Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Mitundu yotsika kumtunda ndi yaying'ono komanso yocheperako poyerekeza ndi gawo loyera, kutalika kwa thupi 34-39 masentimita, mapiko a 51-60 masentimita, kulemera kwa 243-610 g, mulomo ndi wocheperako komanso wowonda kuposa wowerengera woyera.

Mpikisano wa pachilumba L. m. zotsutsa imasiyana m'miyeso yayikulu kwambiri - yayikulu kuposa gawo loyera.

Zimatsogolera makamaka moyo wapadziko lapansi. Imayenda pang'onopang'ono kapena masitepe afupiafupi poyimitsa pafupipafupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisaoneke. Kuuluka kwawo ndikosavuta komanso kuthamanga, mawonekedwewo ndi ofanana ndi a grouse ena: kuwuluka kawiri kawiri ndikusintha mapiko. Mwambiri, wamanyazi pang'ono kuposa grouse.

Kufotokozera. M'nyengo yozizira, imakhala yoyera pokhapokha ngati nthenga zakuda mchira (nthenga za mchira wapakati zimakhalabe zoyera). Kuphatikizanso apo, mzere wakuda umachokera pakona pakamwa kudzera m'diso la wamwamuna. Pakuyamba kwa izi, zamphongo zimakhala zoyera kwambiri, nthenga zowoneka bwino zokha zimawoneka pamutu ndi mapewa, nsidze zofiira zowoneka bwino zimatulutsa pamwamba pamaso. Mbiri yakumapeto kwa chilimwe imakhala yachikasu ndi yopyapyala (yocheperako) yamtundu wakuda. M'mimba komanso mapiko ambiri amakhala oyera. Pamunsi pa mutu, mawonekedwe amdima osadukiza nthawi zambiri amakhala onenepa kwambiri kuposa maula oyandikana nawo, chifukwa chomwe pakhosi pamaoneka chowala - choyera. Zambiri mwa mbalamezi m'dzinja la zovala zomwezo, koma ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe mbalameyo ili patali imawoneka ngati yopanda tanthauzo. Khosi kumakhala kuda. Mukugwa, mitundu yaimuna imakhala imvi komanso yunifolomu.

Akazi samakhala ndi zovala zapakatikati; mtundu wamtundu wa chilimwe wowoneka bwino wachikazi ndi kamvekedwe ka chikasu chautoto wokhala ndi timadontho tating'ono tating'ono ndi mawanga kumbuyo, chifukwa chomwe kupaka kwake kumawoneka kosiyana kwambiri ndi kotsegula kwa akazi.

Kukongoletsa kwa mbalame zazing'ono m'makonzedwe ndi maonekedwe ake zimafanana ndi zovala zamtundu wamphongo - njira yakuda yosinthika ndiyochepera kuposa ya akazi. M'mimba mwayera, ndipo mwina simunafune kuona pang'ono pang'ono. Mitundu ya anapiye ocheperako nthawi zambiri imafanana ndi ya anapiye othandizira, koma, mikwingwirima yakuda kumtunda kwa thupi imawoneka yopepuka komanso yotakata.

Mitundu yamtunduwu yamtunduwu imasiyana ndi gawo loyera laling'ono, phala yocheperako komanso mlomo wochepa. M'nyengo yozizira, chizindikiro cha amuna ndi chingwe chakuda kudzera m'maso. M'nyengo yotentha ndi yophukira, amuna a ku Europe amakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya chikasu. Chovala chomwe chimatchulidwa chofanana ndi chipewa choyera, mtunduwu sichitero. Akazi okhala ku Europe amadziwika ndi ma plumage osiyana kwambiri ndi kusowa kwa mawu owoneka bwino. Mbalame zazing'ono zimasiyanitsidwa ndi maonekedwe okongola, mawonekedwe pang'ono akuda komanso mawonekedwe oyera pamimba.

Mawu. Liwu la wamwamuna ndi chizindikiro cha matabwa "kohrrrau". "Nyimbo" yaimphongo yamphongo ndi yayitali ndipo imakhala ndi mawu angapo obwereza omwewo. Liwu la mkazi limafanana ndi la gawo loyera.

Mkhalidwe Wogawa. Amakhala m'matundra ndi malo okwera a Eurasia ndi North America (Alaska, kumpoto kwa Canada). Ku Europe ku Russia, amakhala ku Kola Peninsula, kumpoto kwa Urals, komanso kuzilumba za Franz Josef Land archipelago (L. m. zotsutsa) Imagawidwa pang'onopang'ono ndipo ndikusowa m'malo ambiri, chiwerengerochi chimasinthasintha. Mtundu wa kayendedwe ka nyengo ndi kosiyana m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana. M'madera ambiri, makamaka Franz Josef Land, adakhazikika. Kumpoto kwa Siberia, kumatha kuuluka mpaka 500 km. M'mapiri nthawi yachisanu imatsikira m'zigwa.

Moyo. Imakhala m'mapiri pakati pa miyala yotchedwa tundra yomwe ili ndi masamba okongola, m'mapiri, kum'mwera kwa mapiri, pamwamba pamalire a nkhalango. M'nyengo yozizira, kugawa ndi malo okhala kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kupezeka kwa chakudya. M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, yomwe imasungidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, magulu kapena awiriawiri, pofika pakuyamba kubereka imangokhala malo amodzimodzi. Kudumpha kumaphatikizanso kuuluka mumsewu wovuta kuyenda modutsa ndi machitidwe, komanso ziwonetsero pafupi ndi mkazi pansi. M'nyengo yozizira, amagona m'chipinda chisanu. Wamphongo amatenga nawo gawo posankha ndi kuteteza malo omwe amakhala, ndipo mzimayi akuchita nawo ntchito yomanga chisa ndi kulowetsa. Amuna ena amatenga nawo mbali poyendetsa ana.

Chimphuno - bowo laling'ono lopendekera udzu ndi nthenga za nkhuku pamalo otseguka ndi masamba ochepa, pakati pamiyala kapena, malo otumphuka. Clutch nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mazira 8-9, ophimbidwa, ngati phula loyera, lomwe limakhala ndi mawanga akuda. Kwa chaka amakwanitsa kubereka ana kamodzi. Maziko a chakudya cha nthawi yozizira ndi masamba ndi mphukira zautali za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya msondodzi ndi ma belu, mphukira ndi masamba a chimbudzi, komanso ma alder ndi ma catchairs. M'chilimwe, amadya zipatso zochepa ndi mbewu zambiri (poyerekeza ndi phula loyera), komanso udzu wa anyezi wa axillary, maluwa azitsamba, zimayambira, masamba ndi zipatso za crowberry.

Grridge partridge (Lagopus mutus)

ZINSINSI ZA KUDZULULA

Pamiyala yayikulu, yophimbidwa ndi nthenga, magawo a tundra amayenda mwamphamvu ngakhale mu chipale chofewa. Pakutha kwa chilimwe, magawo a molt - amasintha zovala zamalimwe kukhala yozizira-yoyera, kumapeto kwa mchirayo kumakhalabe wakuda, ndipo champhongo chimakhala ndi lingwe lakuda kuyambira mlomo mpaka kumaso. Chapakatikati, magawo amayambiranso kukhazikika, pambuyo pake malangizo okha a mapiko ndi mbali yakumunsi ya thupi amakhalabe oyera, ndipo gawo lonse limakutidwa ndi nthenga zofiirira zokhala ndi mikwingwirima yofiirira komanso yakuda. Pakumapeto kwa kasupe, mkaziyo amayamba molt wachitatu - maula ake amakhala bulauni, achikasu ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Povala, mbalameyo siziwoneka bwino pachisa.

ZONSE ZABWINO

Magawo, monga oyimira nkhuku zina, ndi mbalame zamtchire, koma nthawi zina amadyanso ma invertebrates. Kudyetsa mbalame kumapezeka pansi. M'nyengo yozizira, makamaka nthawi ya chipale chofewa, zimapezeka m'malo a nkhalango ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapita kukafunafuna mitengo. Mbalame zimakumba chisanu, ndikuyesanso kukhala m'malo a kudyetsa reindeer nthawi yozizira. M'nyengo yozizira, amadya masamba, nthambi, ndi mphete. Chapakatikati - zipatso za masamba a chaka chatha ndi masamba obiriwira, nthawi yotentha - magawo obiriwira a mbewu, zipatso ndi mbewu. M'dzinja, maziko a zakudya za tundra magawo a zipatso ndi zipatso.

Makhalidwe wamba ndi mawonekedwe amunda

Partridge tundra ndi munthu wokhala ku Arctic ndi mapiri a stony-lichen tundra kumpoto kwa USSR ndi mapiri angapo a Siberia, ndipo amatsogolera njira yokhalitsa. Iyi ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri m'banjamo (zokha ndi gawo loyera loyera, L. leucurus, wokhala m'misamba yamapiri am'mapiri a Rocky ku North America, yomwe imakhala yoyera kwambiri chaka chonse ndipo imangovala chovala chofiirira, chofiirira). Ndiwofanana kwambiri ndi gawo loyera, ndipo m'malo okhala, mitundu yonse iwiri imasokonezeka mosavuta. Kusiyana kwawo kwakukulu kufotokozedwera pamwambapa, papepala loyera.

