Anangumi okhala ndi mitundu iwiri: Eubalaena (anamgunda kumanzere) ndi Balaena (Woweta mutu, B. fanticetus ) Zinsomba zowoneka bwino zimaganiziridwa kuti zimakhala ndi mtundu umodzi wokha, pomwe kafukufuku yemwe adachitika zaka zoyambilira za 2000s zisanachitike adanena kuti mathagwada ndi mapanga am'manja ndi maumbidwe osiyanasiyana (mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana chigaza) ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya phylogen. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wolemba HC Rosenbaum (wochokera ku American Museum of Natural History) ndi mnzake, ku North Pacific ( E. Japan ) ndi Kumwera (kumanja E. Australia ) anamgumi ndi ogwirizana kwambiri kuposa momwe amawombera kumpoto kwa Atlantic (North Atlantic) E. glacialis ).

Zithunzi zimakhala ndi majini awiri ( Balaenoptera ndi Megaptera ) ndi mitundu isanu ndi inayi: Finwal ( B. physalus ), ku China Sei ( B. borealis ), Chinsomba cha Bryde ( B. brydei ), Chinsomba cha Edeni ( B. edeni ), nsomba za buluu ( B. Musculus ), ndiye minke whale ( B. acutorostrata ), kenako nangumi ya Antarctic minke ( B. Bonaerensis ), minke whales ( B. omurai ) ndi chinsomba cha humpback M. novaeangliae ) Pakuwunikanso kwa 2012 kwa misonkho wa cetacean, a Alexander Hassanin (ochokera ku National Museum d'Histoire Naturelle) ndi mnzake adafotokoza kuti, potengera njira za phylogenetic, pali mitundu inayi yomwe ipulumuka. Amalimbikitsa kuti mtundu Balaenoptera wochepetsedwa ndi finwala, kukhala ndi anamgumi a minke agwera pansi pa mtundu Pterobalaena ndipo Rorqualus muli ndi Sei whale, Whale mkwatibwi, chinsomba cha Edeni, nangumi wamtambo, ndi omur whale.

Cetoterium imakhala ndi chiwalo chimodzi chamoyo; Caperea marginata ) Mafotokozedwe oyambilira amachokera m'ma 1840 a mafupa ndi ma cell masharubu, ofanana ndi kambuku kakang'ono, ndipo adatchulidwa Balaena marginata . Mu 1864 adasinthidwira ku mabanja Kaperezi Pambuyo pa chigoba cha lingaliro lina chinapezeka. Patatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, chinsomba chokhala ngati chinsomba chinapatsidwa kubanja la Neobalaenidae. Ngakhale kuti ndi dzina lake, chinsomba chokhala ndi matope amtunduwu ndiofanana ndi mahagwada a minke ndi nkhono imvi kuposa zinsomba. Pakafukufuku yemwe adafalitsidwa mchaka cha 2012, potengera momwe mafupa adapangidwira, namgumi wina wam'madzi wochokera ku banja la Neobalaenidae adasamukira ku banja la cetoterium, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yopeza zakale, Neobalaenidae adakwezedwa pamlingo wapansi wa Neobalaeninae.

Eschrichtiidae amapezeka mamembala amoyo amodzi okha: grey whale ( Eschrichtius wamkulu mtundu). Anthu awiriwa, amodzi mu Nyanja ya Okhotsk ndi Nyanja ya Japan, ndi enanso mu Nyanja ya Meditereya komanso kum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic, akuwakhulupirira kuti amakhala osabadwa komanso mwakuthupi. Agulu achimvi pachikhalidwe chawo amayikidwa msanga mitundu yamoyo ya mtundu wawo ndi mabanja. Komabe, kusanthula kwa kafukufuku wa DNA, monga imodzi ya Takeshi Sasaki (wa ku Tokyo Institute of Technology) ndi anzawo, akuwonetsa zinsomba zina, monga humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae , ndi kumaliza, Balaenoptera physalus ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi chinsomba cha imvi kuposa zinsomba zina za minke, monga minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata .

Etymology

Dzina la taxonomic "Mysticeti" (/ ˌ m ɪ s s a t / a) likuwoneka kuti chifukwa cholakwitsa kumasulira koyambirira kwamakope oyambira a Aristotle Mbiri yakale (m'Chigiriki chakale), pomwe "ὁ μῦς alingὸ κῆτος" ( ho mnu pa kētos , "Mouse, whale, wotchedwa") adatanthauziridwa molakwika kuti "ὁ μυσalingικῆτος" ( ο mustikētos , "Mysticetus"), yemwe DW Rice (wa ku Marine Mammology Society) mu ntchito yake ya 1998 akuyenera kukhala chidziwitso chazinyama zazikulu. dzina lina la parvorder ndi "Mystacoceti" (kuchokera ku Greek μύσταξ "masharubu" + κῆτος "kit"), yomwe, moyenera kuti inali yoyenera komanso nthawi zina imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbuyomu, idasinthidwa ndi "Mysticeti" (liwu laling'ono lofanana).

Ndevu zimadziwikanso kuti ma minke whale chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa masharubu. Nyama izi zimadalira chinsomba kuti chikuwonetse plankton ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono kuchokera m'madzi. Mawu oti "masharubu" (Middle English baleyn, ballayne, ballien, belu etc.) ndi mawu achigiriki akuti "whale", amachokera ku mawu achi Latin Balaena .

Anangumi oyenera adadzipatsa dzina chifukwa chinsomba, omwe amawakonda kuposa mitundu ina, kwenikweni anali "chinsomba" chodzigwira.

Kusiyana pakati pa mabanja

Zoyala zimagwiritsa ntchito khola kuti zilonge pakamwa pawo, zomwe zimawalola kudyetsa bwino kwambiri. Komabe, anamgumi a minkeha amafunika kupanga madzi kuti azitha kukweza pakamwa pawo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azidyetsa mkamwa. Kudyetsa nyama yayikulu, komwe chinsomba cha nkhosa zamphongo chimayenga mpira (gulu lalikulu la nsomba) kuthamanga kwambiri. Zimbudzi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zimalimbitsa thupi kuti zichepetse kukokera m'madzi mwakuchita izi. Balaenids amadalira mitu yawo yayikulu, mosiyana ndi pakhosi yokhala ndi zomata za minke whales kuti idye bwino. Khalidwe lodyetsa limawathandiza kukula kwambiri komanso kupanikizika, popanda kufunikira thupi lopendekeka. Amakhala ndi chimanga, mosiyana ndi anamgumi ena, kupatulapo chinsomba. Rorquals ili ndi gawo lalikulu la minofu yam'mimba ndipo imakhala yopanda tanthauzo, pomwe nkhono zakumanja zimakhala ndi gawo lochulukirapo lamafuta komanso labwino. Agulugufe achimaso amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi ma cetaceans ena omwe amakhalapo chifukwa cha chipale chofewa chaimvi, cholocha cha dorsal (zolumikizana zala kumbuyo kwawo), komanso zipsera zoyera zaimvi. Monga minke whales, mphuno yamakutu awo imawonjezera mphamvu ya pakhosi, yomwe imawalola kusefa madzi ambiri nthawi. Agulugufe achimaso ndi ozidyetsa pansi, ndiye kuti, amawakola mumchenga kuti adye. Nthawi zambiri amatembenukira kumbali, ndikulowa m'kamwa ndikuyika zosefera pansi, ngati ma amphipod omwe amasiyira mitu yawo. Anangumi am'madzi amatha kusokonezeka mosavuta ndi ma minke whale chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo ofanana, monga kukula kwake yaying'ono, nsonga zaimvi zakuda, mabatani otuwa amaso ndi malo owala.

• Mu "†," zizindikirazi zikuwonetsa mabanja akusowa ndi mtundu.
  • Parvorder siriiceti : ndevu
    • † Coronodon
    • Banja † Aetiocetidae
      • † Aetiocetus
      • † Ashorocetus
      • † Chonecetus
      • † Fucaia
      • † Morawanocetus
      • † Khwangwal
    • Banja Llanocetidae
      • † Llanocetus
    • Banja Mammalodontidae
      • † Janjucetus
      • † Mammalodon
    • Banja Mystacodontidae
      • † Mystacodon
    • Clade chaeomysticeti
      • † Horopeta
      • † Sitqwayk
      • † Whakakai
      • superfamily Eomysticetoidea
        • Banja Cetotheriopsidae
          • † Cetotheriopsis
        • Banja Eomysticetidae
          • † Eomysticetus
          • † Micromysticetus
          • † Tohoraata
          • † Tokarahia
          • † Waharoa
          • † Yamatocetus
      • Clade balaenomorpha
        • superfamily Balaenoidea
          • Banja la chinsomba chosalala: chinsomba kumanja ndi chinsomba
            • Balaena - zigoba za mutu
            • † Balaenella
            • † Balaenotus
            • † Balaenula
            • Eubalaena - anamgumi anjanja
            • † Idiocetus
            • † Morenocetus
            • † Peripolocetus
        • Clade thalassotherii
          • † Hibacetus
          • † Issocetus
          • † Parietobalaena
          • † Isanacetus
          • † Mauicetus
          • † Pinocetus
          • † Taikicetus
          • † Tiphyocetus
          • † Uranocetus
          • Banja † Aglaocetidae
            • † Aglaocetus
          • Banja Diorocetidae
            • † Amphicetus
            • † Diorocetus
            • † Pislocetopsis
            • † Thinocetus
          • Pelocetidae wa Banja
            • † Cophocetus
            • † Pelocetus
          • Banja Tranatocetidae
            • † Mesocetus
            • † Pachikon
            • † Tranatocetus
          • Banja la Cetoterium
            • † Brandtocetus
            • † Cephalotropis
            • † cetoterium
            • † Eucetotherium
            • † Herentalia
            • † Herpetocetus
            • † Joumocetus
            • † Kurdalagonus
            • † Metopocetus
            • † Mithridatocetus
            • † Nannocetus
            • † Otradnocetus
            • † Palaeobalaena ?
            • † Piscobalaena
            • † Titanocetus ?
            • † Tiucetus
            • † Vampalus
            • † Zygiocetus
          • Banja Neobalaenidae
            • Kaperezi mbalame zazing'ono
            • † Miocaperea
        • superfamily Balaenopteroidea
          • † Eobalaenoptera
          • Banja Balaenopteridae: Minke whales

