Banja lokhazikika la ma martens limaphatikiza mitundu yambiri yamitundu yokhudzana ndi phylogenetically, yomwe imasiyana kwambiri pakapangidwe ka thupi, komanso momwe mumakhalira moyo.
Oimira ambiri ndi ochepa komanso ochepa; alipo ochepa, koma ndi ochepa. Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama zotere kumayambira fifitini mpaka 120 (nthawi zina mpaka 150) cm. Kuchulukitsa kwa oimira kumasiyana kuchokera ku magalamu 100 mpaka 40 kilogalamu. Monga lamulo, thupi lawo limakhala lalitali kwambiri, limasinthasintha. Ziwopsezo zabanja lamfupi yokhala ndi thupi lalifupi komanso lalikulu sizachilendo.
Oimira banja amasiyanitsidwa ndi tsitsi lakukula. Mitundu yambiri yomwe imakhala kumpoto nthawi yozizira, imakhala yotentha kwambiri komanso yolimba. Kummwera, nthumwi zina za thupi zimakutidwa ndi maonekedwe owoneka ngati tsitsi. Mitundu imatha kukhala yosiyana: yamtundu, yodziwika, yopyapyala. Zimachitika kuti pali nyama ya banja la ofera, momwe ubweya umakhala wopepuka kuchokera pansi kuposa kuchokera kumtunda. Kutengera ndi nyengo, oimira chovala komanso kusinthasintha kwa chovalacho amatha kusintha. Mitundu ina nthawi yozizira imasinthira utoto kuti ukhale woyera.
Monga lamulo, ma coons onse amakhala pamtunda, amakwera mitengo moyenera, ena amatha kukumba mabowo okwanira, ndikupezanso chakudya kuchokera pansi.
Ziphuphu ndizofala. Zimapezeka kumakontinenti onse kupatula Australia.
Banja la a Kunih ndi amodzi mwa olemera kwambiri mwa kuchuluka kwamitundu ndi mitundu molingana ndi nyama zomwe amadyera. Ili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 70, yomwe imapangidwa 25 genera ndi mabanja achichepere asanu. Woyamba wa iwo amatchedwa martens. Mulinso mitundu pafupifupi 33 ndi genera khumi.
Ermine
Mafuta a ermine ndi ofanana ndi maonekedwe achikondi, kutalika kwa thupi kuli pafupifupi 30 cm.
Chilombochi ndi nyama yolusa, chimadyetsa makoswe. Nthawi zina zimasokoneza zisa. Munthawi yanjala, ndimatha kudya achule, ngati kulibeko, ndiye kuti zipatso ndi zinyalala. Kufalikira kamodzi pachaka, kutalika kwa pakati ndi miyezi pafupifupi 9.5. Avereji ya maola asanu pa zinyalala.
Woimira uyu amagwira ntchito nthawi zosiyanasiyana masana.
Solongoy
Ikuwoneka ngati nyamayi wina wabanja lachipembedzo. Chilombochi chimatchedwa solonga. Iye ndi wokulirapo, wavala ubweya wonyezimira. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 30. Amamadya ma voles ndi nyama zina zazing'ono, ngakhale muskrats. Kuphatikiza apo, abuluzi ndi mbalame zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya. M'nyengo yozizira, matching amachitika, nthawi yayitali ya mwezi ndi mwezi. Pali zinyalala pafupifupi zitatu kapena zinayi mu zinyalala.
13.08.2018
Njala zazing'ono (lat. Galictis cuja) - nyama yodyetsa yochokera ku banja la Kunyi (Mustelidae). Ali aang'ono, amasinthidwa mwachangu ndikusintha. M'mayiko a Latin America, kwa nthawi yayitali amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusaka makoswe ndi akapolo achiwewe.
Ku Bolivia, nyama imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zithumwa zamatsenga zomwe zimateteza mwini wake ku mphamvu zoipa. Amwenye a Quechua amagwiritsa ntchito nyamayo limodzi ndi ma llamas ndi nkhumba za Guinea kuti apereke nsembe kwa mulungu wamkazi wa nthaka, chonde ndi zivomezi Pachamame. Kuphatikiza pa iwo, amatenga masamba a coca, ndudu, ndi mizimu.
AchiBolivia akunyumba amamulemekeza mu Ogasiti, mwezi wozizira kwambiri m'dera lawo. Kulemekeza Pachamama kuyambira 2009 kudakhazikitsidwa palamulo la dzikolo ndipo kumawerengedwa kuti ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha komweko.
Mtunduwu udafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1782 ndianan Ignacio Molina wazachilengedwe ku Chile.
Spika
Chipilalachi chimakhala ndi khungu labwino kuposa chiwembu. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika masentimita makumi anayi. Kulemera kolemera 750 g. Mtundu wozizira ndi wofiyira. M'chilimwe, mtunduwo umakhala wakuda.
Mpikisano umachitika kuyambira pa Okutobala mpaka Epulo. Mimba imatenga masiku 40 (pafupifupi), ana mu lita 7.
Kufalitsa
Malo okhala amakhala kum'mwera kwa America South America.Chimafotokoza kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Peru, kumadzulo komanso kumwera kwa Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, likulu la Chile, mayiko akumwera ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Brazil.
Zomera zazing'ono zimakhala zosiyanasiyana. Amasinthidwa bwino kukhala m'malo ofunda komanso onyowa. Anthu ambiri amakhala ku Gran Chaco, dera lotentha lomwe lili ndi chipululu, lomwe lili m'chigwa cha La Plata.
Nyama nthawi zonse imakhala pafupi ndi malo amadzi, ndimakonda ma savannas, mapepala, shrubberies ndi nkhalango zowala. Ku Andes, imawonedwa pamalo okwera mpaka 4200 m pamwamba pamadzi, nthawi zambiri imawonedwa paminda yolimidwa ndi msipu.
Mpaka pano, ma subspecies 4 amadziwika. Mabungwe osankhidwa ndi awa ali ponseponse kumadzulo kwa Argentina, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Bolivia komanso m'chigawo chapakati cha Chile.
Mink
Poganizira za banja la marten, munthu sangathandize koma kukumbukira za America ndi ku Europe mink. Nyamazi zimayenda pansi ndikusambira mokongola. Kunja, khungwa limafanana ndi mzati.
European ndi ochepera kuposa America. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi masentimita 40. Misa sioposa kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka. Kodi ndi chiyani chomwe chimasiyanitsa mitundu iwiriyi ya mink? Kapangidwe ka mano ndi chigaza.
Mink imakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi okhala ndi magombe osambitsidwa, kudya makoswe ochepa, muskrats, achule, ndi zina zambiri.
Mate mu masika, akadali chisanu. Nthawi ya bere imatenga pafupifupi masiku makumi asanu. Monga lamulo, pali zinyalala zisanu ndi zinayi mu zinyalala, ngakhale zilipo zochulukirapo.
Khalidwe
Oyimira mitunduyi amakhala ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Amakhala okha kapena m'mabanja opangidwa ndi makolo ndi ana awo. Amagona usiku m'maenje a mitengo, m'miyala yamiyala ndipo nthawi zambiri m'malo obisalira mobisa. Burrows ikhoza kukhala yakuya kwa 4 m ndikukhala ndi zolowera zingapo komanso zotuluka zokhala ndi masamba okugwa.
Nyamazo zimathamanga bwino ndikukwera mitengo. Amatha kusambira, koma amachita popanda chidwi. Ali ndi tiziwalo timene timatiteteza ku mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuti tidziteteze kwa adani.
Mosiyana ndi ma skunks, ma secentions onunkhira amakhala ndi ndende yotsika ndipo samanunkhiza kwambiri.
Agogo ang'onoang'ono amayang'anira zomwe adagwira pomununkhiza. Amadyera makamaka makoswe ochepa. Nyama ikhoza kusewera mpaka mphindi 45 ndi wogwidwayo asanadye. Nthawi ndi nthawi, achule, abuluzi, mbalame, mazira a mbalame ndi njoka zazing'ono zimafika patebulo yodyera.
Ngati ndi kotheka, amatha kukumba dothi ndi zofunda zake zakuthwa zopindika ndi kupeza zolengedwa zokhala pansi panthaka, makamaka, makoswe (Spalacopus cyanus) ndi degus (Octodon degus).
Kuphatikiza kwabwino kwa zakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi zipatso ndi zipatso.
Zotupa
Ziphuphu zimakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi zikhalidwe. Amadziwika ndi mitundu itatu: steppe, miyendo yakuda komanso yakuda. Loyamba ndi lalikulu kwambiri, kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 56 cm, kulemera mpaka makilogalamu awiri. Kapangidwe kakang'ono kakang'ono. Kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi 48 cm, ndipo unyinji suoposa 1.5 kg
Maziko a zakudya m'mitundu itatu yonseyi ndi makoswe. Mbawala yakuda, monga lamulo, imakonda makoswe ndi ma voles, ndi stepep - kwa hamsters ndi gopher. Agalu otengera ndi omwe Blackfoot amakonda.
Aabanjawa (makamaka steppe) amakhala pafupi ndi nyanja ndi mitsinje.
Kuswana
Nthawi yakukhwima imachitika kumapeto kwa nthawi yozizira komanso koyambirira kwamasika. Nyama zimakwatira mitala, mabanja ochulukirapo. Amasokonekera mwana akangokhala ndi mwayi wokhala pawokha.
Kutalika kwa mimba ndi masiku 3940. Yaikazi imabweretsa kuchokera pa ana awiri mpaka asanu pa khola lomwe limakhala pobisalira komanso kosavomerezeka. Zimakonda kupezeka m'mabowo kapena m'miyala. Makanda amabadwa olemera 35 g, akhungu ndi agonthi, koma atakutidwa kale ndi ubweya wofewa.
Ana amabadwa kawiri pachaka kuyambira mwezi wa March mpaka Epulo komanso kuchokera mu Ogasiti mpaka Seputembala.
Mavuto onse oleredwa ndi abale ake amagwera pamapewa a amayi. Nthawi zambiri, abambo, monga lamulo, amangogwira ntchito yolondera, kuchenjeza banja za zoopsa zomwe zingachitike ndi mawu akulira. Ali mu ukapolo, ena a iwo nthawi zina amadzuka ndi chikondi chaubwenzi, ndipo amayamba kusewera ndi ana awo.
Kuyamwa mkaka kumatenga pafupifupi miyezi iwiri.Sabata yachiwiri, maso amatseguka, ndipo sabata lachinayi, makanda amayamba kusinthana ndi chakudya chokhazikika. Pambuyo pa kuyamwa, amasaka ndi amayi awo. Achinyamata okhala ndi miyezi inayi amakula mpaka kukula kwa nyama zazikulu ndipo amatha kudzisamalira ndekha popanda kuchita kusamalidwa ndi makolo. Amakhala okhwima pakufika zaka zakubadwa.
Kufotokozera
Kunja, nyamayo imawoneka ngati mbewa yayikulu (Galictis vittata), koma yocheperako. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 44-68, makutu 2-3 cm, mchira 14 cm.Chipilala 1200-2500 g. Akazi ndi ochepa poyerekeza ndi amuna. Kuwala kwa dimorphism mumtundu kulibe.
Thupi limasinthasintha komanso limadutsa, khosi limakhala lalitali, miyendo imafupikitsidwa. Mchirawo ndi wamfupi komanso wowonda. Mutu umakhala wopapatiza komanso wowonekera bwino mu ndege zoyenda. Mbali zam'mutu ndi zopondera zakuda. Mikwingwirima ya kirimu imadutsa kolona, imvi. Ubweya wotsalawo umakhala ndi mthunzi wa khungu.
Makutu achinsinsi ali kumbuyo kwa chigaza. Mitundu yakuda ili kumapeto kwa muzzle. Pali mano 34 mkamwa.
Chiyembekezo cha moyo wazaka 6-8. Mukapolo, mphesa yaing'ono imatha kukhala ndi zaka 11-12.
Martens
Tsopano tikambirana za miyala ndi pine mart. Nyama izi ndizazikulu kwambiri kuposa zandalama. Kutalika kwa mwala wamiyala kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 45, ndipo unyinji suoposa 2.5 kg. Nkhalango ndiyocheperako pang'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 44, ndipo kulemera kwake kumachokera ku 750 mpaka 1500 magalamu. Thupi la ofowoka ndilamphamvu, lonyowa, makutu ndi akulu, omangidwa. Kusiyana pakati pa mitunduyi pakupanga mano ndi chigaza. Lingaliro lakummwera kwambiri ndi mwala wofedwa.
Monga momwe dzinalo likunenera, nkhalangoyi imakhala m'nkhalango zobiriwira komanso zobiriwira. Nthawi zina mwalawo umakhala m'malo ngati amenewa, koma nthawi zambiri umatha kuwoneka pamiyala yopanda miyala. Monga lamulo, amagwira ntchito usiku, ngakhale mutha kukumana nawo masana.
Pine marten amadya makoswe, nthawi zina amaseka. Miyala imadyanso chimodzimodzi, koma chakudya chobzala chimatenga gawo la mkango pazakudya zake. Gon amapezeka nthawi ya Juni-August. Awa ana atatu amabadwa mu zinyalala
Zoyenera
Sable ndi nyama yotchuka kwambiri yokhala ndi thupi lotetemera komanso mchira wake wamfupi. Kutalika kwenikweni kwa thupi ndi masentimita 44. Ubweya wa sable ndi wakuda, wakuda. Amadyetsa zakudya za nyama ndi zomera. M'chilimwe amameza tizilombo. Ana osintha amabadwa mu Epulo-Meyi. Nthawi zambiri, asanu amabadwa.
Harza
Chilombochi ndi chachikulu kwambiri, chili ndi mawonekedwe achilendo, mawonekedwe ndi owala. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika masentimita makumi asanu ndi atatu, ndipo unyinjiwo umafika mpaka ma kilogalamu asanu ndi theka. Chilombochi chimakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana. Harza amadya makoswe, nsomba, zipatso ndi mtedza. Nthawi zina zimatsutsana ndi mzere ndi magawo.
Moyo Wamtundu wa Grisons
Ma grons ang'onoang'ono amagwira ntchito masana ndi usiku. Amabisala m'misasa yosiyanasiyana: pakati pamiyala yamiyala, m'mabowo, m'mabowo a anthu ena, pakati pa mizu yamitengo ndi zina.
M'dzenje limodzi, anthu 4-5 amatha kukhala nthawi yomweyo. Mizere italiitali imatalika pafupifupi mamitala 15 ndipo ikhoza kukhala pamalo akuya mpaka mamita 4.
Matambo a ma grison sioyenera kusambira kapena kukumba, koma mothandizidwa ndi nyamazo zimathamanga bwino ndikukwera mitengo - zitseko za mawotchiwo zilibe kanthu ndipo pali milomo yoloweka pazala.
Zomanga zazing'ono zimagwira usana ndi usiku: nyama zimakonda kubisala m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Masewera ang'onoang'ono, poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya marten, ndi nyama zambiri zachikhalidwe. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'magulu a anthu awiri kapena angapo. Magulu oterewa amapanga akulu ndi akazi omwe ali ndiunyamata. Makatani ang'onoang'ono amagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyankhulirana zowoneka bwino komanso yolankhulirana. Kulankhulana mwachisawawa ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa mabanja ndi amayi omwe ali ndi ana awo.
Maluso osiyanasiyana am'magawo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, pakachitika zoopsa, ma grisons amalira kwambiri. Komanso, ma grisons amalankhulana mothandizidwa ndi fungo, ndi chisangalalo champhamvu fungo losasangalatsa limatulutsidwa kuchokera ku tiziwalo tambiri.
Kwa ma grisons amalumikizana amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana amtundu, mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe amtundu wina
Adani achilengedwe a ndende zazing'ono sizikudziwika, mdani wamkulu ndi munthu. Anthu akuwathamangitsa nyama izi.
Zakudya zazing'ono zazing'ono
Ma grisons ang'onoang'ono amadya nyama zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana: makoswe, amphibians, mbalame, mazira awo, repitles ndi invertebrates. Amadyanso zipatso za mbewu zina.
Zipatso za Grisons zikuwoneka bwino kwambiri.
Nthawi zina agiriki amaba anthu amtundu wa nkhuku. M'malo omwe akalulu aku Europe adazika mizu, ndiye maziko azakudya za grisons. Ku Chile, zakudya zambiri zimakhala ndi makoswe, kenako kuchokera ku akalulu, kenako ochokera ku zolengedwa, zolengedwa zapamadzi ndi mbalame. Pafupifupi, ma grons ang'onoang'ono amadya pafupifupi magalamu 350 a chakudya patsiku.
Pine marten
Wofunika kwambiri m'banjali ndi European pine marten. Ili ndiye chule wachipongwe kwambiri m'banjamo. Nyumbuzi imasaka mbalame ndi agologolo pamakona amitengo, ndipo "imayenda pamahatchi," kutanthauza kuti imayenda, kudumpha kuchokera pamtengo kupita pamtengo. Chomwechonso machenjerero ndi marten waku America. Kukhala m'nkhalango zakumpoto kuzizira, martens amavala ubweya wakuda ndi wofunika.
Nyama yonyamula ubweya wofunikira kwambiri ndi omwe timakhala. Sable, ngakhale imakwera mitengo bwino, imakhala pansi ndikungogwiritsa ntchito mbewa ndi ma voles, ndikuwonjezera menyu yazakudya ndi mtedza wa paini. Kumwera kwa marten ku Europe ndi marten. Adazolowera kuyandikana ndi munthu ndipo nthawi yanjala amayendera ma nkhuku kuti akaba nkhuku. Zimathandizanso munthu powononga tizilombo tothira m'minda.
Ku North America, m'nkhalango, pakati pamiyala ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, mbalame yayikulu kwambiri ya marten imakhala. Ngakhale dzina lake, marten uyu samapha nsomba nthawi zambiri, amasaka kusaka makoswe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza khothi lalikulu la matabwa aku America. Amphaka ndi akalenje aluso kwambiri moti amatha kuthana ndi vuto lalikulu kuposa iwowo. Chifukwa chake, Asia marten kharza, wopezeka ku nkhalango zozizira za Primorye kupita ku nkhalango ya Southeast Asia, amatha kuthana ndi nguluwe yaing'ono, ndi agwape, ndi agwape oyenda pansi - agalu ang'ono.
Mink
Ma mancens aku Europe ndi ku America ndi osakira nyama. Thupi lalitali losasunthika limafalikira pansi, kubisala nyama zobisalamo chipale chofewa kapena udzu. Kutulutsa kwa ma mink ndi ochepera okhala m'nkhalango zaku Asia zamakhola - mbewa, ma voles, chipmunks, muskrats, agologolo, mbalame, achule. Ma mbewa ndi nguluwe ndi asodzi abwino: atayang'ana nsomba kuchokera pagombe, amazamira pansi pake kuti apeze madzi. M'nyengo yozizira, nsomba ndiye chakudya chawo chachikulu.
Weasel ndi ermine
Zinyama zazing'onoting'ono zazing'ono kwambiri ndi gawo la banja la a Kunya. Zokha zazikulu kuposa abuluzi, zimatha kulimbana mosavuta ndi mbewa komanso akalulu. Ozunzidwawo sanapulumuke kwa anthu okalamba omwe amathamangira nawo komwe akukhala munjira zing'onozing'ono. Kuwononga makoswe, ma erm ndi ma weas amateteza mbewu. Pogwiritsa ntchito gawo limodzi la zilombo zazing'onoting'ono zazing'onozing'ono, zoluka ndi zida zamagetsi sizikhala pafupi. Zovala zimangokhala kumwera kwa malembawo, ngakhale kuti sizingafanane ndi chipale chofewa ndi chisanu: Mitundu yonseyi imakhala ndi ubweya wamtengo wapatali, yofiyira nthawi yotentha komanso yoyera nthawi yachisanu.
Oimira ena a nyama zodyedwa
Mbuto yapa uchi
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Chowonera ku America
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Burmese ferret badger
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Wachinayi woipa
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Nkhumba zoweta
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Wonyamula miyendo yakuda
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Forestret
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Otter
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Wala Otter
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Sumatran Otter
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Smooth Otter
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Giant otter
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Canada otter
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Nyanja otter
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Indian otter
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South American Otter
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Eastern Clawless Otter
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Wopanda wa African Otter
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Mphaka otter
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Wolverine
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Kuvala
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Nyanja otter
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Miloza yopindika
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Spotted skunk
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Patagonian skunk
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Skunk Woyera
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Makono akulu
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Magonedwe ang'onoang'ono
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Tyra
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Zorilla
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Harza
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Ilka
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Teledu
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Tyra ndi Grisons
M'malo otentha a North ndi South America, martens akuluakulu amakhala - tyra ndi grisons. Tyra amathamanga kwambiri, mosamala akukwera mitengo ndikusambira mwangwiro. Nyama yake ndi yayikulupo poyerekeza ndi yopanga nkhuni okhala m'malo amodzi. Tyra amagwiritsa ntchito makoko akuluakulu agouti, agologolo ndi zotheka (marsupials a mitengo), amathanso kuthana ndi mbawala yaying'ono, masamu. Mphesa ndi laling'ono kuposa tyra - ili ndi thupi lalitali komanso losunthika ndi miyendo yochepa. Amasaka makoswe pansi ndipo amakhala m'maenje.
Ferret
Zotupa zili pafupi ndi martens ndi mink. Khola ndi mbewa zingathe kupanga banja, ndipo ana abwinobwino adzabadwa kuchokera kwa iwo, mtanda pakati pa wolimba ndi kunyema umatchedwa honiki. Zimbudzi zamtchire zimapezeka ku gawo la ku Europe la dziko lathu: m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, pafupi ndi mitsinje ngakhale m'mapaki amizinda. Amabisala mumulu wamitengo yakugwa, pansi pa mizu, m'mabowo opanda kanthu a anthu ena, amakhala m'mkhola, mu zipinda zamatayala, pamitengo yamatanda, m'malo obisika.