Mbawala ya ptarmigan, yokhala ngati gawo loyera, imakhala ndi moyo wokhalitsa padziko lapansi, kudyetsa m'mawa ndi maola a usiku ndikupumula pakati pa tsiku pansi pa miyala kapena zitsamba. Imayenda pansi pamasitepe kapena m'mabampu achidule, kumangoyimilira komanso nthawi zina kumazizira kwa nthawi yayitali osasuntha, komwe pamodzi ndi mtundu woteteza kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yopanda chidwi. Kuuluka kwawo ndikosavuta, kuthamanga, koma kwamtundu wofanana ndi grouse wakuda - mndandanda wofulumira wosachedwa kusuntha ndikusunthira pamapiko omwe amafalikira ndikugwada. Imeneyi ndi mbalame yokhala chete, ndipo nthawi yakukhwima yokha yamphongo nthawi zambiri imabweretsa kukamwa kwake, kanyumba kogogodera, komwe kumakumbukira zovuta zazing'onoting'ono zanyumba.

Kufotokozera

Colouring. Akuluakulu amuna. Mu zovala za nyengo yozizira - zonse zoyera, kupatula nthenga zakuda mchira (zoyera zokha), chingwe chakuda chimachokera pakona pakamwa kudzera m'maso, zikhadabo zakuda ndi mulomo. Pa nthenga zakuda zachitsulo pali timizere toyera tating'ono, tating'onoting'ono kwambiri pa 2nd ndipo timasowa pa 8. Zovala zamtundu wamphongo zamphongo nthawi yakukhwima (kuyambira kumapeto kwa Epulo mpaka kumapeto kwa Meyi) zimasiyana ndi nyengo yachisanu yokha pakakhala nthenga zakuda zofiirira kumutu ndi mapewa, zongophimba nkhumba ndi khosi pokhapokha. Mwa mitundu yakuda iyi, chingwe chakuda kudzera m'diso chimayamba kuoneka pang'ono. Zovala zamalimwe zimayamba kumapeto kwa Juni ndipo zimavala mpaka pakati pa Seputembara. Ichi ndiye chovala chakuda kwambiri chomwe chimakwirira pafupifupi thupi lonse la mbalame. Ndi m'mimba komanso nthenga zambiri za mapiko zomwe zimakhalabe zoyera, kupatula 4-6 yaying'ono yamkati zowuluka, zobiriwira zazikuru zamkati, komanso zophimba zonse zapakatikati, kupatula zakunja. Utoto wamba wamtundu wamtambo, womwe umakhala ndi mawanga akuda ndi mikwingwirima yoyera yopangidwa ndi minda yakuda ya apical ndi mizere yoyera ya nthenga zingapo.

Nthenga zambiri zimakhala ndi mtundu wamtundu wa inki wamtundu wowoneka bwino kwambiri. Malingaliro ndi mbali za khosi - m'malo ang'onoang'ono oyera ndi achikasu amtundu wopangidwa ndi mikwingwirima yopingasa kumtunda kwa nthenga. Mtundu wa imvi wokhala ndi chingwe chocheperako chikadapezekanso pachifuwa, koma nthenga zingapo zimakhala ndi mtundu wakuda ndi woyera ndi mikwaso yoyera. Mbali za thupi zimapendanso. Nthenga zapamwamba za mchira zilinso zamitundu iwiri - imvi yokhala ndi chikasu chocheperako komanso cholimba, chosinthana ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yofiirira komanso yocheperako, yolankhulidwa bwino kumtunda kwa nthenga. Mitundu yoyandikana nayo ndiyachilendo kwa nthenga zokha zomwe zimayamba kumera mu Juni - Julayi, ndipo nthenga zomwe zimakula pambuyo pake zimapangidwa ndi mtundu woonda. Majini apakati ndi nthenga zomwe zimakutira ndi imvi yakuda, yokhala ndi malire opindika oyera komanso mawonekedwe ochepa, nthawi zina kuphatikiza m'minda yakuda pakatikati pa nthenga. Mitundu ya nthenga za mapiko ake imakhalanso imvi, yokhala ndi matupi opyapyala komanso mapiri oyera oyera. Pokhapokha mapiko apakati mkati ndipamene matayala opindika amtambo akuda ndi achikasu amapanga. Amphongo akuchovala (nthawi ya Seputembala - Okutobala) amapaka utoto wokwanira, mumtundu wakuda kwambiri wamakaso wonenepa komanso wowonda komanso wamtundu wakuda. Chovala ichi chosakanikirana ndipo nthenga za nthawi yophukira zimangokhala kumbuyo ndi pachifuwa. Pamutu, yomwe imakhala ndi ma coarser mottled, nthenga za chilimwe ndizambiri, ndi nthenga zoyera zam'mimba za zovala zachisanu zayamba kale kukula. Maziko a nthenga za nyundo nthawi zambiri amakhala oyera.

Wamkazi nthawi yozizira. Komanso ndi yoyera ndipo nthawi zambiri ilibe mzere wakuda kudzera m'diso. Mwa anthu akumpoto kwambiri okha (kumpoto kwa Greenland, Svalbard), azimayi ambiri ovala zovala zoyambilira nyengo yachisanu amakhala ndi gulu lakuda, ngakhale sanamveke bwino, owoneka ndi zoyera komanso osatsata diso (Salomonsen, 1939, Johnsen, 1941). Kumpoto kwa Alaska ndi Scandinavia, ndi azimayi 21.1- 34.3% okha omwe amakhala ndi gulu lotere (Weeden, 1964, Pulliainen, 1970a). Zachikazi sizikhala ndi chovala cha masika ndipo zikafika nthawi, zimavala zovala zapamwamba nthawi yayitali. Kumbuyo, mtundu wakuda umapambana kuphatikiza ndi mtundu woyera wa mikombero ya vertex ndi chikaso - magulu oyambira. Minda yayikulu isanapepike imapanga utoto wakuda, pamwamba pamutu ndi kumbuyo kumawoneka kwambiri kwamdima. Mizere yopingidwa imatchulidwa bwino kumbuyo, nadhvostu ndi khosi. Thupi lotsika limakhala lopepuka chifukwa cha nsonga zoyera komanso mikwingwirima yachikasu pa nthenga, kusinthana ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Dera la Goiter limawoneka loyipa kwambiri. Kwa chilimwe, nthenga za mapiko omwewo monga amuna ndi pakati pa nthenga za mchira zimakhalabe zoyera. Mukamafungatira ndi kuyendetsa anapiyewo, nsonga zoyera za nthenga zimatha ndipo utoto wa akazi umakhala wakuda kwambiri kumapeto kwa Julayi, ndipo pamwamba pamutu pamakhala posada. Zovala za Autumn zili, ngati amuna, osakaniza a chilimwe, yophukira ndi nthenga zachisanu. Nthenga zanyumba zimakhazikika makamaka kumbuyo, khosi ndi chifuwa. Mtundu wawo wowala umaonekera kwambiri pazilumba zamalimwe zamdima. Nthenga zophukira zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osakhwima a mikwaso ya bulauni kapena ma chingwe pamiyala yachikasu. Osati nthenga zonse za nthawi yophukira zomwe zimakhala ndi zoyera.

Mbalame yaing'ono (yamphongo ndi yachikazi). Mu zovala zoyambirira (zoyambirira), zimapakidwa zokongola kwambiri. Mimba yake ndi yoyera, nthenga zachikasu zachikasu zomwe zimasungidwa pachifuwa ndi khosi, zomwe zimasinthidwa ndi zoyera, ndipo nthenga zokha zovala zoyambilira za nyundo zoyambirira zimamera m'chigawo chachifuwa ndi m'mphepete, pomwe thupi lapamwamba limakhala lophimbidwa kwathunthu. Nthenga izi zimakhala ndi ndondomeko yoyenera ya mikwingwirima yopyapyala yofiirira kumaso achikasu achikasu ndi kumunda wakuda pamwamba pa fan.

2ouluka wakuthengo wakunja, makamaka kum'mwera, ali ndi timadontho tating'ono ta bulauni komanso malo owonekera. Kamvekedwe ka chovala chonse cha ana ndi chikaso chofiirira, chokhala ndi mawanga akuda kumaso (minda yokhala ndi nthenga) ndi malo oyera amizeremizere pamutu pa nthenga. Kumbuyo kwenikweni pali njira yocheperako ya mikwingwirima yopingasa, coarser kumbuyo kwakumbuyo. Nthenga zokhala ndi mchira zoyambirira zimakhala ndi nsonga zoyera, zopyapyala zofiirira pamtunda wachikasu, koma m'mene zimathera, nsonga zoyera zimazimiririka. Malamba otchetchera - okhala ndi mikwingwirima yopyapyala yofiirira, yomwe imalumikizana ndi nthenga za distal kukhala malo amodzi, ndikukhala mbali yonse yamkati. Pazolocha zing'onozing'ono zamkati pali gawo loyera la apiyala loyera kapena malire oyera. Mbalame za mbalame zoyambirira zimakhala zofiirira, zokhala ndi mikwingwirima yopyapyala pazida zakunja ndi zowoneka bwino pamwamba. Mapiko okutira akumwambawa nawokometsedwa, okhala ndi malo oyera apical. Pa thupi lamunsi pamakhala mawonekedwe oyera pamimba ndi chizolowezi chokhazikika cha khosi, chifuwa ndi mbali za thupi. Nthenga zambiri pano zilinso ndi mawanga oyera oyera. Mu anapiye ang'onoang'ono, nthenga zomwe zimayamba kukula zimapakidwa utoto kwambiri, mitunduyo imawala kwambiri ndipo malo oyera oyera amawonekera kwambiri.

