Sakhalin Oblast (87.1,000 km2) ili kum'mawa kwenikweni kwa Russia ndipo imagwirizanitsa zilumba za Sakhalin, Moneron ndi Tyuleniy ndi zitunda ziwiri za zilumba za Kuril.
Kutalika kwakukulu kwa zisumbu kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera kumapereka chikhalidwe cha Sakhalin ndinasuta mawonekedwe osiyananso. Kumpoto kwa Sakhalin, moss tundra ndi elfin ya mkungudza amapezeka, ndipo kumwera, nsungwi yotentha imakula kale.
Sakhalin ndi zilumba za Kuril zili m'malire a nyanja komanso nyanja yamchere ndipo akumanabe ndi njira zamphamvu zopangira mapiri. Madera atatu alionse m'chigawo chonsechi amakhala ndi mapiri, omwe akupitiliza kukula kwawo, akuphatikizidwa ndi kuphulika kwa mapiri ndi kugwedezeka kwa nyanja.
Chikhalidwe cha Sakhalin
Sakhalin chilumba chachikulu kwambiri ku Russia, chachitali kupitirira 900 km. kuchokera Kumpoto mpaka Kumwera. Kutalika kwa chisumbu sikupitilira 160 km. M'mphepete mwa chilumbachi nthawi zina pamakhala mapiri, kenako mapiri komanso otsetsereka. Sakhalin ali ndi mapiri ataliitali, malo okwera kwambiri pachilumbachi ndi Mount Lopatin (1609 m). Zilumba ndi malo otsika amapanga kotala pachilumbachi.
Khalidwe pogoda Sakhalin - Mphepo zowuluka pafupipafupi komanso chinyezi chachikulu. M'nyengo yotentha, mvula ndi nkhungu zimaphukira, ndipo nyengo yozizira ndiyomwe imayambitsa kuzizira kwambiri kwa chipale chofewa (mpaka mphindi 20 ° С kumpoto kwa chilumbacho). Kutentha kwapakati pa Ogasiti kumwera kwa chilumbacho ndi 16 ° С-18 ° С.
Pali mitsinje yambiri ndi nyanja ku Sakhalin. Mitsinje yayikulu ndi Tym ndi Poronai, ndipo yayikulu kwambiri Nyanja ya Sakhalin-Busse, Wawai, Changeable, Tunaycha. Sakhalin Nkhalango khalani 2/3 m'gawo lake. Kumpoto kwa chilumbachi, tawuni iyi ndi yowoneka bwino kwambiri yochokera ku Daurian larch, kum'mwera kwa nkhalango zachilengedwe kuchokera ku Ayan spruce, Sakhalin fir ndi Mayr fir. Nkhalango kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa chilumbachi ndizosiyanasiyana, pomwe conifers amakhala pafupi ndi Chimongoli ndi curly oak, Sakhalin velvet, mtengo wa yew, dimorphant, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamabodza. Pamalo okwera m'mapiri, nkhalango zowirira zimasinthidwa ndi nkhalango zamiyala. Malo otsegulira pachilumbachi amakhala ndi mitengo, ndipo madzi osaya pansi pamadzi amapezeka pansi pa mitengo yopezeka pachaka.
Flora Sakhalin ili ndi mitundu yoposa 1100 yazomera, kuphatikiza endemic to Sakhalin. Zofunika kwambiri kudziwa ndi zitsamba zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimakula kwambiri.
Olemera ndi fauna a Sakhalin. Pano pakhala: chimbalangondo, chingwe, gologolo wouluka, otchi, hare yoyera, mbewa zazimbalangondo, mphalapala, lynx, wolverine, nkhandwe, nkhwawa, nsapato Pali mitundu yambiri ya mbalame. Sakhalin marine fauna amadziwika ndi mitundu yapadera yamitundu. Zachilengedwe zokha Sakhalin ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe a Poronaysky.
Zachilengedwe zachilengedwe Sakhalin sout:
- Volcano yamatope pafupi ndi Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk,
- mafuta akasupe ndi mchere ku Gulf of Dagi ndi Sinegorye,
- chimanga, miyala ndi miyala yam'mphepete mwa Schmidt (kumpoto kwa chilumbachi),
- manda okhala ndi mitu iwiri ya Mount Vajda ndi Vaydinskaya (kumapeto kwa mitsinje Melkaya ndi Vitnitsa),
- Cape Giant pagombe la Nyanja ya Okhotsk,
- Cape Crillon kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa chilumbachi,
- Tyuleny Island - zoyambira zokhala ndi zisindikizo za ubweya,
- Moneron Island ndi paki yachilengedwe yapadera.
Chikhalidwe cha zilumba za Kuril
Ngakhale ndizochepa kakang'ono, Zomera za Kuril Islands kugunda mosayembekezereka. Pali mitundu yopitilira 1000 ya mbewu zomwe zimamera pano. Zisumbu zakumpoto zili ndi mitengo ya mkungudza komanso ma shrubby, zigwa za mitsinje zidakutidwa ndi udzu wautali, ndipo ma bogs amapezeka m'malo ena a gombe la nyanja.
Pa zilumba zapakati pa Kuril munthu amatha kupeza masamba obiriwira, ndipo kuzilumba zakum'mwera zimakhala nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso nsungwi zikulamulira, mapiriwo amakhala okutidwa ndi paini wamisidala. Imatsikira kumagawo a gombe osambitsidwa ndi madzi ozizira. Mphepete mwa nyanja yosasunthika ndi zigwa za mitsinje zokutidwa ndi udzu wautali.
Zosakaniza zakumpoto zakumpoto ndi kumwera zitha kuwoneka pachilumba cha Kunashir - apa zonse nsungwi zam'madzi zazitali komanso tundra zimamera nthawi imodzi. Zilumba zosalala komanso zotsika za rider Kuril ridge ndizakutidwa ndi zitsamba.
Zilumba za Kuril Islands zoyimilidwa: Kamchatka ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira, mapisi, nkhandwe ndi nyama zina zambiri. Dziko la zinyama zam'madzi ndizopatsa chidwi kwambiri: zisindikizo, anamgumi, mikango yam'nyanja, maofesi apanyanja, zisindikizo za ubweya, komanso mbalame za mbalame za m'madzi: ma hatti, ma gull, cormorants, guillemots. Chuma chachikulu cha zilumba za Kuril ndi nsomba zamadzi am'nyanja ndi nyanja: saury, chum salmon, nsomba za pinki, herring, flounder, cod, bass yamadzi, ndi zina zambiri.
Ofesi yayikulu: Vladivostok, Svetlanskaya, 147
Kufotokozera ndi komwe chilumbacho chili
Madzi ozizira a Nyanja ya Okhotsk amatsuka gawo la Sakhalin, madzi ofunda amatengedwa ku nyanja za Japan ndi Pacific. Kunashirsky, Izmena, Laperuza ndi Sovetsky Straits ndiwo malire okha ndi dziko la Japan. Mtunda wochokera ku Sakhalin kupita kumtunda umakhala kwathunthu ndi madzi.
Dera la Sakhalin lili ma kilomita 87,000. Chiwerengerochi chimaphatikizapo zilumba za Tyuleny, Ush, Moneron, wokwera Kuril ndi zisumbu za Kuril.
Kuchokera kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa chilumbachi kupita kumpoto, kuli 950 km. Dera lonse la Sakhalin ndi lofanana ndi nsomba zolimba (kuchokera kumtunda wa ndege wa ISS), pomwe mamba ndi mitsinje yambiri ndi nyanja zomwe zimabalalika pachilumba chonsecho.
Chitata Strait chimalekanitsa Sakhalin ndi chigwa chachikulu. Pali ma capu awiri pamavuto, m'lifupi mwake omwe ndi pafupifupi ma kilomita asanu ndi awiri. Nthawi zambiri, gombeli limakhala lathyathyathya lokhala ndi milomo yambiri yolowera kunyanja.
Nkhani
Mbiri yakale ya chilumbachi imayamba ndi nthawi yoyambirira ya Paleolithic, zili pafupifupi zaka 3,000 zapitazo.
Masiku ano, makilomita oposa 10,000 amagawana Sakhalin Square ndi likulu la Russia. Ndegeyo imawulula maulendo asanu ndi awiri isanakakhale ku eyapoti ku mzinda wawukulu kwambiri - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.
Apaulendo waku Russia m'zaka za zana la 17 nthawi zambiri amakhala apainiyawa, amapeza malo atsopano a dziko lawo lalikulu. Mu 50s ya zaka za zana la 19, ulendo wotsogozedwa ndi Nevelsky pomaliza unatsimikizira malingaliro achi Japan kuti Sakhalin ndiye chilumba. Nthawi yomweyo, chilumbachi chimakhala ndi anthu wamba, ndipo chidakhala malire a Russia ndi Japan, kotero maudindo azankhondo adayikidwa m'chigawo chonse. Zaka 30 zotsatira zidasintha malowa kukhala gulu lomwe akapolo adawatumiza.
Kukhudzidwa kwakukulu pakafukufuku wa malo a Sakhalin kunapangidwa ndi mgwirizano wapakati pa Russia ndi Japan. Kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi, malire a Russia-Japan asinthidwa kanayi. Chifukwa cha kulowererapo kwa nkhondo ndi Ajapani mu 1920, malo onse a Sakhalin adalandidwa. Asitikali adachotsedwa mu 1925, ndipo patatha zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri chilumbachi chidakhala gawo la Far East, monga dera la Sakhalin.
Mosaduka kuchokera kudziko lina kupita ku lina, Zilumba za Kuril pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II pambuyo pake zidabwerera ku Soviet Union. Malire amakono a chigawochi adakhazikitsidwa mu 1947.
Likulu la Sakhalin ndi mzinda wa Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, womwe unapangidwa ndi omwe amasamukira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800.
Tourism ku Sakhalin
Zithunzi za Sakhalin ndi zilumba za Kuril ndizosungirako ku Far East. Kupanga zokopa pachilumbachi kukupitirirabe. Kupititsa patsogolo zokopa alendo, malinga ndi oyang'anira, kuyenera kubweretsa chuma chachigawo pamlingo watsopano wopititsa patsogolo chitukuko. Pafupifupi magulu 60 oyendayenda amagwira ntchito pachilumbachi, ndipo alendo ambiri amabwera kuchokera ku Japan. Amakopeka ndi kusiyanasiyana osati zachilengedwe zokha, komanso zipilala zakale. Akuluakulu pachilumbachi nawonso amayang'anira cholowa cha Japan chomwe chatsala pantchitoyo.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, zachilengedwe zayamba kuchita bwino ku Sakhalin. Koma poganizira kuti anthu aku Japan amangoganizira kwambiri za malo okhala, mabungwe oyenda amayenda maulendo ochepa, ndipo mahotelo akukonzanso ntchito zawo. Pafupifupi hotelo zonse zimakhala ndi menyu wokhala ndi zakudya zam'mawa (kuphatikiza Chijapani).
Pulogalamu yapaulendo ku Chekhov nsonga yayamba kugwira ntchito. Madera akukonzedwa mokulira, kuphatikiza zomanga malo okopa alendo m'mudzi wa Goryachie Klyuchi komanso malo amsasa a Aquamarine. Ntchito ikukonzekera ntchito yomanga maofesi pafupi ndi akasupe amafuta opangira mafuta.
Mwa zokopa, munthu akhoza kusankha: Kukongola kokongola kwa mbalame ya Lake Lake, Mlatho wa Mdyerekezi pang'ono pang'ono kuwonongedwa, kusefukira kwamadzi kwakukulu pachilumba cha Kunashir - Mbalame, malo ophulika a moto a Kuril - Golovnina, Tyatya, nyumba yowunikira ku Cape Aniva, gombe la Nyanja ya Okhotsk yokutidwa ndi mapiri oyera, nyanja yokongola ya Tunaycha. Islands - Chilumba cha Iturup, akasupe otentha kumpoto kwa chilumbacho, mapangidwe a miyala. Kunashir - Cape Stolbchaty, dera lakumwera kwa chilumbachi - Cape Krillon, malo okongola kwambiri pamadzi mu gawo la Russia - Ilya Muromets.
