu la nkhosa. Mamba ake ndi a siliva.
Mitundu iwiriyi ya nsomba ndi yofanana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake mu mawonekedwe amthupi, mtundu wamamba, ndipo imapezeka m'maselo omwewo. Chifukwa chake, kuti tisalakwike ndi ndani, tiyeni tiwone mwatsatanetsatane aliyense wa nsomba.
Mu kanema wotsatira, wowonetsa amawonetsa ndikuyankhula za kusiyana pakati pa bream ndi bream.
Kusintha kwamitundu ndi mawonekedwe
Gustera - Imakhala ndi ma korona 8 komanso ma ray atatu osavuta mu dorsal fin, 20-24 branchy ndi ma ray atatu osavuta mu anal fin.
- Zipsepse zofiirira - Ichi ndiye chizindikiro choonekeratu kuti pamaso panu ndi choswa, osati chinyengo.
- Zipsepa zosaphuka za imvi
Chingwe - Ili ndi ins anal yayitali, kuchokera kutsogolo kwa dorsal fin.
- Zipsepse za imvi zakumaso zimasalala pakapita nthawi.
- Pafupifupi ma ray 30 mu anal fin.
Kusiyana pakati pa ma husters ndi ma scammers
Gustera ndi scavenger ali osachokera ku banja la cyprinid, komabe ali ndi zinthu zambiri, ndipo amasiyana kwambiri ndi kuwunika kwakunja.
Muyeneranso kudziwa kuti buluyu samakula kuposa 35-36 masentimita wolemera makilogalamu 1.2 (sindinakhalepo ndi zotere), ndipo bream imatha kutalika 75-77 masentimita ndi kulemera monga ma 6-7 kilos.
Koma woyamba scavenger kunjaku amatha kusokonezedwa ndi bream.
Zipsepse
Ndi zipsepse, pali mawonekedwe amtundu chabe omwe amatha kuwoneka ndi diso lamaliseche ndikuti asasokonezedwe ndi chiphuphu kuchokera pachiwonetsero.
Mapeyala opaka utoto nthawi zonse amakhala lalanje kapena ofiira okonda kubayala, ndi imvi komanso yakuda kwa bream kapena scavenger.
Kuphatikiza apo, mchira umafalikira paphiripo, makamaka povutikira, umasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma ray. Bambowo ali ndi zochulukirapo.
Mchira
Mchira wa nsomba izi, kusiyana kumathanso kudziwika. Chifukwa chake, mu nthenga, nthenga za mchira zonse ziwiri ndi zofanana ndipo pali lingaliro lozungulira pakati pawo.
Ndipo kwa scavenger (bream), nthenga zapamwamba ndi zazifupi kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zotsika ndipo zoyambira zimakhala kumanzere kumanja.
Chizindikiro china cha momwe mungasiyanitsire huster ndi scavenger ndi mano achipharyngeal. Husters ali ndi mano ochulukirapo ndipo ali m'mizere iwiri. Pamene, monga bastard, pali mano 5 okha mbali iliyonse.