M'mbuyomu, amphaka ku Russia atakhala chidwi, alimi ankasunga kunyumba kuti awononge mbewa ndi makoswe. Kum'mwera kwa mapiri, mnzake wokulirapo, woponderezedwa, waphatikizika ndi nkhalangoyo. Ichi ndi chinyama chofunikira kuphatira ubweya, koma anthu, atapereka gawo lake pakuthamangitsidwa kwa makoswe, asakira pang'ono. M'mapiri aku America, zikondwerero, zopondera za miyendo yakuda zimapezeka. Adasaka agalu odyetsa - makoswe ofanana ndi gopher. Koma alimi, akuwonongeratu agalu, ozunzidwa komanso zonyansa. Tsopano adagona mu ukapolo.
Munthu samachita zinthu mwachilungamo kuti abereke: nyamayi imapindula kwambiri kuposa kuvulaza, chifukwa nyama yake yoyamba ndi mavuvu ndi mbewa. Makoswe oopsa samangodya tirigu m'minda, komanso amapanga nyengo yozizira, ikukhathamiritsa mpaka theka la kilogalamu ya mbewu m'makola apansi panthaka. Kusaka kwamtondo umodzi kumunda kumapha makoswe 10-12 patsiku, ndikupulumutsa tirigu wotentha.
Skunk
Ma Skunks amakhala m'nkhalango za ku America, mapiri ndi zipululu. Zikuwoneka ngati zolimba, koma ndizogwirizana ndi zoyipa. Masana, ma skunk amathiridwa m'makola ndi m'mapanga, ndipo usiku amapeza tizilombo, mbewa, achule, zolengedwa zina zazing'ono, amayang'ana zipatso ndi mbewu, m'midzi yomwe amadya zinyalala. Pakakhala ngozi, skunk imaphwanya tsitsi lake, ndikubwerera kwa wolakwayo ndikukula mchira wake. Ngati chiwopsezo sichinagwire ntchito, skunkyo imadzuka m'miyendo yake yakutsogolo, ndikukweza bulu wake, ndikuponyera pompopompo phokoso la mdani. Ubweya wakuda ndi woyera kuchokera kutali ukuchenjeza otsutsa: "Osandigwira, ndine wonunkha!" Ma skunk amtambo ndi owoneka amakhala ku North America, pomwe Patagonian skunk amakhala ku South America. Ma skunks omwe akukhala m'malo ozizira amagwera dzenje nthawi yachisanu, kusonkhanitsa nyama zingapo mu dzenje limodzi.
Kavalidwe, Weasel waku Africa ndi Zorilla ali pafupi kwambiri ndi ziwongo molingana ndi msonkho, koma ali ofanana ndi ma skunks. Kusiyanitsa utoto ndikuchenjeza ochenjeza za kuthekera kwawo kudziteteza pothira mafuta onunkhira. Amasaka awa a jerboas, agologolo pansi, hamsters ndi nyama zina zazing'ono amakhala kumapeto ndi zipululu: kuvala - kumwera kwa Eurasia, weasel aku Africa ndi zorilla - ku Africa.
Zonunkhira ndi ma skulk ndi nyama zazing'ono. Pofuna kuti asakhale mwaubwenzi wakudya zazikulupo, adasankha njira yoyambirira yodzitchinjiriza: kuti abwezeretse kunjenjemera kwa adani. Zilango zimangotulutsa madzi onunkhira pansi pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndipo ma skunks amatha kuwombera nthiti ya kununkhira uku ndikusisita kumaso kwa mdani mpaka 3 m.Mdani wopaka khungu ndi wakhunguyo sadzakumbukirabe msonkhano ndi kununkha ndipo apitiliza kupewa.Pochotsa zisa "zonunkhira", skunk imatha kusungidwa ngati chiweto.
Pomaliza
Ma coons ambiri amakhala ndi thupi lalitali, miyendo yayifupi ndi khosi lolimba, lopindika komanso mutu wochepa komanso fungo lanthete ya anal. Zala zisanu phazi lililonse zimaperekedwa ndi ndodo zakuthwa, zosabwezeka. Ngakhale marten ndi carnivores, ena a iwo amadya masamba, makamaka zipatso kapena zipatso.
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Ma fungo amphamvu ndi ma molars akuthwa ndi maofesi ena amathandizira kutafuna ma crustaceans, mollusks ndi nsomba.
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Ubwenzi wapakati pa amuna ndi akazi nthawi yamatupi ndi yochepa. Matani amapezeka makamaka mchaka, ndipo m'mitundu yambiri, ovulation amayamba panthawi yopanga. Akazi amalera ana okhaokha.
(Eira barbara)
Matayala amakhala ku Central ndi South America. Madera awo amachokera kumwera kwa Mexico kupita ku Paraguay ndi kumpoto kwa Argentina. Malo akuluakulu okhala nkhalango zotentha kwambiri.
Matayala amafikira kutalika kuchokera pa 56 mpaka 68 masentimita, pomwe ma 38 mpaka 47 cm a mchira wawonjezedwa. Kulemera kwa nyama izi kuyambira 4 mpaka 5 kg.
Amagwira makamaka usiku ndipo amapezeka pamtunda komanso pamitengo. Amakwera bwino ndipo amatha kuthana mtunda wautali ndikudumpha. Komanso ndi osambira abwino. Pofuna mtendere, amamanga nyumba zawo m'mphepete mwa mitengo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba zosiyidwa za nyama zina. Nthawi zina amangobisala mu udzu wautali.
Pali zambiri zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha Turo. Amakumana mokhazikika komanso awiriawiri kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Matayala ndi omnivores, koma chochuluka cha chakudya chawo ndi nyama zazing'ono. Amadyera makoswe, monga prickly chinchilla, kumiseche kapena kumayipi ang'onoang'ono. Amadyanso zakudya zimaphatikizanso mbalame, ma invertebrates, amakonda kudya zipatso.
Pakumaliza kwa pakati, mpaka masiku 70, mkaziyo amabereka ana awiri. M'mwezi wachiwiri wa moyo, amatsegula maso awo ndi kuyamwa kuchokera mkaka wosakwana miyezi itatu. Ali mu ukapolo, nyama izi zimakhala zaka 18.
(Galictis vittata)
Kugawidwa ku Central ndi South America (Bolivia, Northern Argentina, kumwera kwa Brazil).
Imafika kutalika kwa 48 mpaka 55 cm ndi kulemera kwa 1.4 mpaka 3.3 kg.
Amakhala m'nkhalango zobiriwira, zopanda mapiri, zamapiri komanso zokhala m'mapiri. Nthawi zambiri zimapezeka pafupi ndi mitsinje, mitsinje ndi madambo, pamalo okwera mpaka 1,500 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Kudya kwa ma grisons sikumveka bwino - amadziwika kuti amadya nyama zazing'ono zazikazi, makamaka nyamayi ndi mbalame, kumadera akumidzi nthawi zina amazunza nkhuku zakomweko. Pofufuza zomwe zili m'mimba mwa grisons kuchokera kumagawo osiyanasiyana, adatha kudziwa zakudya zoyenera: makoswe amkati masana (machira a thonje), makoswe onunkhira, nkhunda, nkhunda zazitali, njira zaku North America, mocha (nkhumba za Guinea), amphibians (komanso ngakhale masamba oyala). Ku Panama, ma grisons amadya agouti, eels (fusion) ndi haracin.
Pofufuza chakudya, nyama zimayenda ma kilomita angapo patsiku, ndipo mtunda pakati pa malo opumira tsiku ndi tsiku ndi 2-3 km. Ziphuphu zimayenda mwachangu motsatira njira ya zigzag, ndikupatuka kumbali kuchokera pa mzere wapaulendo ndi mita 1-2. Kusuntha ngakhale kuthamanga kwambiri, sadzagonja. Pofufuza zinthu zosadziwika zomwe zili patali, amasuntha pang'ono ndi pang'ono, ndikumakankhira m'mimba mwawo pansi, ngati kuti akankha okha ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo. Zimbudzi zilizonse zomwe zikumana ndi njirayo, mapando pansi ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo sizidutsa chidwi chawo. Popuma masana, agouti nthawi zina amakhala m'malo otayidwa.
Ziphuphu ndi nyama masana, koma zimagwiranso ntchito usiku. Masana, nyama zimapuma kwa maola angapo (mpaka 4-5). Migodi nthawi zambiri imakhala malo ogona, momwe amadyerapo. Ziphuphu zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kulimba mtima komanso kukhetsa magazi. Pokhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa nkhuku.Iwo kupha makoswe ndi nyama zina ndi kuluma mwamsanga kumbuyo kwa khosi. Nyamazo zimakhala ndi fungo labwino, koma mawonekedwe ake ndi osawoneka bwino. Izi ndi zazikulu kusambira, kuyenda pansi pamadzi.
chinsinsi wapangidwa ndi zopangitsa yomwe imakhala pafupi chotulukira, iyenera wapadera musky kununkhiza, ngakhale ngati zosasangalatsa ngati kuti a martens ena. Ma gramu okhala ndi nkhawa amalumpha m'mbali, kukoka tsitsi kumchira, kenako ndikutulutsa chinsinsi cha tinthu tamadontho tambiri. Ndi chingwe chokhala ndi minyewa yambiri, amatha kumenya molondola bwino kuti akwaniritse cholinga chake.
Grisons ndi nyama chikhalidwe. Amasaka awiriawiri kapena m'mabanja. Nthawi zina pamakhala zochitika pamene nyama zingapo zinkasewera limodzi. Kusaka ziwembu zatenga malo mpaka 4.2 Km 2 kwa akazi okalamba, ndipo pafupifupi anthu kachulukidwe ndi za 1-2 2.4 anthu / Km 2. Tizilombo tambiri tomwe timakhala pakati pa mchira timatulutsa timiyala tambiri tambiri, kutikita pansi pamchira pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Kubalana kumachitika chaka chonse. Pamaso akubereka, akazi amakhazikitsa khola mu mphanga, dzenje kapena pansi pa mizu ya mitengo, nthawi zina chifukwa chimenechi ntchito wamkazi anasiya kamakumba una wa armadillos. Mimba imatenga masiku 39 mpaka 40. Yaikazi imabereka mwana wamwamuna mmodzi mpaka anayi (pafupifupi 2), yemwe maso ake ndi otsekeka. Newborn ana agalu angalemere pafupi magalamu 50. Maso amatseguka pakatha masiku 14, ndipo pakatha milungu itatu achinyamata amatha kudya nyama. Tizilombo tambiri timadzidalira tokha ikafika zaka 4 zakubadwa. Pamsinkhu uwu, ndi zopangitsa kumatako mu grisons achinyamata kale yogwira.
(Galictis cuja)
Amakhala pakati komanso kumwera kwa South America (South Peru, Paraguay, ndipo kuchokera ku Central Chile gululi limafikira kumwera mpaka ku chigawo cha Argentina cha Chubuta).
Kutalika kwa grison wamng'ono ali ku 28 mpaka 51 cm, ndi kulemera ndi kwa 1.0 kuti 2.5 makilogalamu.
Imakonda malo okhalamo osiyanasiyana: malo opanda madzi a Chaco, ndi madera okhala ndi masamba ochulukirapo okhala ndi matupi osiyanasiyana amadzi. Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ya malo okhala ndi nkhalango zowuma komanso zobiriwira, zokhala m'mapiri ndi mapiri (mpaka 4000 m kumtunda kwa nyanja).
The zakudya zikuphatikizapo nyama zosiyanasiyana kakang'ono: makoswe, mbalame (toadstools, terns, etc.) ndi mazira, achule ndi zokwawa, invertebrates, zipatso za ena zomera, nthawi zina kunyamula nkhuku. M'malo a acclimatization a European kalulu (Oryctolagus cuniculus), imakhala maziko azakudya za grisons.
Ma grons ang'onoang'ono amagwira ntchito usana ndi usiku. The m'misasa ntchito ndi yosiyanasiyana: mitengo dzenje, mphako, milu ya boulders, kamakumba una nyama zina, kapena cavities pa mizu ya mitengo. Zimachitika kuti anthu anayi kapena asanu amakhala mumdzenje umodzi. M'malo mofukula kapena kusambira, ma tawi a ma grisoni amasinthidwa kuti azithamanga ndikukwera - matalalawo amakhala opanda zibowo komanso zopindika zimakula pazala.
Yolankhulana intraspecific, nyama ambiri kugwiritsa ntchito zokuzira mawu kulankhulana chogwirika. Kulankhulana mwachisawawa kumathandiza kwambiri pakati pa maanja, olimbana, amayi ndi ana awo. Fungo, chifukwa cha tiziwalo tamatumba tomwe timapanga bwino, timachita mbali yofunika polumikizana kwa ma gris. zopangitsa kumatako secrete fungo amphamvu pokhapokha ngati nyama ndi wosangalala kwambiri.
Ma grons ang'onoang'ono ndi nyama zachikhalidwe kuposa mitundu ina ya marten; nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'magulu a anthu awiri kapena angapo. Komanso, gulu loterolo linali, monga lamulo, la nyama zazikulu ndi zazikazi zokhala ndi unyamata.
Mu nyengo mating, mabanja kupanga kanthawi, ndipo pambuyo mating, amuna akhoza kupanga nsapato zatsopano ndi wina wamkazi. Akakhwima, wamkazi amayamba kupanga miluza. Palibe kuzengereza pakukula kwa mazira. Mimba kumatenga masiku 39-40. Yaikazi imabereka ana a 2-5 osathandiza, akhungu ndi amaliseche mumabowo kapena m'dzenje.
(Gulo gulo)
Kugawira mu nayonso, m'nkhalango Titafika pamalo mwina mu Titafika pamalo a Europe ndi ku Asia ndi North America. Ku Western Europe, yasungidwa kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Scandinavia komanso ku Finland. Ku Russia, malire a malo ake amadutsa m'madera a Leningrad ndi Vologda ndi Perm Territory; wolverine afalikira ku Siberia. Mmodzi wa limati US, Michigan, amatchedwa "Wolverine".
Kulemera kwa thupi 9-18 makilogalamu, kutalika 70-86 masentimita, mchira kutalika 18-18 cm.
Wolverine ndi nyama yolimba, yosamala komanso nthawi yomweyo yopusa, yokhala ndi moyo pawekha. Mwa apo ndi apo, mwachitsanzo, pafupi ndi zovunda zambiri, anthu angapo amatha kusonkhana kwakanthawi. Malo ogona a wolverine amakhala pansi pa mizu yopota, m'miyala yamiyala ndi malo ena obisika, ndipo amapita kukadyetsa chakudya. Mosiyana ndi ofera ambiri omwe amakhala moyo wongokhala, Wolverine nthawi zonse amayendayenda kukafunafuna nyama yomwe ili mdera lake, yomwe imapitilira 1,500-2,000 km 2. Chifukwa cha miyendo yamphamvu, nsapato zazitali ndi mchira, zomwe zimasewera ngati pendulum, Wolverine amakwera mitengo mosavuta. Imakhala ndi masomphenya owoneka bwino, koma yokhala ndi mphamvu komanso kumva. Zimamveka zofanana ndi kuphwanya nkhandwe, koma coarser.
Wolverine ndiwopatsa chidwi. Maziko a chakudya chake ndi zotsalira za mimbulu ndi zimbalangondo. Amakondanso mahares oyera, nkhalango za paini (grouse wakuda, hazel grouse, etc.) ndi makoswe onga mbewa. Zocheperako nthawi zambiri zimakonda kusaka nyama zazikulu, omwe amazunzidwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono, zovulala kapena zodwala. Imatha kubwezanso nyama kuchokera kwa olusa ena (mimbulu, lynx). Nthawi zambiri mumawononga nyengo za osaka ndi kuba nyama msampha. M'nyengo yotentha imadyera mazira am'madzi, mavuvu a mavu, zipatso ndi uchi. Amagwira nsomba - pa chowawa kapena nthawi yoterera, mwachangu amatenga nsomba zakuda. Wolverine ndiwothandiza ngati mankhwala, wowononga nyama.
Wolverine ndi nyama yosachedwa. Monga lamulo, iye amateteza nyama kuti zibisalire, kubisala panjira, kukwera mitsinje, kapena kukwera mitengo yaying'ono ndikuthamangira nyama yomwe ikubwera. Kudumpha pamsana pawo, Wolverine amatha kuvulaza mabala owopsa (makamaka, kuluma chotupa cha m'mimba) kugulu, ng'ombe ndi mphalapala. Imadyera mbalame, ndikuzigwira pansi zikagona kapena kukhala pachisa.
Kusokoneza nthawi zambiri kumachitika pakati pa Epulo ndi Julayi. Amuna ndi akazi amakhala limodzi kwa milungu ingapo. Dzira lochulukitsidwa, silimayamba kugawa nthawi yomweyo. Kukula mwachizolowezi kumayamba pokhapokha miyezi 7-8, ndipo patatha masiku 30 mpaka 40 kukhala ndi pakati mokwanira, nthawi zambiri mu February kapena March, m'malo otetezeka mkazi amabereka ana awiri mpaka anayi. Pakatha milungu 4, amatsegula maso awo ndikudya mkaka wa mayi wawo kwa masabata 10. Kenako mayiyo amawapatsa chakudya chogayidwa pakati. Pakatha miyezi itatu, ana ake amadzakula, komabe amakhala ndi amayi awo kwa zaka zina ziwiri.
(Ictonyx libyca)
Kugawidwa ku North Africa: South Nigeria, Sudan, Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara.
Kutalika kwa thupi - 20-28,5 masentimita, mchira 11-18 cm. Kulemera - 200-250 gr.
Amakhala malo anthropogenic pamalire ndi chipululu. Mwachitsanzo, ku Moroko, nsapato za kumpoto kwa Africa nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo opanda mitengo yokhala ndi masamba otsika komanso owuma, komanso kumapiri.
Chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo mbalame, mazira, makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi amphibians, repitili (abuluzi), ma invertebrates ndi tizilombo.
Amakhala moyo wachisangalalo, ndipo amakhala tsiku lonse m'mabowo omwe amadzimba yekha. Nyengo yoswana imatha kuyambira Januware mpaka Marichi.
(Ictonyx striatus)
Kugawidwa ku sub-Saharan Africa: kuchokera ku Senegal ndi Nigeria kupita ku South Africa.
Kutalika kwa thupi 28,5-38.5 masentimita, mchira 20.5-30 cm. Kulemera kwa akazi ndi 596-880 g, amuna 681-1460 g.
Zorilla nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, ndipo amakhala makamaka m'matanthwe komanso malo otseguka. Pewani nkhalango zowirira nthawi zonse.
Carnivore uyu amadya kwambiri makoswe ngati mbewa, mavu, tizilombo tambiri, nthawi zina mazira a mbalame, njoka ndi nyama zina. Panjala, imatha kudya.
Imakhala moyo wamadzulo, nthawi zina imatha kuwoneka dzuwa likalowa kapena mbandakucha asanakwere mdzenje lake. Kwa tsiku limodzi nyamayo imabisalira m'makumba oyima okha, nthawi zina m'miyala yamiyala, m'miyala ing'onoing'ono, pakati pamizu yamitengo ngakhale pansi pa nyumba. Nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito zingwe zomwe zinasiyidwa kale ndi nyama zina.Makamaka nyama nthawi zambiri zimapezeka kumalo odyetserako ziweto kumene anthu osadyetsa ziweto komanso ziweto zakomweko. Nyama izi zimawopseza tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tobisala mu udzu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma Zorillas agwire ndikudya nsikidzi, orthoptera, ndi tizilombo tina ndi mphutsi zawo. Pano, m'malo odyetserako ziweto, pomwe mumapezeka manyowa ambiri, omwe amapezeka kuti amapezeka ndi kachikumbu kambiri, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwambiri kwa zorillas kumawonedwa.
Pokhala pamalo otseguka, nyama zimayima pafupipafupi kapena kusunthira m'njira yoyenda, zimathamanga mwachangu kuchokera kumalo kupita kumalo. Zosintha izi pakuwongolera zikuyenda nthawi yomweyo. Zitha kuti makina amenewo amathandizira kuti pasapezeke mdani wina aliyense, makamaka amene anali ndi zilonda zakutchire, chifukwa chosatheka kuponyera mbali yawo.
Galu kapena mdani wina akaonekera, zorilla imasokoneza tsitsi, kudzutsa mchira wake, kenako ndikuwulutsa chinsinsi cha fungo lake lodetsa nkhawa. Zorilla yake yofukizika, yokhala ngati skunk, imatha "kuwombera" mtunda wautali. Ngakhale kununkhira kwa kutulutsa kwawo sikununkhira ngati "kununkhira" kwa America, sikosasangalatsa komanso kolimba. Mdani wamphamvu akaukira Zorilla, amatha kunamizira kuti ndi wakufa ngati palibe pothawira.
Amakhala moyo wodzipatula. Ukwati suumveka. Amuna nthawi zonse amakhala okwatirana wina ndi mnzake. Amuna ndi akazi amalekererana pokhapokha nyengo yakukhwima. Matani amatha mphindi 60-100. Yaikazi imabereka zinyalala imodzi pachaka, koma ngati ana onse amwalira ali aang'ono kwambiri, yaikazi imatha kubereka ana achiwiri nthawi ya msambo isanathe. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi masiku 36-37. Mdzenje, mkaziyo amabereka ana a 4-5, nthawi zambiri amakhala 2-3. Kulemera kwa ana agalu pakubadwa ndi 12-15 g.Meno mano kwa achinyamata amawonekera patsiku la 33, maso otseguka kwa masiku 40. Kuchepetsa kumatenga mpaka miyezi 4-5, ngakhale Zorillas wachichepere amayamba kusaka ndipo amatha kupha makoswe ang'onoang'ono wazaka zisanu ndi zinayi.
(Lyncodon patagonicus)
Amagawidwa kumapeto a Pampa m'malo mwake ndi dothi lopepuka.
Kutalika kwa thupi - 30- 35 masentimita, masentimita 9 pam mchira. Kulemera pafupifupi 225 g.
