Sviyaz - imodzi mwa mbalame zotchuka kwambiri zakumpoto. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa whistler, fistula, kapena scum. Bakha adadzipatsa dzina ndendende chifukwa chokhoza kupanga mawu osazolowereka omwe amakhala ngati mzungu.

Amakhala kudera lamapiri a kumpoto kwa nkhalango ndi tundra, ndipo nyengo yozizira imakhala m'malo ofunda - ku South Asia, East Africa, Indochina. Abakha a Svayazi amakhala m'matumba akulu, motero ndizosatheka kuti mukakumana nawo limodzi. Nthawi zina, anthu amatha kupitilira masauzande angapo. Abakha amasonkhana m'malo obiriwira, m'mphepete mwa minda ndi minda.

Maonekedwe a bakha

Bakha ali ndi kukula kwakukulu, komwe ndi kachiwiri kokha ku mallards. Mbalameyi ndi yotalika masentimita 45-50 ndipo imakhala ndi mapiko a masentimita 75-85. Ili ndi khosi lalifupi, mchira woongoka komanso mkamwa wamfupi.

Chimodzi mwazinthuzi chimatha kutchedwa kuti mphumi yayikulu ya bakha sviyazi, komanso mikwingwirima yoyera pamapiko. Thupi la mbalameyo limakhala louma komanso lozungulira. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa sviyazi wamwamuna ndi magalamu 600-1000, ndipo akazi - 500-900 magalamu.

Bakha wamtchire wachimuna ali ndi mawonekedwe okongola. Ali ndi mutu wamatumbo wokhala ndi chingwe chagolide, m'mimba yoyera, sternum yofiirira, pamwamba pamaso, mchira wakuda ndi mbali.

Nthenga zazing'ono zomwe zili m'munsi mwa mapiko a bakha, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa magalasi, amaponyedwa mumtambo wachikasu ndi zobiriwira, ndipo mapewa, okongoletsedwa ndi mawanga oyera, amachititsa kuti mbalameyo ikhale yochulukirapo komanso yowoneka.

Mlomo wake uli ndi mtundu wopanda malire ndi m'mphepete wakuda, ndipo miyendo imachita imvi. Akazi a Svayazi amakhala odziletsa mu zovala zawo. Imayimiriridwa ndi ma toni ofiira, kuwapanga kukhala osawoneka mwachilengedwe.

Mawu apadera a mbalame

Kubowola kwa namsongole kumamveka ngakhale patali kwambiri, komwe timatha kuwasiyanitsa ndi mbalame zina zosamukira. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwala kowoneka bwino kwamapulogalamu komanso mawu achilendo. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti, amuna ndi akazi amapanga mawu osiyanasiyana. Munthawi wamba, abakha aamuna amakhala ndi mawu osokosera komanso osalala ngati "svii-u" kapena "pii-u", amafanana ndi likhweru kapena mawu omwe chidole cha mphira chimapanga.

Munthawi yakukhwima, mawu a banjali amasintha pang'ono, amawonjezera manotsi apadera. Amuna amatcha chachikazi ndi kufuula kwa "frri-ruu" kapena "svii-ru". Abakha achikazi amayankha modandaula, kukumbutsa mawu a "Kerr".

Mawonekedwe a mbalame zoweta

Oimira achichepere abakha amtchire ali okonzeka kulenga ana kale mchaka choyamba cha moyo. Nthawi zina, zazikazi sizimakwatirana, kudikirira chilimwe chotsatira. Izi zimabweretsa chakuti gawo lina la abakha amapangika m'dzinja asanawuluke kupita ku kutentha, ndipo gawo linalo nthawi yomweyo amathawa. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimabwereranso kumalo awo okhalamo awiriawiri.

Kwa mbalame zokhala nesting zimasankha malo obisika munkhalango za udzu kapena zitsamba za chaka chatha. Yaikazi imamanga chisa, chomwe chili mu dzenje lakuya masentimita 5-7. Pomanga, bakha amagwiritsa ntchito fluff yake. Nthawi kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi mpaka pakati pa mwezi wa Juni, yaikazi imayikira mazira, pomwe pafupifupi pali mazira 6-10 m'mphepete.

