Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis * Mbalame

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Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis) ndiye mtundu waukulu kwambiri pakati pa mlengalenga. Chiwerengero chake chikuyembekezeredwa mbalame 500,000-600,000. Mtunduwu wafalikira ku North America, Eastern Siberia, kuli anthu osasamukira ku Cuba. Pakadali pano, mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya crane imadziwika, yosiyana kukula, kukula kwamtundu ndi mawonekedwe ena.

Mawonekedwe

Korani iyi imafikira kutalika kwa 80 mpaka 150 cm, kulemera kwa makilogalamu 3-6,5 ndi mapiko a masentimita 150-180. Imapakidwa utoto wamtundu osiyanasiyana. M'madera ambiri, nthawi ya kasupe ndi chilimwe, ma crani amabisa matupi awo ndi zidutswa zamafuta azitsulo, chifukwa zomwe zochuluka zawo zimapeza mtundu wofiira. Palibe nthenga pa korona ndi pamphumi pa crane, khungu m'malo ano limawoneka ngati chipewa chofiira. Mitu yonse yotsala ndi kumtunda kwa khosi kumayera kapena imasoyera, m'miyala yakuda masamba oyera amatuluka. Kuyerekeza kugonana m'miyala ya ku Canada sikunenedwe, ngakhale m'magulu awiriwa wamwamuna, monga lamulo, akuwoneka wamkulu. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, maula pachaka choyamba cha moyo pang'onopang'ono amasintha kuchoka ku bulauni kukhala imvi.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Mchenga wa Sandhill mbalame yodziwika bwino kwambiri. M'chilimwe, ku Phukchi Peninsula, chakudya chake chachikulu chimapangidwa ndi zipatso za shiksha, masamba amtambo ndi lingonberry. Kudya tizilombo komanso makoswe a mbewa kunadziwikanso. Ku Alaska ndi Canadian North, kuphatikiza shiksha ndi mtambo, mtambo umadya nsomba zazing'ono, makoswe okhala ndi mbewa, tizilombo touluka, ndi ma mollusks. Pa nthawi yozizira, maziko a zakudya ndi mbewu za chimanga cholimidwa (makamaka tirigu, barele ndi chimanga), zomwe mbalame zimatola m'minda yokolola. Monga chakudya chowonjezerapo, mndandanda wambiri wazomera zakutchire ndi zopangidwira, komanso nyama zazing'ono, kuphatikiza makoswe onga mbewa, nsomba, zokwawa, achule, tizilombo, ma mollusks, zalembedwa.

Moyo & Zovuta

Kusinthasintha kwadongosolo losiyanasiyana la nyengo kumathandizira kutiofesi zaku Canada zizigawanika. Malo okhala mbalamezi ndi malo onyowa ndi madzi abwino komanso mawonekedwe abwino. Amapezeka m'malo otsetsereka, m'madambo osayenda ndi m'mitsinje ya mitsinje ndi m'madzi, pa malo odyetserako ziweto komanso malo olima, m'nkhalango zamapine. Monga lamulo, akhwangwala amasankha malo owuma pokonzekera chisa, mwina chifukwa malo awa ndi oyamba kusungunuka ndi chisanu. Nthawi zambiri awa ndi malo osalala, owonjezera kapena ocheperako omwe ali ndi chophimba cha lichen komanso mawonekedwe abwino, kuphatikiza, ayenera kukhala owuma. Ngakhale m'malo otentha kwambiri ochita kusenda, mlengalenga nthawi zonse amakonza zisa pazinthu zazing'ono koma zowuma.

Makhalidwe wamba ndi mawonekedwe amunda

Korona yaying'ono (yabwino kwambiri kuposa imvi) yokhala ndi mapiko pafupifupi 1,750-1,950, kuchuluka kwa 900-1,000. Wamphongo ndi wamkulu kuposa wamkazi. Mtundu ndi wa imvi, wopepuka pamimba. Pa nthengazo zimasamalidwa, mbalamezo "zimasungunuka" ndi ma ayoni zitsulo zili m'madzi, ndipo kumbuyo kwa crane nthawi yotentha kumawoneka kofiyira. Pa mphumi ndi korona akuwoneka bwino "chipewa" chofiira. Kuuluka, ngati njanji zina, ndiwowongoka, osasunthika, koma mwachangu, ndi mapiko olimba kwambiri. Imakwera pansi ndikuthamanga pang'ono. Gulu lankhondo nthawi zambiri limakhazikika mu mzere. Amayenda pansi mosatekeseka. Amasambira bwino. Mu nthawi ya nesting, amasungidwa awiriawiri, amapanga masango posamuka komanso nthawi yachisanu. Chosasamala kwambiri kuposa njanji zina, imapangitsa munthu kukhala pafupi ndi chisa.

Liwu likuboola ndi kuswa mawu kuposa momwe chimakhalira chimvi, makamaka nthawi yamadzulo. Nthawi yomweyo, imakhala yofooka ndipo imamveka mpaka pano. M'magulu a ma cran a ku Canada, "kuvina" kumakhalanso kofala, kosiyana kwambiri ndi kuvina kwa mikondo ina.