Chiwerengero cha Sakhalin
Dera la Sakhalin lili ndi anthu pafupifupi 500. Sakhalin ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana, anthuwa amakhala Russia, Ukraine, Belarusi, Koreans, Mordovian, Chitata, komanso anthu achikhalidwe.
Anthu akumwera kwa Sakhalin akuphatikizapo mayiko angapo: Nivkh, Tonchi, Evenki, Ainu, Nanai, Uilta. Awa ndi anthu okhala m'maiko omwe adakhalamo mpaka kukhazikitsidwa kwamalire. Anthu achilengedwe, mwatsoka, ndi ochepa kwambiri. Komabe, akugwirabe ntchito zachitukuko cha dziko lawo ndikukhala moyo wapadziko lonse.
Zomera
Kusiyanasiyana pakati pa zomera ndi nyama za Sakhalin sikunawonedwe. Poyerekeza ndi zilumba za Japan, gawo la Sakhalin Oblast ndilabwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi oimira mbewu ndi nyama.
F. Schmidt adayamba kuphunzira maluwa pachilumbachi mkati mwa zaka za m'ma 1800. Pakadali pano pali mitundu ya zomera pafupifupi 1,500 ku Sakhalin yomwe ili ndi zombo zoyendetsera madzi, mchere wama mchere ndi zinthu zina zamafuta.
Pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi awiri peresenti ya Sakhalin amalandidwa ndi nkhalango, ngakhale kuli kwachilengedwe chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso moto wapachaka, kumpoto kwa chilumbachi kumakhalabe ndi ma conifer. Gawoli limadziwika kuti ndi coniferous taiga. Mitengo yatsopano imamera pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa dzuwa. Kuti mtengo wachinyamata ulandire dzuwa wabwino, amayenera kudikirira mpaka m'modzi mwa oimira nkhalangoyi atagwa ndikubweretsa chophimba chakutchinga.
Pali, mwachidziwikire, nkhalango zowoneka bwino, koma oimira ake ndi mphutsi, zomwe sizofala pachilumbachi. Chifukwa chiyani izi zikuchitika? Nthaka yapaderadera, pomwe dothi limakhala pansi, ndiye ayenera kulakwa pa chilichonse. Samalola kuti madzi adutse motero amalepheretsa mitengo kukula ndikukula bwino. Ndipo gawo laling'ono kwambiri la nkhalangoyi limakhala m'nkhalango zowuma.
Nkhalango za Sakhalin zili ndi maluwa a rosemary, omwe amapezeka m'nkhokwe zazikulu ndi ma bogs. Mwa zipatso, ma buluu ndi ma cranberries ndizofala pano, ndipo mawilogalamu amtambo amakula m'madambo. Udzu ndi zitsamba zamuyaya zimayimiriridwa zochuluka.
Zomera za Sakhalin
Zambiri mwa chisumbucho zili ndi taiga. Nkhalango zakumaloko ndizapadera, popeza mitundu ya Sakhalin taiga ndiyolemera kwambiri ku Russia. Weruzani nokha - mitundu 200 ya mitengo ndi zitsamba zimamera pachilumbachi.
Mtengo waukulu wa Sakhalin ndi Gmelin larch. Mitundu ina ya mitengo ndiyocheperako pang'ono: larch-owonda pang'ono, Ayan spruce, Sakhalin fir. Pakati pa mitundu yofunika kwambiri, yoyera ndi yamiyala, buluzi, masamba onunkhira bwino, mame obowola, mapira apamwamba achi Japan, mapu achikasu, ndi ma alder opambana.
Koma gawo lalikulu la Sakhalin limatha kudziwika kuti ndi gawo lodabwitsa lazomera zakum'mwera ndi oyimira kumpoto a maluwa. Chifukwa chake, kum'mwera ndikothekanso kuwona zokwawa zazomera zotentha, larch imamveka bwino pozunguliridwa ndi mapaipi, ma ndimu ndi ma rhododendrons nthawi zambiri zimamasula pafupi ndi mitengo ya spruce. Mitengo yamkungudza imakhala pafupi ndi mitengo ya cork, ndipo ma firs amapangidwa nthawi zambiri kukongoletsa ndi ma hydrangeas. Rosehip, honeysuckle ndi aralia nthawi zambiri amabisala m'nkhokwe zazikulu za ferns. Ndipo mitengo ikuluikulu ya miyala yamtengo wapatali, yamatcheri, mabulosi akuluakulu ndi phulusa lamapiri amaikidwa m'manda apamwamba.
Sakhalin alinso ndi zipatso komanso zipatso. Cherry, currant, mabulosi abulu, rasipiberi, mabulosi abulu, redberry ndi kiranberi amakula pano. Ndipo kumwera kwa chilumbachi mutha kuona kuphatikiza kwapadera kwachilengedwe: nkhalango yolimbirana yomwe yazunguliridwa ndi nkhokwe za Sakhalin bamboo. Mgwirizano woterewu simudzawona kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi. Bamboo, zachidziwikire, palibe pamwamba pano, koma nthiti zake ndizowoneka bwino kwambiri, chifukwa mitengo ikuluikulu yopingasa imalowedwa modabwitsa kwambiri, ndipo masamba owala, monga mpeni, amatha kudula khungu mosavuta.
Mu nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe, Sakhalin amawoneka amitundu yonse utawaleza: maluwa amatulutsa maluwa. Mwachitsanzo, ma toto owala amaumbika bwino kwambiri. Mapapu ambiri, maluwa, maluwa, maluwa, maluwa aku chilumba cha ivan-maluwa otentha kwambiri a maluwa a lilac, minda yoyera ya chipale chofewa imasangalatsa.
Koma kumpoto nyengo ndi yovuta, mpumulowo ndiwowoneka bwino, chifukwa chake mtunda ndiwobisika kwambiri. Koma pali mosses ambiri, lichens ndi reindeer moss. Malo awa nthawi zambiri amazunguliridwa ndi mitengo, komwe ma sedge ndi zitsamba zosiyanasiyana zimakhazikika. Ndipo kumpoto kwenikweni kwa chilumbachi, nkhalango zimayambiranso - taiga, coniferous, zokhala ndi mitengo yayikulu ya mitengo ya mkungudza, mitengo ya maluwa obisalamo ndi rosemary.
Fauna
Nyengo ya Sakhalin imakupatsani mwayi wokhala pachilumbachi cha mitundu makumi anayi mphambu zinayi za zinyama. Zimbalangondo, zimbalangondo, ma tchire, nkhandwe, agalu amtchire komanso makoswe ambiri, pafupifupi mitundu 370 yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame, yomwe 10 mwaiwo ndi adani.
Panthawi yomwe chilumbachi chikukula, maluwa ndi nyama zambiri zidawonongedwa ndi anthu, chifukwa chake, mndandanda wa nyama ndi zomera za ku Sakhalin zomwe zidatsala pang'ono kuphatikizidwa ndi Buku Lofiyira.
Fauna a Sakhalin
Tsoka ilo, pazaka 250 zapitazi, nyama za Sakhalin zakhala osauka kwambiri. Kamodzi kakawoneka mbawala kadumpha kuzungulira chilumbacho ndikufuulira nkhumba zakutchire m'nkhalango zowazungulira ndi kulira kwawo. Palibe ngakhale mmodzi atapita. Khwangwala wa Moose ndi Manchurian pambuyo pake anathetsedwa. Pofika pakati pa zaka zana zapitazi, chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, agalu ogulitsa maphokoso ndi agalu osowa. Makamu amphiri ndi osintha mitsinje adachoka pachilumbacho kwamuyaya.
Oyimira wamba a nkhalango za Sakhalin ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a mkaka wamtundu waukulu wamtchire: awa ndi mitundu yambiri yoluka, ma swm. Kummwera kwa chilumbachi kuli mizati. Nyama izi zidabweretsedwa kuchokera ku Japan, koma pakadali pano zochuluka zake ndizochepa.
Shukin wodziwika kwambiri komanso woopsa kwambiri ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira. Kukula kwa zimphona izi kumafika mamita awiri, ndipo kulemera kwake kumakhala mpaka 500 kg. Pali nkhandwe zambiri m'nkhalango - zofiira, zimvi komanso zakuda. Pali kalulu, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje mutha kuwona ma mitsinje.
Koma mbawala za ku Sakhalin nthawi zambiri zimabedwa. Nyama zakutchire zimapezeka kumpoto kokha pachilumbacho. Serene amasuntha kuzungulira chilumbachi ndi musk deer. Zalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
Koma ufumu wa mbalame ku Sakhalin umaimiridwa kwambiri. Pafupifupi mitundu 700 ya mbalame zomwe zimakhala pano ndizodziwika, zisa zambiri, zambiri "zimapanga" nthawi yachisanu. Ambiri mwa mbalamezi ali pachilumba cha Tyuleniy, komwe kuli ma guillemot pafupifupi 600,000, magulu ankhokwe, ma hattets, ndi agull amakhala. Pali madzi am'madzi ambiri: atsekwe, mallards, dives, gogol, miyala, pintails, mbalame zazikazi zam'madzi. Koma swans amapezeka m'makona akutali kwambiri a chilumbachi.
Kuchepa kwinanso kwa zigwa za Sakhalin kumalipiridwa mokwanira ndi kulemera kwa ichthyofauna. Chilumbachi chili ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zazikulu kwambiri za ubweya padziko lapansi. Pali mikango yam'nyanja, zolembera zam'nyanja, mitundu ingapo ya zisindikizo. Anzake am'muna, anangumi am'madzi, mahava am'madzi nthawi zambiri amasambira kupita kugombe, pafupi ndi chilumbacho mungathe kuwona Sivalov, humpback, mapanga a buluu.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti zinali pachilumbachi kuti Sakhalin husky idadulidwa - mtundu wa agalu omwe amadziwika ndi nzeru zapamwamba komanso kudzipereka kopanda malire kwa mwiniwake.
Makampani
Makampani a Sakhalin akutukuka kwambiri, amaphatikiza mafuta ndi gasi, malasha, asodzi ndi mafakitale amagetsi. Inde, mwayi umakhalabe wopanga mafuta ndi gasi kwa zaka zambiri. Chifukwa cha kakulidwe ka asayansi a Sakhalin, Russia idaphatikizidwanso mndandanda wazamayiko otsogola omwe amatulutsa mafuta achilengedwe onyowa.Sakhalin amapereka mafuta ku Japan, Thailand, Korea, Mexico ndi China.
Kukhazikitsa madongosolo a alumali kunapangitsa kuti ndalama zizikhala bwino kuti misewu, malo okhala ndi zina zotero. Kuti tikulitse chuma chathu nthawi zonse, ntchito ikupezeka kuti ikope ndalama zomwe zikupitilira.
Weather of Sakhalin
Nyengo ya pachilumbachi ndiyabwino kwambiri, chifukwa kuyandikira kwa madzi. Zima nthawi yozizira kwambiri komanso nthawi yayitali, ndipo nthawi yozizira imazizira. Mwachitsanzo, nyengo ya Januware imakhala ndi mphepo zamphamvu zakumpoto ndi chisanu. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kukhala mumphepo yamkuntho. Zovala zazitali zimakhazikika pano, nthawi zina mphepo yozizira imafulumira kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, kutentha kumatsika mpaka -40 madigiri, ndikusintha ngati mphepo, imakhala yotsika.
Chilimwe pa Sakhalin ndi chachifupi - kuyambira pakati pa Juni mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala ndi kutentha kuyambira madigiri 10 mpaka 19 kuposa zero. Kuli mvula yokwanira, Nyanja ya Pacific imabweretsa chinyezi chambiri.
Kum'mwera chakumadzulo, madzi otentha a Nyanja ya Japan amayenda, ndipo Nyanja ya Okhotsk imatsukidwa ndi gombe lakummawa ndikazizira. Mwa njira, ndiye Nyanja ya Okhotsk yomwe imagwetsa Sakhalin nyengo yozizira. Nthawi zambiri sikhala chisanu mpaka Meyi. Koma panali maqondo-kutentha kwambiri ma degree a +35 degrees. Mwambiri, nyengo iliyonse pano amabwera ndi kuchedwa kwa milungu itatu. Chifukwa chake, mu Ogasiti masiku otentha kwambiri, ndipo mu February ozizira kwambiri.