Mwana wankhuku. Mtunduwo ndi wofanana ndi wa mwana wankhuku ya phala.

Mapangidwe ndi kukula kwake

Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira 370-400 mwa amuna ndi 365390 mwa akazi. Divorphism ya kugonana imadziwonetseranso kukula kwa phiko ndi mchira, komanso m'magulu amodzi ndi mlomo, pomwe kutalika kwa metatarsus ndi chala chapakati kuli kofanana zofananira zonsezo. Zida. Amuna (n = 285, col. ZIN AN SSSR): mapiko a 182-22, mchira 80-120, kutalika kwa mulomo 8- 13, metatarsus 27- 38, chala chapakati 19–32. Akazi (n = 197, col. 'ZIN, USSR Academy of Science): mapiko a 175- 204, mchira 82-103, kutalika kwa mulomo 7.2- 12, metatarsus 26- 38, chala chapakati 21-30. Zaka ndi nyengo zamphamvu zomwe zimalemera thupi sizimamveka bwino. Mu nyengo, sizisintha mowonekera monga mzere zoyera, ndipo zimasinthira gawo lalikulu mkati mwa 440-540.

Kuchuluka kwa mbalame kumakhala kokwanira kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, kumayamba kuchepa pang'onopang'ono masika komanso amphongo, kumachulukirachulukirabe nthawi isanayambike, kumachepera pang'ono pakati pa chilimwe, pambuyo pake kumayambanso kukula pofika nthawi yophukira. Mwa akazi, misa imachulukana kwambiri panthawi yopanga dzira, pambuyo pake imatsika pang'ono mpaka pang'ono zimachitika sabata yoyamba ya anapiye akuyendetsa. Mbalame zam'mwera kwambiri kumpoto ndizodziwika ndi zazikulu komanso zazikulu. Mwakutero, magawo a tundra omwe amakhala kuzilumba za Franz Josef Land ndi Svalbard, komanso pafupifupi. Zimbalangondo komanso zimakhala ndi zazikulu zazikulu zosazolowereka: zochuluka zimafika 880, i.e, pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa mitundu iwiri. Kukula kwake ndi kuchuluka kwa mapiko ndiofanana ndi kwa gawo loyera, koma tikamaganizira kuti kuchuluka ndi matupi a tundra magawo ang'onoang'ono, amakhala ochepa mapiko. Kuchulukana kwa mbali zotsala za thupi ndizofanana ndi gawo loyera, kupatula mulomo, womwe ndi wocheperachepera komanso wotsika kwambiri. Komabe, apa mutha kupezanso anthu omwe ali ndi mulingo wofanana wa mulomo kutalika ndi kutalika ngati ena oyera mbali.

Molting

Amapitilira pafupifupi mtundu womwewo ngati mgawo loyera, kupindika kwamasamba kokha kumafotokozedwa pang'ono mwa amuna, ndikutenga malo ochepa pamutu, khosi ndi mapewa, ndipo m'magawo akumpoto kwambiri sikungakhale konse, ndipo amuna amapita kukavala nthawi yozizira (Salomonsen 1950). Kupukutira kwa masika kopanda nthawi yopuma kumalowa kulowa chilimwe, komwe kumatha makamaka m'masiku oyambilira a Julayi, popeza nthenga zomwe zikubwera pambuyo pake zayamba kale kutumbulika, i.e. palibe kusiyana pakati pa nyengo yachilimwe ndi yophukira yosungunuka. Nthenga zokhala ndi yophukira kwa nyengo yophukira zimawonekera mpaka pakati pa Ogasiti, pambuyo pake kukula kwa nthenga zoyera kumayamba, kutuluka kuchokera pansi pa nthenga zautoto mu Seputembara. Kuyambira nthawi iyi, zoyera zimayamba kufalikira thupi lonse la mbalame.

Nthenga zomalizira zimatha kumapeto kwa Seputembala kapena kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala, koma kumadera akumwera ambiri, makamaka kuzilumba zam'nyanja, izi zimatha kupitirira mpaka Disembala. Ku Scotland, mbalame zambiri zimasunga nthenga zosiyana zakumapeto kwa nyengo yophukira. Zomwe zimayamba apa muFebruary (Salomonsen, 1939). Akazi samasungunuka konse, amasintha n'kukhala chovala cha m'chilimwe chomwe chimaphimba thupi lonse ndi chifuwa nthawi ikamadzaza. Mu mbalame zochokera kumpoto, ngakhale zitakula bwino, malowa ndi nthenga zoyera amasungidwa pomwepo. Yoyambira molowera imayambira theka mwezi umodzi kuposa mwaimuna, ndipo sichitchulidwa kwenikweni.

Mwa akazi ochokera kum'mwera kwambiri, nthenga za nthawi yophukira siziposa 10% ya mitundu yonse. Nthenga zambiri za chilimwe zimakhala mpaka kugwa ndipo nthawi yomweyo amasinthidwa ndi nthenga zoyera. Nthenga zoyambirira zimasinthidwa kwakanthawi kochepa kuposa gawo loyera, ndipo zimatha miyezi 2 mpaka 2 mpaka 2003 mwa amuna ndi akazi. Mwa anapiye, chovala choyamba chatsika, ngakhale kuyambira tsiku la 1 hemp ndi 5 (kuyambira 3 mpaka 7) ntchentche zowoneka bwino zimafunikira ngati singano zowonda za hemp. Onsewo, limodzi ndi nthenga zazikulu zokulirapo, zowonekera kumapeto kwa sabata loyamba la moyo ndikupanga mawonekedwe a phiko, zomwe zimalola kuti nestling kuulukiranso pamtunda waufupi. Nthenga zokulira kenako zimawoneka mbali ndi kumbuyo, pachifuwa ndi korona. Khosi limapumira. Ngakhale kutha kwa nthenga zaubwana, wazaka 4 zokha, kusungunuka kumayambira mu zovala zoyambirira za nyundo: kukula kwa nthenga zotsimikizika kumayamba ndikusintha kwa ntchentche yoyamba kukhala yoyera. Pakadali pano, zotsalira za chovala pansi zimawonekabe pamutu. Kukula kwa nthenga za zovala zoyambira nthawi yozizira kumayamba ndikukula kwakanthawi kofanana ndi nthenga zowoneka bwino - yoyambirira yoyambilira ya nyundo, yomwe ili ndi nthawi yopanga pang'ono. Madzi oyera amayamba kuwonekera pamimba pokha pazaka 1.5 ndikufalikira kuyambira apa mpaka mbali, mbali yotsika pachifuwa, ndipo pomaliza, kumapita kumtunda. Nthenga zazitali kwambiri zokhala ndi mutu, kumbuyo ndi chifuwa.

Subspecies taxonomy

Mitunduyi imadziwika ndi anthu ambiri pachilumba komanso malo okhala kumapiri, ambiri ma subspecies, ndipo kusiyanitsa kwa mitundu sikunatchulidwe ndipo kumawonekera makamaka mu mtundu wa zovala zomwe amuna amakonda. Chokhacho chokha ndicho subspecies L. m. hyperboreus Sundevall, 1845, yomwe imakhala Svalbard, Franz Josef Land ndi Bear Island ndipo ikuwonekera, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kukula kwake kwakukulu. Mapiri a Japan mapepala a L. m. Amasiyanitsidwanso bwino. japonicus Clark, 1907, Commander L. m. ridgwaui Stejneger, 1884, Kuril L. m. kurilensis Hartert, 1921, ndi Aleutian L. m. evermanni Elliot, 1896, wokhala pachilumba cha Attu - chilumba chakutali kwambiri cha kaphiri ka Aleutian. Izi subspecies ndizodziwika ndi zovala zakuda kwambiri zamalimwe zamphongo.