            Mbiri yakusinthika

            Mysticeti adagawanika kuchokera ku Odontoceti (maula opangidwa) kuyambira 26 mpaka 17 miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo pa Eocene. Ubwenzi wawo wosinthika ndi ma cetaceans amakono (zikwanje zakale) sunadziwike mpaka pano. Janjucetus mazana Zinapezeka koyambirira kwa zaka zam'ma 1990 ku Victoria, Australia. Monga nkhono zamakono zowongoka Janjucetus anali wolumikizidwa m'nsagwada ndipo anali ndi mphamvu zochepa kwambiri. Komabe, nsagwada yake ilinso ndi mano, yokhala ndi zinsalu ndi mafangasi omwe adapangidwa kuti amenye komanso ma molars ndi nyumba zomangira zomangira. Ma balele oyambirirawo anali ochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi anamgumi apamtundu wamakono, okhala ndi mitundu yonga Mammalodon palibe muyeso wosapitirira mamita atatu. Amakhulupirira kuti kukula kwawo kumawonjezeka ndikudalira kwawo masharubu. Komabe, kutsegulidwa kwa chigaza cha mano Llanocetus , fanticete yachiwiri yakale kwambiri, idapereka kutalika kwamamita 8 (mapazi 26), zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti fyuluta yokonzera chakudya sinali chinthu choyendetsa chisinthiko chodabwitsa. Kutsegulira Janjucetus ndi ena, monga izi zikuwonetsa kuti kusinthika kwa mustachioed kudutsa magawo angapo osinthika. Mitundu ngati Mammalodon colliveri sanali konse ndevu, pomwe mitundu ina pambuyo pake Aetiocetus weltoni anali ngati macheya ndi mano, kutanthauza kuti amatha kudyetsa fyuluta yochepa, kutumiza mochedwa, ngati cetoterium kunalibe mano mkamwa, ndiye kuti, anali odalira ndevu zamlomovu ndipo amatha kungosefa chakudya. Komabe, kupezeka kwa 2018 kwa Toothless Maiabalaena ikuwonetsa ma clones ena omwe adasinthika pamaso pa toothlessness pamlomo wapamwamba.

            Mystacodon selenensis ndiye chakale kwambiri zakale, kuyambira zaka 37 mpaka 33 miliyoni zapitazo (zaka mamiliyoni zapitazo) ku Late Eocene, ndipo, monga ma mustachios ena amano, kapena "archaeomysticetes", M. selenensis panali dentition heterodontism yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka kuyamwa. Ofufuza zakale ochokera ku Oligocene ndi Mammalodontidae ( Mammalodon ndi Janjucetus ) ochokera ku Australia. Awo anali ang'ono ndi ofufutira ma rosters komanso kachitidwe koyamba mano (3.1.4.3 3.1.4.3). Ku minke whales, akukhulupirira kuti pakamwa patakulitsidwa kuti lizidyetsa chakudya kwachitika chifukwa cha fayilo yazakudya za volumetric. Yokhala ndi Oligocidae mammalodontid Janjucetus , ndiye kuti symphysis ndiyofupika komanso yofutukuka pakamwa, mayimidwe ndi otakata, ndipo m'mbali mwa nsagwada yapamwamba ndi yopyapyala, akuwonetsa chipangizo choperekera kuyamwa. Aetiocetid Chonecetus akadali ndi mano, koma kupezeka kwa poyambira mkati mwa nsagwada iliyonse kumawonetsera kuti kupendekera kudali kotanuka, komwe kungalole kutembenuka kwa nsagwada iliyonse, kusintha koyambirira kwa chakudya chama volumetric monga masiku a mustachioed amakono.

            Akuluakulu oyamba a bareen adadziwika pamaso pa radiation yoyamba kumapeto kwa Oligocene. Eomysticetus ndipo ena onga iye sanawonetse mu chigono cha luso la kusinthaku, ndikuti akuwadalira kwambiri pakuwona. Mitsempha yam'mutu inali ndi thambo lalitali, lathyathyathya lomwe linali lopanda mano ndipo linali ndi zipolopolo lomwe linali pakati mwanjira yakumbuyo. Ngakhale makomedwewo sanasungidwe bwino mu zitsanzozi, akukhulupirira kuti adaseweredwa ndipo adasefa. Anangumi a Miocene baleen amasaka nyama zazikuluzikulu ngati zibonga zam'muna ndipo megalodone .

            Zoyala zazimangumi za minke ndi chinsomba zimasiyana zaka 20 miliyoni zapitazo. Sizikudziwika kuti izi zinachitika kuti, koma amakhulupirira kuti iwo, monga mbadwa zawo, kenako akusamukira ku plankton. Ma whisk oyimbira awa ataya dentodilism heterodontism m'malo mwa ndevu, ndipo akukhulupirira kuti amakhala pamalonda apadera a benthos, plankton, kapena Copepod, ngati ndevu zamakono. Mustachioed adakumana ndi radiation yake yoyamba mkati mwa Miocene. Amakhulupirira kuti radiationyi idachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi komanso ntchito yayikulu ya tectonic, pomwe Antarctica ndi Australia adapatukana, ndikupanga dongosolo la Antarctic circumpolar. Panthawi imeneyi, Balaenopterids idakulanso, wokhala ndi mitundu yonga Balaenoptera sibbaldina mwina mpikisano wa buluu wamtundu wampikisano malinga ndi kukula kwake, ngakhale maphunziro ena ambiri sagwirizana kuti baleen aliyense wakula, yemwe ndi wamkulu ku Miocene.

            Kuwonjezeka kwa kukula mwina kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kwasunthika nthawi zambiri ma plankton m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, komwe kumafunikira magwiridwe antchito oyenda mtunda wautali pakati pa magwero opangidwa, zomwe zimapangitsanso kuchepa kwa metabolic komanso kudyetsa ma nyambo . 2017 Kuwunika kukula kwa thupi kutengera deta kuchokera kuzinthu zakale ndi baleen wamakono kukuwonetsa kuti kusinthika kwa chimphona mu minke whales ndi chochitika chaposachedwa, akuti pali zaka 3.1 miliyoni zapitazo .. Kufikira zaka 4,5 miliyoni zapitazo, baleen zingapo zidadutsa mita 10 (33 ft) m'litali, mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya Miocene inali yochepera 13 m kutalika. Chisinthiko choyambirira cha masharubu ndi fayilo yazakudya idalipo kale kukula kwa kukula kwakukulu kwa thupi, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusintha kwa njira zatsopano zodyetsera sizimapangitsa kusinthika kwa gigantism. Kupangidwe kwa AET komanso momwe zimakhudzira nyengo yapadziko lonse lapansi sikumaphatikizidwa monga chifukwa chofananira. Gigantism idayambitsidwanso ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa mizere yosamvetsetseka, ndiye kuti, ma clones angapo adafika pamiyeso ikuluikulu popanda wina ndi mnzake. Ndikothekanso kuwonjezeka kwa Plio-Pleistocene mu nyengo yolimbikitsira kwambiri magawo omwe amayambitsa kwambiri opanga kwambiri.

            Magalimoto

            Anasambira, owongoka am'madzi amadalira zipsepse zake kuti azisunthira mu pterygoid, wofanana ndi ma penguin ndi akamba am'nyanja. Kuyenda kwamtokoma ndikupita mosalekeza. Nthawi yomweyo, agulu a baleen amagwiritsa ntchito mchira wawo kuti adutse poyenda motsutsana ndi miyendo, pogwiritsa ntchito zipsepse zake poyendetsa, monga ngati nyere. Mitundu ina imadumphira m'madzi, yomwe imatha kuwalola kuyendetsa mwachangu. Chifukwa cha kukula kwawo, nkhanu sizimasunthika komanso ma dolphin, ndipo palibe amene angazisunthire kukhosi kuti zisasokonekeke; Miyendo yakumbuyo imakhazikika mkati mwa thupi, ndipo amakhulupilira kuti ndi ziwalo zofunsitsa. Komabe, kafukufuku wa 2014 akuwonetsa kuti fupa la pelvic limachirikiza zinsomba za genital.

            Oyenda pang'onopang'ono, ofunikira kuthamanga kuti adyetse, pali Ma Adaptations angapo kuti muchepetse kukana, kuphatikiza thupi lopendekeka, ndalama yaying'ono yolipira, yolingana ndi kukula kwake, komanso kusakhala ndi makutu akunja kapena tsitsi lalitali. Finwal, nangumi wothamanga kwambiri, amatha kuyenda pa 23 mph (37 km / h). Mukamadyetsa, nsagwada ya minke imakulitsa mpaka kuchuluka komwe kungakhale kokulirapo kuposa chinsombacho, kuti muchite izi, pakamwa mumatupa. Kutulutsa pakamwa kumayambitsa cavum ventrale, khosi limazungulira kunsi kwa kutambasulira kufikira msomali kuti ikulitse, kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe mkamwa ungathe kusunga. Nsagwada yam'munsi imalumikizana ndi chigaza pogwiritsa ntchito ulusi wamkati ndi cartilage (fibrous cartilage), kulola kuti nsagwayo itseguke pafupi ndi 90 °. Mandibular symphysis imakhudzanso ndi fibrous cartilage, kulola nsagwada kuti izigwada, yomwe imalola madzi ochulukirapo. Popewa kutambasulira pakamwa patali kwambiri, mahava a minke ali ndi chiwalo chokhazikika chomwe chili pakatikati pa nsagwada kuti aziwongolera ntchitozi.