Patagonian weasel ndi carnivore kudya makoswe ang'ono: tuco-tuco (Ctenomys) ndi nkhumba zam'mapiri (Microcavia).
Yogwira ntchito madzulo ndi usiku. Gawo la wamwamuna limadutsa magawo angapo achikazi. Tizilombo ta paraanal sizinapangidwe bwino, pomwe amatetezedwa (osayatsidwa) samazigwiritsa ntchito, koma amakweza chofunda pakhosi pamapeto. Amakhala ndi moyo wakhayekha, amapanga awiriawiri kokha kutalika kwa nthawi yakuza.
Mpaka pano, palibe chomwe chimadziwika pofalitsa ma Patagonian weasels. Amadziwika kuti ndi mkazi yekha amene amasamalira ana.
(Poecilogale albinucha)
Kugawidwa ku South ndi Central Africa m'chipululu cha Sahara.
25-25 masentimita agwera pamutu ndi thupi, masentimita 13 mpaka 236. Kuchuluka kwa amuna ndi 28.3- 38 g, ndipo akazi ndi 23-29 g.
Imakhala pamitundu yosiyanasiyana (minda, nkhalango, madambo, mapiri, mpaka 2200 m pamtunda wa nyanja.
Zakudya zomwe zimadyedwa ku Africa zikuphatikiza nyama zazing'ono (makoswe - mbewa zaku Africa zokhala ndi mbewa, mbewa zamizeremizere, mbewa zam'madzi), ochenjera, mbalame (mpheta, nkhunda), zouluka (njoka), tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo. Weasel amadya mpaka 13% ya kulemera kwa thupi patsiku, ndipo akazi akamadyetsa ana agalu mpaka 25%. Makoswe ndi mbalame zazing'ono zimayamba kudya kuchokera kumutu. Khungu lochokera pamimba, mutu, mapira ndi mchira wa nyama yayikulu silidyedwa.
Zimatsogolera makamaka usiku komanso moyo wapadziko lapansi, umakwera mitengo bwino. Amagwiritsa ntchito zingwe ngati zimbudzi, zomwe amadziimba yekha kapena amagwiritsa ntchito zingwe zazingwe kapena chimbudzi. Burrows burrows ndi kutsogolo kwa magawo, ndipo mbendo ikankhira pansi. Pofuna kupumula, nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito mitengo yopanda miyala m'miyala ndi m'miyala. Weasel amagwira ntchito chaka chonse ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yambiri ali mdzenje, akumangosaka kusaka. Pakusaka, amagwiritsa ntchito kununkhira, komanso masomphenya oyang'ana malo.
Pukutulutsa ndodo, iye amapita pansi ndikukhala m'mphuno pansi, ndikukhomera kumbuyo kwake pamene mchira umayenda molunjika.Chifukwa cha kutalika kwa miyendo ndi miyendo yayifupi, imathamangitsa makoswe komweko. Weasel samadya nyama nthawi yomweyo, koma amanyamula yekha mu dzenje. Gawo la ntchitoyo limasungidwa mu niche, yomwe ili ndi dzenje pomwepo. Khutu limalumphira kumbuyo kwa mutu, kenako limagubuduza pamodzi ndi kutsogolo kwake kuzungulira nkhwangwa yake ndikumenya ndi miyendo yake yakutsogolo. Mbalame zimapha ndi kuluma kumutu, osagwiritsa ntchito maula. Akazi amaluma nyama pakhosi.
Tizilombo ta prianal timapangidwa bwino, chinsinsi chake chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza kwa adani. Ndi mantha osayembekezereka, weasel wa ku Africa amatha kudumphira m'mwamba, tsitsi lake ngati mchira likutha. Ikalandidwa ndi nyama yolusa, nthawi zambiri imakwera mumtengo kapena m'makola, ngati palibe koyenera, ndiye kuti yo weasel imatulutsa theka, kukuwa, ngati izi sizikuthandiza, imabisala chinsinsi cha gustic kuchokera kumisempha ya ductal (mpaka 1 mita).
Weasel waku Africa nthawi zambiri ndi nyama yokhayokha, koma pali magulu awiriawiri ndi ang'onoang'ono. Kukalamba kumatenga mphindi 60-80, pakhoza kukhala mating atatu patsiku. Yaikazi imabereka zinyalala imodzi pachaka. Ngati zinyalala zoyambirira zifa pazifukwa zina, zazikazi zimakwatiranso. Amuna samatenga nawo mbali polera ana. Ngati chisa chokhala ndi ana asokonezeka, chachikazi chimanyamula ana agalu, ndikuchigwira ndi mitu ya khosi. Mimba: imatenga masiku 30- 33. Mu zinyalala, kawirikawiri maliseche akhungu amaliseche 2-3 olemera 4 magalamu. Maso amatseguka sabata 7. Mano kudula ndi 35 masiku. Kuchepetsa kumatenga mpaka masabata 11 (pakadali pano achinyamata amalemera magalamu 50), pakadutsa masabata 13 ana ayamba kuyesa kusaka, ndikudziyimira pawokha atakwanitsa milungu 20.
(Martes americana)
Kugawidwa ku Canada ndi kumpoto kwa United States.
Amuna amatalika kutalika kwa 75 cm mpaka 1 m, kulemera kwa 3250 g mpaka 6500 g. Akazi ndi ochepa, kuchokera 50 cm mpaka 68 cm komanso kulemera kuyambira 1850 mpaka 4000 g.
Amakhala m'nkhalango zamdima zamdima: nkhalango zokhazikika za pine, spruce ndi mitengo ina. Nkhalango imayimilira ndi mitengo yosakanikirana ndi yophatikizika, kuphatikiza paini yoyera, chikasu cha birch, mapulo, fir ndi spruce.
Zakudya za marten aku America zimaphatikizapo zakudya zingapo: agologolo ofiira, akalulu, ma chipmunks, mbewa, ma voles am'minda, magawo ndi mazira awo, nsomba, achule, tizilombo, uchi, bowa, mbewu. Ngati kulibe chakudya chokwanira, wopandirayo amatha kudya chilichonse chomwe chingakhalepo, kuphatikizapo zakudya zamasamba ndi karoti.
Imakhala nyama yausiku, komanso yogwira ntchito nthawi yamadzulo (m'mawa ndi madzulo), ndipo nthawi zambiri masana. Tumbuyu ndi wokalamba - umadumphira m'nthambi mpaka nthambi kudutsa mitengo, ndikuwona mayendedwe ake chifukwa cha fungo lake. Imasaka yokha. Imakonzedwa bwino kuti ikwere mitengo, pomwe usiku imagwira agogo mu zisa. Amapha mnzake pomenyera kumbuyo kwake, akumathyola khosi pachibelekeropo ndi kuwononga chingwe cha womuzirayo. M'nyengo yozizira, ma martens amapitilira mu msewu pansi pa chisanu posaka makoswe ngati mbewa.
Matenda a anal ndi m'mimba am'mimba amapangidwa bwino ndipo ali ndi mamembala onse am'banja la ofera.
Martens amakhala ndi chidwi, amakhala ndi chidwi chambiri, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zina amakumana ndi mavuto, mwachitsanzo, amagwera mumsampha ndi misampha yosiyanasiyana.
Amuna a marten aku America ndi malo: amateteza gawo lawo. Nyama zimayenda mozungulira gawo lawo masiku onse 8-10. Amuna kapena akazi salekerera alendo kapena amuna omwe si amuna awo omwe amakhala amuna awo ndipo amawachitira nkhanza kwambiri. Kukula kwa chiwembu cha munthu payekha sikokhazikika ndipo zimatengera zinthu zingapo: kukula kwa nyamayo, kuchuluka kwa chakudya, kupezeka kwa mitengo yakugwa, zina. Kuzindikiritsa nyama kukuwonetsa kuti ena mwa iwo amakhazikika, pomwe ena amasamukira (makamaka nyama zazing'ono).
Amuna ndi akazi amakumananso kwa miyezi iwiri - Julayi ndi Ogasiti, mpikisano ukadzachitika, nthawi yonseyo amakhala moyo wabwinokha. Amuna ndi akazi amapezana mothandizidwa ndi mafungo osiyidwa ndi ma tezi. Pambuyo pa kukhwima, mazira okhathamiritsa samakula nthawi yomweyo, koma ali m'chiberekero akapuma kwa miyezi inanso 6-7. Mimba itatha miyezi iwiri.Wamphongo satenga nawo mbali polera ana. Pobadwa mwana, wamkazi amakonzera chisa, chomwe chagona ndi udzu ndi zina zomera. Chidacho chimapezeka mumitengo, mitengo kapena zina zotuluka.
Mimba imatenga masiku 267. Yaikazi imabereka ana agalu 7 (3-4 pa average). Ana agalu ongobadwa kumene ali akhungu komanso ogontha, olemera 25-30 g. Misozi imatseguka patsiku la 26, ndipo maso atatha 39. Mafuta amuyamwa mpaka miyezi iwiri. Pa miyezi 3-4, ana agalu amatha kupeza okha chakudya.
(Martes flavigula)
Gawo lalikulu la maloza a charza limakuta zilumba zazikulu za Sunda, Malaika Peninsula, Indochina, malo opezeka kumapiri a Himalayas, China ndi Korea. Malo okhala kwayekha amapezeka kum'mwera kwa Indian subcontinent. Ku Russia, imapezeka ku Amur Region, m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Ussuri ndi Sikhote Alin.
Kutalika kwa thupi 55-80 cm, mchira 35-44 masentimita, kulemera kwa makilogalamu 5.7.
Kharza ndi nyama wamba yamitengo yosakanikirana komanso yosakanikirana. Amakonzekera kukhazikika m'malo otsetsereka a m'mapiri ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Ku Burma, imakhala m'madambo, ndipo ku Pakistan - m'chipululu, mapiri opanda chiyembekezo. Imasungidwa pansi, ngakhale imakwera mitengo bwino. Amathamanga kwambiri, ndikulumpha kuchoka pamtengo kupita pamtengo, amapanga kudumpha mpaka mamita 4. Nthawi zambiri amakhala moyo wosamukasamuka.
Kharza ndi m'modzi mwamphamvu kwambiri pa Ussuri taiga. Amadyetsa makoswe (agologolo, mbewa, ma chipmunks), ziwala, mollusks, hares, ndi mbalame (hazel grouse, pheasants). Imakhudzanso achinyamata osatengera - nkhumba zakutchire, agwape a Manchurian, elk, agwape, agwape ndi agwape. Nthawi zambiri amagwira agalu a raccoon, omwe amalankhula komanso sabata. Zipatso za mtedza ndi paini zimadyedwa pang'ono, ndipo zimathandizidwa kupangira uchi. Koma khola lomwe amakonda kwambiri Kharza ndi deya wa musk.
Mosiyana ndi martens ena, nthawi yozizira, charza imatha kusaka m'magulu a anthu 3-5. Nyama zimasinthana kuthamangitsa nyama, kapena inaiyendetsa, pomwe zina zimadikirira obisalira. Pakusaka mbawala za musk, harza imagwiritsanso ntchito njirayi: imayendetsa wozunzidwayo mumtsinje wofunda kapena nyanja, komwe mbawala yamtchire imayang'ana pa ayezi ndipo imatha kugwa. Pofunafuna nyama, charza imapanga mawu ofanana ndi kubangula, zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi zomwe akuchita. Pofika kumapeto, gulu losaka likutha. Harza anayamba kusaka yekha, usiku akuyendayenda mozungulira agogo, ndipo masana - kumabowo, komwe agologolo owuluka ndi anthu ena ang'onoang'ono a taiga amawazidwa.
Pali adani achilengedwe ocepa, ma chart ambiri amakhala ndi ukalamba kwambiri. Akakhala ku ukapolo, makamaka wachichepere, charza imazolowera kumunthuyo ndikuyamba kukhala wodetsedwa.
Kuyendetsa kuchokera ku Kharz kumapeto kwa chilimwe (mu Ogasiti). Mimba imatenga masiku 120. Mu zinyalala 2-5 cubs. Achichepere amakhalabe ndi amayi awo mpaka kuphukira, kuphunzira kuchokera ku luso lake losaka. Atasiya amayi awo, achinyamata amasakabe limodzi kwakanthawi.
(Martes foina)
Amakhala kumadera ambiri a Eurasia. Magawo ake amagawana kuchokera ku Iberian Peninsula kupita ku Mongolia ndi Himalayas.
Nyama zamtunduwu zimafikira pakati pa 40 mpaka 55 cm ndi mchira wa kutalika kwa 22 mpaka 30. Kulemera kwa mwalawo kumachokera ku 1.1 mpaka 2.3 kg.
Miyala yamiyala imagwira ntchito usiku, ndipo masana imabisala m'malo awo okhala. Pobisalira mwachilengedwe kwa iwo ndi miyala yamiyala, milu yamiyala ndi nyumba zosiyidwa za nyama zina (martens okha samapanga ndi kuzikumba). Pafupi ndi malo okhala, miyala ya martens nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthuzi kapena zomata. Zingwe zimamangidwa ndi tsitsi, nthenga kapena chomera. Usiku, miyala yamiyala imapita kukafunafuna nyama, ikusunthira nthawi yomweyo makamaka pansi. Ngakhale miyala yamwala ikhoza kukwera bwino, sikuti imatero.
Monga ofera ambiri, miyala yamiyala imakhala moyo wokha komanso kupewa kucheza ndi abale awo nthawi yakusakwana. Munthu aliyense ali ndi malo omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi chinsinsi chake ndipo amawateteza ku miyala ina ya kugonana. Dera lamtundu wotere limatha kusintha, koma monga lamulo ndi laling'ono kuposa la pine marten.Imatha kukhala mahekitala 12 mpaka 210 ndipo zimatengera, pakati, pa zogonana (amuna amakhala ndi malo akulu kuposa akazi), nthawi ya chaka (malo ang'onoang'ono nthawi yozizira kuposa chilimwe) komanso kukhalapo kwa nyama.
Miyala yamiyala ndi ma omnivores omwe amadya nyama kwambiri. Amadyera nyama zazing'ono (mwachitsanzo, makoswe kapena akalulu), mbalame ndi mazira, achule, tizilombo ndi ena. M'chilimwe, gawo lofunikira la zakudya zawo ndi zakudya zam'mera, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zipatso ndi zipatso. Nthawi zina miyala yamiyala imalowerera nkhuku kapena nyumba za nkhunda. Kuchita mantha kwa mbalame kumayambitsa chidwi mwa izo, kuzikakamiza kupha nyama zomwe zingatheke, ngakhale kuchuluka kwake kupitirira zomwe zimatha kudya.
Kukwatirana kumachitika m'miyezi yotentha kuyambira mwezi wa Juni mpaka Ogasiti, koma chifukwa chakusungidwa kwa mbewu m'thupi la mkazi, mbewu imabadwa m'chilimwe (kuyambira pa Marichi mpaka Epulo). Chifukwa chake, miyezi isanu ndi itatu imadutsa pakati pa kukhwima ndi kubala, pomwe pakati palokha umatha mwezi umodzi wokha. Nthawi imodzi, monga lamulo, ana atatu kapena anayi azibadwa, omwe pachiyambi amakhala akhungu komanso amaliseche. Pakatha mwezi umodzi, amayamba kutsegula maso, patatha mwezi umodzi adasiya kuyamwa kuchokera ku mkaka, ndipo pakugwa kwawo amadzilamulira. Kutha msambo kumachitika pakati pa zaka 15 ndi miyezi 27. Nthawi yayitali yokhala kutchire ndi zaka zitatu, anthu opambana kwambiri amakhala zaka khumi. Ali mu ukapolo, ophedwa miyala amakhala achikulire kwambiri ndipo amakhala ndi moyo zaka 18.
(Martes martes)
Zogawidwa pafupifupi Europe. Madera awo amachokera ku Britain Isles kupita ku Western Siberia ndipo kumwera kuchokera ku Mediterranean kupita ku Caucasus ndi Elburz. Sakhala ku Iceland ndi kumpoto kwa Scandinavia komanso mbali ya Chigawo cha Iberian. Kukhazikika kwa nyama zimenezi ndi nkhalango, makamaka zopangika komanso zosakanikirana. M'mapiri amapezeka pamalo omwe mitengo imamera.
Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira pa masentimita 45 mpaka 58, kutalika kwa mchira kumayambira 16 mpaka 28 cm, ndipo kulemera kumayambira 0.8 mpaka 1.8 kg.
Mitengo ya m'nkhalango imakhala m'mitengo yambiri kuposa mitundu ina ya marten. Amadziwa kukwera ndi kudumphira bwino, kwinaku akugonjetsa mtunda wa mamita 4. Akakwera, amatha kuzungulira mapazi awo ndi 180 °. Nyumba zimapangidwa m'dera lawo, makamaka m'maenje, kapena amagwiritsa ntchito nyumba zosiyidwa ndi agologolo, komanso zisa za mbalame zodyedwa. Amawachotsera ku nyumbazi kuti apumule masana, ndipo madzulo ndipo usiku amapita kukafunafuna nyama.
Nyama ndi nyama zomwe zimadziwika kuti zimayang'anira malo awo, ndikuyimira dera lawo mothandizidwa ndi chinsinsi chomwe chimalowetsedwa ndi anal gland. Amateteza malire amtundu wawo kuchokera kwa achibale ofanana, koma maudindo a amuna ndi akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala osiyana. Kukula kwa magulu oterewa kumasiyana kwambiri, ngakhale malembedwe amphongo nthawi zonse amakhala akulu kuposa malo achikazi. Kusiyanaku kumawonedwa pokhudzana ndi nyengo - nthawi yozizira, magulu a anthu payekha akukwera mpaka 50% poyerekeza ndi chilimwe.
Nyama zamtundu wamtundu wamtunduwu ndizosowa, koma zimakonda zazing'ono (mwachitsanzo ma voles ndi agologolo), komanso mbalame ndi mazira. Osanyalanyaza komanso zokwawa, achule, nkhono, tizilombo ndi zovunda. Mukugwa, zipatso, zipatso ndi mtedza zitha kukhala gawo la chakudya chawo. Forest marten imapha nyama ndi kuluma kuseri kwa mutu. M'nthawi yachilimwe komanso nthawi yophukira, imasonkhana ndikusunga chakudya chazaka.
Mating mu martens amachitika pakati pa chilimwe, koma kubereka chifukwa kusungidwa kwa mbeu m'thupi la mkazi kumayamba patapita nthawi ndipo ana amabadwa mu Epulo. Kukula kwawo kuli kofanana ndi kakulidwe ka miyala ya marten. Pobadwa, kutalika kwawo ndi masentimita 10. Mu zinyalala, nthawi zambiri ana atatu. Kwa milungu isanu ndi itatu yoyambilira, amakhalabe mu chisa cha kholo, kenako ndikuyamba kukwera mozungulira ndikuyang'ana malowo. Pakatha milungu khumi ndi umodzi, pamapeto pake amadzilamulira okha, koma nthawi zina mpaka kuphukira kwotsatira amaperekeza amayi awo.M'chaka chachiwiri cha moyo, ma pine martens akutha msinkhu, ngakhale kwa nthawi yoyamba akwatirana, monga lamulo, mchaka chachitatu cha moyo. Chiyembekezo chokhala mu ukapolo chimakwanitsa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, koma kuthengo, ochepa chabe mache amakhala achikulire kuposa zaka khumi.
(Martes gwatkinsii)
Mitundu yokha ya marten yomwe imapezeka ku South India. Amakhala pamapiri a Nilgiriya ndi Western Ghats.
Uwu ndi marten wokulirapo, kutalika kwakekera 55 mpaka 70 cm. Kutalika kwa mchirawo kumachokera pa 40 mpaka 45 cm, ndipo kulemera kuchokera pa 2 mpaka 2,5 kg.
Nilgirian marten ndi nyama yosaka nyama yosaka nyama, makoswe (agologolo aku India, mbewa zokhala ndi miyendo yoyera), tizilombo tating'onoting'ono (cicadas), repitili (abuluzi, abuluzi oyang'anira amawotcha a Bengal) ndi agalu ang'onoang'ono (agwape aku Asia).
Zikuyenera kukhala ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, monga nyama zonse zopezeka zidawoneka kuyambira 10 mpaka 14:30 masana. Amakhala nthawi yambiri pamitengo, koma amasaka pansi. Zingwe zimapangidwa mu korona ndi m'maenje a mitengo yayitali (mpaka 16 m), pafupi ndi madzi (60-90 cm). Zimaletsa kupezeka kwa anthu.
(Martes melampus)
Achifalansa achi Japan poyambirira amakhala pazilumba zitatu zakum'mwera zaku Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Tsushima, komanso ku Korea. Kuti athe kupeza ubweya, adapititsanso kuzilumba za Hokkaido ndi Sado. Mitundu yake yachilengedwe makamaka ndi nkhalango, koma nthawi zina imapezeka m'malo otseguka.
Kutalika kwa thupi la nyamazi kumafika pa 47 mpaka 54 cm, ndipo kutalika kwa mchira kuchokera 17 mpaka 23. Amuna ndi olemera kwambiri kuposa zazikazi ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 1.6 makilogalamu, pomwe akazi ndi pafupifupi 1,3 kg.
Zochepa sizikudziwika za moyo wa Japan martens. Amamanga zisa m'makola m'dothi komanso pamitengo. Amabisala masana kuti akapite kukadya chakudya usiku. Izi ndi nyama zam'munda zomwe zimayika malo awo ndi chinsinsi cha timadzi tokoma. Kupatula nthawi yakukhwima, amakhala okha. Monga ma martens ambiri, ndi nyama zowoneka bwino zomwe zimadya nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono ndi nyama zina zapakhomo monga mbalame ndi achule, komanso crustaceans, tizilombo, zipatso ndi mbewu.
Kukwatirana kumayamba mu Marichi - Meyi; mu Julayi - Ogasiti, wamkazi amabweretsa kuchokera ku 1 mpaka 5 cubs. Pakatha miyezi 4, amayamba kudziyimira pawokha.