Kwa gulu lina lothandizira - osankhidwa, North Ural L. m. comensis Sserebrowsky, 1929, alpine L. m. helveticus Thienemann, 1829, ndi Pyrenean L. m wosadziwika. pyrenaicus Hartert, 1921, komanso Scottish L. m. milliaisi Nartert, 1923 - mtundu waimvi wa zovala zachilimwe za amuna ndi khalidwe. Gululi limaphatikizanso ndi L. m. sanfordi Bent, 1912, wokhala pachilumba cha Tanaga ku Aleutian Ridge. Gulu lachitatu lili ndi ma subspecies omwe amakhala ndi zofiirira zakumapeto kwa chilimwe kwa amuna: Altai subspecies L. m. nadezdae Sserebrowsky, 1926, South Siberian L. m. transbaicalicus Sserebrowsky, 1926 ndi Tarbagatai L. m. macrorhynchus Sserebrowsky, 1926. Mabuku otsalira - pafupifupi Aleutian, North America ndi Greenland, North Siberian L. m. pleskei Sserebrowsky, 1926, Kamchatka L. m. krascheninnikovi Potapov, 1985 ndi masanjidwe a Svalbard azovala zamalimwe zaimphongo amadziwika ndi mtundu wachikasu. Mloic L. m. Islandorum Faber, 1882 amakhala pamalo apakati pakati pa magulu a 2 ndi 4. Gulu lirilonse limabweretsa mitundu yapafupi kwambiri, koma pazonsezi ndizopatula: subspecies, kugawa komwe sikutilola kuganiza kuti kuyandikira kwawo komwe kudafanana ndi komwe gulu lina limachita.

Kugawa

Mitundu ya ptarmigan ndiyovuta kwambiri. Ambiri mwa malowa ali kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia, mbali ina ku Alaska ndi North Europe. Ili ndi mawonekedwe a circumpolar, koma kufalitsa mitundu yamtunduwu m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zilumba za Arctic sikukupitilira.

Chithunzi 34. Mpangidwe wa ptarmigan
1 - Lagopus mutus mutus, 2 - L. m. milUaisi, 3 - L. m. helveticus, 4 - L. m. comensis, 5 - L. m. pleskei, 6 - L. m. nelsoni, 7 - L. m. rupestris, 8 - L. m. welchi, ine m-saturatus, 10 - L. m. Captus, 11 - L. m. Islandorum, 12 - L. m. nadezdae, 13 - L. m. macrorhynchus, 14 - L. m. transbaicalicus, 15 - L. m. krascheninnikowi 16 - L. m. kuruensis, 17 - L. m. evermanni, 18 —L. m. Townendi, 19 - L. m. chipinda, 20 - L. m. sandorfi, 21 - L. m. atkensis, 22 - L. m. gabrielsoni, 23 - L. m. yunaskensis, 24 - L. m. dixoni, 25 - L. m. hyperboreus, 26 - L. m. ridgwayi.

Mosiyana ndi zoyera, tundra partridge imakhala kuzilumba zambiri za Polar: pafupifupi chisumbu chonse cha Canctan Arctic, pafupifupi gombe lonse la Greenland, lopanda ma glaceli, mpaka kumadera ake akumpoto kwambiri (Peary Land - Lockwood Island, 83 ° 24 ′ N .), Zisumbu za Svalbard ndi Franz Josef Land. Ku North America, chimafika chakum'mwera kwenikweni m'mphepete mwa Rocky Mountain (mpaka 49 ° N) komanso m'mphepete mwa kum'mawa kwa Labrador Peninsula (54 ° 30 ′ N), komwe kumakhala makamaka ku Alaska komanso kamtunda kochepa kugombe la North Canada. Kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean mumakhala zilumba za Aleutian, Commander ndi Kuril, komanso chilumba cha Honshu. Ku Europe, amakhala kumpoto kwa Scandinavia, kumpoto kwa Great Britain, kumapiri a Alps ndi Pyrenees. Kumpoto kwa Atlantic Ocean kumakhala zilumba za Iceland ndi Greenland. Palibe pafupifupi deta pakusintha kwa malo okhala m'mbiri yakale. Ku Scotland kokha kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za XVIII. malire akum'mwera akubwerera mothandizidwa ndi anthropogenic zinthu.

M'nyengo yozizira, malire akum'mwera amakhala kwinakwake kum'mwera, koma m'malo ena a tundra zone. Ku gawo la ku Europe kwa USSR, tundra partridge imangokhala ku Kola Peninsula ndi Northern Urals.

Chithunzi 35. Kugawidwa kwa ptarmigan ku USSR
1 - Lagopus mutus mutus, 2 - L. m. milUaisi, 3 - L. m. helveticus, 4 - L. m. comensis, 5 - L. m. pleskei, 6 - L. m. nelsoni, 7 - L. m. rupestris, 8 - L. m. welchi, ine m. saturatus, 10 - L. m. Captus, 11 - L. m. Islandorum, 12 - L. m. nadezdae, 13 - L. m. macrorhynchus, 14 - L. m. transbaicalicus, 15 - L. m. krascheninnikowi 16 - L. m. kuruensis, 17 - L. m. evermanni, 18 - L. m. Townendi, 19 - L. m. chipinda, 20 - L. m. sandorfi, 21 - L. m. atkensis, 22 - L. m. gabrielsoni, 23 - L. m. yunaskensis, 24 - L. m. dixoni, 25 - L. m. hyperboreus, 26 - L. m. ridgwayi.

Pa Peninsula ya Kola, imagawidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja yam'mphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto chakum'mwera kwa Sosnovets Island (kol. ZIN AN USSR) ndi mu lamba la Khibin Alpine, koma malire akum'mwera a kagawidwe kake sikumveka pano. Kanin sanapezekebe ku Peninsula. Ku Northern Urals, imagawidwa kuchokera kumpoto chakumadzulo kwambiri (Lake Minisey, mwina Pai-Khoy Range) kumwera kupita ku Mount Konzhakovsky Kamen (59 ° 40 ′ N). Kupitilira kum'mawa, kumakhala kumpoto kwa Yamal Peninsulas kumwera mpaka 68 ° C. N, Gydan kumwera mpaka 71 ° C. w. (Naumov, 1931) ndi Taimyr, pomwe malire akumwera amadutsa kumadzulo pa 71 ° 30 ′. N, ndi kummawa pa 73 ° (mkamwa mwa Mtsinje wa Khatanga). Imakhala m'dera laling'ono kumapiri a Putorana. M'gawo la Soviet la Arctic, limapezeka kokha kuzilumba za Franz Josef Land, pomwe chikhalidwe cha kukhalapo kwa nyamayi sichikudziwika: mbalame zazikulu zokha zomwe zidakumana ndi kuwotcha kuyambira February mpaka Okutobala (Demme, 1934, Rutilevsky, 1957) ndipo zimawoneka bwino ngati mbalame zosamukira kuzilumba za Novosibirsk. Kummawa kwa kamwa. Malire a Khatanga kumwera atsika ndi 72 ° C. w. kumtsinje Popigai (Sdobnikov, 1957), amapita kum'mawa m'mphepete mwa Alazei tundra kupita kumtsinje. Lena, kenako m'mphepete mwa mapiri a Verkhoyansk Range, Yudomo-May ndi Aldan Uplands amatsikira kumapiri a Nyanja ya Baikal.

Pano kufalitsa kwake sikunaphunziridwe bwino, ndizotheka kuti anthu okhala kwayokha amakhala m'malire a Baikal ndi Barguzinsky. Kupitilira apo, malirewo amapita m'malire a kum'mwera kwa chigwa cha Stanovoi kupita kugombe la Okhotsk, pomwe amafika pa 56 ° C. ., ndipo kuchokera apa - kumpoto m'mphepete mwa nyanja mpaka Cape Dezhnev. M'malire a tundra m'mbali mwake, mulibe gombe la kumwera la Kamchatka komanso m'chigwa cha mtsinje. Kamchatka, mu kukhumudwa kwa Penzhinsko-Anadyr, mu tundra ku bank ya kumanzere kwa Kolyma wapansi, mu tundra ya kumapiri a Alazei ndi Chroma. Nthawi yomweyo, amapezeka pamtunda wonse womwe amaletsa ma tundras amenewa kapena kupita m'malire awo, mwachitsanzo, m'mapiri a Kondakovsky ndi gombe la Ulakhan-Sis. Kummwera kwa malo opitilirawa kuli masamba angapo akutali, omwe akulu kwambiri amaphatikizapo mapiri a Altai, Sayan ndi Hamar-Daban.

Zigawo zotsalazo ndizochepa. Awa ndi a kum'mawa Khangai (Mount Othon-Tengri - Kozlova, 1932), mkati mwa zitunda. Khan-Huhei (deta ya wolemba), mu Mongolian Altai (Turgen-Ula, - Potapov, 1985, Munkh-Khairan-Ula, - Kishchinsky et al., 19826), mu ridge. Saur, m'malire Yam-Alin ndi Dusse-Alin (A. A. Nazarenko, kulankhulana pakamwa). Pamakhala zilumba za Commander ndi Kuril kumwera kwa chilumba cha Simushir makamaka (Kuroda, 1925).