Nthawi yachilimwe imabweretsa kusefukira pachilumbachi. Mu 80s, Sakhalin adadwala chimphepo champhamvu. Adasiya anthu osowa anthu oposa 4,000. Ndipo mu 1970, mvula yamkuntho inathira m'maola ochulukirapo kuposa mvula pamwezi. Mphepo yamkuntho zaka khumi ndi zisanu zapitazo idabweretsa kusefukira kwamatope ndikugumuka. Nthawi zambiri, nyengo zoterezi zimachokera ku Pacific.
Jogoramu ndi geology
Malo okhala pachilumba cha Sakhalin amadziwika ndi mapiri apakati komanso otsika, komanso malo athyathyathya. Mapiri a West Sakhalin ndi East Sakhalin amapezeka kumwera komanso pakati pa chisumbu. Kumpoto kumaimiriridwa ndi chigwa. Gombeli limasiyanitsidwa ndi malo anayi am'mphepete komanso mbali ziwiri zazikulu.
Mpumulo wa chilumbachi uli ndi zigawo khumi ndi chimodzi: dera la Schmidt Peninsula ndi malo okhala ndi miyala ndipo malo ammapiri, chigwa cha kumpoto kwa Sakhalin ndi malo omwe panali mapiri komanso maukonde ambiri amtsinje, ndipamene malo osungira mafuta ndi gasi kwambiri, mapiri akumadzulo kwa Sakhalin, Tym lowland Poronayskaya - yomwe ili pakatikati pa chilumbachi, gawo lake lalikulu ndi lotentha, Susunayskaya lowland - ili kumwera ndipo anthu ambiri amakhala nalo, dzina lake ndi Susunaysky, lomwe limapezekanso ndi nsonga zotchuka za Pekho ndi Pushkin, mapiri a kum'mawa kwa Sakhalin okhala ndi malo okwera kwambiri - Mount Lopatina, Terpeniya Peninsula ndi malo otsika, chigwa cha Korsakovsky, Murvevskaya lowland, wokhala ndi nyanja zingapo zotchuka pakati pa okhalamo, Tonino-Anivsky ridge, wotchuka chifukwa cha phiri la Kruzenshtern ndi chigwa chake cha Jurassic. .
Madera
Malo oyamba pakati pa zachilengedwe a Sakhalin Island amakhala ndi zolengedwa; Komanso, niche iyi imatenga dera kukhala malo oyamba ku Russian Federation. Chilumbachi chili ndi malo ambiri osungirako mafuta komanso mafuta osungira malasha. Kuphatikiza apo, mitengo yambiri, golide, mercury, platinamu, chromium, germanium ndi talc zimamangidwa ku Sakhalin.
Mukafika bwanji kumtunda?
Mtunda wochoka ku Sakhalin kupita ku Russia umatha kugonjetsedwa m'njira zingapo: ndi ndege (mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku mzinda wapafupi kwambiri wa Khabarovsk), bwato kuchokera ku Vanino, ndipo pamasewera owonjezera nthawi yozizira mutha kuthana ndi gawo lamadzi kumapazi oundana.
Nevelsky Strait imawerengedwa kuti ndi malo ochepa kwambiri pakati pa nyanja ndi chilumbachi, m'lifupi mwake ndi pafupifupi makilomita asanu ndi awiri.
Komabe, chilumbachi chili ndi mbiri yosangalatsa yokhudza kupangika kwa sitimayi, komwe kunayamba pansi pa Stalin. Kuphatikiza apo, ma sitimawo amayenera kudutsa m'misewu yapadera kudzera pa Cape Nevelsky ndi Cape Lazarev. Ntchito yomanga njanjiyi idachitika ndi omangidwa kundende za Gulag. Ntchito inali kupita patsogolo mwachangu, koma imfa ya mtsogoleriyo idayimitsa ntchitoyi. Akaidi ambiri adalandidwa.
Chodabwitsa, palibe mlatho umodzi womwe wamangidwa pazaka zapitazi. Chifukwa chake, zochitika zamakono zimayambira ndendende ndi cholinga chomanga zowoloka. Komanso, Russia ikufuna kulumikizanitsa Sakhalin ndi chilumba cha Japan cha Hokkaido, kuti pakhale mgwirizano wopindulitsa pakati pa zigawo.
Pogoda ndi Sakhalin
Nyengo pachilumbachi nthawi zambiri imayesedwa ngati zinyalala pang'ono. Koma nyengo nthawi iliyonse ya chaka imasiyanasiyana kwambiri kumpoto ndi kumwera.
Chilimwe chonyowa, kutentha, komanso mvula yambiri. M'chilimwe, kusiyana pakati pa madera akum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kwa Sakhalin kumaonekera kwambiri. Kukutentha kumadzulo, popeza gombe limatsukidwa ndi Tsushima yotentha.
Zima pa Sakhalin ndizizira kwambiri, chipale chofewa. Zambiri mwa chilumbachi zimakhudzidwa ndi chiphuphu cha ku Siberia, chomwe chimabweretsa chisanu ndi chisanu. Koma kum'mwera kwa chilumbachi, mphamvu ya chimphepo cham'mwera, chomwe chimapatsa chilumbacho ndi chimphepo champhamvu chamkuntho ndi mafunde amkuntho, zikuwonekera.
Nyanja ya Okhotsk, ikutsuka chilumbachi kuchokera kumpoto, imagwira ntchito ngati chosungira mafuta ambiri. Amasunga kutentha mwachangu ndipo salola kuzizira kwa nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, kasupe ku Sakhalin amakhala nthawi yayitali, ozizira, koma nthawi yophukira imakhala yotentha komanso yolandirira. Mwachitsanzo, maluwa ambiri pa Sakhalin pachimake mpaka pakati pa Novembala.
Mwambiri, nyengo zonse pachilumbachi zimayamba ndi kuchedwa kwa masabata 3-4. Ogasiti ndi mwezi wotentha kwambiri, ndipo mwezi wa February ndiye wozizira kwambiri.
Osakongola zachilengedwe
Dzikoli, kutali ndi chitukuko chachilendo cha megacities akulu, takhala tikudziwana kuyambira ubwana wathu kuyambira mafilimu ndi mabuku. Apaulendo ambiri akuti atafika kuno, atembenukira kwina modzipereka, kuti pa mpikisano womwe amapita ku tchuthi ku Russia, chilumba cha akapolo chikhale chopambana pa mphotho zachikondwerero zachikondi ndi mphotho zonse zomwe zasankhidwa kuti "Zosawoneka zachilengedwe" komanso "Wopanga".
Pamalo ang'onoang'ono mudzakumana ndi chilengedwe chonse! Tayesani chubu ndi mpweya weniweni. Malo apadera owononga dziko lapansi. Chingalawa cha Nowa cha zofunikira komanso zachilendo. Zodabwitsazi paliponse komanso potsetsereka kwa dziko lino sizingakulowetseni.
Ndipo kodi ndizoyenera kupita ku Azores kapena ku Iceland ngati paki iyi ya Jurassic ndi zisumbu zachinsinsi zochokera m'mabuku a Jules Verne zili pafupi ku Russia Far East?
Zambiri zakale komanso zabodza
Pansi pa thambo kuchokera pachithaphiko pali chilumba chaching'ono
Ndili ndi zipata zophulika ndi nyenyezi yowala.
Nthawi yomweyo milungu inayang'ana pa Dziko Lapansi ndipo idawona dziko lokongola, lomwe mulibe m'maloto. Adaganiza zokhala kuno mpaka kalekale kuti azisodza, kusaka ndi kubereka ana. Ndipo milungu idakhala anthu a Ainu.
Zomwe anthu okhala ku Sakhalin Ainu akadali chinsinsi. Chilankhulo chawo komanso mawonekedwe ake zidadabwitsa omwe adatulukira ku Russia. Mbiri yakale kuposa Egypt ndi Roma wakale. Ndipo Ainu anadziyesa okha milungu yomwe imathawa ku Sirius. Zikhalidwe zawo zakale zidzakutsogoletsani kudutsa m'dziko la Sakhalin.
Adatcha malowa Saharen Nasiri, dziko lofanana ndi mafunde. Ndipo a Nivkh ndi a Ygh-nthano yotchedwa mzimu wakale, mbuye wa dziko lapansi ndi nyanja. Ngati nthano ya Ig-yosasangalatsa, amagwedeza chilichonse chomwe chimasokoneza.
Dziko lapansi linayamba kukhazikika pazaka 4 biliyoni, pomwe Sakhalin ndi zilumba za Kuril anali ndi zaka 65 miliyoni. Monga zilumba izi, panali mtendere pachiyambi cha nthawi. Kusintha kwawo kumapitilira: mnofu wamoto wamapiri umatuluka, mphamvu zamphamvu za zivomezi komanso kusefukira kwa tsunami. Malinga ndi sayansi, izi zidzakhalanso zaka zina 20-30 miliyoni.
Ainu amakhulupirira kuti chilichonse padziko lapansi chimakhala ndi milungu ya Kamui - mizimu ya mapiri, dziko, madzi ndi mphepo. Ndipo ndi okhawo omwe amalamulira dziko. Wolemekezedwa kwambiri anali Fuji - mulungu wamoto wapansi.
Mpweya wamapiri. Mbuye wa mphete yamoto
Zipata zoyaka moto za Sakhalin ndi zilumba za Kuril ndizodzikongoletsa ndizing'alu zazikulu zomwe zimadzaza, zomwe zimatha kuphulika nthawi iliyonse ndikuyamba kuponya "mabomba". Pali 39 a iwo, osawerengera 14 omwe atsalira ndi 111 otsika. Zilumba za Kuril ndi zophulika zamoto zomwe zatulukira m'matumbo am'madzi. Zilumba zophulika za Alaid, Ekarma, Rasshua zidabadwa motere.
Ambiri mwa "ziphuphuzi" za ufa "amaphulika mu nthawi ya chigumula, 17 - m'zaka zapitazi. Kuphulika kwa Phiri la Kunashir Vesuvius waku Tyat mu 1973 chinali chochitika cha nthawi. Abambo a Phiri amakwiya kamodzi zaka chikwi. Mulungu wamoto kenako adaponya phulusa mpaka 80 km m'derali ndikuwononga mudzi wa Tyatino, ndikusiya nkhalango yakufa.
Mizimu ya mapiri Ivan the Mantha, Golovnina, Atsonopuri, Kudryavy akuwonetsa kukwiya komanso kuphulika kwa mapiri, asanu ndi anayi aiwo anaphulika m'zaka zathu zino. Zimphona zina zimangosuta fodya ndipo zimatulutsa mpweya wapoizoni, zomwe zimapangitsa daredevil kuti asadere.
Kukwera kwa volcano
Izi ndi zomwe apaulendo akunena:
Konzekerani kukhala ndi malingaliro osaneneka mukakwera phiri. Ndi kayendedwe ka chamoyo chomwe chimapuma ndikuyenda pansi panthaka. Miyendo imakhala chinthu chachisanu ndi chimodzi. Chisangalalo chowonjezereka mobwerezabwereza chimakupangitsani kuthamangira kumalo otsetsereka awa.
Pamunda wa fumarole mukufuna kugwa ndi chisangalalo chifukwa cha dziko lomwe mukuyenda. Funsani mnzanu kuti azitsina, mwina loto lakelo liziwuluka kupita ku Mars kapena Mwezi? Kenako mukukumbukira zilumba za Kuril, ngati kuti mwapita kudziko lachilendo.
Mpumulo wa Sakhalin ndi wamapiri chifukwa champhamvu champhamvu cham'madzi. Mphamvu yacinyamata, yokongola ya dziko lapansi itatambasulidwa, inaphwanya dziko lapansi kukhala zomata mpaka kuwoneka ngati mafunde owundana.