(Martes zibellina)
Pakadali pano, sable imapezeka kudera lonse la Russia kuyambira ku Urals kupita kugombe la Pacific kupita kumpoto mpaka kumalire a mitengo yamitengo. Amakonda taires yofunda yamtundu wakuda, makamaka ngati kedrachi. Zimapezekanso ku Japan, pachilumba cha Hokkaido.
Kutalika kwa thupilo ndi mpaka masentimita 56, mchirawo ndi wofika masentimita 20. Kulemera kwa amuna ndi 1 100-1 800 g, akazi ndi 900-1 500 g.
Munthu wokhala ku taiga ya ku Siberia. Wotsogola komanso wolimba kwambiri chifukwa cha kukula kwake. Amakhala moyo wapadziko lapansi. Zimadumphadumpha. Matcheniwo ndiopendekeka kwakukulu kuyambira kukula kwa 5x7 mpaka 6x10. Kutalika kwa kudumphako ndi masentimita 30-70. Imakwera mitengo bwino, koma "siyikwera" pamwamba. Imakhala ndimamva komanso kununkhira bwino, mawonekedwe amaso sachepa. Mawuwo ndi chipwirikiti, monga mphaka. Imayenda mosavuta pa chipale chofewa. Ambiri okangalika m'mawa ndi madzulo. Monga lamulo, limakhala m'nkhalango za paini, m'mapiri kumtunda kwa mitsinje yamapiri, pafupi ndi nthaka - m'nkhokwe zazitali, pakati pa olemba miyala, nthawi zina amakwera korona zamitengo.
Makoswe onga mbewa amayambira kwambiri pakudya, makamaka vole ofiira (ofiira ofiira kumwera). Kummawa kwa Yenisei ndi mapiri a Sayan, gawo lalikulu lazakudya limaseweredwa ndi pika. Nthawi zambiri amadya mapuloteni, amamenya ma hares. Popeza atachotsa agologolo mamiliyoni angapo m'derali pachaka chokwanira, moyenera amachepetsa kukula. Mwa mbalame, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakonda kugwidwa ndi hazel grouse ndi capercaillie, koma ambiri, mbalame ndi chakudya chochepa. Modzipereka amadya zakudya zam'mera. Zakudya zomwe mumakonda - mtedza wa paini, phulusa la kumapiri, mabulosi amtundu wina. Amadya zipatso za lingonberry, blueberry, chitumbuwa cha mbalame, duwa lonyamula, currant.
Sable imagwira ntchito madzulo, usiku, koma nthawi zambiri amasaka masana. Malo osakira aliyense payekhapayekha kuyambira 150-200 ha mpaka 1500-2000 ha, nthawi zina ochulukirapo.
M'malo obisalapo, m'makona amitengo yakugwa ndi kuyimirira, mumayala amiyala, pansi pa mizu.Kuyenda kumpoto chakumapeto kwa Meyi, kumwera kwa Epulo. Nyama zimafika paunyamata wazaka ziwiri mpaka zitatu ndipo zimaswana mpaka zaka 13 mpaka 13. Matching mu June - Julayi, pakati masiku 250-290. Mu zinyalala kuchokera kwa ana mpaka ana asanu ndi awiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala 3-4. Kukhetsa kumatha pakati pa Okutobala.
(Martes pennanti)
Amakhala m'nkhalango za North America, kuyambira kumapiri a Sierra Nevada ku California kupita ku Appalachians ku West Virginia, amakonda kupitilira nkhalango zowirira ndi mitengo yambiri yopanda kanthu. Mitengo yamtundu wa ilka imaphatikizaponso spruce, fir, mkungudza ndi mitengo ina yabwino. M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'makola, nthawi zina kukumba mu chisanu. Ilki nimbly kukwera mitengo, koma nthawi zambiri amayenda pansi. Yogwira nthawi Muzikhala moyo wopanda wokha.
Ilka ndi imodzi mwazikulu kwambiri: kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi mchira mpaka 75-120 cm, kulemera kwake ndi 2-5 kg.
Chakudya chomwe mumakonda ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, mbewa, agologolo, agulu loyera, mbalame ndi zothota. Zipatso ndi zipatso, mwachitsanzo, maapulo, zimadyedwa. Mosiyana ndi dzinalo, ilka samadya nsomba. Msodzi akutsata pepala kuchokera kwa asodzi achi Ngerezi, omwe amachokera ku French frett, ferret. Ilka ndi American sable (Martes americana) ndi okhawo omwe ndi nyama zazing'onoting'ono zomwe angathe kuthamangitsa mitengo komanso zingwe.
Nthawi yakukhwima ili kumapeto kwa dzinja - masika oyambirira. Mimba imatenga miyezi 11-12, pomwe 10 mwa mluza sukula. Mu ana, pali ana osakwana 5 osawona ndipo pafupifupi maliseche. Khalani odziyimira pawokha pa mwezi wa 5. Pambuyo pobadwa, zazikazi zimakwatirana ndipo zimakhalanso ndi pakati. Chiyembekezo chamoyo chafika zaka 10.
(Vormela peregusna)
Zovala ndizofala ku Eastern Europe ndi Asia. Madera awo amachokera ku Balkan Peninsula ndi Western Asia (kupatula chilumba cha Arabian) kudutsa kumwera kwa Russia ndi Central Asia kupita kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China ndi Mongolia. Zovala zimakhala m'malo owuma opanda mitengo, monga mapiri, chipululu komanso chipululu. Nthawi zina amapezeka pa udzu wa mitengo ya udzu. Nthawi zina, nyamazo zimawonedwa m'mapiri, pomwe magawidwe ake adatsimikiziridwa mpaka kutalika kwa 3000. Masiku ano, zovala zambiri zimakhala m'mapaki, m'minda yamphesa, ndipo ngakhale m'malo okhala anthu.
Kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 29 mpaka 38 cm ndi mchira kuchokera 15 mpaka 22 cm. Kulemera kwa mavalidwe achikulire kumachokera pa 370 mpaka 730 g.
Mitundu ya kavalidwe ndi yofanana ndi ya steppe ferret. Amakhala otakataka makamaka madzulo kapena usiku, nthawi zina amapita kukasaka komanso masana. Monga lamulo, tsiku limagona mumink yake, yomwe anakumbidwa palokha kapena kutengedwa kuchokera ku nyama zina. Kunja kwa nyengo yakukhwima, kuvala kumakhala ndekha. Mitundu yake imatha kudutsana, koma palibe nkhondo pakati pa nyama izi, pamene akuyesera kupewa wina ndi mnzake. Pakakhala ngozi, kuvala kumatsitsiza tsitsi lake kumapeto ndikuwongolera mchira wake wosalala, kuchitapo utoto kwa chenjezo, komwe kumayenera kuopseza mdani. Ngati izi sizikuthandizira, kuvala chovala chamtundu wanthaka kumatha kuwaza chinsinsi chosasangalatsa kwambiri kumlengalenga.
Zovala zimasaka zonse pansi, pomwe nthawi zina zimayimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo kuti zizitha kuwona bwino malo, ndi mitengo yomwe imatha kukwera. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi zambiri, amawasaka mosiyanasiyana mapisi osiyanasiyana, omwe nthawi zina amakhala. Zakudya zake zimaphatikizapo makamaka ma gerbils, ma voles, agologolo pansi, hamsters, komanso mbalame, mitundu ingapo yaing'onoting'ono ndi tizilombo.
Kutalika kwa nthawi yovala m'mimba kumatha miyezi khumi ndi umodzi, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa dzira loyambirira "limapuma" ndipo silinayambitse nthawi yomweyo. Nthawi imodzi, zazikazi zimabereka kuchokera pa amodzi mpaka asanu ndi atatu (mwa ana anayi kapena asanu). Ndi ochepa kwambiri komanso khungu, koma amakula msanga ndipo atatha mwezi atasiya kuyamwa mkaka. Akazi amayamba msinkhu ali ndi miyezi itatu, mwa amuna zimawonekera zaka chimodzi.Zochepa ndizodziwika za kutalika kwa zovala, koma amakhala mu ukapolo pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi.
(Mustela lutreola)
Kugawidwa ku Europe (Russia, East Germany, Hungary, Romania, Switzerland, South-West France, Karelia, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, Caucasus).
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 28-40 masentimita, mchirawo ndi masentimita 12 mpaka 20. Kulemera kwa thupi ndi 550-800 g.
Mphepo m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, mitsinje ndi nyanja. Sichoka kawirikawiri kuchokera m'mphepete mwa chosungira kupitirira 200. Malo okondedwa ndi opezeka ndi zitsamba ndi nkhalango zambiri, osambitsidwa mitsinje ndi mitsinje, azimayi okalamba ndi nyanja zazing'ono. Zipewa zimatseguka zokhala ndi mchenga wamchenga. Pamapondapo imakhala m'mphepete mwa madzi osefukira komanso pakati pa malo okhala mabango pa mitsinje yayikulu.
Maziko a chakudya ndi nsomba zazing'ono (minnows, char, sculpin, burbots yaying'ono), zomwe amatsatira mochenjera pansi pamadzi. Amagwiritsanso ntchito makoswe am'madzi, makoswe okhala ngati mbewa, ma buluu, nsomba zazinkhanira, njoka, achule ndi mbalame.
European mink ndi yogwira chaka chonse. Nyumbayo imakonza pansi pamphepete mwa mitsinje yochapidwa, kumizu kapena milu yamkuntho. Nthawi zina amakumba mabowo palokha kapena kukulitsa mabowo a muskrats kapena makoswe amadzi (nthawi zambiri khomo la dzenje limakhala pansi pa madzi). Imasaka usiku, koma nthawi zina imapezeka masana. Amakhala nthawi yayitali kumtunda, kumayendayenda pakati pa mizu ndikufika pansi pa nyanja. Pakutsata, imatha kusambira pansi pamadzi mpaka 10-20 m, kenako imayandama kumbuyo kwa mlengalenga ndikubwereranso pansi mwachangu.
Nyama yachikulire imafunikira chakudya chokwana 180 g patsiku. Ngati chakudya ndichulukirapo, ndiye kuti mbewa imatha.
Amakhala moyo wobisika. M'miyezi yotentha, amakhala pamtunda wokhazikika, womwe umakhala mahekitala 15-20. M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zambiri amasuntha kukafuna chakudya m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Gawo laimuna limadula zigawo za akazi angapo. Wamphongo satenga nawo mbali polera ubwana.
Mu nthawi yakubzala, amphongo amayang'ana azimayi omwe masamba awo ali pafupi, kenako amapita kutali. Nthawi zambiri, amuna angapo amathamangitsa wamkazi mmodzi. Amuna okwiyitsa komanso amphamvu kwambiri amakhala ndi ufulu wokhala wokwatirana.
Mimba imatenga masiku 42-46. Yaikaziyo imabereka ana agulu aamuna ndi maliseche a 4-7. Kuchepetsa kumatenga mpaka milungu 10. Pakadali pano, achinyamata amayamba kupita kukasaka ndi amayi awo. Ali ndi zaka 12 zakubadwa, mbewa zazing'ono zimadziimira zokha. Pamodzi, gulu la mabanja limatha mpaka kugwa, ndipo pambuyo pake ana agalu amabalalika kufunafuna malo awo.
(Mustela vison)
Kugawidwa kumadera ambiri North America.
Kutalika kwa thupi - mpaka 50 cm, kulemera - mpaka 2 kg, kutalika kwa mchira - mpaka 25 cm.
Chimakhala m'malo okhala ndi madzi otseguka (nyanja, mitsinje, mitsinje yopanda madzi ndi madambo). Nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Imakonda mitsinje, pomwe nthawi zambiri nyongoyi imapangidwa nthawi yozizira.
Mink waku America ndi nyama yamadzulo. Malingaliro ake osaka amayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja. M'nyengo yotentha, nyama siziyenda mtunda wopitilira 50-80 m mdzenje. Munthawi yakubereka, amuna amakhala mafoni ambiri, ndipo amatha kuyenda mpaka 30 km. Zipinda zimakonzekera pafupi ndi madzi. Gwiritsani ntchito burrk za muskrat (burrow yokhala ndi zipinda zingapo komanso magawo opindika, kutalika mpaka 3 m). Chipinda chodyeramo chokhala ndi udzu wouma, masamba kapena mbewa. Mink waku America amakonzera chimbudzi mu dzenje, mu chimodzi mwa ziwonetsero kapena pafupi ndi khomo lolowera dzenje. M'nyengo yozizira, kuzizira kwambiri, dzenje lolowamo limadzulutsidwa kuchokera mkati. Mink yaku America imasambira bwino, pogwiritsa ntchito miyendo yonse inayi. Amakwera bwino ndikuyenda pansi mwachangu. Imasaka pamtunda ndi m'madzi (kutengera nthawi ya chaka ndi malo okhala).
Masomphenya ndi ofooka, motero posaka, chilombo chimangodalira fungo lawo. Kukula kwa zamphongo zazimuna ndizokulirapo kuposa zachikazi. Ngati nyama yakula kwambiri, ndiye kuti mbeyoyo imapatsa zotsalira zake kuti zizidyera pambuyo pake.
Sichikalowa m'madzi, koma nthawi yozizira (kuzizira kwambiri) imatha kugona mdzenje kwa masiku angapo motsatizana. Ikamaopsezedwa, imagwiritsa ntchito chinsinsi cha fungo lake.
Amadyetsa tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono (achule, nkhanu, njoka, mbalame, akalulu, mbewa, muskrats ndi makoswe ena), nsomba, ma invertebrates am'madzi ndi tizilombo.
Mink waku America ndi nyama yokhayokha komanso yopanda malo. Madera m'zigawozo amuna ndi akuluakulu kuposa a akazi. Anthu onse amawayika malo awo ndi zinyalala, zomwe zimasakaniza kununkhira kwa chinsisi. Mainki amapukutira kumiyala ndi m'miyala ndi makosi awo, komwe kumapezeka tinthu tating'ono.
Izi ndi mitala nyama: pa nyengo kuswana wamwamuna angathe amamuchitira ndi akazi angapo. Mkazi amathanso kugona ndi amuna angapo. Pakupereka, mink yachikazi yaku America imasankha dzenje lakuya mpaka 3 m. Nthawi zambiri, lair siili kupitirira 200 m kuchokera pamadzi.
Nyengo ya kuswana imatha kuyambira mwezi wa February mpaka March. Mimba ndi za masiku 50. Yaikazi imabereka 1-10 (pafupifupi 4) ana agalu osavala. Kulemera kwa akhanda pafupi magalamu 6. Ndi masabata 5-6, ana agalu ali inamera tsitsi red-bulauni. Maso otsegulidwa ndi tsiku 37, ndipo mkaka wawo umatenga mpaka milungu 8-9. Pazaka izi, ma mink achinyamata amatha kulemera pafupifupi magalamu 350. Pakutha kwa chilimwe, achinyamata amakhala odziimira pawokha ndikusiya amayi awo.
(Mustela sibirica)
Zipilala zimakhala makamaka ku Asia. Amagawidwa m'mbali mwa mapiri a Himalaya, m'chigawo chachikulu cha China, ku Japan, ku Peninsula ya Korea, kumwera kwa Far East, kumwera ndi pakati Siberia mpaka ku Urals. Anthu a thambo lalikulu la mizati, ndithudi, amakhala zosiyanasiyana zinthu, koma kulikonse wakonda nkhalango - mdima coniferous kapena, Tikawonetsetsa mitundu wochuluka makoswe ang'ono, koma makamaka pafupi mitsinje ndi nyanja. Nthawi zambiri mizati imapezeka m'midzi momwe imagwira makoswe ndi mbewa, ndipo nthawi yomweyo imagwira nkhuku.
Kutalika kuchokera kumapeto kwa kufalikira kumunsi kwa mchira ndi 28-30, kutalika kwa mchirawo ndi 16,5 cm.
Chigawo chazakudya chimafanana ndi zakudya zamafuta. Izo wakudya makoswe (zocors, abwampini, chipmunks, agologolo, jerboas), pikas, komanso mbalame, mazira, achule, tizilombo zovunda, ndi zina kudzadzipeza hares. Ndikusowa kwa makomentientent amayamba kumedza nsomba.
Amzungu amasaka usiku kapena nthawi yamadzulo, ndipo masana amabisala pobisalira (pansi pa mitengo yakugwa, pamphepo yamkuntho kapena miyala). Angayerekeze, chidwi ndi agile - mosavuta Chifalikira Ndikuchepetsa maenje ndi mphako kumene nyama zing'onozing'ono moyo. Amakwera mitengo ndi miyala bwino, amasambira bwino bwino. M'nyengo yozizira, amakhala nthawi yayitali pansi pa chisanu. Imagwira ntchito chaka chonse, m'malo ozizira kwambiri mumabowo. Palibe malo payekha, iye Amayendayenda mwa nayonso pofunafuna nyama. Kufikira mpaka 8 km ikhoza kuphimbidwa usiku uliwonse. Zimadumphadumpha zazikulu.
The estuary kumayambira February - March. Wamphongo amatsata mkazi m'modzi yekha. Pobadwa mwana, wamkazi amakonzera chisa (m'miyala ya ma chipmunks, pansi pa mizu yamitengo ndi masamba ogwa, m'miyala ndi m'miyala), komwe amakoka ubweya, nthenga, masamba ndi udzu wouma. Ana agalu amabadwa mu Epulo - Juni. Yaimuna satenga mbali iliyonse kulera ana a. Pakakhala vuto, mzimayiyo amateteza mwankhanza komanso molimba mtima.
Mimba imatenga masiku 28-42. The wamkazi chibala 4-10 ana agalu. Ng'ombe zimabadwa khungu ndi maliseche. Maso amatseguka pakatha mwezi umodzi. Kutupa kumatenga mpaka masiku 56, kenako amake amayamba kudyetsa ana ndi nyama zazing'ono.
(Mustela frenata)
Kugawidwa kuchokera kumalire a Canada ndi America kudutsa ku Central America kupita kumadera akumpoto kwa South America.
Kutalika kwa amuna kumakhala mpaka 40 cm, chachikazi mpaka 35 cm, mchira wa amuna mpaka 15.2 masentimita, kwa akazi mpaka 12.7 cm.Malemu amuna amuna mpaka 450 g, akazi mpaka 255 g.
Long-tailed weasel amapezeka pafupifupi onse m'madera dziko ili pafupi ndi madzi. Zokonzekera kumamatirira m'nkhalangozi za zitsamba zaminga ndi m'nkhalangozi za honeysuckle, nkhalango zamatchire, nkhalango ndi udzu wamiyala m'mbali mwa mipanda.
Weasel wautali wautali sakhala usiku, koma m'malo omwe ma voles (kutsogolera moyo wamasana) amapita kukasaka masana. Usiku, chirombo chimayenda mpaka 5 km.Kukula kwa chiwembu cha munthu payekha kumatengera kuchuluka kwa kupanga (chiwembu chocheperako ndi 0,7-1 ha, ndipo ngati kuchepa kwa chakudya, chiwembucho chikuwonjezeka kufika pa 20-160 ha).
Weasel ndi nyama yopanda mantha komanso yosangalatsa. Pakudzitchinjiriza kwa adani kapena ndikukhwima, imapereka chinsinsi cha fungo losasangalatsa. Nyama yaying'ono imaphedwa ndikulumidwa pang'ono kumbuyo kwa khosi. Ikamaukira nyama yayikulu, chilombocho imagwira ndi kugona nayo kutsogolo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo. Pankhondoyo, weasel amayesa kupita kumbuyo kuti akonzeke motsutsana ndi mutu wake kuti asokoneze ndi kupha wolakwirayo. Nyama yomwe ikupezeka m'mabowo imabisala pamphumi ndipo imapha ndi kuluma pakhosi. Amadya wozunzidwa, kuyambira ndi mutu. Ndi zochulukirapo zopanga zimapanga nkhokwe, koma sizibwerera kwa iwo.
Fungo la magazi limakhala lankhanza komanso la magazi. Weasel ndiwosuta kwambiri ndipo ali ndi kuchuluka kwambiri kwa metabolic. Kudumpha pansi ndikumata kumbuyo kwa mawonekedwe a chipilala, pomwe mchira panthawiyi umagwira molunjika (mozungulira pamwamba pa nthaka). Weasel wokhala ndi tchuthi lalitali kusambira bwino, mosamala akukwera mitengo (nthawi zina amakwera mpaka kutalika kwa 6 m ndi pamwamba).
Amadya chakudya chanyama chokha (mbewa, makoswe, ma voles akumunda, agologolo, ma chipmunks, zipsera, maulutsu ndi akalulu), komanso mazira, anapiye ndi mbalame zachikulire, njoka, achule ndi tizilombo. Kukhala pafupi ndi bambo, kumakoka nkhuku.
Amakhala moyo wobisika. Vapacheni zimapangidwa pokhapokha pakubzala. Pakadali pano, anyamatawa amaimira gawo lawo, atakwera kumbuyo kwa thupi. Yaikazi imabereka zinyalala imodzi pachaka. Kum'mwera kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinyalala, pakhoza kukhala 2 kapena 3. Pakubala, wamkazi amakonzera phanga, lomwe lili mumulu wamiyala, mulu wa burashi, malovu a mbewa, agologolo pansi, ma chipmunks ndi ma voles. Kuzama kwa dzenje ndi masentimita 15 mpaka 43. Chisa chake chimakhala ndi ubweya wa nyama zodyedwa kapena udzu wowuma.
Mimba yokhala ndi mimbayo yomwe yachedwa kupitilira imatha kuyambira masiku 205 mpaka 337. Nthawi yeniyeni yoyembekezera ndi masiku 27-27. Yaikazi imaberekana ana a 1-9 akhungu osathandiza. Kulemera kwa akhandawo ndi pafupifupi g 3. Aang'onowa akhwinyika khungu lomwe limakutidwa ndi ubweya wonenepa woyera. Maso amatseguka pazaka 35, ndipo nthawi yomweyo mkaka wonse umayima. Pazaka 6 mpaka 7, ana agalu amayamba kusaka ndi amayi awo. Pamasabata 11 mpaka 12 amachoka kuphanga ndikuyamba kukhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
(Mustela altaica)
Zimapezeka kuchokera kumadera apakati a Russia komanso kudutsa dzikolo mpaka kumalire akum'mwera, kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Korea, kumadzulo mpaka kumpoto kwa India.