            Kutulutsa kwakunja

            Anzake a Baleen ali ndi zipupa ziwiri papulogalamu yakutsogolo, pafupi ndi mutu. Monga zinyama zonse, agulu a baleen amapuma mpweya ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi amatero. Mphuno zawo, kapena zipolopolo, zimakhala kumtunda kwa chigaza. Mahaga a Baleen ali ndi zipolopolo ziwiri, Mosiyana ndi anamgumi okhala ndi zala, omwe ali ndi imodzi. Awa ndi zipolopolo zazitali zautoto zomwe zimatembenukira kunja ndikukulitsa posteriorly, ndikupangitsa V. Azunguliridwa ndi chingwe chamadzi chomwe chimasunga madzi kumbali, chinsomba chimapumira. Septum yomwe imalekanitsa chigombacho imakhala ndi mapulagi awiri ophatikizika, ndikupanga chipolopolo kuti chisagwe ndi madzi nthawi ya mbedza.

            Monga nyama zina zazikazi, khungu la minke whale limakhala ndi khungu, m'matumbo, komanso minyewa ya hypodermis. Tizilombo ta khungu, tokhala ngati utoto, ndi mainchesi (5 mm), komanso minyewa yolumikizana. Jenomu yokha imakhala mainchesi 0,44 (1 mm). Dermis wosanjikiza pansi pa epidermis nayonso ndi yopyapyala. Hypodermis yokhala ndi blubber ndi gawo lolimba la khungu ndipo imagwira ntchito ngati njira yoteteza kutentha. Anangumi akumanja ali ndi hypoderm yamtundu wina uliwonse wa cetaceans, mainchesi 20 (51 cm), ngakhale, ngati mu zibangiri zonse, ndi yopyapyala kuzungulira mabowo (mwachitsanzo, spiracle) ndi miyendo. Kulira kungagwiritsidwenso ntchito kusunga mphamvu mukasala kudya. Minofu yolumikizana pakati pa hypodermis ndi minofu imangolola kuyenda pang'ono pakati pawo. Mosiyana ndi anamgumi opaka, mikanda ya baleen imakhala tsitsi kumapeto kwa mutu, kumayambira kumapeto kwa msonkho mpaka kumapeto, ndipo kumapeto kwa dzanja kumanja. Monga zinyama zina zapamadzi, sizikhala ndi zotuwa za sebaceous komanso thukuta.

            Masharubu a baleen whales keratin mbale. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku calcined, alpha-keratin chuma, mawonekedwe olimbikitsidwa ndi fiber opangidwa kuchokera kuzapakatikati zapakati (mapuloteni). Kuchulukitsa kwa ma calcine kumasiyana m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi seyval yokhala ndi 14.5% hydroxyapatite, ndi mineral, yomwe imakwirira mano ndi mafupa, pomwe mahava a minke amakhala ndi 1-4% hydroxyapatite. Pazinyama zambiri zoyamwitsa, zomerazi zimapangidwa ndi ubweya wouma, koma mahava am'madzi amadalira mchere wamchere kuti apange ma mbale kuti awumitse. Mbale zamapewavu zimaphatikizika ndi nsagwada yapamwamba, ndipo sizipezeka pakati pa nsagwada, ndikupanga ndevu ziwiri zosiyana. Mapiritsi amacheperachepera pomwe amabwerera kumbuyo nsagwada, yayikulu kwambiri imatchedwa "main whisker plates" ndipo yaying'onoyo imatchedwa "mbale zothandizira". Ma mbale othandizira amatha kukhala ang'onoang'ono.

            Mosiyana ndi anamgumi ena (ndi zoweta zina zambiri), zazikazi ndizokulirapo kuposa zazimuna. Kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi nthawi zambiri kumabwezeretsedwa, pomwe abambo amakhala akulu, koma zazikazi zazimuna zonse za baleen, monga lamulo, ndizochulukirapo kuposa amuna. Mitima ya kugonana imawonetsedwanso kudzera mu nyimbo za whale, makamaka mu anamgumi a humpback, pomwe amuna amtunduwu amayimba nyimbo zovuta. Ankhondo akumanja achimuna amakhala ndi chimanga chokulirapo kuposa chinsomba chachikazi. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ovulala kwambiri kuposa azimayi omwe amaganiziridwa kuti ndi chifukwa chankhanza nthawi yakukhwima.

            Njira zamkati

            Anapadera owala baleen whale amapangidwa kuti agwe pansi akapanikizika, osati kukakamizidwa, komwe kungawononge mapapu, omwe amalola ena, monga kumaliza, kutsika mpaka pansi pa -1.540 (-470 m). Mapapu a Whale ndi othandiza kwambiri kutulutsa mpweya m'mlengalenga, nthawi zambiri 80%, pomwe anthu amangotulutsa 20% ya mpweya mu mpweya womwe umapuma. Voliyumu yocheperako imakhala yocheperako poyerekeza ndi zoweta zapadziko lapansi chifukwa cha kulephera kwa njira zam'mlengalenga kuti zisunge mpweya pakamiza. Izi zimatha kubweretsa zovuta zazikulu, monga embolism. Mosiyana ndi zolengedwa zina zomwe zimayamwa, mapapu a anamgumi a baleen alibe kanthu ndipo amachepetsa. Monga anthu, mapapu amanzere ndi ochepa poyerekeza ndi ufulu wopanga mtima. Pofuna kuteteza mpweya, magazi amawabwezeretsa ku ziwalo zamkati zomwe zimapilira, ndipo amakhala ndi myoglobin yambiri, yomwe imawathandiza kupuma nthawi yayitali.

            Mtima wa baleen whale umagwira ntchito ngati zinyama zina, ndipo kusiyana kwakukulu kukhala kukula. Mtima umatha kufika pafupifupi makilogalamu 454, koma ndiwofanana ndi kukula kwa chinsomba. Khoma lamitsempha lamitsempha, lomwe limapangitsa kupopa magazi kuchokera pansi pamtima, limatha kukhala mainchesi atatu mpaka 5.7. Khola la msempha, lotupa, limatha kukhala lalitali ndi mainchesi (1,9 cm). Mitengo yawo yopuma imachokera pa 60 mpaka 140 kumenyedwa pamphindi (kumenyedwa), mosiyana ndi 60 mpaka 100 kumenyedwa pamphindi. Pakati pa dive, mtima wawo umachepetsedwa mpaka kumenyedwa kwa 4 mpaka 15 pamphindi kuti asunge mpweya. Monga ma whale okhala ndi minyewa, amakhala ndi makina amtundu wamitsempha yamagazi (plexus Mirabile), yomwe imalepheretsa kutentha. Monga nyama zazikazi zambiri, kutentha kumatayika m'miyendo yawo, motero m'magulu a baleen, magazi ofunda m'mitsempha amizunguliridwa ndi mitsempha kuti asatayike kutentha panthawi ya mayendedwe. Pamodzi ndi izi, kutentha kosasunthika komwe kumapangidwa ndi mitsempha kumathandizira magazi m'mitsempha yoyandikana ndikubwerera kumbuyo. Izi zimadziwikanso kuti kusinthanitsa kwina. Kuti muthane ndi kutentha kwambiri, komanso madzi ofunda, malengedwe a baleen amapangitsanso magazi khungu kuti liwonjezere kutentha. Amakhala ndimagazi akuluakulu am'magazi (ma cell ofiira ndi oyera) am'mimba iliyonse omwe amayenda ma mainchesi 4.1 × 10 -4 (ma microns 10), mosiyana ndi anthu 2.8 a × 10 -4-inch (7.1 μm) ma magazi am'magazi.

            Ikasungidwa kumadzi, chakudya chimamezedwa ndikudutsa m'mphepete, pomwe imalowa m'mimba yachipinda chachitatu. Chipinda choyambirira chimadziwika kuti ndi m'mimba, ndipamene chakudyacho chimalowa pansi ndimadzi acid, pomwe amayamba kuthiridwa m'mimba. Monga anthu, chakudya chimasakanikirana ndi ma hydrochloric acid ndi michere-yokumba mapuloteni. Kenako, chakudya chopukusidwa pang'ono chimasamutsidwira m'mimba yachitatu, pomwe chimakumana ndi mafuta okugaya, kenako osakanikirana ndi madzi amchere kuti asokoneze asidi m'mimba ya m'mphuno kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka m'mimba. M'mimba mwake mumapangidwa zinthu zambiri kuti zitha kupeza chakudya chochuluka kuchokera kumakomedwe, makhoma amapindidwa ndipo amakhala ndimitsempha yamagazi yambiri, yomwe imalola kuti malo ambiri omwe akhoza kulowamo chakudya ndi madzi azitha kulowa. Anzake a Baleen amatenga madzi, amafunikira chakudya chawo, Komabe, zomwe zimapezeka mumchere wambiri (ma invertebrates) ndizofanana ndi madzi am'nyanja, pomwe mchere womwe umapezeka m'magazi a chinsomba umakhala wotsika kwambiri (katatu katatu) kuposa madzi am'nyanja . Impso ya chinsomba imasinthidwa kuti ichotse mchere wambiri, komabe, pamene kupanga mkodzo kumalimbikitsidwa kwambiri kuposa madzi am'madzi, kumawononga madzi ambiri, omwe amafunika kusintha.