Kuphatikiza paulendo wosaiwalika wopita kumalo ophulika a mapiri komanso makina otsetsereka a mapiri (Chekhov nsonga, Mount Lopatin), mafunde a Sakhalin amapereka masewera a ana oterewa kwa akuluakulu monga kukwera, kupalasa, ndi masanjidwe.
Phiri la Wajda likhala ndi mwayi wobisalira kuchokera ku kanema wowopsa. Awa ndi malo amiyala 30 yokhala ndi mitundu yambiri, pomwe zinthu zakumalo zimangoyembekezera: stalactites, corallites, mabwinja a anthu ndi nyama zochokera pang'onopang'ono. Kumverera kuti muli pamphepete mwa chimphona chachikulu ndikupita pamenepo.
Olemba zam'maphunziro a Sakhalin anati mapanga ena awiri akuluakulu ndi mtsinje woyamba pansi panthaka m'mbiri ya Sakhalin adapezeka mu kuya kwa Wajda. Pali zovuta zambiri. Lowani nawo omwe adatulukira akuyesa!
Stone ndi Lava Master
Kwa zaka zambiri, chikhalidwe cha m'derali, momwe zimakhalira ndi unyinji wophulika, ndipo pakuyenda mphepo ndi nyanja, zadziwonetsa ngati chosema ndi malingaliro oganiza bwino. Cape Giant ndi chiyani! Mphepete mwa nyanja mumakongoletsedwa ndi ma grottoes am'nyanja, zipilala zapamwamba. Pamiyala yambiri ya zisumbu, nyanja idasiya maloto ake akale.
Koma wapadera wa Kunashir, Cape Stolbchatyi, ndiowopsa kwambiri. Kutalika kwa 50 m, zipilala za misozi yowuma ya Chipinda Chogona (Mendeleev's volcano), chomwe chimatsikira munyanja ndi mitsinje yoyera, chidzadabwitsa ndi mawonekedwe awo enieni, achilengedwe.
Pa White Cliffs pa Iturup, ndinu mlendo padziko lapansi la paradiso. Zosakhala zachilengedwe, mtundu woyera wa pumice pambuyo pakuphulika kwa mtambo wamagesi, mawonekedwe ooneka ngati miyala, gombe loyera likuyenda mtunda.
Chozizwitsa chozizwitsa mwachilengedwe chotchedwa Frog ndi pulaneti yachilengedwe kwenikweni. Mapiri akomweko amatchedwa mapulaneti omwe amazungulira dzuwa ndipo amakonzedwa molingana ndi dongosolo lawo kumwamba. Chizindikiro ichi sichiri mwangozi.
Kuchokera malo okwezeka, Sakhalin ali ngati nsomba. A Nivkhs adawatcha "nsomba yamoyo ya Sakhalin" ndikudziwa kuti akusambira. Ainu akuti anali pachilumba chawo kulikonse padziko lapansi.
Malinga ndi nthano, Mapiri a Frog ndi Altar nthawi zonse amalozera nyenyezi ziwiri za Sirius, ziribe kanthu momwe chilumbacho chimayendera. Asayansi amatsimikizira kuyandama kwake. Sakhalin adakwera ngalawa kupita ku zilumba za Kuril, ndiye adayandikira kumtunda.
Madzi onunkhira. Madzi amoyo amoyo
Kodi ndi pafupi bwanji ndi mbaula zotentha ngati mapiri ophulika komanso opanda akasupe amafuta? Kuchuluka kwawo, nthawi zina mwanjira ya nyanja yonse. Pafupi ndi phiri la Golovnina, gombe lotsogola lotchedwa Boiling ndi madzi owopsa, ndipo utoto wowala, Udzakhalanso ndi moyo pambuyo poyenda movutikira.
Monga madzi amoyo ndi akufa ochokera nthano, Sinegorsk madzi okhala ndi arsenic, Dagin amatuluka ndi silicon, malo osambira a Mendeleev volcano amalimbana bwino ndi ukalamba, kuchitira mafupa, mitsempha yamagazi, khungu, mitsempha molingana ndi mawonekedwe ambiri. Pali akasupe amtchire ndipo amakonzedwa ngati "Makiyi Otentha".
Kunashir watchuka chifukwa chotchuka "Hot Beach". Kukutentha mchenga m'mphepete mwa nyanja mpaka 100 ° C, phiri la Mendeleev lili ndi malo obiriwira, otentha chakudya ndikuphika ana a komweko. Malowa amatchedwa poto wowaza. Ndipo mathithi amadzi otentha kuphulika kwa Baransky sanathenso kulota za Kamchatka!
Matope okuchiritsa a Nyanja ya Variable amapatsanso moyo watsopano. Chifukwa cha matope apadera, munthu sangatchule paphiri la Yuzhno-Sakhalin. Sichingokhala ngati chipilala chachilendo, komanso ngati malo obisika a dziko lapansi, kuweruza ndi ntchito zamatope.
Ndimayang'ana kunyanja zamtambo ...
Pali nyanja zopitilira 17,000 ku Sakhalin ndi ku zilumba za Kuril. Ngakhale mayina awo amamveka ngati nyimbo: Kukongola, Woyera, Kusamba, Swan, Turquoise. Mwa chachikulu cha iwo, Nyanja ya Nevskoye ndi Tunaycha, ngakhale nkhondo zidamenyedwa kale. Ndipo pakati pa nkhalango zobiriwira za Mount Spamberg zinabisa dongosolo lonse lama hydraulic la nyanja 18 zokhala ndi makiyi ndi mitsinje yamadzi.
Palibe chisumbu chimodzi chodabwitsa chomwe chili chathunthu popanda maonekedwe okongola komanso mapokoso amadzi. Russian Ilya Muromets, kutalika kwa nyumba yayitali-42, amapikisana ndi chimphona cha Niagara pakadontho kamadzi. Simungangotenga, mudzasilira kuchokera kunyanja kokha.
Nsomba patebulo - mtendere m'banjamo
A Nivkhs ndi Ainu, ndikupepesa, adapempha mizimu ya dziko lapansi ndi nyanja chifukwa cha chuma chawo pamoyo. Pambuyo pa chikondwerero cha Chakudya, "kusangalatsa" madziwo, ndi pomwe nsomba zidayamba. Zakudya zazing'ono zimachitika tsiku ndi tsiku.
Zinyama zam'madzi ndi zam'nyanja zinali milungu komanso mamembala. Sichokhapachokha kuti azimayi achi Ainu adapanga tattoo yayikulu kuzungulira pakamwa pawo, kuwapangitsa kuti aziwoneka ngati nsomba. Mkazi nsomba ndi cholengedwa chopatulika. Sakhalin adadziwikanso kuti ndi nthano.
Makolo athu amadziwa momwe angayamikirire: Ili ndi dziko la mitsinje yokwanira chikwi ndi nsomba zochuluka. Mukatuluka, mutha kuwona nsomba zikuyenda kwambiri kotero kuti mutha kuwoloka mtsinjewo kumbuyo ndikugwira chuma chozembera ndi manja anu.
Salimoni ya pinki, nsomba za skeonye, nsomba za mchere, sturgeon, sim, malma, taimen agwidwa. Pali zimphona zazikulu za nsomba. Kugwira kwanu kosaiwalika pakukula kwa anthu kudzagwidwa “osaganiza kawiri” komanso kuthana ndi zosavuta. Usodzi wa Sakhalin ndi mtundu wazaka zonse zokopa alendo. Ndi khutu lonunkhira kumapeto kwa tsiku lovuta, kukwera m'mphepete mwa mitsinje Dagi, Nayba, Ladors ndiyabwino.
Mkazi wa nyanja
Mtengo, ndiwe wokoma mtima ndi wamphamvu, ndabwera kwa iwe, ndikundimvera chisoni. Ndimakukondani, m'bale wanga, ndipo ndikupemphani kuti mukhale bwato. Mudzazindikira Nyanja ndi ine. (Kuchokera mufilimu yokhudza miyambo yakale ya a Nivkhs, yojambulidwa pa Sakhalin ndi K. Gevorgyan malinga ndi buku la C. Aitmatogo "Galu wa Pinto Akuthawa Kunyanja").
Mutha kuzindikira loto lanu m'chifanizo cha nyanja mdziko lathu lokha ku Kamchatka ndi zilumba za Kuril. Muwoloka Pacific Ocean ndi nyanja zake kudzera mwa akapitawo a ku Kruzenshtern, Nevelsky, de Vries, pezani gawo lokondana lamchere kwenikweni, ndipo simudzakumana ndi aliyense!
Kuyenda kuchilumba cha Tyuleniy, kuchokera kutali kudabwitsidwa ndikuwona kuchuluka kwa zisindikizo za ubweya, zisindikizo ndi mbalame pamtunda uno pamtunda wa 636 m.alidi dziko la nyama zowopsa! Kuteteza mtendere wa nyama, ndizoletsedwa pano kuyenda ngalawa zazikulu ndikuwuluka ndege.
Nyama za Killer ndi mauna owala, ma dolphin ndi anamgumi zimakusangalatsani kulikonse ndi mawonekedwe awo. Mudzazindikira munthu yemwe akuchita phokoso chifukwa cha kubangula kwake kwamphamvu ndi kaphokoso kakang'ono kwambiri. Inde, zingakhale chizindikiro cha dziko la zilumbazi! Koma mafuta oyenda panyanja ndi ubweya wake wofunikira ndi "mawonekedwe ochoka" omwe ali ndi chitetezo chazaka zaka zambiri komanso kulembetsa ku Red Book.
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, adafafaniza chifukwa chokhala ndi ballet komanso chinsomba chachikulu kwambiri, chachikulu kwambiri komanso chakale kwambiri cha chinsomba cha baleen, wazaka 30 miliyoni. Tsopano chiwerengero cha anthu chikulamulira, koma ndi anthu 120 okha. Kuwaona kunyanja ndikosowa mwayi!
Pachilumba chozizwitsa cha Moneron, mudzatsikira pansi pa mzimu wamadzi, momwe nyama zam'madzi zadzilamulira, pomwe zolengedwa zonse zapadziko lapansi "zidachoka". Makutu a pearlescent, masiponji am'nyanja, ma sparse-hedgehogs, zazikulu zazikulu, nyenyezi za mitundu 25, maluwa a mollusk. Kumiza kosakumbukika padziko lapansi za kukongola kwakale kwa Pacific Ocean!
Ku Nevelsk kudumphira pansi ndi ubweya zisindikizo kumakhala komwe amakhala. Ndi dolphinarium yamzinda mwamphamvu zamalingaliro, sizingafanane.
Alendo odzaona malo amasangalala kunyanja, kusewera mafunde ndikuwedza nsomba zam'nyanja. Konzekerani kuti katatu pa tsiku mumakhala ndi masangweji akulu ndi caviar, scallops, crayfish, squid, urchins zam'nyanja ndi kabichi pa mbale yanu yokhala ndi malire a pinki.Ndikotheka kuphika nkhanu yomwe ndi yodula ku lesitilanti ya ku Moscow ndikuiphika mumphika wamba pamoto.
Mbuyanga mphepo zonse ndi mafunde. Zilumba pamphepo zisanu ndi ziwiri
Kuchotsa zakumwa izi panyanja si ntchito yovuta. Pa Sakhalin pokhapokha mungadziwe zamomwe mphepo zenizeni zimawombera kuchokera mbali zonse, kusokoneza mayendedwe a masiku ndi milungu. Apa, mitengo imawoneka ngati mbalame zokhala ndi nthambi zamapiko, zomwe nthawi zonse zimatambalala m'mphepete mwa mpweya.
Amderali amangotcha mphepo ya La. Chifukwa chake, iliyonse ili ndi dzina lake: Ari, Tungur, Congor amawomba kuchokera kumunsi, kuli Alvari, Langi. Amatumizidwa ndi mkazi. Akayamba kuvina pang'onopang'ono, mphepo imakhala yofooka. Ngati kuvina kwanthawi yayitali komanso kosangalatsa, ndiye kuti mphepoyo ndi yolimba. Chithunzi cha mkuntho kuchokera kumlengalenga chikufanana ndi kuzungulira kwa zinthu uku kumavina kowononga.