Kutalika kwa amuna kumasiyana kuyambira 21 mpaka 28 cm ndi mchira wa 10-15 cm. Kulemera kwawo kumachokera ku 250 mpaka 370 g. Akazi ndi ocheperako, kuyambira 21 mpaka 26 cm, ndi mchira wa 9-12,5 cm. Kulemera kwa akazi kumayambira pa 120 mpaka 245 g.
Amakhala m'mapiri am'mapiri kumtunda kwa mamita 1000 pamtunda wamadzi komanso m'miyala yamwala yam'madzi yotchedwa tundra. Imakhazikika mumiyala pakati pamiyala pamiyala ya mitengo kapena m'miyala yosiyidwa. Kukonda mapiri sikuopa kukhala pafupi ndi malo okhala.
Zakudya zake zimaphatikizapo makoswe ang'ono ndi ang'ono (muskrat, agologolo pansi, akalulu, pika yayikulu-yayika, hamsters imvi, mbewa zam'munda, ndi zina), nyama zosavutikira, mbalame. Amatha kudya achule, abuluzi, njoka, tizilombo ndi anyani. Kukhazikika m'malo okhalamo anthu, kuba zinthu za nyama ndi nsomba, kumawononga nkhuku kukucha.
Solongoy ndi nyama yokalamba kwambiri, imakhala pansi, imagwedezeka ndi phokoso lam'mphepo, pansi pamizu komanso pamiyala yamiyala. M'malo omwewo amakonza zisa ndi kusaka ana. Kugwira ntchito usiku komanso masana. Amathamanga ndi kukwera mitengo, amadziwa kusambira. Pa kulumikizana, makamaka pakati pa amuna, chinsinsi cha ma teti a anal chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ikawopsezedwa, nyamayo imangokhalira kulira, ndipo imatulutsa fungo loipa. Chakudya cha tsiku ndi tsiku ndi 45-55 g (makoswe ang'onoang'ono a 3-4) kwa munthu wamkulu, komabe, nthawi zambiri imapha nyama kuposa momwe ikufunikira.
Amakhala moyo wobisika.
Mu nyengo yakukhwima, mpikisano umawonedwa pakati pa amuna chifukwa cha akazi. Nthawi zina kumamenyana kwambiri.Akakhwima, yamphongo imasiya yachikazi. Ana agalu timabadwa chisa alimbane ndi udzu ndi ubweya zinadyedwa ndi makoswe.
Mimba kumatenga masiku 30-49. Yaikazi imabereka ana a 1-8 akhungu ndi amaliseche. Mkaka wa m'mawere amatenga miyezi iwiri. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, solongoi wamng'ono adziimire paokha, koma nthawi zina kukhala ndi mayi awo.
(Mustela erminea)
Ermine ambiri kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi - mu Arctic, subarctic ndi kotentha n'kupita kwa Europe ndi ku Asia ndi North America. Ku Ulaya, kumachitika ku Scandinavia ku Pyrenees ndi Alps, kupatulapo Albania, Greece, Bulgaria ndi Turkey. Ku Asia, madera ake amafikira zipululu za Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Northeast China ndi kumpoto kwa Japan. Mu North America, ameneyu amapezeka mu Canada, pa zilumba za Canada Arctic zilumba, mu Greenland ndi kumpoto kwa USA (kupatula Wamkulu m'Chigwa).
The kutalika kwa thupi la mwamuna 17-38 cm (akazi pafupifupi theka), mchira m'litali ndi 35% ya kutalika thupi - 6-12 masentimita, ndi thupi ndi ku 70 260 g.
Ermine ndi ochulukirapo m'malo a nkhalango-steppe, taiga ndi tundra. posankha malo anatsimikiza ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya chachikulu - makoswe ang'ono. Monga ulamuliro, ndi ermine wakonda kuthetsa kufupi ndi madzi: m'mphepete ndi floodplains mwa mitsinje, pafupi nyanja nkhalango, pamodzi madambo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, tchire matchire ndi mabango. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala nkhalango zowirira, m'nkhalango mumakhala zowotchera zakale, zomangira zamatchi (makamaka osati kutali ndi midzi komanso malo olimapo), m'nkhalango zowirira amakonda nkhalango zowuma ndi zoperewera. Common mu copses, pa zigwembe steppe ndi gullies. Pewani malo lotseguka. Nthawi zina imakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, m'minda, m'minda ndi m'mapaki a nkhalango, ngakhale kunja kwa mizinda.
Kumadzetsa makamaka yekhayekha Kupititsa moyo. Malire a malo munthu amalembedwa mwa chinsinsi cha zopangitsa ndi kumatako. Kukula kwa chiwembu kumasiyana mahekitala 10 mpaka 20; mwa amuna, nthawi zambiri imachulukanso kuposa zazikazi, ndipo amatsutsana ndi ziwembu zawo. Amuna ndi akazi kukhala mosiyana ndi kudzakhalire yekha pa nyengo mating. Mu zaka njala ndi otsika-mafuta, ermines kusiya malo awo ndi kuyenda, nthawi zina pa mtunda ndithu. Nthawi zina kusamukira kumachitika chifukwa cha kubalanso kwakukulu kwa makoswe m'malo oyandikana nawo.
The ermine akugwira makamaka maola madzulo usiku, nthawizina zidzachitika tsiku. Kusankha m'misasa, kuphatikizapo kufungatira, wodzichepetsa. Itha kupezeka m'malo osayembekezeka kwambiri - mwachitsanzo, m'malo osanja, milu yamiyala, m'mabwinja a nyumba zosiyidwa kapena m'manda opindika khoma lanyumba yanyumba. Komanso ali kuphanga la mitengo, nthawi zambiri amabisa nawo pa chigumula. Nthawi zambiri ermine ali kamakumba una ndipo zipinda kukaikira mazira a makoswe anaphedwa ndi izo. Yaikazi imayala bowo lake ndi zikopa ndi tsitsi la ndodo zophedwa, nthawi zambiri ndi udzu wouma. The ermine sikuti kukumba kamakumba una lokha. M'nyengo yozizira, iwo alibe m'misasa okhazikika ndi amagwiritsa m'misasa mwachisawawa - pansi miyala, mizu mtengo, zipika. Si kawirikawiri komwe amabwerera kumalo asana.
The ermine amasambira ndi akutsikira bwino, koma kwenikweni ndi apadera dziko chilombo. Mu zakudya wake, mbewa ngati makoswe amachuluka, koma mosiyana ndi msuweni wake, weasel kudya voles laling'ono, ermine Amapezerapo Mwayi pa makoswe zikuluzikulu - ndi vole madzi, hamster, ndi gologolo, haylings, lemmings, etc., zikuwachitikira mu kamakumba una ndipo pansi chisanu. Mitundu yake siyilola kuti ilowe m'mabowo ang'onoang'ono. Akazi kusakasaka mu kamakumba una zambiri kuposa amuna. Zofunika sekondale mu ermine zakudya ndi mbalame ndi mazira, komanso nsomba ndi shrews. Ngakhale kawirikawiri (ndi kusowa kwa chakudya choyambira), ermine amadya amphibians, abuluzi ndi tizilombo. Iwo amatha pomenyana nyama zazikulu kuposa yokha (capercaillie, otuwira grouse, partridge, hares ndi akalulu), mu zaka njala ngakhale akudya zinyalala kapena abera anthu m'matangadza nyama ndi nsomba. Ndi chakudya chochuluka, ndi ermine m'matangadza mpaka kuwononga makoswe kuposa akhoza kudya. Amapha nyama ngati weasel - kuluma chigaza kumbuyo kwa mutu.Mtundu wa ermine umalondola makoswe, amayang'ana kununkhira, tizilombo - pa mawu, nsomba - pogwiritsa ntchito masomphenya.
Nyama ndi nyama yodwala komanso yokalamba. Kayendedwe kake ndi kofulumira, koma kwinaku kukangana. Posaka, amayenda mpaka 15 km pa tsiku, nthawi yozizira - pafupifupi 3 km. M'chipale chofewa chimadumphira m'mwamba mpaka 50cm, ndipo miyendo yonse yakumbuyo ikukankhira pansi. Amasambira mwangwiro komanso mosavuta kukwera mitengo. Amathamangitsidwa ndi mdani, nthawi zambiri amakhala pamtengo mpaka ngozi zitadutsa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala chete, koma mosangalala amakhala kuti amalankhula mokweza, amatha kufuula, ngakhale kufuula.
Ermine mitala imabala kamodzi pachaka. Kugonana amuna amuna kumatenga miyezi 4, kuyambira pakati pa Okutobala mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Juni. Mimba mu akazi ndi kutalika siteji (8-9 miyezi) - mazira sakhazikika mpaka March. Zokwanira, zimatha miyezi 9 mpaka 10, choncho ana amtunduwu amawonekera mu Epulo - Meyi chaka chamawa. Chiwerengero cha ana mu litters chimachokera pa 3 mpaka 18, avareji ya 4-9. Mkazi yekha ndi amene amachita.
Makanda obadwa kumene amakhala ndi kulemera kwa 3-4 g ndi kutalika kwa 32-51 mm, amabadwa ali khungu, toothless, okhala ndi ngalande zotsekemera komanso zokutira ndi chovala choyera. Patsiku la 30-41, amayamba kuwona, ndipo pakatha miyezi 2-3 amakhala osazolowera kuposa akulu. Kumapeto kwa mwezi wa June - mu Julayi, amapanga chakudya payekha payokha.
Akazi amatha kutha msanga kwambiri, ali ndi miyezi 2-3, ndipo amuna okha azaka za 11-14 miyezi. Akazi achichepere (azaka zapakati pa 60-70 masiku) atha kupezedwa ndi amuna akuluakulu - vuto lapadera pakati pa zolengedwa zomwe zimayambitsa kupulumuka. Moyo wamba wa ermine ndi zaka 1-2, ndipo pazokwanira ali zaka 7. Kubala komanso kuchuluka kwa ma ermines kumasiyana kwambiri, kukuchulukirachulukira pazaka zambiri za makoswe ndi kugwa kowopsa panthawi yakutha kwawo.
(Mustela itatsi)
Kugawidwa ku Japan, komwe kumapezeka kuzilumba za Honshu, Kyushu ndi Shikoku. Adayambitsidwanso kuzilumba za Hokkaido, Ryukyu ndi Sakhalin kuti azilamulira kuchuluka kwa makoswe.
Kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi 35 cm, kutalika kwa mchira - 17 cm.
(Mustela kathiah)
Kugawidwa kuchokera kumpoto kwa Pakistan kupita ku Southeast China.
Kutalika kwa thupilo ndi masentimita 21.5-29, mchirawo ndi masentimita 12.5 mpaka 19. Kulemera pafupifupi 1.56 kg.
Chimakhala munkhalango zam'mapiri, mpaka 1800-4000 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Amakongoletsa mitengo ya paini. Kwenikweni, weasel wokhala ndi chikasu amadya makoswe (makoswe ndi mbewa zam'munda), nyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame.
Amakhala moyo wobisika.
Yaikazi imamanga khola m'maenje, voids pansi, pansi pa miyala kapena mitengo. Khomalo palokha ndi udzu wouma. Pambuyo pobadwa, mwambo wina umawonedwa, ukutha. Mimba imatenga mpaka miyezi 10 (nthawi yambiri imagwera dzira lakukhazikika kwa dzira). Yaikaziyo imabereka ana agalu 3-18 osawona.
Akaluso ang'ono ndi anthu
Agogo ang'onoang'ono amawongolera kuchuluka kwa akalulu ndi makoswe aku Europe ku Patagonia, chifukwa chake ndi nyama zothandiza.
Achinyamata ndi osavuta kuwadziwa. M'mbuyomu, agogo ang'onoang'ono anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala pakusaka chinchillas. Mphero yophunzitsidwa bwino imakhazikitsidwa m'dzenje la chinchilla, ndipo imatulutsa nyamayo kumalo osiyira komwe osaka imamuyembekezera.
Nthawi zina ma grisons ang'onoang'ono amawukira nkhuku, pankhani imeneyi, anthu amderalo amawafafaniza. Ma grisons ang'onoang'ono amalembedwa pa CITES Convention.
Agogo ang'onoang'ono amapita kukasaka pafupipafupi, nthawi zina amapezeka awiriawiri kapena pagulu laling'ono.
Mitundu yofananira
Kuphatikiza pa ndarama zazing'ono, banjali lilinso ndi zimbudzi, zomwe zimakhalanso ku South America. Nyama, mosiyana ndi ndere zazing'ono, sizikuwopsezedwa kuti zidzawonongeka, chifukwa iyi ndi mitundu yambiri yokhala ndi malo ambiri.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
(Mustela nivalis)
Kugawidwa ku Europe, Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Asia Little, kumpoto kwa Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, China, Korea Peninsula, Japan, North America, Australia.
M'litali nyama zimasiyanasiyana, malinga ndiwe wa subspecies makamaka, kuchokera 11,4 kuti 21,6 cm. Kunenepa 40-100 g.
Amakhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana (nkhalango, mapiri ndi nkhalango zam'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'madambo, m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi, zipululu, tundra, mapiri a alpine).
Pafupifupi chakudya chonse cha weasel chimakhala ndi makoswe okhala ngati mbewa (nyumba, munda ndi mbewa zamtchire, makoswe), timadontho tosiyanasiyana, komanso akalulu ang'ono, nkhuku, nkhunda, mazira ndi anapiye a mbalame. Ndi kuperewera kwa chakudya, kumadyako amphibians, nsomba zazing'ono, abuluzi, njoka zazing'ono, tizilombo ndi nsomba zazinkhanira.
Weasel ndi nyama yonyansa komanso yokalamba, imathamanga kwambiri, imakwera bwino ndikusambira. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi kulimba mtima komanso kukhetsa magazi, imatha kukwawa kudzera m'ming'alu yopapatiza komanso mabowo. Makoswe amadzitchinjiriza okha. Nyama zazing'ono zimagwira kumbuyo kwa mutu kapena mutu, ndikuluma chigaza kumbuyo kwa mutu, nthawi zambiri kumenya nyama zazikulu kwambiri kuposa iye, ndikuzimatira m'khosi. Mu mazira a mbalame, weasel amapanga mabowo angapo ndikuwunika zomwe zili mkati. Nthawi zambiri amapangira malo osungira (kuyambira ma 1 mpaka 30 ma voles ndi mbewa zimapezeka m'malo amodzi).
Yogwira pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana za tsiku, koma zambiri amapha analamula ndi usiku. Zimadumphadumpha. Kumadzetsa (kwakukulukulu) padziko lapansi njira ya moyo. Ikamazungulira tsamba lake, imakhala pafupi ndi tchire ndi zina. Pewani malo lotseguka. 1-2 km ikhoza kuphimbidwa patsiku. M'nyengo yozizira, ndi chisanu kwambiri, amayenda pamodzi voids ake.
Sikukumba mabowo, koma imagwiritsa ntchito mabowo kapena zomangira pakati pa miyala, zomangira nkhuni, zotsika pansi (mpaka ma 2 mamitala), mizu yamitengo ndi mitengo yakugwa, miyala yamiyala. Mukalowa mu lair, mumakokamo udzu wouma, masamba ndi masamba. Tsambali nthawi zambiri limakwaniritsa malo okhala ambiri okhazikika.
Amakhala moyo wobisika. Kukula kwa chiwembu chayekha ndikochepa - mpaka 10 ha. Miyeso Izi zimadalira kuchuluka kwa nyama ndi nyengo. Nthawi zambiri malo achimuna amadzaza malo achikazi. Malire a chiwembu amalembedwa ndi mafungo.
Wamitala, nthawi yakukula, wamwamuna amatha kukwatiwa ndi akazi angapo. Pakubala, zazikazi zimayala chisa ndi udzu wouma, mbewa ndi masamba. Ngati chisa chisokonekera, ndiye kuti mayi amasamutsira ana awo kumalo ena. Pakakhala vuto lalikulu, weasel amateteza chisa chake mpaka chomaliza. Brood amakhala limodzi kwa miyezi 3-4 ndikusweka kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena kugwa.
Kukwatirana kumachitika mu Marichi. Pakapita milungu isanu, mkaziyo amabereka kuchokera pa 5 mpaka 7, osachepera 3 ndi 8 cubs. Maso kutsegula pa tsiku 21-25 moyo. Pamene ana agalu anayamba kusiya chisa, iwo kulikonse kwa mayi awo, akuyendayenda pamalo yomweyo, kenako motalikira chisa chawo. Pang'onopang'ono, chibadwa chotsatira kutsatira chimafooka, ndipo nyama zazing'ono zimayamba kuyendayenda pazokha.
(Mustela strigidorsa)
Kugawidwa ku Asia - kuchokera ku Nepal kupita kum'mawa kupita ku China (Yunan Province), Thailand, Laos, Bhutan, Sikkim, India, Vietnam, Assam.
Kutalika kwa mutu ndi thupi la mkazi ndi za masentimita 28,5, mchira kutalika ndi 15,2 cm.
Amakhala m'nkhalango zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe ili pamtunda wa 1000-2500 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Weasel wokhala ndi maonekedwe oyera ndi imodzi mwazinyama zosamvetsetseka komanso zophunzitsidwa pang'ono ku Asia chakummawa. Kwa zaka zophunzira zake, anthu asanu ndi atatu okha adagwa m'manja mwa asayansi: atatu ochokera ku Sikkim, ndipo m'modzi kuchokera ku Nepal, Laos, Mynmar, Fenesserim ndi Thailand. Ngakhale chidziwitso kuchokera kwa okhala m'deralo chokhudzana ndi msonkhano ndi nyamayi imadziunjikira pang'onopang'ono.
(Mustela felipei)
Amadziwika chifukwa cha nyama 5 zomwe zimapezeka ku Andes of Northern Ecuador komanso m'malo okwera a Cordillera of Central ndi Western Colombia. Amakhala m'nkhalango zamapiri m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndipo pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje yokhala ndi bata. Nyengo m'madera awo amakhala mosazungulira.
Kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi masentimita 22. Kulemera kokhazikika kwa Colombia komwe kunalemedwa kunali 138 g.
Colombian Weasel ndi wadyera wa dziko lapansi. Pali zambiri zazokhudza zakudyazo. Patsiku la chindapusa ichi, ndikofunikira kudya nyama zomwe zimadya (nyama zazing'ono, mbalame ndi tizilombo, mwina nsomba), zomwe zimalemera pafupifupi 40%.
(Mustela nudipes)
Kugawidwa ku Thailand, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo), Malacca Peninsula, Malaysia, Brunei. Pachilumba cha Java kulibe. Imakhala pamtunda wa 400 mpaka 1700 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama iyi ndi 30-6 cm, kutalika kwa mchirawo ndi 24-26 cm. Mtundu wamitundu yonse ndi wofiirira, mutu wake ndiwowowanso.
(Mustela eversmanni)
Pulogalamuyi imapezeka kumadzulo kuchokera ku Yugoslavia ndi Czech Republic, komanso kummawa komwe kumadutsa nkhalango, mapiri ndi zipululu za Russia kuchokera ku Transbaikalia mpaka ku Middle Amur, komanso ku Central ndi Central Asia kupita Kummaŵa ndi Kum'mawa kwa China. M'zaka zapitazi, mtundu wa steppe ferret wakula kwambiri kumadzulo komanso mbali ina kumpoto. Amapewa nkhalango ndi malo okhala.
Kutalika kwa thupi 52-55 cm, mchira - mpaka 18 cm, kulemera kwa thupi mpaka 2 kg.
Zimasaka ma gopher, ma hamsters, agologolo, makoswe okhala ngati mbewa, kawirikawiri kwa mbalame, njoka ndi achule, nthawi yotentha komanso ma invertebrates. Zonenepa zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja zimadyanso pamadzi.
Amakhala ndi nthawi yausiku komanso nthawi yamadzulo, nthawi zina amagwira ntchito masana. Imakonza zisa zokhazikika kumapiri owuma, ndikukhala m'mbali mwa makoswe ena (marmots, squirrels, hamsters), ndikukulitsa pang'ono ndikukonzekera. Imangodzikakamiza yokha imangobwera kokha pakufunika kwakanthawi ndikuigwiritsa ntchito kwakanthawi. M'minda, amakonza zogona munkhokwe za udzu wamtali, pafupi ndi miyala, m'mabwinja, pakati pa mizu ndi m'maenje a mitengo.
Imasunthira pansi ndikudumphadumpha (mpaka 50-70 cm), kwenikweni sikakwera mitengo. Kusambira bwino, kumatha kulowa pansi. Masomphenya amakulitsidwa bwino. Amalumpha mosavuta kuchokera kutalika kwakukulu. Pangozi, imatetezedwa ndi chinsinsi cha fungo lamkati ndi zoduka, ndikuziwombera mdani. M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zambiri amathamangitsa makoswe mu chisanu.
Kuchokera panthawiyi yobereketsa, ana ake amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri. Malire a tsamba lawomwe sakusamalidwa. Pamisonkhano ya amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, nkhanza sizichitika. Pakukhwima, anyani amenyanirana chachikazi, pomwe amakuwa kwambiri ndikuluma. Pobereka, wamkazi amamanga chisa mumulu wa udzu kapena m'maenje a mitengo (kuchokera ku udzu ndi zina zofewa). Chisa chimakhala ndi nthenga, pansi ndi udzu wouma. Wamphongo amatenga nawo mbali polera ana. Ngati zinyalala zoyambirira zifa, ndiye kuti m'masiku 6-26 otsatira mkazi ayambanso kubadwa.