            Anzake a Baleen amakhala ndi ubongo wocheperako poyerekeza ndi thupi lawo. Monga zinyama zina, ubongo wawo umakhala ndi ubongo wokulungika, womwe ndi gawo la ubongo lomwe limayang'anira kukumbukira ndikuwunika. Ubongo wawo umapanga pafupifupi 68% yokha ya kulemera kwa ubongo wawo, mosiyana ndi 83% ya munthu. Cowbellum, gawo laubongo lomwe limayendetsa bwino ntchito komanso kugwirizanitsa, limapereka 18% ya kulemera kwa ubongo wake, poyerekeza ndi 10% mwa anthu, zomwe mwina zimachitika chifukwa cha kuwongolera kwakukulu komwe kumafunikira kusambira kosalekeza. Kuwona kwa ubongo kwa maimvi otuwa kumawonetsa tinthu tina tokhala ndi chitsulo, tomwe timatha kuwalola kuti apeze maginito kumpoto, ngati kampasi.

            Mosiyana ndi nyama zambiri, zibangiri zopuma zimapuma. Nyama zonse zimagona, koma anamgumi satha kulephera kudziwa kwakanthawi chifukwa amatha kumira. Amakhulupirira kuti amakhala ndi kugona pang'onopang'ono pakati pomwe amagona ndi theka laubongo, pomwe theka linalo limagwira. Khalidweli sanalembedweko kumapeto kwa anamgumi mpaka chiwonetsero cha chinsomba chokhala ngati "humpback" chojambulidwa mu 2014.

            Sizikudziwika kwenikweni momwe malengedwe a baleen amapangira phokoso chifukwa chosowa kwa makokoni ndi zingwe zamau. Mu kafukufuku wa 2007, zidapezeka kuti larynx inali ndi makatani okhala ndi U omwe amkhulupirira kuti ali ofanana ndi zingwe zamau. Zimakhala zofanana ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya, mosiyana ndi zingwe zapamtundu zoyamwitsa za zolengedwa zapadziko lapansi. Amatha kuyendetsa kayendedwe ka mpweya ndikupangitsa kugwedezeka. Makoma a larynx amatha kupindika, omwe amatha kutulutsa mawu ndi chithandizo kuchokera ku arytenoid cartilage. Minofu yozungulira larynx imatha kuchotsa mpweya mwachangu kapena kupitiriza kukweza nthawi iliyonse m'madzi.

            Malingaliro

            Maso a baleen whale ndi ochepa kukula ndipo ali pafupi ndi kumapeto kwa kamwa. Izi zili choncho mwina chifukwa amadya nyama pang'onopang'ono kapena yosasunthika, kuphatikiza kuti kuwala kwadzuwa sikudutsa mita (9.1 m), chifukwa chake safunikira masomphenya akuthwa. Diso la chinsomba limasinthidwa kuti liwoneke mbali zonse za euphotic ndi aphotic powonjezera kapena kuchepetsa kukula kwa mwana kuti asawonongeke. Mosiyana ndi zolengedwa zazikazi zapadziko lapansi, zomwe zinatulutsa magalasi, nkhono zimakhala ndi mandala ozungulira. Chipilalachi chimazunguliridwa ndi maselo (tapetum), omwe amawunjikira kumbuyo, ndikuwonekeranso m'malo amdima. Komabe, kuwala kumawerama pafupi ndi maso akakhala m'mlengalenga, mosiyana ndi madzi, chifukwa chake, amatha kuwona bwino kwambiri mumlengalenga kuposa m'madzi. Izi zodzitchinjiriza ndizotetezedwa ndi danga lakunja kuti muteteze abrasions ndi mafuta amadzimadzi (m'malo misozi) pamaso. Mahaga a Baleen amawoneka ndi mawonekedwe owerengeka chifukwa alibe mawonekedwe a S-con.

            Khutu lacinsinsi limasinthidwa kuti lizimva pansi pa madzi, pomwe imatha kumva mawu othamanga ngati 7 Hz komanso okwera 22 kHz. Sizikudziwika kwenikweni momwe phokoso limalandilidwira ndi baleen whale. Mosiyana ndi anamgumi okhala ndi phokoso, phokoso silidutsa nsagwada yapansi. Mphete ya khutu imatsekedwa ndi minofu yolumikizira ndi pulogula yamakutu yomwe imagwirizanitsa ndi eardrum. Mafupa a khutu lamkati amapezeka m'matumbo a drum, fupa la mafupa. Komabe, imagwira chigaza, ndikuwonetsa kuti kugwedeza kumadutsa fupa ndikofunikira. Mphuno imatha kuwonetsa mayendedwe opita ku cochlea. Amadziwika kuti madzi amkati mwa cochlea akadasokonekera chifukwa cha kugwedezeka, amachititsa tsitsi latsitsi lomwe limatumiza magetsi kuubongo, komwe kugwedezekako kumakonzedwa.

            Anzake a Baleen ali ndi chaching'ono, koma chothandiza, chosanza. Izi zimathandizira kuti malengedwe a baleen awone mankhwala ndi ma pheromoni omwe amatulutsidwa ndi nyama zawo. Amakhulupilira kuti "kulawa" madzi ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti apeze nyama zomwe amazigwiritsa ntchito. Amakhulupirira kuti adasokoneza fungo chifukwa chosowa bulabu ya olildory, koma ali ndi thirakiti lonunkhira. Anzake a Baleen ali ndi masamba owerengeka ngati alipo, omwe akuwonetsa kuti asiya kukoma. Amasunganso masamba a impso, ponena kuti amatha kulawa mchere.

            Kuyenda Bwino - Tsamba 1

            Kuyika ndikusungira mtundu wamtundu wa Russia

            Kuwongolera masewerawa amachitika ndi mbewa. Pazambiri zatsatanetsatane ndi masewerawa, ndikulangizani oyamba kumene kuti aphunzitsidwe podina "Thandizeni". Sankhani zovuta zomwe muli nazo ndikuyamba ulendo watsopano. Masewerawa adachitikira pamlingo wa "wapolisi wapolisi." Palibe mazira a Isitala ndi maudindo mumasewera, koma pali zinsinsi ziwiri zoseketsa. Masewerawa ndi a mzere, koma ndi njira yaulere ya malo ena. Tizungulira chilumbachi map.

            Amasunga pamasewera awa ali C: Files La Pulogalamu Diski Yatsopano Nancy Drew. Makhalidwe a Chisumbu Cha Malodza Sungani

            Chenjezo: Mukamatsitsa opulumutsa, kumbukirani kuti gawo lanu lingakhale losiyana ndi momwe wolemba akufotokozera. Pankhaniyi, zomwe mungakwanitse zitheke.

            Titaonera kanema woyambitsayo, tadzipeza tokha m'khonde la yacht, la Kate Firestone. Timatembenuka ndikudina sutukesi. Timatsegula thumba ndikuyang'ana kabuku kakukonzanso mbiya. Timatseka sutikesi ndi kutembenukiranso. Timayang'ana mufiriji kumanja ndikuwona chidutswa cha ayezi.Zomwe zili pansi pa chidutswachi sizikudziwika. Timatenga mbali ziwiri kutsogolo, kutembenukira kumanzere, ndikuyesera kusamba manja athu pansi pa mpopi. Kenako timayang'ana pansi ndikutsegula chitseko pansi pa kumira.

            

            Timatola mapaipi kukonza madzi pansi pa chinyontho. Sikoyenera kusinthanitsa zitolilo, mpope umodzi wokha ndi womwe uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa winayo. Mapaipi akaphatikizika, timapeza pansipa khadi yantchito Andy Jason. Timayatsa valavu pamwamba pa kumira kuti tiwonetsetse kuti madzi abwerera. Timayandikira firiji yaying'ono kumanja ndikupanga sangweji yowoneka bwino ndi kupanikizana ndi batala. Chakudya chomwe chili mufiriji chawonongeka, chifukwa sichigwiritsa ntchito. Koma kupanga sandwich iliyonse kuchokera pazogulitsa patebulo komanso pa alumali - mungathe, simudzadedwa ndi sangweji. Tengani sangwejindipo tidayandikira patebulo lamanja, pomwe lapakompyuta ili. Timalingalira makadi amabizinesi kumanzere kwa laputopu, kuwerenga zomwe zalembedwa pakhomalo ndikuphunzira kalendala ya khoma kumanja kwa khomalo. Timadula laputopu ndikuwerenga zambiri zomwe zitha kupezeka kwa ife. Kabuku kokhala ndi zolemba mumatha kuzidziwa bwino ndi ntchito zomwe zikubwera. Ntchito zomwe zatsirizidwa zimawerengedwa zokha. Tikutembenuka ndikuyandikira tebulo lina, kumanzere kwa kumira. Timaphunzira mapaatagona pagome. Tikamaliza kuyendera, timakwera masitepe kupita pamwamba.

            Timalankhula ndi Kate pamitu yonse ndikupita kumanja. Timakwera makwerero ndikuyandikira helm. Timawerenga cholembera chowopseza ndikuyang'ana chida chophwanya chasenda. Tikutsika ndikutiuza Kate. Msungwana wopsinjika amatilangiza kuti tipite kumalo otentha a Hot Kettle ndikupempha Holt Scotto chida chatsopano chodutsira. Timabwereranso ku kanyumba ndikukwera masitepe amatabwa kumanzere. Timayang'anitsitsa ma microscope ndikutenga timabuku totsatsira kumanja. Tsegulani, tengani slide iliyonse, kenako dinani ma microscope. Mukamaliza kuseketsa, dinani pamabuku pansi. Tsegulani chitseko cham'munsi ndikusintha mabukuwo. Ndikupereka imodzi mwanjira zosankhira mabuku m'malo mwake.