Zisanu

Moyo wozizira wa ptarmigan samaphunziridwa pang'ono kuposa zoyera. Mu Subpolar Urals, ndinakumana naye kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachisanu m'dera lachiphalaphala, pakati pa mitengo yonse yazipatso zazikuta ndi mitengo italiitali, komwe. kunalibe malo akutuluka, koma chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa chinali chosawoneka bwino ndipo sichinabisala zitsamba zazing'ono. Mu tundra ya Khibiny ndi Lapland, mbalamezi zimakhazikika m'malo omwe chipale chofewa chimakhala chochepa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwongoleredwa ndi mphepo, komanso m'malo ena kuli malo otseguka. Pano amadya masamba, zipatso ndi masamba a mbewu zam'mapiri, koma kukugwa chipale chofewa amasamukira ku mitengo ya msondodzi ndi yoluma kumapeto kwa nkhalangoyi (Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, 1959, MacDonald, 1970).

Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa USSR, mapiri a tundra amatha nthawi yozizira kumtunda kwa mapiri, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi mitsinje pamalo amtunda a nkhalango zowirira pakati pa mitengo yayitali komanso yopanda maziko, mitengo ya mkungudza komanso masamba osowa. Chophimba cha chipale chofewa pano ndichofunikira nthawi yonse yozizira, mothandizidwa ndi mphepo, kutumphuka kumapangika mwachangu, kupangitsa kuyenda kwa mbalame, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuli malo okwanira m'miyala komanso pakati pa zitsamba, pomwe chipale chofewa chimasungabe kukongola kwake ndikuwalola mbalame kuti zikonzere makamera amvula. Kutentha kambiri nthawi yozizira pamalo otsetsereka kumakhala kovutirapo kuposa pansi, m'malo osefukira, komwe kumazizira kwambiri, komwe kumayambira nyengo yachisanu (Andreev, 1980). Kutembenuka kwa kutentha kumeneku kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi tundra kumadera ena, makamaka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Greenland: gulu la mbalamezi limasunga mu September kumapiri a mapiri pamtunda wa 300-1,000 mamita kumtunda kwa nyanja. m., komwe kuli kotentha kambiri kuposa kumtunda kwa nyanja (Salomonsen, 1950). M'nyengo yozizira, magawo a tundra amasungidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a mbalame 59, awiriawiri komanso ngakhale pawokha, osapanga magulu akulu. Popeza amagawidwa m'gawo lalikulu, motero amafunikira malo osungirako ochepa kuposa magawo oyera, ndipo amadziwa bwino zopezeka m'deralo.

Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku m'nyengo yozizira ndizofanana ndi za mapale oyera. Pakati pa dzinja, ndi maola ochepa masana (Svalbard, Taimyr, Greenland), mbalamezo zikuwoneka kuti zimadya maola onse masana. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa masana, nthawi yodyetsa komanso kupumula kwa tsiku kumayamba. Mbalame zimadyetsa nthawi ndi nthawi, zimasinthana ndikusankha chakudya mwachidule, ndipo potsatira, nthawi yakudyayo imakhalabe yosasinthika. Bajeti yatsiku ndi tsiku nthawi yozizira ndi motere: Kupumula kwa usiku chipinda chofundidwa ndi chisanu 16- 17 h, kupumula kwa tsiku 2-4 h, ntchito ya chakudya (kuyenda mu chisanu) 3.5-5.0 h, kuthawa osapitilira mphindi zitatu. Kuthamanga kwamayendedwe m'chipale chofewa mukamadyetsa sikunatulutse, kuchoka pa 125 mpaka 250 m / h, patsiku mbalame imadutsa ndikufunafuna chakudya 600-800 m (Andreev, 1980).

Mbalame yodyetsa imadutsa malo otsetsereka kapena mumtsinje kukafunafuna tchire laling'ono. Kusaka ndi kukhazikika kwa chidutswa chimodzi cha chakudya kumatenga pafupifupi 1.5-2 s. Wophatikiza mainchesi mu bird goiter ndi 0,9 mm (0.5-11.3) ndi average (youma) wolemera 7.4 mg (5.0-19.0) mwa amuna ndi 5.4 mg (4-16) mwa akazi. Kuchulukitsa kwa zidutswa za ndolo zamkati ndizokulirapo, 78 mg (51-115), yomwe imakwanira nthawi yowonjezera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwapeza. Mtengo wapakati wamagetsi wopezeka ndi 442.9 kJ / tsiku (207.7-439.6), wokhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezera ya 933.1 kJ / tsiku. Ngati chipale chofewa chimalola, ndiye kuti pamatenthedwe -20 ° C, magawo a tundra nthawi zonse amakhazikika kwa usiku ndi nthawi yopumula mu zipinda zofundidwa ndi chipale chofewa. Kuwotcha mu chisanu ndi chipangiziro cha kamera choterocho kumatenga pafupifupi 15 s. Pansi pa chipindacho ndi 25-27 masentimita kuchokera pamwamba ndi matalala denga 7 8-10 masentimita ndipo chipinda chotalika pafupifupi 16 cm (Andreev, 1980).

Zambiri za nyengo yozizira ya mbalame pa Franz Josef Land sizikudziwika. Ndizotheka kuti amawuluka kupita ku Spitsbergen nthawi yamdima kwambiri, chifukwa sanakumaneko pano pakati pa Okutobala 23 ndi February 12. Ku Svalbard, komwe nyengo yachisanu imakhala yofatsa pang'ono, magawo amapangira mafuta ochulukirapo pofika Novembala, mpaka 280- 300 g okhala ndi kulemera kwa amuna 900 ndi amuna 850 mwa akazi (Johnsen, 1941, Mortensen et al., 1982). Malo osungirako mafuta awa amawonongeka kwathunthu ndi masika, amadya makamaka masabata anayi oyambirira a polar usiku, pomwe masana masana (kuyatsa kupitirira 2 lux) kumatha pafupifupi maola awiri. Tundra magawo a Tundra nthawi zambiri amadya masamba a tundra pamakungu obzala, kuphatikizapo Svalbard .

Mawonekedwe

Ochepera pang'ono kuposa gawo loyera. Kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi 35 cm, kulemera kwa 430-880 g.

Partridge tundra, komanso partridge yoyera, imadziwika ndi msimu wa dimorphism.

Mitengo yanthawi yozizira ndi yoyera, kupatula nthenga zakumiyala zakunja, zakuda, ndi mzere wakuda pamunsi pa mulomo wamwamuna (chifukwa ichi ndi dzina lina - chernouska).

Ziwonetsero za chilimwe zamphongo zazimuna ndi zazikazi, kupatula nthenga zoyera, ndimotchi - ya bulauni yokhala ndi madontho akuda ndi mikwingwirima, mbalame zomata bwino pansi. Komabe, mtundu wa diresi la chilimwe umasinthasintha ndipo nthawi zonse umafanana ndi mtundu wa miyala yomwe mbalame imakhala.

Anthu ndi Ptarmigan

Nyama ya mbalameyi imakoma kwambiri, koma mtengo wamalonda ndiyochepa. Amaganiziridwa kuti ndiye gawo la tundra lomwe limatchulidwa (pansi pa dzina la Lat.peregrina lagois, lomwe ndi pepala lochokera ku Greek yakale) ku Horace ku satire II.2 monga chitsanzo chowonekera kwambiri cha zakudya zopanda mafuta kwambiri.

Grouse partridge ndiye mbalame yodziwika (chizindikiro) cha dera la Canada ku Nunavut. Kulemekeza anapiye a mbalameyi, kukhazikika kwa nkhuku ku Alaska ku USA kumatchedwa. Ku Japan, ndi "chipilala chachilengedwe" (chotetezedwa) ndipo chimasankhidwa ngati chizindikiro cha maboma atatu - Gifu, Nagano ndi Toyama. M'mapiri a Honshu, amatchedwa raicho (雷鳥) mpikisano:Bingu). Malinga ndi nthano, imateteza anthu ndi nyumba zawo ku moto ndi mabingu.

Gulu

Gawani magulu ena makumi atatu ndi atatu a ptarmigan:

• Lagopus mutus atkhensis Turner, 1882
• Lagopus mutus barguzinensis
• Lagopus mutus Captus J. L. Peters, 1934
• Lagopus mutus carpathicus
• Lagopus mutus chumbalaini A. H. Clark, 1907
• Lagopus mutus dixoni Grinnell, 1909
• Lagopus mutus evermanni Elliot, 1896
• Lagopus mutus gabrielsoni Murie, 1944
• Lagopus mutus helveticus (Thienemann, 1829)
• Lagopus mutus hyperboreus Sundevall, 1845
• Lagopus mutus Islandorum (Faber, 1822)
• Lagopus mutus japonicus A. H. Clark, 1907
• Lagopus mutus kelloggae
• Lagopus mutus komensis
• Lagopus mutus krascheninnikowi
• Lagopus mutus kurilensis Kuroda, 1924
• Lagopus mutus macrorhynchus
• Lagopus mutus millaisi Hartert, 1923
• Lagopus mutus mutus (Montin, 1781)
• Lagopus mutus nadezdae Serebrovski, 1926
• Lagopus mutus nelsoni Stejneger, 1884
• Lagopus mutus pleskei Serebrovski, 1926
• Lagopus mutus pyrenaicus Hartert, 1921
• Lagopus mutus reinhardi Stejneger, 1884
• Lagopus mutus ridgwayi Stejneger, 1884 - Commander
• Lagopus mutus rupestris (Gmelin, 1789)
• Lagopus mutus sanfordi bent, 1912
• Lagopus mutus saturatus Salomonsen, 1950
• Lagopus mutus townendi Elliot, 1896
• Lagopus mutus transbaicalicus
• Lagopus mutus welchi Brewster, 1885
• Lagopus mutus yunaskensis Gabrielson & Lincoln, 1951

Commander Tundra Partridge (Lagopus mutus ridgwayi) yalembedwa "Mndandanda wazinthu zanyama zomwe zimafunikira chisamaliro chapadera mkhalidwe wawo wachilengedwe."