Malinga ndi zomwe zili pamapupo, kum'mwera kwa Sakhalin ndi Kuril Islands kungakhale Anapa kapena Sochi-2, koma mphepo zamphamvu zozizira sizilola kuti mphepo itenthe. Chinthu chodziwika bwino ndi nyengo yachisanu yozizira ndi matalala akuwala mpaka 50 m / s ndi chipale chofewa pamtunda wa 6-8 m. Koma pindikirani kuthana ndi nyengo yachisanu. Kukwera kwa Ice
Zisumbu zochokera mbali ina zimatenthetsedwa ndi mafunde otentha a Nyanja ya Japan ndi Soi, ndipo kuchokera kwina amapokozedwa ndi madzi oundana a Okhotsk. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yotentha si yotentha, yamvula, kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pali zovuta zakumiyala. Nyengo ikusintha mwadala m'masiku ochepa komanso maola angapo. Modabwitsa amasintha madigiri ndi madzi am'mphepete kuchokera 2 mpaka +15.
Malo omwe mphepo imawomba, anthu amatcha "bowo lamkuntho". Panyengo yophukira, swans amawuluka mdzenjemo, ndipo nthawi ya kasupe imabweranso.
Apa mbalame zikuwombera kuchokera m'manja mwanu ..
Zisumbuzo ndiye ufumu wosakhazikika wa mbalame zopanda nzeru. Ziphuphu, mbalame za m'madzi, mbalame za m'madzi zozungulira zomwe zimayang'ana mitu yawo, ndikupanga misika ya mbalame kwa mazana mazana angapo a mbalame, kukakamiza anthu kuti achoke m'malo awo pansi pano. Ngati kuchuluka kwa zilumbazi kuli anthu pafupifupi 400,000, ndiye kuti mbalamezo ndi mamiliyoni. Aswada, abakha, oyenda pansi, agulugufe, akhungu, owala, ma guillemoti, maukwati, zipewa, zopusa ...
... Zili ndi iwo chiwombankhanga chagolide chakumwamba, yemwe maso ake ndi osawerengeka ...
Kuchuluka kwa mitundu ina ya mitundu ndi kuperewera kwa mitundu ina ndi kusiyana kwa Sakhalin. Ziwombankhanga zam'madzi za Steller ndi zithunzi za Kum'mawa Kakutali. Amachulukana pang'onopang'ono, nthawi zambiri amamwalira asanakhale makolo.
Ku Kunashir kokha komwe kunakhazikitsidwa mbalame yodziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ya kadzidzi wa nsomba, ndipo ndi anthu awiri okha m'dziko lathu lokhala ndi mbedza. Mwina muli ndi mwayi kuti muone kukongola kokongola kwa mbalamezi, zofanana ndi zolengedwa zochokera paradiso wotayika munyanja. Pano mu nyengo imodzi mutha kukhala woyang'anira mbalame wakhama.
Gulliver mdziko la zimphona ndi zonyansa
... Mahu Ainu anaphulitsidwa. Akazi, anthu okalamba, ana amanyowa mvula. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi udzuwo udakwera kukula ngati nyumba. Ain Ain okwanira pansi pa pepala lililonse, ndi ana anayi ....
Pa Sakhalin, ndizosangalatsa komanso zosangalatsa kuyesa kusintha kwa komweko kwa Alice ku Wonderland. Zitsamba ndi mitengo zimawoneka kuti zasinthanitsa mahomoni okula. Mu udzu wa bilberry, butterbur (burdock), angelica chimbalangondo, buckwheat - mudzakhala ochepa.
Ndipo pakati pa mitengoyo: mkungudza, alder, msondodzi, birch (zitsamba ndi mitundu yazing'ono) kapena m'nkhalangozi za bamboo, omwe kumayiko otentha ndi atali kwambiri kuposa munthu ndipo amalingalira mtengo, mumakula ndikukhala odula.
Kodi chifukwa chomera gigantism
Kodi ndichifukwa choti amamwetsedwa ndi madzi osungunuka a kumapiri, ofanana pano ndi ana, madzi oyambira a Dziko Lapansi? Kapena kodi ndi chifukwa cha kutentha kwa chilengedwe ndi dothi la gley m'malo amphulupulu ya tectonic? Zikuwonekeratu kuti pamtunda wachinyamata wotentha, njira zonse zimachitika mwachangu komanso mopindulitsa. Chifukwa chake, zitsamba za Sakhalin zimawonjezera masentimita 17 patsiku, mpaka 2-5 m kutalika.
Pano ndi pa maluwa a lava amakula
Zowopsa ndi chizindikiro cha madera akumpoto ndi mapiri. Kuvutika ndi nyengo yoipa kapena kusowa kwa malo, ma ikebans ochokera ku saxifrage, peonies, carnations amamera pamiyala, miyala yolimba, lava. Chizindikiro cha Sakhalin ndi duwa laling'ono koma lonyada komanso losowa. Iye ndi chizindikiro cha kukongola ndi kulimba mtima kwa dziko lino.
Chithunzi china cha nkhanza - mwala womata wokhala ndi nthambi zosweka kotero kuti poyang'ana, ndikufuna ndikhale ndakatulo. Bwanji osati kuvina mozungulira kwa mitengo yokoma yabwino?
New Robinsons
Ngati kumpoto mukuwona spruce, pine ndi fir, ndiye kuti masamba otentha kwambiri amalamulira kuzilumba zakumwera. Mitundu ya maluwa akuluakulu obisika pano imapezekanso, monga kakombo ka Glen wam 3 mm utali. Kummwera kwa Kunashir kokha komwe kumamera maluwa okongola a mitengo ya kuthengo, mtengo wamtali wokhala ndi maluwa akulu onunkhira. Chombo cha Sakhalin Noah chimasunga maluwa otetezedwa ndi akale a munyanjaku.
Lily Glen ndi Magnolia
Zomera zam'mwera zimasanduliza malowa kukhala nkhalango zachilengedwe. Vineyard, Schisandra chinensis, actinidia, mpiru, amayaka, hydrangea - mipesa yamitengo yamtunduwu (yojambulidwa mu dongosolo), pamodzi ndi mafayilo akuluakulu, imapanga mwayi wopita pachilumba cha chipululu.
Ndipo kuti, ngati sichoncho ku zilumba za Kuril, kuti mukakumana ndi Robinson Crusoe? Pa zithunzi zokongola za Shikotan ndi cape Krai Sveta, director S. Govorukhin adawombera zisudzo "osawonongeka" ndi wosewera L. Kuravlev. Malingaliro a Bezymyannaya Bay adatengedwa ngati oyambitsa filimuyo, ndipo mzimu wazilumbazi udathandizira kukhazikitsa mawonekedwe enieni a ukapolo wa hermit wotchuka.
Chifukwa chosewerera robinsonade, kapena "zakutchire" zokopa, zilumba za Kuril sizowonongeka. Zina mwa zisumbu sizokhala anthu, pomwe mulibe anthu konse. Kumene mumapumira mpweya woyera wa danga komanso woyamba kubwera ndi mayina a ngodya zachilengedwe. Awa ndi m'mphepete mwa zaka za zabwino ndi zachikondi!
Yendani apa zinyama zamtundu wosamveka waukongola
Kumpoto ndi kumwera kugwirizanitsa pazisumbu ndi nyama. Dera lokhalamo nyama zokhala ku Arctic ndi ma latitude apakati: reindeer, nkhandwe, hare, wolverine, ubweya. Ndipo ma liam akumwera ndi nsungwi zimakwaniritsidwa ndi abuluzi, njoka, kafadala, agulugufe, ngakhale kamba ka chikopa chosambira. Kuyenda m'njira zotetezedwa mu mapulogalamu a zachilengedwe, mudzaphunzira za zikhalidwe zosowa za m'dziko lanu.
Wamoyo kuposa nyama zonse zokhala ndi moyo
Ndipo kulumikizana ndi zimbalangondo nthawi zambiri kumakhala khadi yoyendera zilumbazi. Osawopa anthu, amakopa maso awo kulikonse. Anthu am'derali amazolowera amuna anzeru kuti amvetse bwino nkhani za nthano za ana "onyentchera". Ndipo Ainu anali ndi mzimu wokweza, wopatulika kwa chimbalangondo - "Munthu wam'mapiri, mulungu wammapiri, chinyama chanzeru."
Mzimayi anali kutola zipatso kuthengo ndipo anakumana ndi chimbalangondo. Mwa ichi, Ayarisuba, mulungu wamkulu wa pulaneti la Sirius, adamuwonekera. Adabereka mwana kwa iye, yemwe adakhala woyamba wa Ainu.
Mosiyana ndi akatswiri, chiyambi cha Ainu ndichowonekeratu komanso chosasinthika pazokha. Dzinalo la anthuli ndi lofanana ndi Nivkh "ayyu" ("bearish"). Ndipo m'malemba aku Russia adalembedwa kuti "shaggy" chifukwa cha tsitsi ndi nkhope yamphamvu.
Kulemekeza chimbalangondo, Ainu adakhulupirira kuti kudzera mu nyamayi amalumikizana ndi milungu ya pulaneti lawo. Pa chikondwerero cha Bear, a Ainu adapereka zopempha zawo kwa milungu yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito "mizimu yotumizira".
Nthawi yomweyo, chimbalangondo sichinangokhala chokonzekera cholinga chopatulika, koma chinali chokhudzana ndi icho. Kuyambira ali mwana, chimbalangondo cha teddy chimakhala m'mudzimo, chimadyetsedwa mkaka wachikazi, chimameta ndikujambula tattoo ngati anthu. Kwa Ainu akale, chimbalangondo chinali wachibale wamagazi ndi DNA.
Mukapita ku phanga la Bear Tragedies, muphunzira za tchuthi chakale cha cosmogonic. Ndipo popeza mwakumana ndi mwini wa mapiri panjira yopapatiza, konzekerani kumva mphindi yakuzindikira. Kupatula apo, komanso munthu, atakhala phiri. Ndi mizimu iti yomwe siyimachita nthabwala mukakhala pa Sakhalin!
Misonkhano yokhala ndi fuko lachiberekero izikhala yambiri komanso yosiyanasiyana! Ndipo nthabwala zonunkhira, makamaka ndi ife.
Chithunzi cha Sakhalin chojambulidwa ndi Repin "Sanadikire".
Ndipo mumakonda bwanji nthabwala zotere kapena kulakwitsa kokongola kwa chikhalidwe cha Sakhalin - chimbalangondo cha imvi chodulira?
Mzimu wa mbiri
Mutu wachilengedwe wautunduwu ndi wofunikira kwambiri ku Sakhalin kotero kuti kuli ndi Museum ya Bear. Dzikoli ladzala osati kokha ndi mbiri ya mafuko am'deralo. Nawo malo osungirako zinthu zakale kumene mazana zikwizikwi owonetsera zakale adasonkhanitsidwa mosamala. Chilumba chilichonse chili ndi dipatimenti yakeyofesi yazakale.
Maulendo ophunzirira ku Sakhalin ndi apadera, muphunzira zambiri ndikuwona apa. Tsamba la Chekhov ndi losagwirizana ndi mbiri yachilumbachi, chifukwa cha buku lomwe lidasinthidwa, lomwe lidasankha tsogolo la ukapolo wachifumu.
Ngakhale zilumba zili kutali, nkhondo zidayambanso. Zaka zowawa za dziko loyamba ndi lachiwiri limakhala m'makachisi kwa oteteza zilumbazi komanso zotsalira za zida zankhondo zomwe zimabwera kwa inu kulikonse.
Pano pali mzimu waku Japan, ukukununkhira kwa Japan kuno
Kukhala pa Sakhalin mudzakhudza Japan. Kuyandikana kwa Russia ndi mnansi wake waku Asia kudasokoneza moyo, chikhalidwe ndi zikhulupiriro za anthu awiri.
Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kwambiri zaku Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk ili m'nyumba yachijapani. Ndipo zipata za Tories zimasiyanabe dziko lapansi ndi amoyo ndi mizimu. Fuko lotukuka kwambiri padziko lapansi lotengera Ainu chikhulupiriro mwa milungu ya Kamui. Mzimu waku Japan umamvekanso bwino momwe zisumbu zimamangidwira zaka 40 zaku Japan.
Ndondomeko ya zikumbutso zonse za mbiri yakale za nthawi ya ku Japan ya Karafuto zalembedwa pa Sakhalin. Izi ndi zinthu 117: Kachisi wa Zionist, milatho, ma nyali, nyumba zankhondo. Zingathandize kuti alendo asaphonye imodzi.
Zaka zatsopano ndi kulumikizana kwa nthawi
Polenga Saharen Nasiri, Mulungu anayika mwala umodzi pamwamba pa umzake. Aliyense amadzola mafuta. Miyala ikasuntha, mafuta amatuluka. Mzimu wamphamvu umakhala mobisa. Mpweya wake umatuluka kudzera m'mabowo pansi.
Ainu ndi Nivkhs akhala mboni za kutulutsidwa kwa malasha, gasi ndi mafuta, kutcha mapiri, "mitsinje" yakuda, mitsinje, komanso zilumba zonse. M'zaka zatsopano "zidadabwitsa" momwe angapangire Sakhalin, kutulutsa chuma chake, osavulaza mawonekedwe apadera.
Ma pulaneti a gesi a Sakhalin-2 projekitiyi amapangidwa molingana ndi mtundu wa mbewa, ndipo mapaipi amapaipi amafuta amatha kutanuka panthawi yanthaka ya dziko ndikuyenda mozungulira mitsinje ndi njira yaimvi. Kulenga kodabwitsa kumeneku ndikodabwitsa kwambiri kwa dera lino monga nkhokwe zake.
Ndipo chimphona chachikulu chotchedwa Grand Mereya chimayenda kuwoloka kunyanja chotchedwa msungwana wa Ainki Merya, yemwe nthawi ina ankadikirira woyendetsa boti wachi Dutch, Georgia, adakali wachinyamata komanso wokongola. Zaka mazana atatu pambuyo pake, msonkhano uno unachitika: yemwe adapanga bomba la gasi anali kampani ya Dutch Shell. Nivkhs akuti nthawi ilibe mphamvu pa chikondi champhamvu.
Mizimu ndi uzimu - mawu amodzimodzi
Kukonda dziko lakwawo kumadutsa nthawi iliyonse. Anthu akale ndi malingaliro awo okhudzika, osamala zachilengedwe, uzimu wa chilengedwe udali m'mwazi. Monga gawo la chikondi ichi.
Wopanga zolengedwa zamoyo anaphunzitsa a Nivkhs kuti asazunze nyama, osazitenga kuposa zofunikira. A Nivkhs ena atadyetsedwa bwino ataphwanya malamulo, Kurn Wamphamvuyonse adatsitsa mkwiyo wake pa Yg-nthano. Nyanja idabwera padziko lapansi ndikupha amoyo onse.
Khonsolo ya anthu ndi nyama yomwe idapulumuka pa chigumula cha mapiri a Nabil ku Sakhalin, idakhazikitsa Code of Life momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mwanzeru mphatso za milungu. Liyenera kukhala Lamulo la anthu a nthawi yathu ino. Kusunga chuma chamalo osungidwaku pamphepete mwa nyanja nthawi zatsopano. Mwakuti, monga kale, maimvi otuwa amasambira kumphepete mwa Sakhalin. Ndipo kwa okhalamo kunalibe funso: Kodi Amayi amayambira kuti? Kuchokera kudziko lokongola kuyambira pachiyambi cha nthawi, pomwe, pansi pa nthano ya dzuwa laling'ono, anthu achilengedwe adabwerera kuubwana wawo wachinyamata:
Mwiniwake wa m'mphepete mwa nyanjayo
kuyambira Tsiku la Kulenga
kumene moyo wanga - zonse - ngati mbalame - zimachoka ... (Roman Hye)
Mchigawo cha Sakhalin, kutuluka kwa alendo obwera ndi alendo akukula kukukula. Chaka chilichonse, alendo ochulukirapo amabwera ku Sakhalin komanso ku Russia nthawi zowirikiza kawiri. Zochita zikupitilirabe.
Gwirizanani, chizindikiro chabwino. Koma kwa ine, ili ndi loto chabe mpaka pano. Tsoka ilo, mtengo wa ulendowu tsopano "ukuyipa." Mtunda wautali umapangitsa matikiti kukhala okwera mtengo. Maulendo opitilira omwe amapangidwa ndi mabungwe oyendayenda nawonso siotsika mtengo, koma sindinena chilichonse chokhudza maulendo obwereza. Ichi ndichifukwa chake tchuthi chomwe mudathera pophunzira dziko lodabwitsa, ndikungokhala kwa ine maloto chabe. Koma maloto nthawi zina amakwaniritsidwa, osachepera ndimakhulupirira. Nyenyezi zimatembenukira kwa ine ndipo ulendo wopita ku ngodya zabwino za dziko lathu lino udzachitika.
Ngati simunaganizire zakomwe tchuthi chanu, werengani nkhani ya "Tchuthi kumayiko ena kapena ku Russia: chabwino ndi chiyani pamtengo?", Mwina zomwe zafotokozedwazo zikuthandizani kuti musankhe bwino.
Siyani ndemanga, gawani nkhani pa malo ochezera, nthawi zonse zimakhala bwino kuzindikira kuti ntchito yanga sikupita pachabe.
Mutu
Dzinalo "Sakhalin" limachokera ku dzina la Manchu la Mtsinje wa Amur - "Sakhalyan-Ulla", lomwe limatanthawuza "Miyala ya Mtsinje Wakuda" - dzina lomwe lidasindikizidwa pamapupo lidalembedwa kuti ndi Sakhalin, ndipo m'mapu ena adasindikizidwa kale monga dzina la chilumbacho. .
Dzinalo la Japan la chilumbachi - Karafuto - lidachokera ku mawu a Ainu "Kamuikara putoi-mosir", Zomwe zikutanthauza" dziko la mulungu wa pakamwa. " Komabe, ku Japan yamakono, dzinali limagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Saccharin (サ ハ リ ン), ndiko kumasulira kwa dzina la Chirasha.
Mpumulo
Mpumulo wa chilumbachi umakhala ndi mapiri apakati pake, mapiri otsika komanso mapiri. Madera akum'mwera ndi chapakati pachilumbachi amakhala ndi mapiri ndipo ali ndi mapiri awiri ophatikizika - Western Sakhalin (mpaka 1327 mita - Onor mzinda) ndi mapiri a East Sakhalin (mpaka 1609 m kutalika - tawuni ya Lopatin), olekanitsidwa ndi Tym- wautali wautali- Poronayskaya chigwa. Kumpoto kwa chilumbachi (kupatulapo chilumba cha Schmidt) ndi malo owoneka bwino.
Gombe la chisumbucho lili ndi malingaliro pang'ono, mabatani akulu - Aniva ndi Terpeniya (lotseguka kumwera) ali kum'mwera ndi pakati pachilumbachi, motero. Mphepo ziwiri zazikulu ndi ma peninsulas anayi akuwonekera pagombe.
Pakupulumutsidwa kwa Sakhalin, zigawo 11 zotsatirazi ndizodziwika bwino:
- Dera la Schmidt (pafupifupi 1.4,000 km²) ndi malo okhala kumapiri kumpoto kwa chilumbacho ndi malo otsetsereka, m'malo ena mabanki otsetsereka ndi zitunda ziwiri zophatikizira - West ndi East, malo okwezeka kwambiri ndi tawuni ya Three Brothers (623 m), yolumikizidwa ku North Sakhalin chigwa cha Isthmus cha Isthmus, chomwe m'lifupi mwake ndichoposa 6 km,
- Dera la North Sakhalin Pafupifupi (makilomita 28,000) ndi malo otsetsereka pang'ono kumwera kwa Schmidt Peninsula yokhala ndi mitsinje yofalikira kwambiri, yopanda mapesi ndi magwewe, kuyambira ku Baikal Bay kumpoto mpaka kutsinje kwa mitsinje ya Nysh ndi Tym kumwera. nsonga yake ndi mzinda wa Daahuria (601 m), gombe lakumpoto chakum'mawa kwa chilumbachi kuoneka subarea, womwe umadziwika ndi zigwiriro zazikulu (zazikulu kwambiri - Piltun, Chayvo, Nyisky, Nabilsky, Lunsky bays), olekanitsidwa ndi nyanja ndi mizere yopapatiza ya alluvial , Dunes, malo otsika m'madzi - mu subarea iyi ndi malo apafupi ndi Nyanja ya Okhotsk ndi minda yayikulu ya mafuta a Sakhalin ndi gasi,
- Mapiri a West Sakhalin amatalika pafupifupi 630 km kuchokera kutalika kwa s. Hohe (51 ° 19 'N) kumpoto kupita kudera la Krillon kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa chilumbachi, kutalika kwa mapiri ndi 40-50 km, yayikulu kwambiri (kumpoto kwa Cape Lamanon) ndi pafupifupi 70 km, gawo lankhondo limapangidwa ndi Kamyshovy (kumpoto kwa Isthmus of Belt ) ndi mizere yam'mwera,
- Dera la Tym-Poronayskaya lowe lili pakatikati pa chilumbachi ndipo ndi lalitali lodzaza mapiri, limafalikira pafupifupi makilomita 250 kulowera mbali zoyambira - kuchokera ku Terpeniya Bay kumwera mpaka kutsinje kwa mitsinje ya Tym ndi Nysh kumpoto, kumafikira kumtunda waukulu (mpaka 90 km) pakamwa. Mtsinje wa Poronay, wocheperako (makilomita asanu ndi atatu) - m'chigwa cha Tym, kumpoto kudutsa ku Nabil Lowland, wokutidwa ndi chinsalu cha mlengalenga wa Cenozoic, wophatikizidwa ndi mchenga wa Quaternary: miyala yamchenga, miyala yamchere, madera ambiri kumwera Gawo lachiwiri limatchedwa Lowlands Poronai "tundra"
- Dera la Susunai lili kum'mwera kwa chilumbachi ndipo limatalikirana pafupifupi 100 km kuchokera ku Aniva Bay kumwera kupita kumtsinje wa Naiba kumpoto, dambo limachepa ndi Mapiri a West Sakhalin kumadzulo, Susunai Range ndi Korsakov Plateau kummawa, ndipo madera otsika amafika 20 km kum'mwera. , pakati - 6 km, kumpoto - 10 km, kutalika kotheratu kumpoto ndi kumwera sikudutsa 20 m pamwamba pa nyanja, pakatikati, pamtsinje wa Susuya ndi Mitsinje yayikulu, mpaka 60 m, ndi mtundu wa madera otsika mkati ndi zikuyimira Matenda okhumudwa omwe amapanga madera akuluakulu a Quaternary mkati mwa Susunai madera a Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Aniva, Dolinsk ndi pafupifupi theka la anthu pachilumbachi.