            

            Timatsika sitimayo ndikudutsa makwerero kupita pagawo. Kumanzere kwa khomalo timapeza njinga yomwe tidzayende kuzilumba. Nthawi iliyonse mukakwera njinga onetsetsani kuti mumavala chisoti chanjinga. Tinanyamuka kupita ku Hot kettle cafe.

            Cafe "Otentha Otentha"

            Timalowa mu cafe ndikuyamba kucheza ndi mtsikanayo pa kontrakitala. Holt Scotto amatenga gawo lokambirana, lomwe timalankhulana naye pamitu yonse. Nditalandira mafunso okhudzana ndi mafunso kuchokera kwa Holt ndi dengu logwira nkhanu, timayamba kuyang'ana kwamkhola. Timayang'ana kumanzere, kuwerenga pakhoma chithunzi chojambulira ndi mbendera zamanja. Timatenga pachotsatsira kabuku ndipo kumbukirani kuti pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa nkhanu zachimuna ndi zazikazi. Mu bukhu lamabuku timapeza buku "Nyanja Zam'madzi za North America" ​​ndikuyang'ana. Timapitiliza kuyang'anitsitsa komanso kusamalira mapanelo oterera pakhoma. Popeza tamaliza kuyendera, timalankhula pamitu yonse ndi Jenna Deblin. Timamuyesa supu yake yosangalatsa komanso kuwerenga menyu kumbuyo kwa mwini cafe. Takumbukira mtengo womwe Jenny amalipira pakugwiritsa ntchito msuzi wa oyisitara. Timapita kunja, timavala chisoti ndikupita ku "Whale World".

            Zosangalatsa ndi malo ochezera "Whale Whale"

            Timalowa mkatimu, timadziwana ndi Andy Jason ndikulankhulana naye pa mitu yonse. Samalani poster pakhoma. Timatenga quiz kuchokera pamndandanda ndi kulowa 138.43 kuchokera pa kiyibodi yathu kupita ku mzere wachiwiri. Tikuwona bwato lokongola m'botolo, lomwe limaima. Timadutsa holo, kuwerenga zonse zomwe zikupezeka, chifukwa chikhala chothandiza kwa ife kuyankha molondola mafunso a mafunso. Timamvetsera kulira kwa zinyama zomwe timayang'anitsitsa ndipo timayandikira mpanda womwe oyang'anira masewerawo ayima. Pofuna kuyambitsa masewerawa, muyenera kukhazikitsa khadi yapadera kwa owerenga. Timatembenukira kwa Andy kuti atithandize. Popeza talandira khadi kuchokera kwa iye, tabwerera ku holo kukasewera masewera a mini. Masewera oyamba pang'ono amatchedwa "Kuti Ufulu." Mufunsoli muyenera kuyankha mafunso molondola. Mafunso amapangidwa mwachisawawa, mayankho a ena mwa awa ndi awa:

            • Zinyama zam'madzi monga ma dolphin ndi anamgumi opha zimaphunzitsidwa ntchito zankhondo chifukwa wanzeru kwambiri
            • Nyama za Killer zimatchedwa "whale zazikulu" chifukwa Amapha ndi kudya anamgumi ena
            • Zingwe zam'maso sizitero zonsezi pamwambapa
            • Orcas nthawi zambiri amasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu: zipsepse zamkati
            • Mahava amatha kudumphira m'madzi angapo makumi ma mita
            • Killer whale: ili pa pamwamba pa chakudya
            • Mphesa zamkati za minke anamgumi zimakhala ngati mawonekedwe chikwakwa
            • Kodi anapumira angati a Baleen Whales? Awiri
            • Liwu lokongola kwambiri mkati nsomba zokhala ndi humpback
            • Mahaga okhala ndi mano nsomba ndi nyama za m'madzi
            • Whale wanzika ndi: zonsezi pamwambapa.

            Game yotsatira mini yotchedwa "Gwiritsani ntchito mphindi" ili kumanzere kwa yomwe idapita. Timayika khadiyo powerenga khadi ndikuyamba. Malamulo a masewerawa akufotokozedwa koyambirira. Chilichonse ndichopepuka: muyenera kudyetsa dolphin munthawi yokhala ndi nsomba komanso kupewa zoopsa momwe mumakhala ndi anamgumi akuluakulu ndi misempha.

            Tidutsa kumapeto kwenikweni kwa holoyo ndikusewera mawu a nangumi. Choyamba, timakanikiza mabatani asanu kuti mumvere mawu onse. Kenako timakanikizira batani loyamba, ndikudina pachinthunzicho ndi dzina la nyamayi yomwe iyi imamveka.

            • W-i-yi - whale wawa
            • Brr-brr0brr - grey whale
            • Yui-Yui-Yui - Humpback
            • Prr-prr - prpoises
            • Grr-grr-grr - minke whale

            Tikutembenuka ndikuyandikira makinawo ndi masewera omaliza a mini. Awa ndi masewera osavuta a "Dyetsani anamgumi", omwe wosewera aliyense angakwaniritse. Ngati mutaya masewera asanu motsatana, ndiye kuti mukuyembekezabe kupambana kwa khadi. Iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi atha kutsitsa kupulumutsa masewera "masewera a Mini-adutsa". Mukamaliza kusewera masewerawa, masewera onse anayi a mini adzamalizidwa.

            Tikamaliza masewerawa, timapita pakatikati pa holoyo kumayendedwe ampikisano. Timayika khadi ndikudina pa gudumu. Zachidziwikire, timapambana ulendowu. Tikudziwitsa Andy za izi ndikuonera kanema kanthawi kochepa. Timachoka pakatikati ndikubwerera ku yacht.

            Timapita ku desiki ndikudziwitsa Kate za zotsatira zaulendo wathu. Kenako timatsika kukabati ndikupita pagome ndi kompyuta. Itanani anzanu. Kuti muchite izi, pezani zanu foni yam'manja, dinani pa "Mndandanda" batani. Pogwiritsa ntchito batani lakumunsi lomwe lili ndi muvi, timayang'ana nambala yafoni yomwe tikufuna, yomwe ikuwonetsedwa. Popeza tapeza nambala yomwe tikufunayi, timakanikiza batani ndi foni ya Svyaz. Tikamaliza kuyankhulanako, timachotsa foni ndikudina pulogalamu yowonera pakompyuta. Timadina pamzere wapamwamba "Sakani", kuchokera pazosankha zotsitsa zomwe timasankha mitu yoti muwone. Timalandira chidziwitso chofunikira ndikudzaza fomu yoyesa yomwe talandira kuchokera kwa Holt.

            

            Choyamba, lembani mayankho patsamba loyamba, kenako patsamba lachiwiri. Timalowetsa zidziwitso kuchokera pa kiyibodi yathu. Kuti mumalize kuyesa kwa mafunso, muyenera kubweretsa nkhanu zachimuna kwa Holt. Kuti tigwire nkhanu, timapita pa njinga kupita kunyumba yowunikira.

            Titafika pamalopo, tikupita kukasaka. Timapita kutsogolo, tcherani khutu nsomba zakufapotembenukira kunjira yopita ku nyali yowunikira. Tengani miyala itatu kuchokera mulu wamiyala. Timasanthula mchenga, momwe ena zopatsa chidwi. Timadutsanso njira ina, ndikuyang'ana pansi pa miyala. Popeza tapeza nkhanu, timatembenuza kuti tidziwe kugonana kwa yemwe wagwidwa. Tikukumbukira kuti m'mimba mwa nkhanu zachimuna ndi chocheperako kuposa chachikazi.

            

            Pomaliza, pansi pa imodzi mwala timapeza nkhanu zachimuna ndikuziyika mudengu. Ngati mwayika chikazi m'basiketi, ndiye kuti mumachotsa dengu pamndandanda ndikudina nkhanu. Nancy mwiniyo amasula nkhanu ku ufulu. Tengani masitepe angapo patsogolo ndikuwedza nsomba chidutswa cha nkhuni ndi zilembo. Timatenga ndi ife. Timayang'ana kunyanja komanso pakati pa miyala yomwe timazindikira botolo loyandama.

            

            Timasankha mwala wosalala panjira. Tikhazikitsa ngodya yachitatu kuti ikhale yachitatu, ndikuyika mphamvu yoponya. Dinani pa "Ponyani" batani. Kugwira botolo loyamba dinani kawiri ndikuchokako uthenga. Timadziwana bwino ndi chikalatachi. Timabwereranso ndikukakwera masitepe kupita ku nyali yowunikira. Timapita kuseri kwa mpanda ndikudina chikhomo. Holt atatithamangitsa kumeneko, timabwereranso ku njinga. Timakhala mgalimoto yathu ndikupita ku Hot Kettle cafe.

            Cafe "Otentha Otentha"

            Timapita ku cafe, timacheza ndi Holt. Timamupatsa chidutswa chokhala ndi nkhanu ndi chinsalu chokhala ndi mafunso. Ngati mudachita zonse bwino, mudzalandira GPS yosilira kuchokera kwa asodzi akale. Timayandikira kontrakitala ndikuyankhulana pamitu yonse ndi Jenna. Timadzipaka tokha kuti tikupatse supu ndikusiya chakudya. Tikubwerera ku yacht.