Partridge (Lagopus lagopus)

Mawonekedwe M'nyengo yozizira, mtundu wa maulawo umangokhala woyera kwathunthu, mchira wokha ndi wakuda. Mu kasupe, wamwamuna ndi wamkazi amasiyana wina ndi mnzake: wamphongo amakhala woyera kwambiri, khosi ndi mutu wake ndi zofiirira, chachikazi chimakhala yoyera kwathunthu. M'chilimwe, onse amakhala ofiira, otuluka mawonekedwe, pamimba ndipo mapiko amakhala oyera, ofiira ofiira. M'nyengo yozizira, ziphuphu zimakhala zoyera.

Moyo. Partridge yoyera imakhala taiga, steppes, mapiri, tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra. Amakhala moyo wosasuntha kapena wongokhala. Ponsepa. Pofuna kukola tchire, amasankha madambo okhala ndi mbewa zokhala ndi birch spikes, mbali za m'mapiri a tundra kapena zigwa.

Chisa chokhala ngati bowo losaya chimakhazikika pansi, ndikusankha malo ouma kwambiri ndikubisala tchire. Kulakwitsa kumachitika kuyambira pakati pa Meyi, kuphatikiza mazira 6 mpaka 12, chochoperewera, komanso tint yofiirira komanso malo ambiri a bulauni. Yaikazi imakhala pachisa mwamphamvu, imatha kuyilola pafupi kwambiri, kenako imayamba "kutsogolera", ndipo yamphongo imakhalapo.

Liwu lake limakhala ngati kukuwa kwakukulu, kowopsa, pafupifupi kuseka - "kerr .. errrrrrrrrrr" ..., pomwepo amatsatiridwa "chete kibeu ... kibeu". Phula limakhala pafupifupi nthawi yonse pansi, nthawi zina kumawulukira mtengo. M'nyengo yozizira, usiku wake wonse amakhala m'manda chisanu. Amadziwa kuuluka, mwachangu, nthawi zambiri kukupiza mapiko, nthawi zina kukonzekera.

Kucokela pansi kumadzuka phokoso lalikulu. Amagwiritsa ntchito mphukira zazomera zazomera, masamba, masamba, zipatso, ndipo nthawi zina tizilombo. Ndi mtundu wamtengo wapatali wamakampani.

Mitundu yofananira. Kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera ku ptarmigan nthawi yozizira ndikuti palibe chingwe chakuda m'maso, ndipo m'chilimwe pamakhala kuchuluka kwa mithunzi yofiira mu plumage. Komabe, zazikazi sizingasiyanitsidwe kuchokera kutali.

Gulu la nkhuku. Banja la agogo. Gule.

LIFESTYLE

Tundra mapiri ndi mbalame imodzi. Chaka chonse, amakhala mosiyana, kupatula nyengo yakukhwima. Pabwalo pamakhala pathanthwe louma, lamiyala lamapiri ataliatali, nthawi zambiri pamphepete mwa nkhalangoyi, pomwe zimangomera zochepa, zokwawa. Awa ndi udzu ndi zinyalala, ndipo zitsamba zazing'ono nthawi zina zimapezeka m'miyala yamiyala. M'nyengo yozizira, magawo a tundra amatsikira m'malo otsika, pomwe mitengo wamba imakula, ndipo zitsamba zimakhala zazitali kwambiri kuti nsonga zake zimakwera pamwamba pa chipale chofewa, ndi ena mwa iwo omwe magawo a tundra amabisala. Anthu ambiri okhala ku tundra omwe amakhala ku Scotland amachita zozungulira kuchokera kumapiri kupita kumapiri a heather. Malo okhala nthawi yachilimwe komanso mbalame za nthawi yozizira nthawi zambiri zimakhala pamtunda wocheperako. Nthawi zambiri, akazi amasamukira kumalo otentha a dzuwa, pomwe amuna amakhala kumapiri ataliitali, komwe kumazizira kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, mapiri a tundra amagona usiku m'malo obisalira miyala kapena kuwombera chipale chofewa, akumangoyika mitu yawo pansi.

Kufalitsa

Mwezi wa Epulo, mapiri amasuntha kuchokera kumalo achisanu kukafika kumalo osungira nthawi yachisanu, omwe amakhala pamalo okwera kwambiri. Amuna amafika choyamba kuti azikhala m'malo abwino. Amasankha malo omwe pali mzikiti. Atakhala pamphepete, yamphongo imayang'ana oyimbirana ndi achikazi. Chowonera nthawi yamayendedwe apano ndi malo omwe mbalameyo imatulukira mlengalenga. Kwa nthawi yayitali, yamphongo imawuluka pamwamba pamtunda, kenako ndikuwuluka kwambiri, ndikulendewera kwakanthawi, kenako ndikugwera pansi - machitidwe onse awa aimuna wamakono amayenda limodzi ndi kukuwa. Poona wopikisano, mwamunayo amachoka, ndikupanga mawu ngati kuwombera. Atatulutsa mchira wake, iye akuwonetsa mwamphamvu mnzakeyo “ma eye ofiira” ndikuyenda mbali ndi mbali, kuyesera kuti asamulole.
Amuna, kupikisana, kumenya mdaniyo ndi mapiko ndi mulomo. Akakhwima, wamkazi amamanga chisa. Chidacho ndi dzenje laling'ono lomwe limazunguliridwa ndi udzu ndi nthambi. Mu clutch pali mazira 6 mpaka 13. Yaikazi imayamba kulowa mkati mwa dzira lomaliza. Wamkazi m'modzi amapanga mazira. Wamphongo, mokondweretsa, amasamala malowa. Zachikazi sizimakonda kuuluka chisa komanso kudya pang'ono. Pakatha masiku 18-20, anapiye amawombera mazira. Makolo amatengera ana awo kumanda, komwe amakhala otetezeka kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, ana angapo amaphatikizidwa kukhala gulu limodzi lalikulu. Anapiye amphukira amakula msanga.

MALANGIZO OGULITSIRA

Wamphongo amateteza mwana wake modzipereka. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yoika moyo pangozi - pakagwera nyama, imayala pansi ndikuiyiyika pafupi, kenako imalumphira modandaula kumutu wa mdaniyo, ndikupukusa mapiko ake. Nyama ikagona, anapiyewo amatha kubisala, ndipo makolo ankhandwewo amathawira patali.

Weniweni wokhala ku Arctic. Nyanjayi imakhala ngakhale kuzilumba za polar za Arctic Ocean. Kutalika kwa mbalameyi kumafika 33 cm, kumakhala kolimba. Mu nthawi ya masika, pakukhwima, amuna amatulutsa mabingu mosazungulira. Pali mazira khumi ndi awiri ndi theka mu clutch. Makolo onsewa amayendetsa anapiye - mkhalidwe wachilendo kwa anthu am'banjali. Amadya impso, masamba ndi zipatso.

DZIWANI IZI:

• Nyengo za chisanu zimakhala zowopsa kwa mbalamezi, chifukwa chake chipale chofewa chimayang'anira kuchuluka kwa zigawo za tundra.
• Atangofotokoza nkhani zakuti anapiye a tundra partridge amaphunzira kuwuluka pomwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono timasungirabe mazira. M'malo mwake, kuchokera kutali, nthenga zoyera zimawonekera pazambiri za tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
• Choopsa chachikulu m'mphepete mwa malo omwe akukhala ku Scotland chimapangidwa ndi oyendetsa ndege - mbalame zomwe zimawopa nazo zimagwera m'm zingwe zamagetsi zamphamvu kwambiri ndikufa.

NKHANI ZOCHULUKA ZA TUNDRA MUTU

Ndege: Pakatikati, yamphongo imathawa ndikuuluka - imawuluka cham'mwamba ndikuwuluka pamwamba pamtunda, kenako imakwera m'mwamba mwamtondo wa 10-15, ndikulendewera mlengalenga.

Ziwonetsero za chilimwe: wofiirira wakuda wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda, utoto wam'maso umaphimba mbalame pansi, thupi lamunsi limakhalabe loyera.

Mazira: m'malo mwake ndi achikaso chachikulu, chikaso chachikuda ndi malo akulu akuda.

Mapaamu ozizira: loyera, malire a mchira yekha ndi amene amakhala akuda. Wamphongo amakhala ndi tambala wakuda kuyambira kumaso mpaka pakamwa. Nthenga zanthete zoyera zimateteza mbalame ku kuzizira ndipo zimadziphimba.