Masiku oyamba kukamenyedwa, bakha amphongo amakhala pafupi ndi achikazi, koma patapita kanthawi amachotsedwapo nthawi yosungunuka. Kenako ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Siberia, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya Volga ndi Ural.

Wamkazi svazi amasodza mazira pafupifupi masiku 25.

Maola angapo atangoonekera, makanda amawuma ndikutsatira amayi awo. Ali ndi maso ndi makutu otseguka, amasambira ndikuthamanga bwino, akuphunzira kuyang'ana chakudya masiku oyamba amoyo. Anapiye ang'onoang'ono abakha amatha kuuluka pawokha ali ndi zaka 40-45. Nthawi imeneyi, ana amasungika. Mbalame zimasonkhana kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, pomwe zimawulukira kumadera otentha nthawi yachisanu.

Malo abakha amtchire

Sviyaz amakhala kudera la Russia, Scandinavia, North Caucasus ndi Finland. Mutha kuwazindikiranso ku Iceland ndi kuzilumba zoyandikana ndi gombe la Arctic. Nthawi zambiri, magulu akuluakulu a mbalame amatha kuwonedwa m'malo a taiga, ndipo ku Europe samapezeka. Chipululu chosaneneka chimapezeka pa Nyanja ya Baikal, kumwera kwa mapiri a Altai, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk, m'malo a Palearctic ndi Kamchatka.

Kwa bakha wa nesting amasankha zitsime zosaya ndi pansi pamatope. Chofunika ndicho kupezeka kwa masamba ambiri, kuti mbalame imve yotetezeka. Ichi ndichifukwa chake duckweed imatha kuwonedwa m'malo am'madzi, madambo kapena nyanja.

M'nyengo yozizira, abakha amasonkhana m'magulu ndipo amawuluka kupita kumadera akutali komanso kotentha. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala kumadzulo kwa Europe, madera akumwera kwa Japan ndi Asia, Mediterranean.

Abakha zamasamba

Sviyaz - mbalame yomwe imadya chakudya chomera. Amatha kupeza chakudya osati m'madzi okha, komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Zakudya za Svayazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala motere:

• mababu ndi mizu yazomera zam'madzi,
• mphukira
• masamba obiriwira
• mbewu
• odandaula,
• zitsamba zosiyanasiyana
• njere.

Zakudya zokhala ndi moyo zimapezekanso muzakudya za bakha, ngakhale ndizochepa. Amayimilidwa ndi dzombe, mphutsi, ma mollusks, nsomba za nsomba ndi tadpoles.

Nthawi zambiri, bakha amadya masana. Komabe, m'malo ena, malo ogulitsira amatha kusefukira madzi akamasefukira. Kenako chakudya chimasinthidwa ndipo nkhuku imadyetsa m'mawa kapena usiku.

Zina zosangalatsa

Sviyaz sakonda kusambira, koma m'zakudya zake nthawi zambiri pamakhala ma rhizomes ndi udzu wokoma, womwe umamera pansi pamtsinje. Mbalame zanzeru zimagwiritsa ntchito chithandizo chamunthu wina popanda kudzipatula pazokha pansi pamadzi. Squid imatha kupezeka pafupi ndi nsomba, pomwe imatenga zakudya zotsalira kuchokera pamadzi.

Njira yosungunulira ya Svyazi ndiyitali kwambiri, koma nthawi yonseyi siyitaya kuuluka. Izi ndizotheka chifukwa chakuti nthenga za bakha zimayamba kuchoka pang'onopang'ono, osati zonse nthawi imodzi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zizitha kukula ndi kulola mbalameyo kuuluka. Mwa oimira ena abakha amtchire, njira yosungunula imakhala yachangu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake akudikirira nthawi yowopsa m'matayilo akulu popanda kuwuluka.