            Timakwera makwerero akukwera pachiwolopo ndikulankhula ndi Kate pamitu yonse. Timagwiritsa ntchito malangizo a anzathu. Tikufika pa kanyumbako, kukatenga foni ndi kuyimba Casey Potterfield. Timamufunsa mafunso onse omwe amatipatsa chidwi. Mutha kuyimbira foni anzanu kuti muwauze nawo nkhani zaposachedwa.

            Timakwera makwerero kupita ku sitimayo ndi maikulosikopu. Tikuyandikira tebulo pomwe mayikulopu amayimira. Nancy adzayika mitengoyo patebulo pomwepo.

            

            Timatenga mpeni wapadera kuchokera pagome kupita kumanzere, ndipo Nancy adzadula mtengo. Timatenga galasi kuti tizitsatira kuti Nancy adulepo. Timadulira galasilo, ndipo limadziwoneka lokha pansi pake. Timadina ma microscope ndikuwerenga nkhuni pansi pa maikulosikopu. Koma tingadziwe bwanji mitundu yamatabwa yomwe imapezeka? Timachoka pagome ndikutsegula shefufufu yakansi ndi mabuku omwe timayika. Timatenga pamenepo buku lonena za morphology ndikuwerenga zomwe zili mmenemo. Bukuli lili ndi nambala yafoni ya Irina Senkevich, wothandizira wamkulu wa National Woody Plant Laborator. Irina amalangizapo za kuzindikiritsa nkhuni. Tisankha kupempha thandizo kwa iye. Pa foni ya Nancy, nambala ya wothandizira wa biologist ipezeka yokha. Timatulutsa foni kuchokera pamndandanda ndikuyimbira Dr. Irina Senkevich. Timapereka mlangizi mayankho otsatirawa pamafunso ake:

            • zofiirira
            • bulauni
            • zambiri za
            • onse ndi ofanana
            • ayi, ndi akulu
            • inde pali mizere yopingasa

            Irina akutiuza kuti, ndikulingalira ndi zilembo zotchulidwa, chidutswa ichi cha mtengo kuchokera kumtengo wotentha wotchedwa luan. Kenako timubweretsanso Casey Porterfield ndikumuuza dzina la mtengowo. Casey amafunikira ola limodzi kuti ayankhe, choncho tiyeni tisiyane ndi zina zambiri.

            Kusamuka

            Mitundu yambiri ya anamgumi a baleen amayenda mtunda wautali kuchoka pamtunda wamtunda mkati mwa kasupe ndi miyezi ya chilimwe kupita kumadzi otentha kwambiri m'miyezi yachisanu. Kusinthaku kusamuka kumachitika mobwerezabwereza pachaka. Mbawala yaimvi imakhala ndi nyama zazitali kwambiri kuposa mitundu iliyonse, ndipo iliyonse imayenda mtunda wa makilomita 23,000 kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Okhotsk kupita ku Dera la Baja.

            Plankton akukhulupirira kuti ndi omwe angalamulire komwe anamgumi amatha kusamukira. Mbawala zambiri zam'madzi zam'madzi zimadya zipatso zambiri zam'madzi zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi ozizira, okhala ndi michere m'zigawo za polar nthawi yamasika ndi miyezi yotentha. Anzake a Baleen nthawi zambiri amasamukira ku hotelo m'madzi otentha m'miyezi yozizira pomwe anthu okhala m'madzi a plankton ndi otsika. Kusamukira ndiko kupindulitsa mwapang'onopang'ono kwa ana amphongo m'njira zingapo. Makanda obadwa kumene ndi mafuta osakhazikika amatha kuphedwa mwanjira zina ndi kuzizira kwa polar. Kusamukira kumadzi ofunda kumathandizanso kuchepetsa ngozi yoti ana a ng'ombe ayambitsidwe ndi mahava opha.

            Kusuntha kosunthira kungathenso kuwonetsa nyengo zamachitidwe opindulitsa. California buluu whales moyenda amasuntha pakati pa malo owonda, akusunthira pakati pa California nthawi yachilimwe ndi kugwa, ku Gulf of California m'nyengo yozizira, pakati pa Baja California pagombe la Pacific kumapeto.

            Kuchita zoyipa

            Zida zamakono zamakono ndizofunikira kusefa, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zosafunikira (monga nsomba zazing'ono, krill, crustaceans ndi zooplankton) kuchokera kumadzi am'nyanja. Ngakhale zakudya za carnivore, mu 2015 kafukufuku adawonetsa kuti nyumba yamatumbo ikufanana ndi herbivores yapadziko lapansi. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama zomwe zimadyera zimapezeka mosiyanasiyana kutengera malowa, ndipo mtundu uliwonse wa chinsomba umasinthidwa kukhala njira yapadera yopezera chakudya.

            Pali mitundu iwiri ya machitidwe odyetsa: kudyetsa mafuta ochepa ndi mapapo, koma mitundu ina ya izi imadaliranso mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Anthu odyetsa nyambo amadyera makamaka ma crustaceans (krill), ngakhale oweta ochepa (monga minke whales) nawonso amadyera masukulu a nsomba. Zopanda zopanda mafuta, monga ma knhead whales, zimadyera makamaka pa plankton yaying'ono, monga crustaceans. Amadya okha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Anaphuno za baleen amatenga madzi, amafunikira chakudya chawo, ndipo impso zawo zimabisalira mchere wowonjezera.

            Otsitsira a Lunge ndi anangumi a minke. Kudyetsa, Othandizira a Lunge amakulitsa kuchuluka kwa nsagwada yawo mpaka kukulira kuposa kuchuluka koyambirira kwa chinsombacho, kuti achite izi, kamwa limadzaza kuti mulani pakamwa. Kuponya pakamwa kumapangitsa kuti khola la pakhosi likukulire, ndikuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe mkamwa ungasunge. Atangotsala pang'ono kukhetsa nyambo, nsagwada imatseguka pakona ndipo imapinda ma 90, yomwe imalola madzi ochulukirapo. Popewa kutambasulira pakamwa patali kwambiri, mahava a minke ali ndi chiwalo chokhazikika chomwe chili pakatikati pa nsagwada kuti aziwongolera ntchitozi. Kenako ayenera kuti achepetse. Njirayi imatenga ntchito yambiri yamakina, ndipo imangokhala mphamvu pokhapokha ikugwiritsidwa ntchito molimbana ndi nyambo yayikulu. kudyetsa Lunge mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri kuposa kudyetsa thukuta chifukwa cha kuthamangitsana komanso kusinthasintha kofunikira.

            Anangumi opanda mafuta, mauna otuwa, anamgumi wopulumutsa ndi omwe amapulumutsa (omwe amakhalanso ndowe). Dyetsani, odyetsa wopanda mafuta amasambira ndi pakamwa panu, ndikuwadzaza ndi madzi komanso nyama. Nyama zikuyenera kuchitika mokwanira kudzutsa chidwi cha chinsomba, chikhale pakati pamlingo winawake, kuti phula la masharubu litha kusefedwa, ndikuchepera pang'ono kuti lisapewedwe. "Kuchepetsa" kumachitika pamtunda, pansi pamadzi kapena pansi pa nyanja, komwe kumaonetsedwa ndi uve nthawi zina kumawonedwa ndi matupi. Agulugufe amtundu wamphaka amadya pansi pamadzi, kudya nyama zapansi.

            Kuwala koyenera kwa chakudya chonse komanso kuperekera chakudyacho pakadyetsedwe kokhazikika kumadalira pakupanga kachulukidwe. Mphamvu ya bulugi yofiirira ya buluyi imakhala yokwera maulendo 30 kupezeka kachulukidwe ka 4.5 kg / m 3 kuposa pamlingo wotsika kwambiri wa 0.15 kg / m 3. Baleen whales adawonedwa akuyang'ana malo apadera kwambiri m'deralo kuti adyetse malo osalimba kwambiri a osakhulupirira.

            Kukopa komanso kufalikira

            Anzake a Baleen, makamaka achichepere ndi ana a ng'ombe, amadyera ankhondo owapha. Kusamukira pachaka kwa chaka chilichonse kumaganiziridwa kuti kumachitika kuteteza ana a ng'ombe kwa nkhandwe zakupha. Pamalembanso nkhani yokhudza kupha zigamba zazikulu za nkhanu zomwe zimapha ndi kupha mutu wa nkhono za akuluakulu, zokhala ndi zipsepse, kuphimba kupumira, ndi nkhosa yamphongo ndipo osaluma. Nthawi zambiri, mabanja a amayi ndi ana amphongo, akakumana ndi vuto la wakupha podula, amatha kumenya kapena kuthamanga. Kuthawa kumachitika mwa mitundu yomwe imatha kusambira mwachangu, minke whales. Anapang'onopang'ono ayenera kumenya nkhondo payokha kapena ndi gulu laling'ono. Panali lipoti limodzi la shaki yowukira ndi kuphedwa kwa nsomba ya ng'ombe. Izi zidachitika mchaka cha 2014 panthawi yapa sardine, pomwe shaki yamdima yakuda idagunda mwana wang'ombe wamtundu wa humpback. Mwachizolowezi, shaki yokhayo yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito anamgumi ndi shaki yokhala ndi cholembera yomwe imasiyapo chizindikiritso chaching'ono, chosapha.