Paws: zazikulu. M'nyengo yozizira, amaphimbidwa ndi nthenga kumaluka. Izi zimathandizira kuti mbalame iziyenda mchisanu.

- Opanga tundra partridge
PAMENE AMAKHALA

Alaska, kumpoto kwa Canada, Iceland, dera la Scandinavia, zisumbu za Svalbard, kumpoto kwa Siberia mpaka Nyanja ya Bering, zilumba za kumpoto ndi pakati pa Kuril, Japan (Honshu Island), Scotland, Pyrenees ndi Alps.

KUTETEZA NDI KUPULUMUTSA

Partridge tundra imakhala m'malo ovuta kufikira, chifukwa chake safunikira chitetezo chapadera. Kuchulukanso ku mapiri a Alps, koma kuchuluka kwa anthu pano ndiotsika kwambiri.

01.06.2017

Partridge ptarmigan (lat. Lagopus mutus) ndi wa banja la Fasanov (lat. Phasianidae). Mbalameyi imasinthidwa kuti ikhale moyo m'malo ovuta a lamba wapansi. A Japan amakhulupirira kuti amatha kubweretsa bingu, chifukwa chake amachilemekeza ndi ulemu waukulu ndipo apanga kukhala chisonyezo cha maboma a Gifu, Nagano ndi Toyama omwe ali pachilumba cha Honshu.

Mu zakudya za ku Iceland, mbalame yokongola imakhala pamalo apadera olemekezeka. Omwe ali paulendo wodziwika bwino wa Maulendo okonda kukondwerera amakonda kudya nyama zowawa pamatchuthi. Mu 2003, boma la Iceland lidaletsa kusaka izi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa anthu. Kuletsedwa kunaputa mkwiyo wa osankhidwa.

Idasinthidwa patatha zaka zingapo ndikupeza kukhudzana komwe kumayenerera aliyense. Tsopano a Iceland ali ndi ufulu wowombera masewera omwe amawakonda kuyambira Okutobala mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Disembala, koma kuyambira Lachisanu mpaka Lamlungu.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

M'nyengo yozizira, zakudya zimakhala ndi masamba ndi masamba a mbewu, omwe amatha kupezeka pansi pa matalala. Kwenikweni ndi shiksha (Empetrum) ndi calcium yabodza (Kalmia procumbres). Udindo wofunikira mu zakudya zam'mimba umapangidwanso ndi polar willow (Salix polaris) ndi wamtali birch (Betula nana).

Kumpoto kwa Europe, mbalame zimadya mphukira za mabulosi wamba (Vaccinium uliginosum), ndi ku Scotland heather (Calluna vulgaris) ndi saxifrage (Saxifraga).

M'chilimwe, chakudyacho chimakhala chosiyanasiyana ndi nthangala zilizonse zomwe zimapezeka, zipatso, masamba ndi maluwa. Chakudya cha nyama chomwe chidachokera sichimakhalamo. Ngakhale anapiye amakonda kutsatira zakudya zamasamba.

Zisanu

Kuphatikizika ndi luso la uinjinizi zimathandizira mbalamezo kupulumuka nyengo yozizira. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, amasonkhana m'magulu, omwe amatha kupitirira 300 anthu. Kupulumuka muzovuta kwambiri kumayendetsedwa ndi kufunafuna kophatikizana kwa chakudya ndi kutentha kwapaulendo.

Panthawi yazakudya, zoweta nthawi zambiri zimagwera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Aliyense wa iwo amakhala gawo lalikulu, zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wodyetsa isanayambike masika.

Mbalame zimabisala kuzizira m'mzipinda za chisanu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimamangidwa pakati pa zitsamba. Pansi pake pakuya masentimita 25-28 kuchokera pamwamba pa matalala. Pomanga nyumba yogona, omanga aluso amafunika masekondi 15-20 okha.

Kuswana

Partridge tundra amakonda kubereka chaka ndi chiwiri mabanja. Yaimuna imapeza malo oyenera kubereka, ndipo yaikazi imamanga chisa pamenepo ndikuwonetsa ana. Kusiyana kwake ndi zigawo za Far North, komwe chiwerengero cha akazi chimakhala chokulirapo. Zachikazi ziwiri kapena zitatu zimayang'anira gawo limodzi nthawi imodzi.

Komabe, mutu wa abusa amatenga chidwi ndi m'modzi yekha wosankhidwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri samamva chidwi ndi enawo. Zotsatira zake, nthawi zambiri amakhala osabereka ndipo amangochokera kuti akhale osakwatiwa, ndikupanga magulu awo osakwatirana.

Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba kuyambira Epulo mpaka Juni. Madzulo kapena usiku, amuna omwe ali kutsogolo kwa akazi amayamba kuchita. Atatulutsa mchira, amawongola mapiko ndikuwatsitsa. Ena mwa iwo amatulutsa zonena zowona, ena amayembekeza mwakachetechete zomwe oimira akazi kapena amuna anzawo angachite.

Chisa ndi nkhawa yaying'ono pakati pa miyala kapena zitsamba, yomwe imamangidwa ndi udzu ndi fluff, kapena nthawi zambiri imangophimbidwa pang'ono ndi zomanga zomanga zomwe zimabwera.

Mu clutch pali mazira 3 kapena 11 otuwa kapena opepuka a bulauni omwe ali ndi mawanga amdima. Incubation imatengera nyengo komanso malo. Kumpoto, kumatenga masiku 21, ndipo kumwera kwa masiku 2-3.

Tambala satenga nawo gawo makulidwe. Amakwera mwala, phiri kapena mtengo wapafupi ndipo amakonza zolemba, pomwe amayang'anitsitsa chilichonse chochitika. Wampikisano akafika, amathamangira mwachangu ndipo, pogwiritsa ntchito mphindi yodabwitsayo, amayesa kuthamangitsa wopikisana ndi malire.

Abambo ambiri atawoneka anapiye ataya chidwi ndi zinthu zoterezi ndipo atakwaniritsa chilichonse, amapita molt. Koma pali ena omwe amakhalabe okhulupirika kuudindo wa makolo ndikupitiliza kuteteza ana awo.

Anapiye oswedwa, atawuma kale, asiya chisa ndikupita ndi amayi awo kukafunafuna ndalama. Pambuyo pa milungu iwiri amadziwa kale kuuluka mtunda wautali. Amakhala odziyimira pawokha m'miyezi ya 2,5, pomwe oimira anthu akumpoto amatukuka kwambiri kuposa anzawo akumwera. Amakhala okhwima pakufika zaka zakubadwa.

Kusamukira

Zochitika izi sizitchulidwa kawirikawiri kuposa momwe zimakhalira ndi gawo loyera, koma mu ena mwa arctic tundra kuchuluka kwa kayendedwe ka nyengo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunika kwambiri. M'dera la Nyanja ya Taimyr, ndege zazikulu za nthawi yophukira zimachitika pakati pa Seputembara 18 ndi Okutobala 4, koma pambuyo pawo mbalame zochepa zimatsalira nyengo yachisanu. Zikuwuluka Nyanja ya Taimyr, magulu amtunda amakwera m'mwamba. Kusunthira chakumpoto kumpoto sikuthamanga kwambiri ndipo kumatenga nthawi yayitali.

Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Taimyr ndi Gydan, tundra amawonekera dzuwa litayamba kuwonekera, pakati pa February 5 ndi 25 (Sdobnikov, 1957). Ndege zazitali kwambiri mu USSR ndizokayikitsa kupitirira 500 km. Makamaka, mbalame zochokera ku Gydan tundra m'mbali mwa mtsinje. Taz fikani ku Arctic Circle. Zilumba zonse zomwe zili pakatikati kochepa ndizongokhala. Pazilumba za Polar bas, magawo amatha kutha nthawi yozizira (zisumbu zaku Canctan Arctic), kapena amasuntha kwambiri pachilumba chomwecho (Greenland), kapena archipelagos (Svalbard). M'mphepete mwa Greenland, zimawuluka mpaka 1,000 km kapena kuposa (Salomonsen, 1950).

Habitat

Malo okhala otchuka kwambiri nthawi yotentha ndi miyala yamiyala tundra, yokhala ngati yopanda miyala, yokhala ndi udzu kapena chophimba cha mossy. Amasankha malo omwewo m'mapiri, pomwe amakhala m'malire am'mapiri ndi mapiri ndipo amasinthana ndi miyala ikuluikulu, miyala ndi miyala. M'malo oterowo, ngakhale malo omwe chipale chofewa chimagona, zimatha pofika Ogasiti. Utoto wamitundu yotentha wa tundra umagwirizana bwino ndi utoto wamiyala yomwe imakutidwa ndi mawanga a lichen. Pazilumba zingapo zam'nyanja (Kuril, Commander, Aleutian) amapezekanso m'malo otentha okhala ndi udzu wokhala ndi udzu komanso tchire, koma amakonda kukhala pamiyala yamiyala yopanda miyala.