Kutalika kwa mbalame kumakhala ndi zaka 15 ngati amakhala mu ukapolo. Muzolengedwa zachilengedwe, abakha amakhala ochepa kwambiri ndipo samakhala zaka zopitilira 2-3. Sviyaz ndiyofunika kwambiri pamafakitale. Nthawi zambiri amakwiririka nthawi yachisanu, akakumana m'magulu akuluakulu. Bakha imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazabwino kwambiri pankhani ya nyama.

Mbalame ndizofala kwambiri m'chilengedwe chawo. Malo omwe amakhala amapitilira makilomita 10 miliyoni. Pamalo pano, pafupifupi, anthu 2.8-3.3 miliyoni omwe amapezeka m'manja mwa abakha amapezeka.

ZONSE ZABWINO

Sviyaz - bakha wowonda kwambiri. Mbalameyi imadyera makamaka masamba obiriwira, mababu ndi ma rhizomes a zomera zam'madzi. Pafupipafupi, sviyazi amadya mbewu za chomera ndi chakudya cha nyama. Zakudya za nyama, mbalame zimadyera makamaka ma bulu ndi dzombe. Zomwe mbalamezi zimadya zimatengera nyengo yakudyera m'dera lomwe amakhala.

Bakha nthawi zambiri amadya masana. Komabe, m'malo omwe malo osungirako nyama zimasefukira ndi kusefukira kwamphamvu masana, chipululu chimadyetsa m'mawa ndi madzulo. Ngati mbalamezi zimakhala pafupi ndi anthu, amakakamizidwa kupita kukadyetsa usiku. Chakudya chomwe ndimakonda kwambiri m'chipululu ndi zomera zam'madzi zam'madzi zomwe zimamera m'madzi amchere m'mbali mwa nyanja. Gawo la chakudya cha mbalameyi limapezeka m'mphepete mwa udzu wanyanja zatsopano. Nthawi zina svyazi amadyetsa madzi osaya, pomwe iwo, monga mallards, amizidwa m'madzi kuti alowe pansi pamadzi. Komabe, amagwiritsa ntchito njira yotengera chakudya nthawi zambiri kuposa abakha ena.

LIFESTYLE

Kupatula nyengo yocheperako, chipululu nthawi zambiri chimapezeka m'madambo pafupi ndi gombe kapena nyanja. Nthawi zina pali magulu ang'onoang'ono a abakha awa, nthawi zina, mumatha kuwona magulu akulu a anyani, okhala ndi mazana a mbalame.

Masana, svziwa nthawi zambiri amagona, akusunthira mafunde. Mbalame zimachoka pamadzi pambuyo pobalalika mwachidule ndikuwuluka mosiyanasiyana, m'magulu osawerengeka. Mbalame zina zimatha nthawi yozizira kumnyanja zikuluzikulu, madamu ndi mitsinje, kulowa pansi. Padziko lapansi, abakha awa amayenda mwachangu kuposa mitundu ina ya abakha.

Kufalitsa

Kumpoto kwa Europe, chisa cha svwazi pafupi ndi nyanja zopanda madzi okhala ndi masamba ambiri. Amuna amasamalira kwambiri akazi mu Epulo ndi Meyi. Pakukhwima, zimayambitsa nthenga pamutu posonyeza kuwoneka, kowoneka bwino pamutu. Zovina zaphokoso zimaphatikizidwa ndi mkokomo waukulu, womwe mbalame zimatchula dzina. Akakhwima, wamkazi amayamba kupanga chisa chosaya, chomwe amachiyika pansi pafupi ndi dziwe. Amakulunga chisa ndi masamba, masamba ndi fluff, omwe ali m'mphepete mwa chisa ndi wodzigudubuza.

Bakha amayikira mazira oyera 7 mpaka asanu ndi atatu. Yachikazi yokha imalowetsa mazira. Tsitsi lomenyera mazira limakhala chochepera tsiku limodzi mchisa. Akangowuma, mayiwo amawasamutsira kusungira. Ali ndi zaka 42-45, anapiyewo ali kale pampiko.