Mimba imatenga pafupifupi miyezi 1.5. Yaikaziyo imabereka ana a 410 amaliseche. Maso otseguka pamasiku 28–39. Malingana ngati ana a ng'ombe osaphimbidwa ndi tsitsi, wamkazi samawasiya. Kuchepetsa kumatenga mpaka miyezi 2.5. Pazaka za masabata 7-8, ana agalu akuyesera kale kudzipezera makoswe. Yaikazi amateteza ana ake mwachangu. Ana athu amakhala limodzi mpaka miyezi 2,5, ndipo kumapeto kwa chilimwe, ana achichepere amabalalika posaka gawo lawo.
(Mustela nigripes)
Pamakhala mapiri am'mawa ndi kumwera kwa Rocky, Great Plains kuchokera ku Albert ndi Saskatchewan, kupita ku Texas ndi Arizona (USA).
Pafupifupi ma 45 cm, ndi mchira wowoneka bwino wa 15 cm, wolemera kuposa 1 kg.
Amakhala ndi moyo wamadzulo. Kumva, kuwona ndi kununkhira kumapangidwa bwino. Mitunduyi imadalira kwambiri agalu. Pafupifupi nthawi yonseyo (mpaka 99%) amadzala m'maenje awo. M'dera la madera amenewa, amapumula ndi kugona, amapeza chakudya chake, kupewetsa zilombo, nyengo zoyipa ndikudyetsa ana. Amuna ndi otakataka kuposa akazi. M'nyengo yozizira, ntchito zamafuta akuda amayamba kuchepa, monganso dera lomwe lawonekera. Pa masiku ozizira komanso matalala, imakhalabe mdzenje, ikudyera pazosungidwa zake.
Pansi imayenda m'miyendo kapena pang'onopang'ono gallop (mpaka 8-11 km / h). Usiku umodzi umatha kupitirira 10 km. Amuna amadutsa patali kwambiri (pafupifupi kawiri) kuposa zazikazi.
Kuphatikiza pa nthawi yobala, imakhala ndi moyo wodzipatula. Poyankhulana ndi achibale amagwiritsa ntchito fungo. Malire a malo ake ndi chinsinsi cha tiziwalo tambiri. M'zaka zabwino, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumakhala kokhazikika pa mahekita 50 a malo agalu. Dera la akulu akulu ndi (mulifupi) 1-2 km.
Mimba imatenga masiku 41-45.Wamkazi amabala ana agalu 3-4 (pafupifupi). Anawo akamakula, wamkazi amawasiyira okha chisa masana, ndipo amadzisaka. Achinyamata amayamba kusaka okha mu Seputembala ndi Okutobala.
(Mustela putorius)
Imagawidwa mokwanira ku Western Europe, ngakhale malo okhala akuchepera. Anthu ambiri olemera ku England komanso pafupifupi ku Europe konseko, kupatula North Karelia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Crimea, Caucasus, ndi Lower Volga. Zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, chidziwitso chawonekera pokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsanso kwa Black Ferret m'nkhalango za Finland ndi Karelia. Komanso amakhala m'nkhalango kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa.
Amalemera kuchokera ku 1000 g mpaka 1710 g, kutalika kwa 36-48 masentimita, ndi 15,5 cm mchira. Akazi ndi ochepa ndi theka nthawi. Kutalika kwa mchira wa akazi ndi 8.5-15 cm.
Nkhalango imakonda kwambiri kukhala m'nkhalango zazing'onoting'ono komanso minda ing'onoing'ono yosakanikirana ndi minda ndi masamba (imapewa kupitiliza mitengo ya taiga). Mbira imatchedwa "nkhomo", yomwe ndi nkhalangoyi, chifukwa m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi ndi malo ake osaka. Nthawi zambiri zimadziwika m'madzi osefukira a mitsinje yaying'ono, komanso pafupi ndi madzi ena. Amatha kusambira, koma osati abwino ngati wachibale wake wapamtima, European mink (Mustela lutreola). Komanso khalani m'mapaki amizinda.
Zonunkhira zimakhala ndi moyo wokhala chabe ndipo zimakonda malo okhala. Kukula kwa malo okhala kumakhala kochepa. Malo okhala zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo okhala - milu yamitengo yakugwa, zomangira nkhuni, zokhala zowola, malovu. Nthawi zina zimbudzi zimakhazikika m'ming'alu ya mbidzi kapena nkhandwe; m'midzi ndi m'midzi momwe mumakhala chitetezo m'matumba, m'matayala ndipo ngakhale pansi pa denga la manyumba osambira. Nthawi zambiri nkhalangoyi imakumba yokha.
Ngakhale kukula kwake ndi kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi oimira ambiri amtunduwu, ferret uyu amadya mbewa. Mbawala yakuda imayambira pa ma voles ndi mbewa; nthawi yotentha nthawi zambiri imagwira achule, mikanda, makoswe am'madzi, njoka, mbalame zamtchire, tizilombo tambiri (dzombe, ndi zina), limalowa mumabowo a ma hare ndi zingwe zazing'ono. Mukakhala pafupi ndi munthu amatha kuthana ndi nkhuku ndi kalulu.
Ziphuphu zimasuntha mulu kwambiri pamulu wamatanda obooka komanso pakati pa miyala, zamtopola komanso zina zopanda mantha ndi adani, ngakhale kuzikulitsa kukula ndi kulemera. Mtondo wautondo umasaka, monga lamulo, mumdima, koma nthawi yamasana umatha kukakamizidwa kuti uchoke pogona pokhapokha ndi njala yoopsa. Mbira imayang'anitsitsa dzenje kapena kugwira akuthamanga.
Chikhalidwe cha m'nkhalango yowuma chimayambira kumapeto, mu Epulo-Meyi, nthawi zina theka lachiwiri la June. Mwezi umodzi ndi theka mutabereka umuna, ana anayi mpaka 6 atabereka. Akazi amadziteteza ana awo mopanda kuopsa. Achinyamata achangu amakhala ndi "mnyamata" wapadera wopangidwa ndi ana apadera - tsitsi lalitali pa nape. Ana amasungidwa ndi mayi mpaka kugwa, ndipo nthawi zina mpaka nthawi yamasika. Nyama zimakhwima pofika zaka zakubadwa.
(Mellivora capensis)
Mitundu yambiri ya zikulu za uchi imafalikira kumadera ambiri mu Africa ndi Asia. Ku Africa, amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse, kuyambira ku Morocco ndi Egypt kupita ku South Africa. Ku Asia, malo okhala amachokera ku Arabian Peninsula kupita ku Central Asia, komanso India ndi Nepal.
Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika mpaka masentimita 77, osawerengera mchira kutalika pafupifupi 25. Kulemera kwawo kumasiyana kuchokera pa 7 mpaka 13 makilogalamu, amuna ndi olemera pang'ono kuposa zazikazi.
Mbidzi za uchi zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, monga kumapiri, nkhalango ndi mapiri mpaka 3000 metres. Komabe, amapewa madera otentha kwambiri kapena achinyezi, monga chipululu kapena mvula.
Amakhala otakataka makamaka madzulo kapena usiku, komabe, m'malo omwe sanachitike ndi munthu kapena nyengo yozizira, amatha kuwoneka masana. Pogona, amagwiritsa ntchito modziyimira payokha kuchoka pa mita imodzi mpaka itatu yakuzama ndikutchinga kakang'ono kamene kali ndi zofewa. M'malo omwe amapezeka, mbendera za uchi zili ndi mabowo angapo, ndipo popeza zimayenda maulendo ataliatali patsiku, sizimagona usiku umodzi m'malo amodzi.Pofufuza zakudya, amasunthira pansi, koma nthawi zina amakwera mitengo, makamaka akafuna kupita ku uchi, womwe unawapatsa dzina.
Monga mitundu ina yambiri yochokera kubanja la ofera, malembedwe a uchi amakhala okha, ndipo nthawi zina amatha kuwonedwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono - monga lamulo, mabanja achichepere kapena mapaketi a bachelor. Ali ndi malo akuluakulu okhala makilomita angapo. Amadziwitsa achibale awo za kupezeka kwawo mothandizidwa ndi chinsinsi chomwe chimasungidwa ndi ma teti amtundu wapadera.
Akalulu a uchi amaonedwa kuti ndi anthu opanda mantha komanso nyama zankhanza zomwe pafupifupi alibe adani achilengedwe. Khungu lawo lokwera kwambiri, kupatula kuti lili ndi woonda m'mimba mwawo, silitha kupyoledwa ndi mano a nyama zazikulu zakuthengo komanso njoka zapoizoni, komanso singano zolimba. Kutsogolo kwamphamvu ndi mapala ataliatali ndi mano a chikwama cha uchi ndi chida chodzitetezera. Kuphatikiza apo, amadziwa momwe, ngati ma skunks, amatulutsira fungo la fetid ngati agwidwa. Ngati akuwopsezedwa, iwonso amadzayesa nyama zomwe kukula kwake kumakulira zomwezo, kuphatikizapo ng'ombe ndi njati.
Mbidzi zankhuku ndi nyama zolusa. Zomwe zimadyera zimaphatikizapo makoswe osiyanasiyana, komanso achinyamata a mitundu ikuluikulu, monga nkhandwe kapena ankhola. Kuphatikiza pa chakudya, nyama ya uchi imaphatikizanso mbalame ndi mazira, zouluka, kuphatikizapo ming'alu yaying'ono ndi njoka zapoizoni, komanso ma amphibians, carrion, mphutsi zamtchire, zinkhanira ndi zina zam'mimba. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya maimelo, omwe amadya uchi amaudya chomera chochepa kwambiri; amadya zipatso, zipatso, mizu ndi ma tubers.
Chochititsa chidwi ndi chikondi chawo cha uchi, chomwe chidapatsa dzina la njuchi. Amakhulupirira kuti njuchi imakhala mu typiosis ndi mtundu wamtundu wina wa ku Africa wotchedwa woodpecker wotchedwa chizindikiro chachikulu cha uchi (Chizindikiro cha). Wogulitsa uchi akuti akuwombera mbuto ya uchi ndi kufuula kwapadera ku zisa za njuchi, pomwe njuchi imaphwanya ndi mapanga ake, kunama uchi, ndipo wotsogolera uchi amadya mphutsi. Monga momwe izi ziliri zoona, ndi nkhani yotsutsana, palibe umboni wa sayansi pazomwezi.
Pali zambiri pazaka zamakono za omwe amadya uchi, mwina chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa dzira lakumana ndi ubwamuna, womwe umadziwika ndi kuphedwa. Miyezi isanu kapena isanu yadutsa pakati pa kukhwima ndi kubala, koma kukhala ndi kubereka kwakamodzi kumakhala kochepa. Mu zinyalala za uchi pali ana awiri kapena anayi obadwa kumene amakhala milungu yawo yoyamba yopangidwa ndi mbeu zouma. Nyama zazing'ono zimakhala ndi amayi awo kwa nthawi yayitali, nthawi zambiri zopitilira chaka. Sikuti munthu akakhala pachibwenzi nthawi yayitali samadziwika kuti ali m'tchire, satha zaka 26.
(Wokhometsa msonkho)
Adagawidwa kuchokera ku South-Western Canada kupita ku Central Mexico.
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 42-74 masentimita, mchira ndi 10-16 cm. Kulemera kumafika pa 10-12 kg.
Imakhala m'malo owuma komanso opanda chipululu yokutidwa ndi zitsamba (malo otseguka, minda ndi malo odyetserako ziweto). Imapezeka m'nkhalango zamapiri ndi ma subalpine meadows (mpaka 3000 m kumtunda kwa nyanja), komanso alpine tundra.
Chimbudzi ku America makamaka usiku, koma nthawi zambiri chimawoneka masana. Amakhala maola angapo m'mdzenje kuti adziimbira. Mukakumba dothi lofewa, chimbudzi chimagwiritsa ntchito zikhadabo ndi mano, kusunthira mbali ya cholepheretsa, kudzigoneka pansi ndikusowa kuti ioneke kwa mphindi zingapo. Kuti akonzekere khomalo, nthawi zambiri mumakhala zimbudzi za nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe. Imagwiritsa ntchito zingwe zake pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimazindikira kuwuma kwa chipangizocho, kuya kwake ndi kutalika kwake: kupumula kwemasana, kugona tulo nthawi yozizira, kuswana kapena kusunga malo osungira. Mabowo ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati osakhalitsa, kukumba ngati pangafunike ngozi. Khola limodzi la badger ndi khola lotalika pafupifupi mamilimita 10 ndi chipinda chocheperako lomwe lili chakuya pafupifupi mamitala atatu kuchokera pansi.
Amadyetsa makoswe ndi nyama zina zazing'ono: mbewa zam'minda, ma chipmunks, agologolo pansi, ma skunks, njoka, mazira ndi anapiye a mbalame zokhala pansi, tizilombo ndi mphutsi, nyongolotsi ndi zovunda. Mbidzi ya ku America imasakanso njoka zam'madzi, zomwe nyama yake yofewa imadziwika ndi kukoma kwake. Ngati kusaka kwachita bwino, ndiye kuti amabisala chakudya chotsalira m'malo awo kuti adye pambuyo pake. Ngati cholembera chimayendetsedwa pakona, chimatha kuthana ndi mdani wake. Ubweya wowonda komanso wolimba, minofu yolimba ya khosi imateteza modzitchinjiriza, kuphatikiza apo, imaluma, imakanda ndi kutulutsa fungo losasangalatsa kuchokera ku tiziwalo tamatumbo tambiri. Chikwangwani chimabwerera m'mbuna yapafupi, ndipo, chitafika kubowo, kuchokera mkati mwa zitseko zolowera pakhomo. Ngati mulibe bowo pafupi, nyamayo imayamba kukumba mwachangu, ndikuponyera dothi ndi dothi pamaso pa yemwe akuukira. Woyipa amakhala woyera kwambiri, nthawi zonse amabisa zinyalala zake, ndipo nthawi zambiri amadziyeretsa, ndikunyambita malaya ake. Kumpoto kwa mtunduwu komanso m'mapiri kumagona mozizira kwa masiku angapo kapena masabata. Pogona, kutentha kwa thupi kumatsika, ndipo zimachitika. Kulowetsa dzenje mkati mwa kugona, mbeta nthawi zambiri imavala mkati. M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zina mbuto imachoka kunyumba kwawo kwakanthawi kochepa, koma osasunthira kutali kuchokera ku dzenje kupitirira 250 m.
Choweta cha ku America ndi nyama ya kumtunda. Gawo la amuna limazunguliridwa ndi zigawo za akazi angapo. Zikwangwani siziteteza malire a ziwembuzo, koma zimateteza dzenje lawo polimbana ndi alendo. Kuphatikiza pa nthawi yobala komanso kulima ana, kumakhala kwayekha.
Mimba imatenga miyezi 6. Yaikazi imabereka mwana wamkazi mmodzi mpaka asanu. Makanda obadwa kumene amakhala opanda thandizo komanso khungu, atakutidwa ndi ubweya wocheperako. Maso amatseguka sabata lachinayi. Kuchepetsa kumatenga pafupifupi milungu isanu ndi umodzi.
(Mangelo meles)
Amakhala pafupifupi Europe yonse (kupatula zigawo zakumpoto za Scandinavia Peninsula, Finland komanso gawo la ku Europe la Russia), Caucasus ndi Transcaucasia, Crimea, Asia Minor ndi Central Asia, Kummwera ndi Middle Siberia, kumwera kwa Far East, Eastern China, Korea Peninsula, ndi Japan.
Kutalika kwa thupi - 60-90 cm, mchira - 20-24 cm, kulemera - mpaka 24 makilogalamu, nthawi yophukira, kusanachitike hibernation - mpaka 34 makilogalamu.
Imapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango zosakanizika ndi za taiga, zomwe sizimapezeka zambiri m'nkhalango zamapiri; kum'mwera kwa mapiri kumapezeka mapiri ndi zipululu. Amatsatira malo ouma komanso oyera, koma pafupi (mpaka 1 km) malo osungirako kapena malo otsetsereka, kumene chakudya chimapezeka bwino.
Woyipayo amakhala m'makola akuya omwe amakumba m'mphepete mwa mapiri amchenga, mitsinje yamapiri ndi maenje. Nyama ku mibadwomibadwo kumamatira ku malo omwe amakonda, monga momwe kafukufuku wapadera wasinthira, matauni ena oyipa ali ndi zaka masauzande angapo. Osakwatira amagwiritsa ntchito zingwe zosavuta, zokhala ndi khomo limodzi ndi chipinda chochezera. Malo okhala ndi mapiri akale ali ndi mpanda wolimba wokhala ndi mabatani angapo apansi (mpaka 40-50) malowedwe ndi zotseguka ndi mautali (5-10 m) otsogolera kuzipinda zazitali za 2-3 zokhala ndi zinyalala zowuma, zomwe zili pakuya kwa 5 m. Zipinda zokhala ndi ma tchire nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa pansi pautetezedwe ndi chinsomba, chomwe chimalepheretsa mvula ndi madzi pansi kuti asigwere. Nthawi ndi nthawi, mabowo amatsukidwa ndi ma badger, zinyalala zakale zimatayidwa. Nthawi zambiri mbawala zoyipa zimakhala mwa nyama zina: nkhandwe, agalu a raccoon.
Choyipa chimatsogolera moyo wamadzulo, ngakhale nthawi zambiri zimatha kuwoneka masana - m'mawa mpaka 8, madzulo - pambuyo pa maola 5-6.
Badger ndiwosangalatsa. Amadyetsa makoswe onga mbewa, achule, abuluzi, mbalame ndi mazira, tizilombo ndi mphutsi zake, anyani, nyongolotsi, bowa, zipatso, mtedza ndi udzu. Pokasaka, mbozi imayenera kumazungulira malo akuluakulu, ikungolira mitengo itagwa, ndikugwetsa makungwa a mitengo ndi chitsa posaka mphutsi ndi tizilombo. Nthawi zina mbendera imakhala ndi achule 50-70 kapena kuposerapo, mazana a tizilombo ndi nyongolotsi pamakasaka kamodzi.Komabe, amadya 0,5 kg zokha za chakudya patsiku, ndipo pokhapokha ndi kugwa amadya kwambiri ndikudyetsa mafuta, omwe amamuthandiza ngati chakudya pakudya nthawi yachisanu.
Uyu ndiye yekha woimira wophedwa, wobisalira nyengo yachisanu. Madera akumpoto, badger ili kale mu Okutobala - Novembala mosalekeza mpaka Marichi - Epulo; madera akumwera, kumene nyengo yotentha ndi yochepa komanso yochepa, imagwira chaka chonse.
Zolemba ndi za monogamy. Amapanga awiriawiri mu kugwa, koma mating ndi umuna zimachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana, ndipo nthawi yotenga pakati, yomwe imakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri, imasintha. Mimba mwa akazi imatha kukhala masiku 271 (nthawi ya chilimwe) mpaka masiku 450 (nthawi yachisanu). Ma Cuba (2-6) amabadwa: ku Europe - mu Disembala - Epulo, ku Russia - mu Marichi - Epulo. Masiku angapo pambuyo pake, zazikazi zimapangidwanso umuna. Anawo amayamba kuwona bwino kwa masiku 35-42, ndipo azaka 3 zokha amadya okha. Mu nthawi yophukira, usiku wa kubisala, ana amasungika.
Akazi achichepere amakhala okhwima mu chaka chachiwiri cha moyo, amuna chachitatu. Kutalika kwa moyo woipa ndi 10-12, ali mu ukapolo - mpaka zaka 16.
(Arctonyx collaris)
Kugawidwa ku Southeast Asia: Bangladesh, India, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, pafupifupi. Sumatra.
Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 70 cm, kulemera kwa 7-14 kg.
Amakhala m'madambo omwe amadzaza nkhalango, nkhalango zamapiri ndi mapiri (teledu imakwera mpaka 3,500 m kumtunda kwa nyanja), malo okhala nkhalango, nkhalango zotentha (nkhalango), ndi minda yolima.
Amakhala ndi moyo wosasintha (koma ku India umatha kuwonekanso m'mawa kapena kumapeto kwa usiku), kubisala mu dzenje lomwe anakumbamo masana kapena kubisala m'malo otetezeka achilengedwe (m'maenje pansi pamiyala kapena m'mipanda, m'mabedi amtsinje). Zochita zapamwamba ku China kuyambira 3 mpaka 5 m'mawa komanso kuyambira 19 mpaka 21 madzulo.
Ikamagwidwa ndi chilombo, imadziteteza ndi zikhadabo ndi mano amphamvu. Telecud imakhala ndi khungu lakuda lomwe limateteza bwino ku mano a adani. Kupaka utoto kumathandizanso kuti achenjeze ndipo ndi bwino kungisiyira nokha. Monga Kunim ena, ali ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa chinsinsi.
Pali umboni kuti kuyambira Novembala mpaka Febere (Marichi), teledus imagwera kugona nthawi yozizira.
Chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo: ma fumbi, ma invertebrates, mizu, mbewu za muzu ndi zipatso, nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono. Amapeza chakudya chifukwa cha fungo lake, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi zitsulo ndi zitsulo za m'nsagwada wapansi amakumba pansi.
Mwambiri, amakhala moyo wopanda wokha, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakumana kamodzi. Nthawi zina pali zazikazi zomwe zimayenda ndi mbadwa zawo kumalo a khola.
Mimba imatenga pafupifupi miyezi 10. Tele tele wamkazi imabereka ana agalu 2-5 (avareji ya 3). Makanda obadwa kumene amakhala ndi kulemera kwa 58 g. Kukula kwa ana agalu okalamba kumafika miyezi isanu ndi itatu.
(Melogale personata)
Kugawidwa ku Southeast Asia (Nepal, India, Burma, China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Java.).
Kutalika kwa thupi 33- cm masentimita, mchira 15-23 masentimita. Kunenepa - 1-3 makilogalamu.
Zochepa ndizodziwika pazochita za woipa. Amakhala moyo wamadzulo, koma amapezekanso nthawi yamadzulo. Nyama zimatha tsiku lonse dzenje kapena pobisalira. Zingwe sizikumba, koma ngalande zosiyidwa za nyama zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ichi makamaka ndi nyama pamtunda, koma, posaka tizilombo ndi nkhono, imakwera mumitengo.