Madzi akunyanja
Mitsinje ikuluikulu ya Sakhalin:
Mtsinje | Malo oyang'anira | Komwe kumayambira | Kutalika, km | Malo amadziwe, km² | Avereji ya chaka chilichonse yamadzi, m³ / s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zilekeni | Tymovsky, Smirnykhovsky, Poronaysky | Bay of Patience ya Nyanja ya Okhotsk | 350 | 7990 | 120 |
Tym | Tymovsky, Nogliki | Nyisky Bay, Nyanja ya Okhotsk | 330 | 7850 | 89 |
Nyba | Dolinsky | Nyanja ya Okhotsk | 119 | 1660 | |
Lyutoga | Kholmsky, Anivsky | Aniva Bay, Nyanja ya Okhotsk | 130 | 1530 | |
Shaft | Nogliki | Chayvo Bay, Nyanja ya Okhotsk | 112 | 1440 | |
Ainu | Tomarinsky | Nyanja Ainsky | 79 | 1330 | |
Nysh | Nogliki | Tym Mtsinje (wamanzere) | 116 | 1260 | |
Uglegorka (Esutoru) | Uglegorsky | Nyanja ya Japan (Chitetezo cha Chitata) | 102 | 1250 | |
Amatsenga (Langra) | Ohinsky | Amur estuary of Nyanja ya Okhotsk | 130 | 1190 | |
Chachikulu | Ohinsky | Gombe la Sakhalin la Nyanja ya Okhotsk | 97 | 1160 | |
Rukutama (Vitnitsa) | Poronaysky | Nyanja Nevskoye | 120 | 1100 | |
Chombo | Poronaysky | Bay of Patience ya Nyanja ya Okhotsk | 85 | 1080 | |
Lesogorka (Taimyr) | Uglegorsky | Nyanja ya Japan (Chitetezo cha Chitata) | 72 | 1020 | |
Nabil | Nogliki | Nabilsky Bay wa Nyanja ya Okhotsk | 101 | 1010 | |
Malaya Tym | Tymovsky | Tym Mtsinje (wamanzere) | 66 | 917 | |
Leonidovka | Poronaysky | Poronay River (kumanja) | 95 | 850 | |
Susuya | Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Anivsky | Aniva Bay, Nyanja ya Okhotsk | 83 | 823 |
Pa Sakhalin, pali nyanja za 16,120 zomwe zili ndi pafupifupi km km 1000. Onsewa ndi opanda mphamvu. Madera omwe amakhala kwambiri ndi kumpoto komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa chilumbachi. Nyanja ziwiri zazikulu kwambiri ku Sakhalin - Nevskoye okhala ndi malo owonera galasi 178 km² (chigawo cha Poronaysky, pafupi ndi kamtsinje wa Poronai) ndi Tunaycha (174 km²) (chigawo cha Korsakovsky, kumpoto kwa Muratlev Lowland), nyanja zonsezo ndi zamtundu wa lagoon. Mapiri amapanga 20% ya gombe la Sakhalin Island. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamadzi, yomwe imakhala pamtunda woposa 200 km wam'mphepete mwa nyanja, imakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa chilumbacho.
Zachilengedwe
Sakhalin amadziwika ndi kuthekera kwambiri kwachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza pazachilengedwe, pogwiritsa ntchito malo omwe Sakhalin ndi amodzi mwa malo oyamba ku Russia, chilumbachi ndi shelufu yake zimakhala ndi ma hydrocarbons ndi malasha. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa akasungidwe a mpweya woponderezedwa, Sakhalin Oblast imatenga malo achi 4 ku Russia, gasi - 7, malasha - 12 (akudwala.) Ndipo mafuta - malo 13, pomwe mkati mwa zigawo zimapulumutsidwa idakhazikika kwathunthu pa Sakhalin ndi alumali. Zina mwazinthu zachilengedwe za pachilumbachi ndizo nkhuni, golide, mercury, platinamu, germanium, chromium, talc, zeolites.
"Buku Lofiyira"
Zinyama, maluwa, ndi microbiota pachilumbachi zimapezekanso mitundu yambiri yazinyama zotetezeka, zomera, ndi bowa. Mitundu 18 ya zinyama zolembedwa ku Sakhalin, mitundu 97 ya mbalame (kuphatikizapo 50 nesting), mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya nsomba, mitundu 20 ya invertebrates, mitundu 113 ya zomera zam'mimba, mitundu 13 ya bryophytes, mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya algae, mitundu 14 ya bowa ndi mitundu 20 ya lichens (i.e. 136 Mitundu ya zinyama, mitundu ya zomera 133 ndi mitundu 34 ya bowa (mitundu itatu yonse ya 303) yatetezeka, ndiye kuti, adalembedwa mu Red Book of the Sakhalin Region, pomwe gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse amaphatikizidwa mu Buku Lofiyira la Russian Federation.
Zomera za "Buku Lofiirira", maluwa a Sakhalin amaphatikizapo zipatso zokhala ndi mtima ngati zipatso (Aralia cordata), Calypso bulbous (Kalipso bulbosa), Glen Cardiocrinum (Cardiocrinum glehnii), sedge Chijapani (Carex japonicandi imviCarex livida), Venus slipper zenizeni (Cypripedium calceolus) Ndi maluwa akulu (Cypripedium macranthum), Grey pawiriDiphylleia grayi), fenugreek wopanda masambaEpipogium aphyllum), Japan kandyk (Erythronium japonicum), wokhala ndi malire (Gastrodia elata), xiphoid iris (Iris ensata), aryolanthus (Juglans ailanthifolia), kalopanaks seven-bladed (Kalopanax septemlobum), kakombo wa mbewe (Lilium lancifolium), Honeysuckle wa Tolmachev (Lonicera tolmatchevii), Wopanda-mbewu zamphiko (Macropodium pterospermum,, tsamba lonse miyakiya (Miyakea merifolia) (miyakiya ndiye mtundu wabwinobwino wa mbewu zamankhwala ku Sakhalin), chisa chake chikukula (Neottianthe cucullata), peonies obovate (Paeonia obovata) ndi phiri (Paeonia oreogeton), yoyaka ya buluu (Poa radula) ndi viburnum ya Wright (Viburnum wrightii), i.e. mitundu 23. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zitsamba zina zisanu ndi zitatu za "Red Book" pachilumbachi: zolimbitsa thupi ziwiri - juniper Sargent (Juniperus sargentii) ndi spiky yew (Taxus cuspidata), mitundu itatu yafern-Midwort Asia (Isoëtes asiatica), Mikel leptorumor (Leptorumohra miqueliana) ndi mecodium wa Wright (Mecodium wrightii), mitundu iwiri ndi mitundu iwiri ya mosses - Japan brioxifium (Bryoxiphium norvegicum var. japonicum), North Necker (Neckera borealis,, ndipo cholakwika ndi chosayankhula (Plagiothecium obtusissimum) .
Olamulira pachilumbachi
DZINA LONSE. | Udindo, udindo, udindo | Nthawi yolembetsa |
---|---|---|
Gintse Andrey Ivanovich | wamkulu wamkulu | 14.06.1884—21.02.1888 |
Kononovich Vladimir Iosifovich | wamkulu wamkulu | 21.02.1888—05.06.1893 |
Merkazin Vladimir Dmitrievich | wamkulu wamkulu | 20.06.1893—30.05.1894 |
Atsogoleri ankhondo
DZINA LONSE. | Udindo, udindo, udindo | Nthawi yolembetsa |
---|---|---|
Merkazin Vladimir Dmitrievich | wamkulu wamkulu | 30.05.1894—03.05.1898 |
Lyapunov Mikhail Nikolaevich | wonama wamkulu | 08.05.1898—31.01.1906 |
Kusamutsa kumpoto kwa Sakhalin kupita ku USSR
Pambuyo pa zokambirana zambiri pakati pa USSR ndi Japan, Pangano la Beijing lidasainidwa pa Januware 20, 1925, lomwe lidabwezeretsa ubale pakati pa mayiko ndi kutanthauza kuti boma la Soviet Russia lingazindikire. Japan idalonjeza kuti itulutsa gawo lokhalidwa kumpoto kwa Sakhalin mpaka pa Meyi 15.
Kupereka kwa mgwirizanowu kunaperekedwa ku komphenenti yowongoleredwa ndi wothandizila wa People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs V. Ya. Aboltin. Mulinso antchito a OGPU, People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs ndi Revolutionary Military Council kumpoto kwa Sakhalin. Mu februamu, adafika ku Khabarovsk, komwe pamawondo khumi, pomwe atatu anali ndi zipinda zothamangitsidwa kuti azitetezedwa ndi mphepo, ndipo pogwirana ndi galu amapita pachilumbachi. Mamembala onse a komitiyi anali atavala khitchini ndikugulitsa mosungidwa pamalopo. Pa february 28, komitiyi idachoka ku Khabarovsk, ndipo pa Marichi 21 ku Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, pamaso pa lamulo la Japan, msonkhano woyamba wa gulu losamutsa kumpoto kwa Sakhalin udachitika.
Popeza Ajapani adazindikira zotsatira za zokambirana za ku Beijing ngati zopanda chilungamo, komitiyi idakonzekera kuti izi zichitike. Monga a V. Ya. Aboltin amakumbukira, nthumwi za Soviet zinafunikira kuti zisamangokhala okhwimitsa malamulo a boma, komanso kusinthasintha kwa maulamuliro. Mtsogoleri wa nthumwiyo anakumana kasanu ndi kasanu ndi kazembe wa ku Japan ndipo adatha kukhazikitsa ubale wabwino ndi wocheperapo ndi lamulo la Japan, lomwe poyang'anirana mosiyanasiyana komanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana anayesa kuphatikiza gawo lomwe linali. Chifukwa cha ntchito yolumikizidwa kwa bungwe la Soviet ndi oyimira ku Japan, omwe anakumana kasanu ndi kawiri pazokambirana, pa Meyi 1, mgwirizano womaliza unasainidwa pomaliza kulanda dziko la Japan ku Northern Sakhalin.
Kusamutsa mwamtendere madera achilumbachi kupita ku Soviet Union kunatsika monga imodzi mwa ntchito zanzeru zaku Soviet Union ndi People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, zomwe zitha kuthetsa mwamtendere zotsutsana ndikuchita kuti asitikali aku Japan abwere.
Vladimir Aboltin kenako anatsogolera oyang'anira a Soviet kumpoto kwa Sakhalin, komwe anakhazikitsa nyuzipepala yotchedwa Sovetsky Sakhalin. Idakonzedwanso ndi Aboltin.
Kufalitsa kumwera kwa Sakhalin
Zotsatira zakupambana kwa Japan pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, gawo lonse la Sakhalin Island (komanso zilumba zonse za Kuril) lidaphatikizidwa ku Soviet Union (RSFSR).
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk adakhazikitsidwa ngati gawo la Ufumu wa Russia mu 1882 pansi pa dzina la Vladimirovka. Pambuyo pa kupambana kwa USSR ndi ogwirizana nawo mu Nkhondo Yadziko II, limodzi ndi chisumbu chonse, zidapitilira ku USSR.
Chuma
Mu Januwale-Ogasiti 2009, malipiro apakati pa Sakhalin Oblast anali 31,947 rubles. pamwezi, ndipo ndalama zapakatikati pamwezi ndi ma ruble 24,225. (pafupifupi $ 800), ndiye kuti, zinali zowonekeratu (44%) kuposa zachi Russia, zomwe mu Epulo-Juni 2009 zidafika rubles 16,879 / mwezi. . Poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomweyo ya 2008, malipiro omwe amapezeka m'derali adakwera ndi 13.5%, ngakhale mphamvu zake zogula zimatsika pang'ono - ndi 0.5%. Pakugwiritsa ntchito ogula (17,449 rubles / mwezi pa capita ku IV-VI. 2009), dera la Sakhalin limakhala woyamba ku Russia Far East komanso wachinayi ku Russia konse (pambuyo pa Moscow, Yamalo-Nenets ndi Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okcine).
Gawo la 10% la anthu achuma kwambiri m'chigawo cha Sakhalin ndi 33,5% ya ndalama zonse zomwe amapeza. Chifukwa chake, malipiro apakati a oyang'anira zigawo ku Sakhalin kwa theka loyamba la 2009 adakwaniritsa ma ruble 72,887 / mwezi, ndipo m'mabungwe oyendetsa milandu anali ofanana ndi ma ruble 122,031 / mwezi. . Gawo la 10% la anthu osauka kwambiri ndiongopeza 1.6% yazonse zachigawo.
Chilumbachi chimadziwika ndi kusiyanitsa kopeza ndalama zambiri: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk ndi madera akumpoto omwe amapanga mafuta akutsogolera, ndipo madera akutali omwe ali ndi zopangika zomwe zidayima zaka 90s zatsalira. Mwachitsanzo, ku Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk malipiro pamwezi a ma ruble 10,000. Imawerengedwa kuti ndi yotsika mtengo, pomwe matauni ang'onoang'ono ndi midzi yomwe ili pagombe lakumadzulo (makamaka, m'maboma a Tomarinsky, Uglegorsky, Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalin) iyi ndi ndalama zabwino kwambiri. Kusowa kwa ndalama zalamulo m'milandu yambiri pachilumbachi kumakhala kulipiriridwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwaulimi - makamaka, kukolola mosavomerezeka kwa caviar wofiira.