Mitengo yayikulu kwambiri ya khungubwi ndi hummocky moss tundra, yomwe imakondedwa ndi gawo loyera ndi tundra, imapewedwa mwachangu, ndipo mu Japan Alps a ku Japan nthawi zina imakhala m'malo m'nkhalango zazing'ono za mkungudza. M'nyengo yozizira, kusintha kwakukulu kwa malo okhala, kumakhala limodzi ndi malo ena ndi ndege zenizeni. Koma m'malo ambiri osamukasamuka kwakanthawi kochepa sikusiyana pamlingo waukulu. Kusankha malo okhala nthawi yozizira kumatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi kupezeka kwa chakudya - mwina zitsamba zingapo m'malo omwe muli chipale chofewa (chotchedwa "kuwomba"), kapena masamba obzala mitengo m'nkhalango-tundra kapena subalpine zone.

Ziwonetsero zazimuna

Wamphongo amakhala ndi maula oyera ngati chipale chofewa. Nthenga zokha zokha ndizotsalira zakuda (kupatula mbali yapakati), ndi mzere kuchokera pakona kwa mulomo mpaka kumaso, mlomo wokha komanso ziswanu. Chapakatikati, kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi khosi, nthenga zoyera zimasinthidwa ndi mtundu wakuda, ndipo mzere wakuda umakhala wosaoneka. Mutu wokhala ndi mapewa umaphimbidwanso ndi nthenga zofiirira komanso zofiirira.

Mitundu ya zovala za chilimwe za abambo zimawonekera kwathunthu mu khumi omaliza a Julayi. Nthawi imeneyi, pafupifupi mbalame zambiri zimaphimba nthenga zakuda, zofiirira, zofiirira komanso zofiirira. Kumbuyo, njira yamikwingwirima yopingasa imawonekera bwino. Nthenga yoyera yozizira imatha kuwonekera pamimba.

Zovala zachikazi

Zovala zachisanu. Kupatula kumeneko ndi akazi okhaokha omwe amakhala ku Greenland ndi Svalbard. Amasunga chingwe chakuda kuyambira mulomo mpaka m'makona amaso. Nthenga za chilimwe zimakhala ndi utoto wokongola kwambiri. Kumbuyo kumakhala kwakuda kwambiri, ndipo malire a nthenga zonse ndi zoyera.

Malamba apical adapakidwa utoto wachikasu. Mitambo yopyapyala imakhala yodziwika kwambiri m'dera lumbar, khosi komanso dera la epigastric. Pansi pa thupi pali chopepuka chifukwa cha malire oyera oyera ndi mikwingwirima yachikasu.

Gawo lakuda kwambiri la thupi ndi tsekwe. Ngakhale mtundu wa chilimwe, zazikazi zimasunganso nthenga zoyera nyengo yachisanu pamimba ndi miyendo. Zovala pazovala zokha ndizodziwikiratu. Mulinso nthenga za nthawi yozizira, chilimwe komanso yophukira. Nthenga zakunyanja zimakonda makamaka kumbuyo, chifuwa ndi khosi. Amakhala othinana kwambiri kuposa nthawi yotentha, ali ndi mikwingwirima yofiirira kapena yofiirira.

The kuchuluka kwazinthu zazing'ono zazimayi

Chovala choyambirira cha yophukira cha nyama zazing'ono ndizokongola kwambiri. Chifuwa chakumunsi ndi khosi ndi imvi, ndipo pamimba chimayera. Gawo lakumunsi la chifuwa ndi mbali zake zili ndi nthenga za nthawi yophukira. Pafupifupi nthenga zonse zimakhala ndi mtundu wamtambo wamtundu wamtundu wamtambo kapena taupe. Pakhosi ndi m'mbali mwa khosi, nthenga zimakongoletsedwa ndikufalitsa mawanga oyera ndi zonona. Utoto wa pachifuwa chapamwamba komanso kumbuyo kwakumodzimodzi ndi khosi.

Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mitundu iwiri ya zokutira mchira:

1. Woyamba - imvi, ndikuchepetsa pang'ono chikasu.
2. Yachiwiri imasiyanitsidwa ndi bulauni lalikulu, imvi komanso yakuda komanso yopyapyala yoyera-kachikasu.

Nthenga zomwe zimayamba kumera, mapangidwe ake ndiwosakhwima. Pambuyo pake ena amakhala ndi malire ofewa a utoto. Mapikowo ali utoto ndi utoto pang'ono ndi malire oyera. Nthenga zobisika zamkati nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mikwaso yachikasu ndi yakuda pamaso achikasu.

Zowona zosadziwika kuchokera ku moyo wamakapu

Pali zinthu zingapo zosangalatsa mu moyo wa ma tundra magawo. Woyamba wa iwo, ndi miyendo yawo yolimba, mbalame zimatha kuthyola chipale chofewa kwambiri posaka chakudya. Amakonda kusaka mbewu ndi mizu m'malo a chipale chofewa, koma ngati zingafunikire amatha kupirira 30 cm cm ofunda chipale chofewa.

Mdani akaonekera, safuna kuuluka. Mbalame zimachita dzanzi. Vutoli lilinso ndi dzina lasayansi - dyskinesia. Njira zodzitchinjiriza nthawi zambiri zimapulumutsa moyo wawo.

Kufotokozera kwake ndikosavuta: m'nyengo yozizira, mbalame yakufa ndiyovuta kusiyanitsa ndi chisanu. Mtundu oyera umaphatikizika ndi pamwamba.

Kutentha kwakuthupi kwa mbalame ndi 45 ° C, komwe sikumatsika ndi izi ngakhale mu ozizira kwambiri. Nkhuku imakhala ndi michere yambiri nthawi yozizira. Ndiwachuma ndi ma ayoni acid opindulitsa.

Chiwerengero

Sichikhala chokwera ngati mapiri oyera (Gome 9), mpaka mbalame 60-80 pamtunda wa chikwi ndi 80-120 m'malo omwe amakhala. Amakhulupirira kuti kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kumasinthasintha ndi nthawi ya zaka 10, koma pakadalibe idatha pazomwezi (Jenkins, Watson, 1970, Gudmundsson, 1972, Weeden, Theberge, 1972).

Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku, machitidwe

Zomwe zimachitika tsiku ndi tsiku zimafanana ndi za nyama zam'mbuyomu, koma nthawi yakukhwima, anyani aamuna amayenda mwamphamvu kwambiri. Misewu ya Tundra ndi mbalame zodyetsa, koma popanda zina (kayendedwe ka nyengo ku Taimyr, Greenland) sizipanga magulu akulu akulu ngati malo oyera. M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, mbalame zimangokhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ndipo ngakhale awiriawiri kumwera kwa masanjidwewo, nthawi yotentha amuna amapanga magulu osiyana a mbalame zosungunuka, ndipo zazikazi zokhala ndi ana zimasiyanitsidwa, ngakhale kumapeto kwa chilimwe ana angapo amaphatikizidwa kukhala gulu limodzi.

Nthawi zambiri amagona pansi kapena chipale chofewa - pamalo apamwamba kapena matalala.

Adani, zovuta

Adani a tundra partridge ndi adani onse akuluakulu, skuas ndi gull akuluakulu. Zowonongeka zazikulu pamitundu yambiri zimayambitsidwa ndi nkhandwe za ku Arctic, ngakhale palibe chidziwitso chokwanira pankhaniyi. Ponseponse, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti chifukwa cha kuchuluka kocheperako kwa anthu kuposa zomwe zimachitika pang'onopang'ono, kuwonongeka kochokera kwa olusa ndikochepa kwambiri.

Mwa zina zoyipa, kusuntha kwa nyengo yozizira kwambiri yozizira kwambiri ndi chipale chofewa chamadzulo (Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, 1959) zidadziwika, ngakhale chiwonetsero chachikulu cha chisanu mu beseni la Kolyma sichidakhudze kuchuluka kwa mbalame (Andreev, 1980).

Mtengo wachuma, chitetezo

Popeza zimagawidwa mokwanira komanso moyenera m'malo okhala ovutikirapo kwambiri kumpoto kwa Holarctic, mtunduwu ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri kumalo azikhalidwe zakumpoto ngati chakudya kwa ogulitsa ambiri. Mwa zina zam'mbuyomu mulinso mitundu yachilendo kwambiri, yosiyanasiyana monga gyrfalcon, komanso yofunika kwambiri malonda monga nkhandwe ya Arctic.

Monga chinthu chosaka ndikusodza, tundra partridge ndi yotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi yoyera, makamaka chifukwa chosakhalapo kwambiri komanso malo okhala nthawi yachisanu m'malo ovuta kufikirako anthu. M'malo ambiri, monga tawonetsera kale, nyanjayo imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwake, koma m'malo momwe mumakhala anthu, imawonongeka mwachangu. Komanso, kudalirika komwe kumachitika m'maganizo komanso kusowa kwa mantha amunthu kumapangitsa kuti izi zitheke kuti zidzasungidwa m'malo omwe munthu sangaphunzirepo.