MALANGIZO OTHANDIZA

M'mphepete mwa Central Europe, magulu a maiwe amapezeka kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka Novembala. Pokonzekera kuuluka kupita kumalo awo okhalamo, mbalamezi zimalumikizana pagulu lalikulu ndikukhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yayikulu, pamadziwe, madamu ndi m'mayiwe, makamaka m'malo osungira zachilengedwe. Svziwa pamodzi ndi mbalame zina (atsekwe wakuda) amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'matanthwe omwe amakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi - apa mbalame zimakulunga nthawi yachisanu. Nthawi zina amatha kupezeka m'gulu lomwelo ndi mbalame monga swans kapena pintail. Ku Central Europe, mitundu ya m'chipululu ku Mecklenburg. M'mbuyomu, malo osungira mbalamezi anali pafupi ndi Mtsinje wa Altmühl. Pakatundu wake, kuchuluka kwa mitolo ndilokulirapo.

DZIWANI IZI:

• Sviyaz ndiyofunika kwambiri pamafakitale. Ambiri mwa mbalamezi amagwidwa nthawi yachisanu, pomwe amapanga masango ambiri. Amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wa sviyaz wa nyama - imodzi mwa abakha abwino.
• Mwamunayo ali ndi dzina loti mayimidwe opangidwa ndi amuna. Ku Germany, mbalameyi imatchedwa "bakha wamphepo." M'madera ena ku England, tsitsi limatchedwa "bakha." Dzinali lidawonekeranso m'zaka za m'ma 1800 pomwe, chifukwa chaching'ono, ma wigs adagulitsidwa m'masitolo kwa theka la mtengo wa bakha wamba.
• Chizungu chamakono cha Sviyaz pakati pa XVII m'ma 100 amatanthauza "simpleton." Svayazi ali nalo dzinali chifukwa anali osavuta kuwasaka.

NKHANI ZOSAVUTA ZA KULALIKIRA. KULAMBIRA

Mwamuna: imatha kuzindikiridwa ndi mutu wa mgoza wokhala ndi mkombero wotumbululuka wotambasuka kuyambira mulomo mpaka chisoti chachifumu. Nthenga ndi nthenga zopindika za mapikowo ndi imvi ndi timiyendo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayenderera, kumbuyo kuli koyera. Nthenga za pinki zimayang'ana pachifuwa, ndipo chovala chakuda chimakhala chakuda. M'mitundu yambiri, kuyambira mwezi wa Juni mpaka Okutobala kapena Novembala, kambowo amafanana ndi wamkazi. Mawonekedwe oyera pamapiko a mwana wamwamuna amawoneka mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo.

Chachikazi: thupi lakumwambako nthawi zambiri limakhala loyera. Mapiko ake ndi imvi. Mawonekedwe owala, otumbululuka, owoneka bwino amasoza kumutu ndi chifuwa. Mphumi wamba pamphumi yayitali ndipo mchira wowongoka kwambiri kuposa wamalonda.

Mlomo: wamfupi komanso wonenepa kuposa mitundu ina ya bakha. Amagwira ntchito yosankha mbewu.

Ndege: pakuuluka, mchira wosongoka ndi m'mimba yoyera zikuwoneka bwino. Mu zimphona zouluka, mawanga oyera pamapiko amatha kuwoneka.

- Chaka chonse
- Kukazizira
- Kukongoletsa

PAMENE AMAKHALA

Sviyaz, kuwonjezera pagombe la zilumba za Arctic komanso zoyandikana nayo, zisa ku Iceland, North Europe ndi kumpoto kwa Asia. Nyengo yotentha kumadzulo kwa Europe, Mediterranean, kumwera kwa Asia ndi Japan.

KUTETEZA NDI KUPULUMUTSA

Ku Western Europe, madambo omwe svziwa amasunga nthawi yozizira nthawi zonse amachepetsedwa.