            Tizilombo tambiri timangodalira anamgumi, makamaka nsabwe ndi chinsomba. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya anamgumi apakhungu amapezeka mumtundu wina wa anamgumi, ndipo pakhoza kukhala mitundu yoposa imodzi ya nangumi. Nsabwe za Whale kudya khungu lakufa, ndikupangitsa mabala ang'onoang'ono pakhungu.Kuphulika kwa nsabwe za mbewa kumawonekera kwambiri kumapiri nthawi zonse, pomwe njuchi zimafalikira kuminda yawo. Ngakhale kuti sizikhala majeremusi, zibaluni zamkati zimakhazikika pakhungu la chinsomba nthawi yake yopepuka. Komabe, pakuchita izi, sizivulaza kapena kupindulitsa whale, chifukwa chake ubale wawo umatchedwa chitsanzo cha commensalism. Mahava ena amatha kupukusa dala kuti aphulitse tiziromboti. Mitundu ina yamatumbo, monga Conchoderma auritum ndi zinsomba ndi maolloll, ophatikizidwa ndi mbale ya whalebone, ngakhale izi ndizosowa. Zosiyanasiyana za crustacean, Balaenophilus unisetus , amakhala m'mbale za baleen whale mumadzi otentha. Mtundu wa diatom ya Antarctic, Cocconeis ceticola amapanga kanema pakhungu, lomwe limatenga mwezi kuti apangike, kanemayo amachititsa khungu laling'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, amavutika ndi majeremusi amkati monga mphutsi zam'mimba, cestode, nematode, chiwindi cha trematode, ndi acanthocephals.

            Kubalana ndi chitukuko

            Asanakhale wamkulu, malengedwe a baleen amakula kwambiri. Mumtundu wamtundu wamtambo, mtundu waukulu kwambiri, zipatso zimamera pafupifupi makilogalamu zana limodzi patsiku zisanachitike kubereka, ndi makilogalamu 80 (80) tsiku lililonse panthawi yoyamwitsa. Tisanayime, ng'ombe imachulukitsa kulemera kwake ndi matani 17 (17 kutalika, matani 19) ndipo imakula kuchokera pa 23 mpaka 8 metres kuyambira 7 mpaka 8 metres mpaka 13 mpaka 16 metres . Ikayamba kutha msinkhu wazaka 5 mpaka 10, izikhala yaitali mamita makumi awiri ndi awiri ndi makumi awiri ndi awiri mwinanso kukhala zaka 80-90. Ng'ombe zimabadwa ana, zikufunika kuti zizisambira pamtunda nthawi yobadwa.

            Ambiri a minke amaweta akwati m'madzi ofunda nthawi yozizira kuti abereke pafupifupi chaka chotsatira. 7-to-11 - nthawi yayitali ya msambo, monga lamulo, imatsata patatha chaka chopuma musanayambenso. Akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amayamba kubereka atakwanitsa zaka 5 mpaka 10 ndipo atalika kwambiri pazaka 20-30. Mu minche whale yaying'ono kwambiri, kenako nangumi wankhumba, wamtali wa 3 (3) wa ng'ombe ndikubala mpaka miyezi isanu mpaka 5 mpaka 5.5 mu 6-7 miyezi. Zachilendo kwa nyamakazi za baleen, minkes achikazi (ndi ma humps) zimatha kubereka mwana akangobadwa, mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi nthawi yayitali ya kubereka kwa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. M'mapiko olondola, nthawi yayitali imakhala zaka zitatu. Amakula mofulumira pachaka choyamba, pambuyo pake samakula kukula pazaka zingapo. Amafika pa kutha msinkhu ali mita 43 mpaka 14 m'litali. Agwape a baleen K-Strategist, ndiko kuti, amadzala ng'ombe imodzi panthawi, amakhala ndi moyo wautali komanso chiwerengero chotsika cha kufa kwa mwana wotsika. Zingwe za m'ma 1900 zomwe zapezeka mu nkhono zokolola zam'manja zimawonetsa kuti nyamayi imatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka zopitilira 100. Anangumi a nangumi amakhala osamveka, popanda wina wowonetsa zingwe. Amakhala ndi mitundu yambiri, kuti mwamuna amatha kukwatiwa ndi akazi ambiri. Zipsera zazimuna zazimuna zimati zimenyera ufulu wokwatirana ndi akazi nthawi yakubereka, yomwe ili yofanana ndi mating lek.

            Mahaga a Baleen ali ndi fibrous - zotanuka (zotumphukira) penis zofanana ndi artiodactyls. Nkhope ya mbolo, yomwe imayenda mpaka kumapeto, imatchedwa Pars intrapraeputialis kapena chenjerani . Anangumi a buluu amakhala ndi chiwalo chachikulu kwambiri papulaneti, chomwe chimalemera pafupifupi mamitala 2.4-3.0. Miyeso yolondola ya buluu wabwinobwino ndiyosavuta kuyitenga chifukwa kutalika kwa chinsomba cholowera kumatha kuwoneka pakukhwima. Mbolo pa chinsomba imatha kupitirira 2.7 m (8.9 ft) - pama testes, kuthamanga mpaka 2 m (6.6 ft) kutalika, 78 cm (2.56 ft) m'mimba mwake, ndi kulemera mpaka 525 mapaundi (238 kg), wamkulu kwambiri wa nyama iliyonse Padziko lapansi.

            Kufotokozera mwachidule matendawa

            Matendawa "kyphosis" ndi kupindika kwa msana mu ndege ya sagittal. Ku mulingo wina uliwonse, kupindika kotereku kumakhalapo mwa munthu aliyense, komabe, pakakhala kupatuka kwakukulu kuchokera ku chizolowezi, wodwalayo amapezeka ndi kyphosis ya msana. Msewu umakhala ndi zilembo "C" zomwe zimapangidwa pambuyo pake.

            Madigiri otsatirawa a kyphosis amadziwika:

            • I degree (kali kyphosis) - kukula kwa kupindika kwa madigiri oposa 30,
            • II degree (kyfosis ya chifuwa chapakati) - kuchokera 30 mpaka 60 madigiri,
            • Digiri ya III (kyphosis yayikulu) - kupindika kwa madigiri oposa 60.

            Zomwe zimayambitsa Kyphosis

            Pali zifukwa zingapo zopangira msana wopindika. Choyamba, matenda am'mimba amatha chifukwa cha kuphwanya chitukuko cha intrauterine. Poterepa, tikulankhula za matenda monga kubadwa kwa kyphosis, chithandizo chake chomwe chiyenera kuyambika mwana akangobadwa kumene. Nthawi zina, chomwe chimayambitsa kyphosis ndi opareshoni kapena kuvulala kwambiri, makamaka kukakamira kwa matupi a vertebral omwe amadziwika ndi anthu achikulire. Izi ndizomwe zimayambitsa kupindika kwa msana, koma pali zinthu zina zakunja zomwe zimatha kukhudza njira zoyipa. Zinthu ngati izi, mwachitsanzo, matenda opatsirana kapena chithandizo cha mankhwala a radiation, omwe amalembedwa kwa mwana pamaso pa zilonda zam'mimba.

            Kyphosis - chithandizo cha matenda

            Masiku ano, njira zingapo zafalikira. Mwambiri, odwala amapatsidwa chithandizo chokhazikika, chomwe chimaphatikizapo physiotherapy, masewera olimbitsa thupi, kutikita minofu, kumwa mankhwala komanso kuvala ma corsets apadera. Dziwani kuti ngati mwapezeka ndi kyphosis, masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito maluso apadera amakhala chofunikira kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa choti olimbitsa thupi amathandizira kupweteka, amalepheretsa kukhazikika kwa mapapo ndi ntchito za mtima, nthawi zambiri pakakhala palibe njira zokwanira zamankhwala.

            Chithandizo cha mafupa a concomitant, omwe nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi kupindika kwa msana, zimathandizanso kuyimitsa kukhazikika kwa kusintha kwamphamvu. Ndi njira iyi, kyphosis ya dera la thoracic imachiritsidwa ndi calcium, mavitamini, masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi chithandizo chamankhwala cholimbitsa thupi.

            Tikhala pamiyambo yomwe tafotokozayi mwatsatanetsatane. Kuvala nawo kumatha kuchepetsa ululu, koma sangathe kusokoneza kupindika ngati kyphosis ya msana wa thoracic yayamba kale kusintha. Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ma corsets kosalamulirika kumavulaza thanzi la wodwalayo, chifukwa kumapangitsa kuti minofu yakumbuyo ifooke.

            Ngati mankhwala osokoneza bongo samatsogolera zotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeka ndipo kyphosis ya msana ikupita patsogolo, ndiye kuti madokotala amapita kukalandira chithandizo. Mankhwala othandizira opaleshoni ya kyphosis imakhala ndi chiopsezo china chake, isanachitike opareshoni ndikofunika kuyeza zabwino ndi zowonongeka, zomwe zingatheke, ziyenera kupitilira chiwopsezo. Pakalipano, zikuwonetsa za opaleshoni ndimikhalidwe yomwe chifuwa cha kyphosis chimatsatiridwa ndi:

            • kupweteka kwambiri ndiye chifukwa chachikulu choperekera opaleshoni, popeza ululu suwonjezereka kuthandizira,
            • patsogolo kyphotic deformation - njirayi limodzi ndi kuphatikizika kwa mitsempha, mkhutu wamatumbo ndi mtima ntchito, motero, wodwala angalimbikitsidwe opaleshoni
            • kutulutsa zodzikongoletsera - ngati kyphosis ya thoracic msana kwambiri kuchepetsa moyo wa wodwalayo kapena zimakhudza kuyenera kwake akatswiri, ndiye madokotala kusankha pa kuvomerezeka kwa opaleshoni.

            Ponena za opaleshoniyo, imakhala ndi magawo awiri - kuchotsa kuwonongeka ndikukhazikika m'malo a msana. Pa gawo lotsiriza, njira zomwe zimatchedwa transperdicular stabilisation zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimakhala ndi zomangira ndi ndodo zolumikiza. Amapangidwa ndi zida zosalowerera ndale ndipo samakanidwa ndi thupi, zomwe zimapewa kugwira ntchito zingapo kuti zichotse dongosolo.