Malipiro amoyo
Mtengo wokhala ndi moyo gawo limodzi la kotala la 2009 lidafika ma ruble 8094 m'chigawo chonse. (pafupifupi $ 270), kuphatikiza kwa anthu okalamba - 8551 ma ruble, kwa ogwiritsa ntchito penshoni - 6 610, kwa ana - 7655 rubles.
Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ndalama zawo zili pansi pa gawo laling'ono ndi anthu 126,2,000, kapena 24,5% yaanthu (mu 1 gawo la 2008 - 110.4 anthu, kapena 21.3%).
Mapenshoni ndi penshoni
Popeza zigawo ziwiri zakumpoto za Sakhalin - Okhinsky ndi Nogliksky - amaziona ngati zigawo za North North, ndipo madera otsalawa ali ngati zigawo za Far North, zaka zopumira pantchito pachilumbachi ndizotsika kuposa ambiri a Russian Federation, ndipo ndi zaka 50 kwa akazi ndi 55 kwa amuna (omwe ali ndi 20- luso la ntchito yachilimwe pa Sakhalin).
Malinga ndi Pension Fund yaku Sakhalin Region, kuyambira pa Epulo 1, 2009, anthu 157,785 omwe adalandira mapenshoni (pafupifupi 30% ya anthu) adalembetsedwa, pomwe anthu 73,377 akupitilizabe kugwira ntchito. Kukula kwakukulu kwa mapenshoni, poganizira malipiro amalipiro, monga momwe zimakhalira nambala yomweyo, zinali ma ruble 6967.8. Poyerekeza ndi nthawi yolingana chaka chatha, kukula kwa mapenshoni munthawi zonse kunakwera ndi 28.6%, m'mawu enieni - ndi 12%. Kuphatikiza pa penshoni yakale, anthu 1529 a zaka zogwira ntchito omwe amasamalira nzika olumala amalandila penshoni, kukula kwawo kwa penshoni yawo kunali 1717,5 rubles.
Mayendedwe
Ma njanji amtundu wa anthu amabwera pachilumbachi (kulumikizirana kutali kwambiri kuchokera ku Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk kupita kumudzi wa Nogliki), palinso sitima yapamadzi yolowera kumtunda kupita kumtunda. Sitima ya Sakhalin ndiyosangalatsa chifukwa, mpaka mu 2019, idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 1067 mm gauge, zachilendo kwa Russia, idatsala kuchokera ku Japan. Ku USSR, makamaka kwa Sakhalin, TG16 ndi TG22 locomotives adapangidwa ndipo adapangidwa mndandanda.
Ntchito pakusintha kwa njanji kukhala muyezo wa 1520 mm wa Russia yachitika kuyambira 2004. Magalimoto onyamula anthu atamanganso njanjiyi adatsegulidwa pa Seputembara 1, 2019. Poyendetsa, pamagalimoto a TG16M dizilo ndi mabasi a njanji a RA3 amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Sitima zosagwera anthu wamba (departmental nyembamba-gauge) zimanyamula mayendedwe kumadera komwe kulibe magalimoto amtundu wa anthu. Ambiri aiwo anakanthidwa, njanji yomwe inali yopapatiza m'boma la Uglegorsk idatsalira.
Mu 1950s, anayesa kuti apange msewu wa Sakhalin-mainland, womwe unasiyidwa pambuyo pa kumwalira kwa Stalin.
Pali ntchito ya njanji pakati pa Khabarovsk Territory ndi Sakhalin kudzera pa Nevelsky Strait mu tsamba la Lazarev-Pogibi. Ntchito yomanga mlatho imayenera. Kutalika kwa msewu waukulu kudzakhala 540-580 km. Mtsogololi, lakonzekera kulumikiza Sakhalin ndi chilumba cha Japan ku Hokkaido, koma malinga ndi zomwe mkulu wakale wa Russia Railways, Vladimir Yakunin, ntchitoyi ikulepheretsedwa ndi mavuto andale omwe sanathetsedwe pakati pa Russian Federation ndi Japan. Pakadali pano, kulumikizana pakati pa bara ndi Sakhalin kumachitika kudzera pachilombo cha Vanino-Kholmsk.
Misewu imalumikiza pafupifupi malo onse amderali. Misewu yabwino ndiyabwino, panjira panjapo ili kum'mwera kokha.
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk amalumikizidwa ndi ndege ndi Moscow, Novosibirsk, Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk ndi Vladivostok, okhala ndi mizinda ndi matauni a Sakhalin Region (Okha, Shakhtyorsk, Nogliki, Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Burevestnik (pachilumba cha Iturup), komanso Japan. Hakodate), South Korea (Seoul) ndi China (Harbin, ndi posachedwapa, Beijing). Ndizosangalatsa kuti kuchokera ku Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (likulu la chigawo) kulibe kulumikizana mwachindunji ndi likulu la chigawo cha Severo-Kurilsk, ndipo muyenera kupita kumeneko mozungulira - kudzera pa Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
Zolemba
- Island Lutsky S.L. Sakhalin Island
- Island Chekhov A.P. Sakhalin Island
- ↑Munda B.P.Mayiko ndi Anthu a Kummawa / Pansi pa kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa Olderogge D. A. .. - M .: Nauka, 1968. - P. 68-85. - 264 tsa.
- ↑Zilekeni - cholembedwa kuchokera ku Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
- ↑Sakhalin - cholembedwa kuchokera ku Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
- ↑V. S. Labay, I. A. Atamanova, D. S. Zavarzin, I. V. Motylkova, O. N. Mukhametova, V. D. Nikitin.Matupi a Madzi a Chilumba cha Sakhalin: kuchokera ku zinyalala kupita kunyanja / G.V. Matyushkov. - State budget budget institution "Sakhalin Regional Museum of Local Lore". - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Nyumba Yosindikiza ya Sakhalin, 2014 .-- S. 8, 10, 13. - 208 tsa. - Makope 500. - ISBN 978-5-900334-71-4. Yosungidwa Seputembara 14, 2017 pa Makina A Wayback
- ↑Petukhov A.V., Kordyukov A.V., Baranchuk-Chervonny L.N. Ma Atlas azomera zam'mphepete mwa Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk // Chiyambi. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Akon, 2010. - S. 9. - 97 978-5-904209-05-6
- ↑Barkalov V. Yu., Taran A. A. Mndandanda wa mitundu yazomera zam'madzi pa Sakhalin Island // Flora ndi Fauna wa Sakhalin Island (Mater. International Sakhalin Project). - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. - Gawo 1. - S. 39-66. - ISBN 5-8044-0467-9
- Echa Nechaev V.A. Mwachidule za mbalame za mbalame (Aves) Sakhalin Oblast // M'buku: Flora ndi nyama za Sakhalin Island (Zipangizo za International Sakhalin Project). Gawo 2. (ISBN 5-8044-0507-1) - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2005. - P. 246-327.
- ↑ Buku Lofiyira la Sakhalin Oblast: Zomera. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Sakhalin. Kalonga Nyumba Yofalitsa, 2005 .-- 348 p.
- ↑ 12Chiwerengero cha Sakhalin ndi Kuril Islands ndi anthu 510.9 miliyoni. 02/03/2010. Ziwerengero. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Sakhalin. Zambiri
- Population Chiwerengero cha Russian Federation ndi matauni kuyambira pa 1 Januware 2013. - M: Federal State Statistics Service ya Rosstat, 2013. - 528 p. (Tebulo 33. Chiwerengero cha anthu akumatauni, matauni, midzi yamatawuni, midzi yakumidzi, midzi yakumidzi).(osatchulidwa) (cholumikizika chosagwirizana). Tsiku la chithandizo December 11, 2019.Yolembedwa pa Meyi 13, 2019.
- Kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Russia Federation ndi matauni kuyambira pa 1 Januware 2016
- ↑M.S. Vysokov.Mutu 10. Zilumba za Kuril m'zaka za XVII (Russian). Mbiri ya Zilumba za Kuril. Sakhalin State University.
- Up Kulandila gawo la Northern Sakhalin ndi Japan
- ↑L. Opeza.Nthumwi ya People's Commissar Chicherin. Monga wopanda kuwombera kumodzi kunatha ntchito yaku Northern Sakhalin (Russian). Soviet Sakhalin. Kuwongolera Chigawo cha Sakhalin (Juni 8, 2017). Tsiku lachitetezo pa Seputembara 16, 2019.
- ↑ 12Malipiro apakati pamwezi ku Sakhalin ali pafupifupi ma ruble 32,000 - Sakhalinstat. 10/27/2009. Ziwerengero. Sakhalin. Zambiri
- ↑ 12Ndalama zopezeka ndi ndalama zogulira ogula pa capita iliyonse mu 2009(osatchulidwa) (cholumikizika chosagwirizana). Wolemba pa 20 Epulo 2006.
- ↑ 12A kotala la anthu a Sakhalin amakhala pansi pa umphawi. 04/23/2009. Nkhani. Sakhalin. Zambiri
- Mu theka loyamba la chaka, malipiro apakati pamwezi a oyang'anira zigawo ku Sakhalin anali ma ruble 72,887. 08/25/2009. Ziwerengero. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Sakhalin. Zambiri
- Pensheni yapakati ku Sakhalin ndi ma ruble 6968, ndipo chololera cha mwana ndi ma ruble 274. 04.23.2009. Ziwerengero. Sakhalin. Zambiri
- Akhal Sakhalin anasintha chikhalidwe cha Russia(osatchulidwa) (Seputembara 1, 2019).
- Rail Njanji zosanja zozungulira za dera la Sakhalin - S. Bolashenko(osatchulidwa) (ulalo wosapezeka - nkhani ) .
- ↑ 12Yurchak V.A.SAKHALIN TUNNEL MU MBIRI YA UTHENGA WABWINO WA RUSSIA // Zipangizo za VIII International Student elektroniki Science Science Msonkhano wa "Ophunzira pa Sayansi Yophunzira"(osatchulidwa) (16.01.201).
- ↑Alexey Chichkin.Russia idayambiranso ntchito ina yaku Soviet(osatchulidwa) (cholumikizika chosagwirizana). TPP-Zidziwitsani (Ogasiti 6, 2012). Tsiku la chithandizo Julayi 8, 2015.Yolembedwa pa 9 Julayi, 2015.
- ↑ Yakunin: ndale zimalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zoyendera pakati pa Sakhalin ndi Hokkaido(osatchulidwa) . CHIWANDA (Julayi 8, 2015).
Zolemba
- Barkalov V. Yu., Taran A. A. Mndandanda wazomera zam'madzi za pachilumba cha Sakhalin // Zomera ndi nyama za Sakhalin Island (Zida za Padziko Lonse la Sakhalin). Gawo 1. - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. - S. 39-66.
- Buku Lofiyira la Malo a Sakhalin: Nyama. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Shukin buku lofalitsa nyumba, 2001. - 190 p.
- Buku Lofiyira la Sakhalin Oblast: Zomera. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Shukin buku lofalitsa nyumba, 2001. - 348 p.
- Nechaev V.A. Mbalame Zachilumba cha Sakhalin. - Vladivostok: FEB Academy of Sayansi ya USSR, 1991 .-- 748 p.
- Nechaev V.A. Zambiri za mbalame zamtchire (Aves) Sakhalin Oblast // Zomera ndi zanyama za Sakhalin Island (Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi International Sakhalin Project). Gawo 2 .. - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2005. - S. 246-327.
- Katswiri wazomera zapamwamba za Sakhalin ndi Kuril Islands / D.P. Vorobyov, V.N. Voroshilov, N.N. Gurzenkov, ndi ena .. - L: Science, Leningrad. Dep., 1974.— 372 p.
- Gritsenko O. F.Kudutsa nsomba za Sakhalin Island (taxonomy, ecology, nsomba). - M., 2002.
- Chekhov A.P. Sakhalin Island.
- Pikul V.S. Katorga.
- Svechin N. Dead Island