Pakulankhulana ndi achibale komanso kuwateteza kumagwiritsa ntchito chinsinsi cha tiziwalo timene timatulutsidwa. Mbendera ikadutsa m'gawo lake, imalemba mayendedwe ake kuti kenako ikapeze njira ndi kubwerera kubowo. Amalemba malire a chiwembu chake ndi zilembo zomwezo, kuchenjeza kuti ali kale kale.
Mapopa, ziwala, kafadala ndi nyongolotsi zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya. Ali m'njira, amasaka nyama zazing'ono (makoswe achichepere), komanso achule, ana, abuluzi ndi mbalame zazing'ono. Chimadya carrion, mazira a mbalame ndi zakudya zamasamba (zipatso).
Amakhala moyo wobisika. Gawo la wamwamuna limakhala ndi ma 4-9 ha, ndipo limaduladula zigawo za akazi ambiri. Mimba imatenga masiku 57-80. Yaikazi imabereka ana agalu 1-3.Kuchepetsa kumatenga milungu iwiri.
(Lutra lutra)
Amapezeka m'dera lalikulu lokwanira Europe yonse (kupatula Netherlands ndi Switzerland), Asia (kupatula Arabian Peninsula) ndi North Africa. Ku Russia, silipezeka ku Far North kokha.
Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi 55-95 masentimita, mchira wake ndi 26- 55 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 6-10 makilogalamu. Tizilomboti tifupikitsa, tili ndi timimba tosambira. Mchira wake ndi wopanda minyewa, wopanda fuluwenza.
Nyakwawa imayambitsa moyo wamadzi, kusambira mwangwiro, kusambira ndikupeza chakudya m'madzi. Imakhala makamaka m'mitsinje ya m'nkhalango yokhala ndi nsomba zambiri, nthawi zambiri mumnyanja ndi m'madziwe. Zimachitika pagombe. Imakonda mitsinje yopanda phokoso, yokhala ndi zigwa zopanda chisanu nthawi yozizira, madzi osambitsidwa, okhala ndi mabanki amphepo zamphepo, komwe kumakhala malo achitetezo komanso malo odalirika. Nthawi zina imakonza malo ake m'mapanga kapena, ngati chisa, m'matayala pafupi ndi madzi. Makomo ake a dzenje amatseguka pansi pamadzi.
Malo osaka a otter m'modzi chilimwe amapanga gawo la mtsinjewo kuchokera pa 2 mpaka 18 km kutalika ndi pafupifupi 100 mita kulowa m'mphepete mwa nyanja. M'nyengo yozizira, nsomba zikagumuka ndipo chinkakhala chowawa, chimakakamizika kuyendayenda, nthawi zina chimadutsa molowera kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, ovuta amatuluka pamalo otsetsereka, ndikutsika pamimba pake ndikusiya mawonekedwe omwe ali ngati m'matumbo. Pa ayezi ndi chipale chofewa amadutsa mpaka 15-20 km patsiku.
Mbatata amadya kwambiri nsomba (carp, pike, trout, roach, gobies), ndipo amakonda nsomba zazing'ono. M'nyengo yozizira, imadya achule, nthawi zonse - mphutsi za caddis. M'chilimwe, kuphatikiza nsomba, chimagwira ma bulu amadzi ndi makoswe ena, ndipo m'malo mwake chimasaka nyama zazitali ndi abakha.
Otter ndi nyama zayekha. Mating, kutengera nyengo yozizira, limapezeka mu nthawi ya masika (Marichi - Epulo) kapena pafupifupi chaka chonse (ku England). Otter molekane m'madzi. Mimba - ndi nyengo yobwereza yomwe ikufika masiku 270, nthawi ya bere palokha ndi masiku 63 okha. Ana nthawi zambiri amakhala ana a 2-5. Kutha msamba kumachitika mchaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu.
(Lutra maculicollis)
Imapezeka kunyanja Victoria ndi Tanganyika, komanso m'malo onyowa omwe ali kumwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara. Nyanjayi imakhala pafupi ndi madzi osakhalitsa kapena okufa nthawi yamvula. Imakonda madzi abata komanso m'miyala, yopezeka m'madzi, m'madambo, m'mitsinje, komanso m'mitsinje yamapiri pamitunda yayitali. Samalowa m'mitsinje wokhala ndi nyanjayi yolimba komanso yopanda nyanja.
Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 57,5 masentimita, mchira wa 33-44,5 cm. Kuchuluka kwa amuna ndi 4-5 kg, zazikazi ndi 3.5-4 kg.
Yogwira nthawi iliyonse masana. Ntchito yake yayikulu imayamba maola awiri dzuwa lisanalowe kapena dzuwa litalowa. Amagona mdzenje lake, lomwe limakwanira pafupi ndi madzi. Khola lotuwa lomwe ndi lamtoto ndi imodzi mwazosambira zaluso kwambiri kuposa onse osambira amoyo. Nyama ndizosewerera ndipo zimawononga nthawi yambiri ndikusewera ndi ma otters ena, koma zimatha kusewera ndekha. Madzi osaya amakonda kwambiri kuposa madzi akuya, chifukwa mwa iwo ndi momwe nyama zambiri zimadyera - macichlids. Kusodza sikuchitika kopitilira 10 m kuchokera pagombe. Zovala zakuthwa ndizofunikira kuti zitheke nsomba zomwe zimadya mchira, nthawi zina zimaponyera mitu. Kuwona kwawonetsedwa kuti nthawi zambiri oster amasodza nsomba mkati mwa mphindi 10-20.
Zakudya wamba ndiz nsomba (barbs, clariasis, haplochromis, nsomba zazikuluzikulu, trout ndi tilapia), achule, nkhanu, mollusks, tizilombo am'madzi ndi mphutsi zawo.
Amakhala moyo wodzipatula, pokhapokha ngati wamkazi ali ndi ana. Magulu abanja otere (anthu 3-4) amawonekera pokhapokha pakubala. Yaimuna ili ndi gawo lalikulu momwe akazi angapo amakhala. Woyambitsa aliyense amatetezedwa kwa mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 3.5. Mosateteza mwamphamvu gawo lawo, kulola otuta ena kusaka mkati mwake.
Mimba imatenga masiku 60-65. Yaikazi imabereka ana agalu 2-3. Wamng'ono wokhala ndi chovala chofewa cha ubweya amabadwa. Amayamba kusambira sabata lachisanu ndi chitatu. Kuchepetsa kumatenga mpaka sabata 12-16.Achinyamata achichepere amasewera kwambiri, zomwe zimawathandiza kudziwa luso la kusaka. Akamakula, achinyamata amathanso kukhala moyo wodziimira pawokha.
(Lutra sumatrana)
Kugawidwa ku Asia (chilumba cha Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia). Kwa nthawi yayitali, nyamazo zimadziwika kuti ndizosowa mpaka, mu 1998, anthu ku Thailand adapezeka.
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 50-82 masentimita, mchirawo ndi 35-50 cm.
Chimakhala m'nkhalango zokhala ndi madambo otakasuka, mabango ndi mabango, ngalande, ngalande zam'mphepete mwa mitengo ndi mitengo yaminga, makungwa okhala ndi nkhalango zokhwima.
Pafupifupi palibe chomwe chimadziwika pokhudzana ndi moyo komanso mtundu wa otter iyi.
(Lutrogale perspicillata)
Kugawidwa ku Iraq, South ndi Southeast Asia, Southern China.
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi mutu ndi 65.5-79 cm, mchira - 40.6-50.5 masentimita. Kulemera - 7-11 kg.
Miyoyo yokhala m'malo osiyanasiyana - mitsinje yayikulu ndi nyanja, nkhalango zobiriwira, mitengo yaminga m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje, minda ya mpunga, malo amiyala (m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yayikulu). Pewani dongo lotseguka ndi m'mchenga wamchenga.
Smooth otter ndi nyama modabwitsa. Amuna ndi akazi amakhala ndi kukulitsa achinyamata pamodzi. Mwina, wamkazi ndi wamkulu kuposa nyama zonse pagululo.
Gawo la chakudya la gulu lotere limakhala mdera la 7-12 km 2 ndipo limaphatikizapo kamakungwa kamodzi kapena zingapo komwe kali ndi khomo limodzi pansi pa madzi. Malire a madera amadziwika ndi milu ya zinyalala ndi zotsekemera za tiziwalo tating'ono tokhala pansi pa mchira. Otters amagwiritsa ntchito kununkhira kuti adziwe malire amalo ndi monga njira yolumikizirana: amalemba masamba, miyala kapena malo amphepete mwa gawo lawo.
(Pteronura brasiliensis)
Amakhala m'malo obirivula a bonde la Amazon. Dongosolo la mitsinje, momwe mumapezeka otter wamkulu, mulinso mitsinje ya Orinoco ndi La Plata.
Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka mamita awiri (omwe pafupifupi 70 cm ndi mchira) ndi kulemera kwa thupi woposa 20 kg.
Woyambitsa wamkuluyu amagwira ntchito masana ndipo sachita manyazi kwambiri. M'madzi, amasaka nsomba ndi mbalame zam'madzi, pamtunda, samanyoza mbewa ndi mazira a mbalame. Kusaka kumagwirizana m'magulu, ndiko kuti, mamembala a gulu limodzi loterolo akusaka nsomba kumayang'anana.
Nyumba ndi dzenje, khomo lomwe lili pansi pa madzi, chimbudzi cha anthu nthawi zonse chimakonzedwa pafupi. Amayang'ana nyama m'maso owoneka ndi maso ake, komanso nduwira zazitali pansi komanso m'madzi amatope. Ali ndi zaka 2-3, osuta achichepere amachoka pagululo kukafunafuna gawo lawo. Paulendo wawo, samalowa m'magulu okhawo omwe amapanga, pokhapokha ngati angathe kuchita chimodzi mwa mamembala a gulu lalikulu. Ngati otter alephera kupeza gawo lake ndikuyambitsa banja, amabwerera kwa makolo.
Giant otter ndi nyama yokhala bwino kwambiri yomwe imakhala m'magulu am'banja (4-8, nthawi zina mpaka anthu 20), pomwe wamkazi ndi wa mpikisano - ali ndi mwayi wosankha nthawi ndi malo posaka ndikusangalala. Amphongo akuluakulu amachotsa osokoneza banja pamalo am'banjamo, ndipo onse m'banjamo amatenga nawo mbali pomenya nawo nkhondo. Nyama zingapo zimayendayenda m'malire a m'gawolo. Gululi limakhala ndi gulu loweta, agalu akuluakulu amodzi kapena zingapo. Nthawi zambiri chiwerengero cha amuna ndi akazi chimakhala chofanana. Mabanja ogulitsirawa amaperekedwa kwa wina ndi mnzake: amagona limodzi mu dzenje limodzi, ndipo pakusaka amakhala pafupi. Kukula kwa chiwembu chopha mabanja kumadalira nyengo (12-23 km m'mbali mwa nyanja kapena 20 km motsatira nyanja). Malire a malowa amadziwika ndi fungo la tiziwalo tating'ono ta ndulu ndi chimbudzi. Anthu onse pagululi amakhala pachiyanjano wina ndi mnzake: amayang'anana tsitsi, kusewera, kugona ndi kusaka limodzi, komanso amasamalira ana, kusinthana wina ndi mzake pagawo.
Palibe nyengo yodziwika yakuswana. Mimba imatenga masiku 65-70. Wamkazi yemwe ali mdzenje amabala ana agalu 3-5 olemera mpaka magalamu 200. Pobadwa, ana ake amakhala ndi malo owola zonona. Ubweya wake ndi wofiirira chifukwa ukamakula umayamba kuda.Mu sabata lachinayi, maso atseguka, m'miyezi iwiri amaphunzira kusambira ndikuyesera kudya nsomba. Kuchepetsa kumatenga mpaka miyezi isanu.
(Lontra canadensis)
Amakhala ku North America kuchokera ku Alaska ndi Canada pafupifupi kulikonse ku United States, kupatula madera ozizira a Texas, Arizona, Nevada ndi California kumwera kupita ku Mexico.
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 90-120 cm, mchira 32-46 masentimita. Kulemera - mpaka 14 kg.
Nthawi zambiri imakhala pamtunda wamamita mamiliyoni, koma ndiwosasinthasintha nyengo ndi nthaka.
Amadyanso nyama zam'madzi, makamaka zam'madzi, nsomba, nkhanu zam'madzi, crustaceans ndi zina zam'madzi zam'madzi. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala zovuta zosautsa mbalame zam'madzi ndi nyama zazing'ono. Ngati kulibe chakudya china, ma otter amadya zipatso (makamaka ma buluu) ndi zipatso. Pafupifupi 80% yazakudya zonse za mumtsinje zomwe zimakhala ndi madzi am'madzi.
Khalidwe la otter of Canada river otter ndi semi-amadzi. Miyendo yakutsogolo ndiyifupi kwambiri kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo, yomwe imalola ma otter kusambira bwino. Nyama zikasambira pang'onopang'ono, zimayenda mzere ndi mbali zonse zinayi. Mukamasambira mwachangu kapena kusambira, osutayo amasunthira mbali zakutsogolo za thupi, ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito ndi miyendo yakumaso yolimba ndi mchira, kuyambitsa kuyenda ngati mafunde. Imatha kutembenuka mozungulira ndi mchira wake wopindika, ngakhale miyendo ndi khosi zimagwira gawo lalikulu pakuwongolera ndikuwongolera kayendedwe. Canteran otter amatha kulowa pansi mpaka 18 m.
Maso a otter amatha kusaka pansi pamadzi. M'madzi amatope, pomwe maonekedwe sawoneka bwino, osakira amasaka chifukwa chamlomovu wamasamba omwe amamva kugwedezeka kwamadzi omwe amapangidwa ndi amene angakumane nawo.
Otter ndi othandizira kwambiri. Amagwira nyama zawo ndi chibwano chawo, osati zibwano zawo. Nyama ndizosewerera, ngati zimakonda kuseketsa pa silika kapena chipale chofewa, mumatha kukumana ndi gulu la osewera.
Ubweya wofunda umasunga thupi kukhala lotentha komanso louma, ngakhale m'madzi ozizira ozizira. Zosintha zamadzi zimapatsa mafuta apadera. Koma kuti ubweyawo usungire malo ake, chisamaliro ndichofunikira kwa iwo, omwe otter amakhala nthawi yayitali. Mukasaka malo atsopano, oster amayenda m'mitsinje kapena m'mitsinje m'malo moyenda pamtunda. Ndipo kokha kuthengo, achinyamata amayang'ana gawo lawo, amayendanso pamtunda.
Zimachitika mokhazikika kapena awiriawiri, koma nthawi zina oster amasungidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Monga lamulo, magulu oterewa ndi banja la mayi ndi ana ake.
Malo osaka pafupi ndi mtsinjewo ndi okulirapo ndipo nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo ma kilomita angapo (nthawi zina mpaka 40-50 km) m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, zomwe nyama zimakonda kupita kukasaka. Kuchulukana kwa anthu kumakhala kumodzi pamtunda uliwonse wa 4 km kwa mtsinje. Amuna amakhala ndi ziwembu zambiri kuposa zazikazi. Omwe amatsogolera malo, koma olekerera kwambiri alendo, ndipo yesetsani kupewe kuchita nawo mzawo polemba malire pazipangiri ndi kununkhira kwawo (chinsinsi chomwe chatulutsidwa kuchokera ku gland pansi pa mchira, mkodzo ndi ndowe).
Yaikazi yotentha wamkazi imabisala mu dzenje pakati pamimba zambiri pafupi ndi madzi kapena m'dzenje lomwe mkati mwake muli madzi komanso pansi. Kuchokera munthambi zowonda za udzu mkati mwa dzenje kumangidwa chisa. Chachikazi chimakhala ndi magulu anayi a nsonga zamphongo. Wamkazi amatha kukhwima patatha masiku 20 atabadwa mwana.
Mimba imatenga miyezi 10-12. Pambuyo umuna, mazira amagawikana kwakanthawi, koma osakhudza khoma la chiberekero, ndipo miyezi iwiri yokha asanabadwe, amakumana ndi thupi la amayi ndikutsiriza kukula kwawo. Yaikazi imabereka ana aamuna 2-5 akhungu yokutidwa ndi ubweya. Maso amatseguka pambuyo pa masabata 3-4. Ali ndi miyezi iwiri, ana agalu amasambira. Kuchepetsa kumatenga mpaka milungu isanu ndi iwiri. Kufikira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, yaikazi imasamalira ana aamuna okha, ndiye bambo nthawi zina amayamba kusamalira ana. Achinyamata achichepere m'mabanja amaphunzira kusambira, kusambira ndi kusaka. Pofika chaka amakhala atadzimiratu. Mayi wachichepere amachoka ali wokonzeka kubereka zinyalala zotsatirazi. Pafupifupi theka lokha la ana limakhala ndi zaka 2-3.Chiyembekezo chamoyo m'chilengedwe ndi zaka 12 mpaka 15, ali mu ukapolo mpaka zaka 23.
(Lontra felina)
Imapezeka m'malo otentha komanso otentha a Pacific gombe la South America (kuchokera kumpoto kwa Peru mpaka kumpoto kwenikweni kwa Cape Horn). Chiwerengero chochepa chaopulumuka kuArtania kudoko lakumawa kwa Tierra del Fuego. Mitengoyi idayambitsidwa ku zilumba za Falkland, komwe adabweretsa ndi alimi aubweya, pano akukhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Kumpoto, nyambo yotentha sikuyenda kupitirira 6 ° S, kumwera - osapitilira 53 ° S.
Kutalika kwa thupi - 57.0-78.7 masentimita, mchira kutalika 30.0-36.2 masentimita. Kulemera kwa thupi - 3.2-5.8 kg.
Nyanja yamadzi, mosiyana ndi inzake, imangokhala munyanja komanso pafupi nayo. Imakhala m'malo a littoral pafupi ndi miyala, pomwe pamawomba chimphepo champhamvu. Amakhala m'malo obisika komanso madera amphepete mwa mitsinje yolumikizidwa ndi kakhalidwe ka 2.0-2.5 m, ndi mabanki omwe ali ndi denga lamtchire komanso mitengo yaying'ono, yotambalala mpaka madzi.
Adani akuluakuluwo ndi anamgumi opha (nkhanu zakupha). Achinyamatawa amasaka asaka, mbalame za m'madzi zazinyama komanso nyama.
Nyanja yam'madzi imakhala yopatsa mphamvu; imadzidyetsa yokha m'malo obisika. Chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo nkhanu (Lithode antarctica), ma mollusks, nsomba, mbalame zam'madzi ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimakhala munyanja. Nthawi zina imalowera mumtsinje kufunafuna shrimp yamadzi oyera (Criphiops caementarius). Munthawi yakucha zipatso, zipatso za mbewu zam'mphepete mwa banja la bromeliad zimadyedwa. Kapangidwe kakapangidwe kazakudya: nsomba (30%), crustaceans (40%), mollusks (20%) ndi zakudya zina (10%).
Nyanja yotentha ndi nyama yamanyazi komanso yobisalira, yotsogolera (makamaka) nthawi yamasana (nthawi zina imatha kukhala yogwira mamawa komanso m'bandakucha). M'madzi, nyama zimatha 60-70% ya moyo wawo kuchita kusaka ndikupeza chakudya. Imayandama m'madzi, ndikuwonetsera kokha mutu ndi kumbuyo kwapamwamba.
Nyanja yotchinga imagwira nyama yake 100-500 m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ikuzama mpaka 30-50 m, ikudumphira pafupi ndi miyala ndi m'nkhokwe za algae. Kubira konse kumatha masekondi 15-30. Mtunduwu sugwiritsa ntchito miyala ngati zida zogawa zigobazi, monga momwe otter mtsinje umachitira.
Ngakhale ma otter a munyanja ndi nyama zam'madzi zambiri, nthawi zina amayenda pamtunda, kuchoka pamtunda kupita kumtunda wa 30 m ndipo pokhapokha akafunafuna nyama, amatha kupitirira mpaka 500. Pamtunda, ma otter amakwera bwino m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Nyama zimakonda kupuma pamizimba yowuma yomwe imamera m'mphepete mwa m'mphepete mwa madzi, nthawi zambiri imakhala yoposa 2-2,5 mamita kuchokera pamadzi. Choyimbira cha otter ndi kotchinga ndi dzenje lomwe chinyengochi chimatsogolera kumtunda ndikugonjera munkhokwe zowirira. Nthawi zonse nyama zikalephera kusaka, zimapuma. Malo okondweretsa ndikupezeka muzomera zonenepa. Ziphuphu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka ana, kudyetsa, kupumula ndi kugona. Otsamira panyanja amakonda kupuma padzuwa, kukhazikika pamiyala pafupifupi mita imodzi pamwamba pa nyanja. Otter amakonza malo omwe amakhala ndi chakudya komanso malo ometera m'malo ambiri chakudya.
Nyanja otter imakhala payekha. Kuchulukana kwa anthu kumakhala osintha pafupifupi 0,5 kilomita pamtunda wamtunda. Nthawi zina ma otter amapezeka m'magulu awiri kapena atatu, koma osatinso. Monga lamulo, amakonda kukhazikika osayandikira 200 m kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Izi si nyama zamtunda ndipo, popanda kuchita zankhanza zilizonse, zimagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a nyama zina zamtundu wawo patsamba. Zachikazi zingapo zimatha kukhazikika pamalo amodzi, zomwe zimaphatikizapo malo osaka, malo opumirako ndi malo ogona. Nthawi zina oster amakhala ndi mkodzo komanso ndowe ndowe ndi zovala, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala osagona m'malo momwe amagona.
Mimba imatenga masiku 60-70. Yaikazi imabereka ana agalu awiri (nthawi zina 4-5). Kuchepetsa kumatenga miyezi ingapo. Achinyamata amakhala ndi makolo awo kwa miyezi 10. Makolo amabweretsa chakudya kwa ana agalu ndi kuwaphunzitsa momwe angasakire.