            Kanema wochokera pa YouTube pamutu wankhani:

            Bowhead whale

            Whale whale wapauta, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti polar whale (Balaena fanticetus), ndiwopatsa mphamvu kuchokera ku nkhokwe, baleen whale suborder, ndi woimira banja losalala la whale komanso mitundu yokhayo yamtundu wotchedwa whale whale.

            Bowhead whale.

            Anangumi am'mapiri okha ndi omwe amapezeka pachilumba chonse cha Arctic Ocean ndipo nthawi zambiri anali ochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti oyendetsa sitimawo amayenera kudutsa pakati pa gulu la nyama zikuluzikulu zomwe zimayenda munyanja. Koma chifukwa cha usodzi waukulu wosalamulirika, masiku ano nsomba za polar zimakhala m'tizilombo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kufa, ndipo anthu padziko lonse lapansi, malinga ndi kuyerekeza kopitilira muyeso, anthu pafupifupi 10,000.

            Kodi chingwe chowoneka ngati uta chili ngati chiyani?

            Monga mamembala onse am'banja, chinsomba chokhala ndi polar ndi nyama yayikulu, yosawoneka bwino yokhala ndi matupi ozungulira komanso mutu waukulu. Akazi achikulire amakula mpaka 2022 m m'litali, kutalika kwa amuna nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosaposa mamita 18. Nyama za Polar zimakhala m'maderalo omwe amakhala ndi chakudya chochuluka, motero, poyerekeza ndi ena oimira malamulowa, ali ndi mafuta kwambiri komanso amalemera kuchokera ku matani 100 mpaka 150. Kukula kwa subcutaneous mafuta kumbuyo kwa nyama amatha kufikira 36 cm.

            Nyanja ya Greenland poyerekeza ndi njovu komanso diver. Chingwe chaching'ono cha uta ndi chimbalangondo.

            Zinali chifukwa cha mafuta owoneka m'thupi kuti mahafa a polar anali atatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa ngakhale asanapangidwe ndi mfuti ya harpoon komanso makina oyimba. Mitembo ya nyama zakufa sizimilira, chifukwa chake ma Pomour sanayenera kukweza nyama zawo munyambo, mathagwada akufa amangomangidwa kumtunda.

            Zojambula

            Whale wopanga uta alibe uta wa dorsal, koma ngati ungayang'ane nyamayo kuchokera kumbali, 2 timabowo ting'onoting'ono timatha kuwoneka kumbuyo. Zipsepse zazifupi zazifupi ndizotakata m'munsi ndikuzungulira m'mphepete, ndikufanana ndi nkhuni m'mapangidwe awo. Malipiro a caudal ndi ochulukirapo, okhala ndi malekezero akuthwa komanso mawonekedwe akulu mkati.

            Mutu wa chinsalu cha mkono wammbali ndiwambiri kwambiri ndipo ndi 1/3 ya kutalika kwa thupi. Kapangidwe kameneka ndi chifukwa chazakudya zomwe zimadyetsedwa: mkamwa mwa chinsomba ndi sume yayikulu - zida zapadera zosefa zopangidwa ndi mbale za whalebone. Mahavodi a Greenland alibe mano, amatsekemera pakumeta.

            Kupuma kwa chinsomba cha polar kumakhala pachikongolero cha mutu ndipo kumapangidwa ndi mphuno ziwiri zokhala ngati. Pakupumira, kasupe wamadzi amatuluka kupuma, akuwoneka ngati chilembo V, ndipo kutalika kwake kungafike 6 m.

            Wumi wopanga uta adalumpha kutuluka m'madzi. Bowhead whale ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

            Whalebone

            Phokoso la chinsomba cha Greenland ndilopapatiza komanso lowongoka, ndipo nsagwada zake zakumtunda ndizowongoka, motero pakamwa pamakhala pompopompopompo. Chifukwa chakumaso kwa pakamwa kwambiri, kamkono kam'munsi mwa chingwe chokhala ndi uta kumakhala ndi zigawo 325 mpaka 360 zokhala ndi nyanga zopota za whalebone mbali zonse, ndipo chilichonse chimatha kutalika kwa 4.3 m.

            Whale wopanga uta sikuti amangokhala ndi ndevu zazitali kwambiri, komanso komanso wowonda kwambiri komanso zotanuka kwambiri, komwe ndi mawonekedwe amtunduwu ndipo amalola kusefera makamaka zooplankton kakang'ono. Kumbali yakumapeto kwa mbaleyo ndi mawonekedwe aubweya wochepa thupi wokhala ndi mphonje. Akuluakulu, masharubu amachepetsa pakamwa ndikuwasiyanitsidwa ndi wakuda, mwa ana, mbalezo ndi imvi komanso osawonekera. Nsagwada yam'munsi imakutidwa ndi ma vibrissae angapo owonda omwe akuchita ntchito yamtunduwu.

            Khungu ndi utoto

            Khungu la wopondera mutu ndiwosalala komanso losalala, lopanda mikwingwirima, mizere, zophukira ndi zopindika. Mahava a polar samadzaza ndi nsabwe za chinsomba, crustaceans, ndi majeremusi ena. Khungu la achikulire limapakidwa utoto wakuda kwambiri, chinsomba chaching'ono ndichopepuka.

            Kutengera kafukufuku waposachedwa wazinthu zopangidwa ndi anthu osiyanasiyana (mafupa, mtundu, kutalika kwa masharubu), asayansi akuganiza kuti mitundu iwiri yosiyanasiyana, yotchedwa "nyalugwe", imakhala m'mitundu yambiri. Koma pakadali pano mtunduwu sunapeze chitsimikizo chake.

            Bowhead whale. Bowhead whale ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

            Dera

            M'mbuyomu, nsapato zam'mutu zinali zofala kwambiri ku Arctic Circle, ndipo gulu lonse linali ndi anthu atatu.

            Oimira anthu oyamba adasamukira kumadera akum'mawa kwa Greenland, kudutsa Atlantic North Iceland ndi Jan Mayen kupita ku Arctic Ocean kupita ku zilumba za Spitsbergen. Ena mwa anamgumiwo amapitilira pachilumba cha Kara kwambiri komanso zisumbu za Novaya Zemlya.

            Chiwerengero chachiwiri chidachoka ku Davis Strait kupita ku Nyanja ya Baffin. Gulu lachitatu lidachoka kunja kwa Nyanja ya Chukchi ndi Nyanja ya Beaufort kudutsa Bering Strait kupita ku Bering Sea.

            Madzi ofunda kwambiri omwe adawonapo ndi mawondo am'mutu anali pafupi ndi Newfoundland komanso gombe la Kamchatka, ndipo Osaka Bay ndiye malo akumwera. Mpaka pano, zigawo ziwiri zoyambirira zatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa, ndipo kunyanja zonse za Arctic Ocean, nangumi wam'madzi ndizosowa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza a ku Russia, sichimaposa 400 mapha a polar omwe amakhala kunyanja ya Okhotsk.

            Whale wowerama wopanda uta alibe. Chingwe chomwe chili ndi uta chimadumphira m'madzi.

            Moyo

            Mikhalidwe yokhala mopendekeka kwambiri ya mawondo imagwedeza kwambiri ntchito yofufuzira, komabe, zidakhazikitsidwa kuti ndikubwera kwa nyama zam'madzi zimapita kumtunda wakumpoto, ndipo ndikadzayamba yophukira amasiya ayezi wakubwerera kumwera. Nthawi zambiri, aguluguwa amayenera kuthyola madzi oundana, kenako nyama zimakhala pamtundu wina kuti ziwolokere kudutsa pakati pa madzi oundana.

            Munthawi zabwinobwino, zibowo zam'mutu zimasungidwa ndipo zimatha nthawi yawo yambiri pansi pamadzi. Amayendetsa amakhala osaya, osapitirira 200 m, kenako amatuluka kwa mphindi 2 - 3, amapumira mpaka 12, kenako ndikumazimiriranso pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi 5 - 10. Ngati nangumi wavulala, amatha kukhala pansi pa madzi pafupifupi ola limodzi.

            Mawonekedwe Amphamvu

            Mahaar a polar ndi planktonoids wamba, ndipo mosiyana ndi anamgumi a minke, omwe amakoka krill pamodzi ndi silt kuchokera pansi, mawonekedwe owonda a mapangidwe a nangumi whale whale amapangidwira kuti azidyetsa chakudya chochepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, zakudya zawo zimapangidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono - ma calanuse, omwe kukula kwake sikuposa 3-4 mm ndi ma mollusks ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi mapiko.

            Njira yodyetsera chinsomba cha polar ndi yofanana ndi ya anangumi onse a baleen: nyamayo imasambira pang'onopang'ono m'mphepete mwa madzi ndi pakamwa pake, ndi thabwa lomwe lakhazikika pamtunda wamatsenga ndi lilime lake ndipo limeza. Whale wamkulu polar amatha kudya mpaka matani 1.8 a zakudya patsiku.

            Bowhead whale. Mchira wa bowa whale.

            Kanema

            Minke whale m'madzi amchere

            Minke whale ndi mtundu wa chinsomba womwe umakhala ndi kukula kocheperako pakati pa mamembala.

            Mtunduwu wagawidwa m'magulu atatu: amtali, kumpoto ndi kumwera (Antarctic) minke whale. Koma ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti gawoli ndi loyenera, ndipo asayansi alibe lingaliro limodzi pankhaniyi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti palibe zambiri zokhudzana ndi anamgumi a minke, ndipo masamba amtundu omwe amakhala m'madzi ofunda a equatorial sanaphunziridwe konse.

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