(Lontra longicaudis)
Adagawidwa ku Mexico kupita ku South America (Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil, kumpoto kwa Argentina).
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 50-79 cm, mchirawo ndi 37.5-57 cm.Kulemera kwa thupi - 5-15 kg.
Iwo amakhala nyanja, mitsinje, zithaphwi ndi mathamandawa wa malo osiyanasiyana riverine ili mu deciduous ndi nkhalango yobiriwira, savannah. Amakonzekera kukhala m'mitsinje ndi mitsinje yoyenda mothamanga. Pali umboni wa otters aku South America omwe akukhala m'malo othirira a minda ya mpunga ndi nzimbe ku Guyana.
(Amblonyx cinereus)
Kugawidwa ku Indonesia, South China, South India, Asia ndi Philippines.
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi mutu ndi 45-61 masentimita, kutalika kwa mchira ndi 25-35 cm. The thupi ndi 2.7-5.4 makilogalamu.
Amakhala m'madambo komanso m'matanthwe a South Asia. Malo okhala: mitsinje yaying'ono, malo osaya ndi mpunga, zonse zokhala kumtunda ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Amapewa madzi akuya.
Amadyetsa nkhanu, nkhono, nkhanu, nkhanu, achule ndi nyama zina zazing'ono zam'madzi.
The clawless otter amathera nthawi zambiri m'dziko kuposa zina otters. Monga fodya, amapeza nyama, ikudumphira pansi ndi matumba ake, ndikuyenda pansi pamatope ndikusintha miyala. Paws otter misozi imasweka zidutswa musanatumize mkamwa mwake. Nyama ndi zomwe zimayamwa zokha, kuwonjezera pa anyani, omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito "manja" awo ngati anthu. Ma Shellfish okhala ndi chipolopolo cholimba chimatsukidwa ndikugwera padzuwa. Pambuyo akuyembekezera mollusks zofooketsa ndi kutsegula okha, nyama kuzidya.
Ma Sternt otter ndi nyama, anzeru kwambiri komanso achidwi. Akasagona, amasewera, amasambira kapena kusokosera pamatope. Njira imodzi yolumikizirana ndi ma otters ndi masewera. Akamayala osasaka ndikusewera, amayenda pamiyala, amawotcha padzuwa, kapena kusambira mosirira kuti asangalale. Iwo amamanga mabowo kufupi ndi madzi ndi kuchoka mumphangayo kuti ndi anakumba pa akuya pafupifupi 90 masentimita m'madzi, nthawi zambiri pakhomo wina pamwamba madzi. Zovala zopanda kanthu zimakhala ndi zofowoka zofunda, kotero zimatha kukumba mabowo okha panthaka lofewa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito malo okhala kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mabowo a nyama zina.
Zoyipa zopanda maonekedwe akum'mawa ndi nyama zachikhalidwe. Akazi achimuna ndi akazi amalamulira amuna. Ambiri osintha, atakula msanga, amakhalabe ndi makolo awo, motero amapanga magulu a 4-12 komanso mpaka anthu 20. Kulankhulana, otters ntchito phokoso ndi kulankhulana fungo. Amagwiritsa ntchito fungo kuti athe kudziwa malire am'madera komanso kupereka chidziwitso chokhudza munthu (jenda, kudziwika, nthawi pakati paulendo). Fungo la otter iliyonse limakhala payekha ngati chala chala.
Pali malita pafupifupi awiri pachaka. Zingwe zophatikizira kum'mawa zazimayi zimakhala kwa masiku atatu, ndipo ngati umuna sunachitike, ndiye kuti kuzungulira kumabweranso masiku 28. Chachikazi, kukonzekera mating, amatulutsa ndi katulutsidwe ndi fungo musky ku zopangitsa za odorous (ili m'tsinde mwa mchira). Wamphongo, atapeza fungo, nthawi yomweyo amayamba kusamalira wokondedwa wake, zomwe zimamuphatikiza pamasewera omwe amapitilira kukhwima. Mbewu zimaleredwa ndi makolo onse awiri. Wamphongo amabweretsa mayi ndi ana ake kufikira ana aang'ono atayamba kusaka okha.
Mimba imatenga masiku 60-64. Pali 2-6 ana mu zinyalala, amene anabadwa amaliseche ndi opanda mphamvu. Kulemera kwawo ndi 40-50 g, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 14. Mkaka kum'mawa wopanda mawonekedwe ndiwowoli kwambiri (zonenepa ndizambiri kuposa 6 mkaka wa ng'ombe), ngakhale izi, ana amakula pang'onopang'ono. Maso otseguka patsiku 40. Ali ndi sabata 9 zakubadwa, amayamba kusambira, ndipo masiku 80 amadya chakudya cha akulu.
Chiyembekezo chamoyo m'chilengedwe ndi zaka 12-14, mu ukapolo - pazaka 22.
(Aonyx capensis)
Kugawidwa ku Africa kuchokera ku Senegal kupita ku Ethiopia, kumwera kumabwera ku South Africa, kumpoto kupita ku Abyssinia. Zofala ku Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Senegal, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia ndi Zimbabwe. Zochepa kwambiri ku Angola, Benin, Botswana, Chad, Sierra Leone, Swaziland ndi Uganda, ku Ivory Coast.
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi mutu ndi 60-100 cm, mchira - 40-71 cm.Kulemera kumayambira 12 mpaka 15 kg.
Pamakhala nkhalango zotentha, zigwa komanso mapiri. Nthawi zambiri imakhala pafupi ndi kasupe wamadzi (mitsinje yoyenda pang'onopang'ono, m'mphepete mwa madamu kapena mitsinje).
Amadyetsa nkhanu, nkhanu zam'madzi zokhala ndi ma spiny, maollus ndi achule. Nthawi zambiri muzakudya zake mumatha kukhala akamba, nsomba, abuluzi, mbalame za m'madzi ndi zolengedwa zazing'ono zapafupi ndi madzi.
Munjira ya moyo, nyama zam'madzi ndi zapafupi. Wopanda zopanda pake amakonda maiwe ang'onoang'ono. Ambiri mwa anthuwa amakhala m'madzi opanda madzi, ena onse amakhala pagombe. Wotchetira wopanda pake amayenera kumwa madzi abwino chifukwa chake, amakhala, pafupi ndi malo amadzi oyera.
Woyeserera amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi, akusambira pansi ndikusambira kuti agwire nyama. Popita kukasaka, nyererezi zimasungunuka ndimiyendo yake pansi, pakati pa miyala ndi matope. Woyambitsayo akaona nyama, imagwada pansi, ndikuigwira, ndikubwerera. Wobera nyama, nyalugwe amasunga miyendo yake mwachisawawa, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka imadzithandiza yokha ndi mano ake.
Pakudya nyama zomwe zimadyedwa, osisaka wopanda kanthu amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zam'maso ndi mano amphamvu omwe amatha kupondera zigamba za mollusk. Pakutsegula makina olimba, imagwiritsa ntchito mwala ngati chida. Pambuyo posaka, otter amatuluka m'madzi, amazungulira pa udzu kapena mchenga mpaka kuwuma, kutsuka ubweya ndipo nthawi zambiri amapaka zinthu zosiyanasiyana: mitengo, zitsa, zidebe zamiyala, miyala yosalala, kenako mabatani otentha padzuwa.
Malo opangira zimbudzi amapezeka pafupi ndi malo oyeretsera komanso malo opumulira, koma nthawi zambiri maofesi osalongosoka a ku Africa kuno amagwiritsa ntchito malo apadera pafupi ndi khomalo la chimbudzi. Mtunda wochokera “kuchimbudzi” kupita kumadzi ndi wamtali pafupifupi 4.2 Madzi ambiri otulutsa (85%) a otter adasiyidwa pamtunda wa 1-7 m kuchokera pamadzi ndi 15% mpaka 10-15 m kuchokera pamadzi. Nyama yomwe imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja imasaka zonse panyanja komanso m'malo osyanasiyana ndi madzi abwino. Pakakhala chilala, amakakamizidwa kuti azingoyendayenda pofunafuna malo oyenera.
Popuma masana kapena chovala chophimba, chovundikira chopanda zovala nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsa ntchito zotchinga ndi nyama zina, kapena chimapezeka muminda yayikulu yamasamba yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa mitsinje kapena pa zilumba. Nthawi zina amakonzanso nyumba yake pansi pamiyala, mitengo, mitengo yakugwa kapena pansi pa nkhalango. Munthaka yamchenga, otter amakumba mabowo. Mizere ina imakhala ndi malowedwe angapo okhala pamwamba kapena pansi pa madzi, ndipo ngalande zoyimbidwa zimachokera kutalika kuchokera ku 1.9 mpaka 2.9 mamita. Makulidwewo ndi 246-361 mm kutalika ndi 32-85 mm mulifupi (kutengera kukula kwa bowo lolowera). Bowo limathera mu dzenje ndi mainchesi 30-30 cm, omwe nthawi zonse amalimbirana ndi masamba. Nyakwayi ili ndi malo ake ozikirapo osapitirira 15 (mochepera 50m) kuchokera ku dziwe lamadzi oyera. Malo okhala oyandikana nawo ali mkati mwa kilomita imodzi wina ndi mnzake.
Chimbudzi cha ku Africa chopanda chopanda, kumbali imodzi, ndi nyama yokhayokha, koma nthawi yomweyo nyamazo zimasungidwa m'magulu awiri, malo osakira omwe nthawi zambiri amafalikira. Amphongo amagwira gawo la 17 km, zazikazi - 14, ngakhale amakhala nthawi yayitali kunyumba kwawo, komwe ndi theka kukula kwa kusaka. Okhazikika ochokera m'mabanja omwe amakhala pafupi nthawi zambiri amadyera limodzi, nthawi zambiri amateteza malire a ziwembu zawo kwa alendo.
Mimba lkbncz pafupifupi masiku 63. Yaikazi imabereka ana agalu 2-5 (pafupifupi - 2-3). Ana agalu ongobadwa kumene ali akhungu ndipo amabadwa atakutidwa ndi imvi yotuwa, yosakhala bwino ubweya. Pazaka sabata, ana agalu amalemera pafupifupi 260 g, ndi milungu iwiri - 700-1400 g. Ana agalu okhwima nthawi yayitali kuyambira masiku 16 mpaka 30. Wamkazi amadyetsa ana agalu ndi mkaka: ali ndi mawiri awiri a nsonga zamabele. Pakati pa masabata 8 mpaka 16, ana agalu osavulala amapeza magalamu 330 iliyonse. mu Sabata. Akazi amasiya kudyetsa mkaka ali ndi masiku 45-60. Ana osabereka amakhala ndi amayi awo kwa chaka chimodzi kapena kupitilira apo.
(Enhydra lutris)
Kugawidwa ku Russia Far East, gombe la Alaska ndi gombe la California.
Amuna akuluakulu amalemera kuyambira 22 mpaka 45 kg ndipo amakula kutalika kuchokera pa 120 mpaka 150 cm.
Zoyendetsa panyanja zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'zamoyo zam'nyanja, ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa maulalo am'nyanja. Kusaberekanso kosaletseka kwa ma invertebrates amenewa kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa algae, komwe, kumapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chisasinthike.
Zomangira zam'nyanja zimakhala moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, zimathera nthawi yambiri m'madzi. Pakadali pano, maofesi am'nyanja omwe amakhala m'malo osafikirika ndi anthu, mwachitsanzo, pachilumba cha Mednoy, amatha usiku wonse pamtunda wamamita 10-15 kuchokera kumadzi, makamaka nyengo yamkuntho. Nyanja ikakhala yovuta kwambiri, nyama zakale kapena zodwala nthawi zambiri zimapita kumtunda, chifukwa zimasowa mphamvu kuti zitheke mafunde. Kuphatikiza apo, zazikazi zazimayi zakumpoto nthawi zambiri zimabereka ana pansi: pagombe kapena pamiyala yam'mphepete. Kumbali inayi, maatter oyenda panyanja omwe amakhala m'malo omwe anthu amakhala, monga oyambitsa nyanja za California, samatuluka m'madzi. Thupi la nyambo yam'madzi limalola kugona kugona momasuka m'madzi atagona kumbuyo kwake, chifukwa mapapu a nyamayo amakhala ochulukirapo ndipo amatha kukhala ndi mpweya wokwanira kotero kuti nyamayo ikhoza kukhalabe ndi nkhawa. Komabe, zachilengedwe zam'madzi ndizachilengedwe kwambiri komanso zotetezeka kwa ma nyanja oyenda panyanja. Ma oyesa am'nyanja amasinthika kwambiri kuti asunthire pamadzi kuposa pamtunda; ndi m'madzi momwe nyama zimakonda kudya zakudya zotulutsidwa. Mu nyengo yofunda, mafunde oyenda panyanja amachoka pagombe mtunda wamakilomita 25, nthawi yamkuntho amakonda kukhala m'madzi osaya.
Zoyenda panyanja ndi nyama zochezeka kwambiri, zonse zimagwirizana komanso nyama zapafupi, kupatula zomwe zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya zawo. Nyanja zimasinthana modekha ndi zisindikizo za ubweya, mikango yam'nyanja, zisindikizo, nthawi zina amagawana mabedi awo. Kulimbana pakati pa nyama izi ndizosowa kwambiri. Kusamvana kumachitika makamaka pakati pa amuna amuna, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zophiphiritsa.
Oyendetsa nyanja panyanja nthawi zina amakhala okha, koma nthawi zambiri m'magulu ang'onoang'ono popanda zizindikilo za bungwe lililonse loyang'anira. Tsopano asayansi akuvomereza kuti magulu otere alibe atsogoleri owonetsedwa bwino. Nyama zina nthawi zina zimachoka m'magulu oterewa, nthawi zina obwera kumene amakhala m'magulumagulu, ndipo ena amakumana ndi obwera mwatsopano, osati mwamwano, monga zimachitikira ndi mitundu yambiri ya zinyama. Magulu amenewo pawokha, monga lamulo, amapangidwa olekanitsidwa ndipo amakhala achimuna, kapena akazi amodzi, kapena akazi ndi ana amuna. Palibe kuyenda mwadongosolo kwa magulu otere a panyanja omwe sanapezeke. Masana, gulu la osintha panyanja limasambira mdera pafupifupi 5.5 km 2, ndipo anthu ena samakonda kusambira oposa 2 km patsiku. Palibe kusuntha kwakanthawi munyanja. Popeza azimayi am'madzi am'nyanja sakonda malo ena kuposa amphaka amtchire, magulu sakhala okhazikika popanga nyama. Kupangidwe kwamagulu kumachitika m'malo omwewo, yabwino kwambiri yopumula, nthawi zambiri m'matumba akhungu kwambiri a bulauni. Akazi amodzi am'madzi amtunda nthawi zina amayenda maulendo ataliatali.
Zoyesa zam'nyanja zimayambitsa moyo wokangalika, kuphatikiza apo, zimawononga mphamvu zambiri pokhalitsa kutentha kwa thupi (38 ° C), zimawononga nthawi yambiri m'madzi. Pankhaniyi, ma sea otters amayenera kudya chakudya tsiku lililonse mu 20-25% ya kulemera kwa thupi. Kuchulukitsa kwa maatters am'nyanja ndi okwera kokwana kasanu ndi kuposa kwa zolengedwa zapamtunda zofanana. Chifukwa chake, amadya zosinthira zam'nyanja nthawi zambiri komanso zochuluka.
Zakudya za ma sea otters zimadalira malo, koma nthawi zonse zimakhala makamaka ma urchins amnyanja, ma mollusks ndi nkhanu. Nthawi zambiri omata panyanja amadumphira m'madzi osaya ndikusonkha pansi kuchokera m'thumba la pepala lopangidwa ndi khola la khungu ndipo limakhazikitsidwa pansi pa dzanja lamanzere.(Thumba lomwelo limakhala pansi pa dzanja lamanja, koma ma sea sea sagwiritsa ntchito izi, chifukwa, malinga ndi zomwe awonera, onse ali ndi dzanja lamanja). Atatenga zoyerekeza zingapo, maofesi am'nyanja ali pamadzi kumbuyo kwa madzi ndikuchotsa mwanjira iliyonse zolemba zowoneka bwino m'matumba awo, kuwatsegulira kapena kuwaphwanya, kenako ndikudya. Nthawi ndi nthawi, nyambo yam'madzi imasinthidwa kukhala 360 ° m'madzi kuti ayeretse m'mimba kuchokera ku zisakasa, ndipo thumba logwirako ntchito limakhala lopanda kanthu. Kuchita koteroko ndikofunikira kuti ubweya ukhale woyera.
Pulogalamu yam'mimba yonse yam'mimba yam'mimba yam'madzi yam'madzi imamupatsa mwayi kudya zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Zowonadi, mu nthawi yaanjala, osintha ma nyanja nthawi zina amakakamizidwa kusaka ngakhale mbalame za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo nthawi zina, malinga ndi osaka, amadya nyama ya nyama zakugwa, makamaka nkhandwe za ku arctic. Omwe amayamba kunyanja amamwa madzi am'nyanja, komanso ochulukirapo kuposa nyama zina zam'nyanja, zomwe mwina zimachitika chifukwa cha zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri.
Zoyimitsa panyanja sizinanene kuti nthawi yakukhwima, kuswana ndi kubadwa kwa ana kumachitika chaka chonse. Asayansi ena, komabe, amawona kuchuluka kakang'ono kwambiri kakulidwe kwamasamba m'malo ena okhala.
Zoyimitsa panyanja zazimuna zimafika pa msinkhu wazaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi (ndikuyamba kubereka mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wawo), zazikazi - nthawi zambiri zimatha zaka 4, nthawi zambiri pofika zaka 2-3. Ubwenzi umachitika nthawi zambiri pamakina am'madzi mwamasewera kwambiri. Wamkazi ndi wamwamuna kwa nthawi yayitali amasambira ndikuyamba kudumphadumpha wina ndi mzake mpaka kutulutsa mwachindunji kumayamba. Kudzikongoletsa kumachitika nthawi zonse m'madzi, koma m'malo osiyana siyana, komabe, zimadziwika kuti mwamunayo amamugwirira mkazi ndi mano ndi mphuno, ndipo matani amatha ndikuluma kowawa. Mwakutero, akazi omwe ali ndi luso lokwatirana amakhala ndi zipsera pammphuno zawo. Onse ali pachibwenzi komanso akukhwima, yamphongo imakhala m'madzi, nkhope zawo pansi, nthawi zina kumagwirira mkazi pansi pamadzi. Pankhani imeneyi, nthawi zina, matingawa amatha kupha akazi. "Mabanja" a omwe amayenda panyanja ali ndi mitala, ndiye kuti yamphongo imatha kudzaza manyowa angapo akazi. Wamphongo amakhala ndi wamkazi kwa masiku 3-5 ndipo munthawi imeneyi amateteza mkazi wake ku mpikisano, komabe, mikangano pakati pa amuna nthawi zambiri sasintha kukhala ndewu, koma amakhazikika pamlingo wowopseza.
Kukhala ndi pakati m'mimba mwa akazi kunyanja kumayamba pang'onopang'ono, mluza umadutsa gawo limodzi lokhalokha kwa miyezi 2-3, pomwe silikugwirizana ndi khoma la chiberekero (pafupifupi mitundu 100 ya anyani ali ndi izi, izi zimalola thupi la mayi kusankha nthawi yabwino kwambiri ya metabolism mimba yokha). Mimba yokha imakhala pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi (miyezi 7-8 kumpoto kwa nyanja).
Akazi mwa akazi ambiri amtundu wamtunduwu amapezeka pamiyala yam'mphepete kapena pamtunda. Mu 99% ya milandu, mwana wabadwa wamphongo imodzi amabadwa ("chimbalangondo"). Nthawi zina, mapasa amabadwa, koma nthawi yokhayo mwana mmodzi yekhayo akhoza kupulumuka. Ng'ombe zimabadwa zachikaso zachikasu, zolemera 1.5 makilogalamu, zokutidwa ndi mwana pansi. Kutalika kwa ana achilendo kumakhala kofala pakati pa osintha a nyanja, motero ana awiri amapasa akhoza kukhala ndi moyo ngati atatengedwa ndi mkazi yemwe mwana wake wamwalira.
Zoyambitsa zanyanja zatsopano kwa miyezi ingapo sizikhala ndi moyo wawo zokha ndipo zimadalira amayi awo zokha. Amuna samatenga nawo mbali pamaphunziro ndikusiya zazikazi tsiku limodzi kapena awiri atachira. M'miyezi yonse yoyambirira ya moyo wam'madzi, mayi amakhala ndi m'mimba, amadyetsa, amaphunzitsa ndi kuphatikiza, nthawi zina amangomusiyira mwana wake pamiyala kapena pamadzi pomwe amadzipangira yekha chakudya. Panthawi imeneyi, kanyenya kena kakang'ono kamabisala mokweza, kudikirira kuti abwerere.Woyambitsa nyanja yemwe wangobadwa kumene amatha kuyimirira payokha pamadzi pamalo otetemera, ngati "kuyandama", koma osakhoza kusambira, amapeza chakudya chake ndipo sadziwa kuyesa. Oyambitsa nyanja amadalira kwathunthu amayi awo kuyambira miyezi isanu mpaka isanu ndi iwiri (avareji ya miyezi isanu ndi umodzi), kufa kwa makanda ndikokwera kwambiri: pafupifupi 30% ya ana amwalira chaka choyamba cha moyo.
M'mwezi woyamba, mayiyo amadyetsa khandalo ndi mkaka wake wokha, womwe umafanana kwambiri ndi mkaka wa nyama zina zapamadzi kuposa mkaka wa marten wina, ndipo uli ndi 23% mafuta, mapuloteni 13% ndi 1% yokha ya lactose. Pambuyo pake, amayamba kudyetsa pang'onopang'ono mwana ndi "chakudya chachikulire". Pang'onopang'ono, mayiyo amaphunzitsa ana ake njira zosiyanasiyana zakasaka, kudya zakudya zoyenera, kuphatikiza ndi maluso ena.