Canada waku Canada amasiyana ndi imvi zakuda ndi zakuda mumtundu wamtundu wa monophonic, ndipo pansi pazachilengedwe zimakhala ndi msana wofiyira. Pa gawo la dziko lathu mwachilengedwe, titha kumakumana ndi Crane ya Siberia, zomwe sizingatheke kusokoneza.

Kufotokozera

Colouring. Amuna ndi akazi ovala zovala zachikulire. Mphumi ndi korona zimakhazikika ndi gawo la khungu lopanda kanthu komanso locheperako komanso lalifupi lalifupi. Chink ndi mmero ndikuyera, masamba ena onse ndi phulusa laimvi, lamdima mbali yakumtunda ya thupi. Ntchentche zoyambirira, zokutira ndi mapiko awo, ndizosadetsa, zakuda. Nthenga zokhala ndi mafelemu kumtunda kwa thupi, mtundu wa bulauni umaonekera. Monga tafotokozera, kuchuluka kwa k Crane nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofiyira kwamtambo ndi ma iron ironide, makamaka kumtunda kwa thupi ndi mutu. Palibe nyengo kapena kugonana kwa mtundu.

Pansi mwana wankhuku. Pamwamba pamutu, kumbuyo kwa khosi, kumbuyo ndi mapiko ndi zofiirira. Mbali za thupi, chifuwa ndi kutsogolo kwa khosi ndizowoneka bwino, zowoneka bwino. Mimba ndi mmero zimayera imvi kapena yoyera. Chovala chachiwiri ndi chofanana ndi choyamba, koma chofananira kwambiri, chosiyana. Zovala zam'maso: mutu ndi khosi zimakhala zofiirira, kumtunda kwa thupi ndi la imvi, pansi pali imvi. Zovala zoyambilira za nyundo-yozizira zimawoneka ngati chisa, koma khosi ndi mutu zimayamba imvi. Mutu utaphimbidwa kwathunthu ndi nthenga. Chovala choyambirira cham'madzi: gawo lamkhungu lopanda pamphumi ndi korona likuyamba kuonekera, zofunikira, monga chovala chachikulire, koma kumtunda kwa thupilo kumakhala nthenga zofiirira zatsalira kuchokera pazovala zam'mbuyomu. Zovala zachiwiri ndi nthawi yozizira: zofanana ndi zoyamba, koma nthenga zofiirira zomwe zatsalira povala zovala zokhazokha zimangokhala zokhazokha, malo amtundu wa khungu pamphumi ndi korona amapangika kwathunthu, nthenga zoyambirira zazikulu zimatsalira kuyambira zovala.

Mapangidwe ndi kukula kwake

Pulogalamu yoyamba ya flewheel 11, mapiko formula 3> 2 = 4> 1> 5> 6, helmsman 12. Makulidwe: G. s. canadensis kuchokera kudera la USSR - mapiko a amuna (n = 3) 520-55 (550), Tariso (n = 8) 188-228 (200), mulomo (amuna ndi akazi) 95-105. Kukula kwa mbalame ku Alaska ndi ku Canada: mapiko kutalika kwa amuna (n = 8) 442-498 (474), zazikazi (n = 13) 425-475 (447), mulomo wamwamuna (n = 8) 90-110 (96.4), zachikazi (n = 13) 82-93 (90.4). Unyinji wa amuna (n = 492) 2 950-55 3030 (4 376), akazi (n = 592) 2 810-55 (3 853) (Cramp ndi Simmons, 1980).

Utawaleza wa mbalame zachikulire ndi carmine, lalanje kapena tan, mulomo ndi imvi, ma pinki pang'ono, miyendo ndi yakuda bii, khungu lopanda mutu kumutu ndi pinki kapena lofiira. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, iris imachita imvi kutuwa bulauni, yokhala ndi mulomo ndi miyendo, ngati achikulire (Walkinshaw, 1973).

Molting

Kusintha kwa kavalidwe ka misika ndifanana ndi kwa ma crane ena: woyamba woyambira - wachiwiri wotsika - nesting - wapakatikati (woyamba yophukira-chisanu, kasupe woyamba, nyengo yachiwiri yophukira-nyengo yachisanu) - nyengo yoyamba yakukhwima. Kusenda kumatha kuchepetsedwa ndipo kumasiyanasiyana. Chovala chovala choyamba chimasinthidwa ndi chachiwiri pakatha sabata limodzi, pomwe zovala za zovala zoyambazi zili pamwamba pa zovala za chovala chachiwiri. Nthenga zoyamba za hemp zimawoneka m'mapewa ndi m'mapewa kumapeto kwa milungu iwiri. Fluti yayitali kwambiri imasungidwa pamutu, khosi komanso pamimba. Kukula kwathunthu kwa zovala za nesting kumachitika kumapeto kwa Ogasiti. Palibe zambiri zenizeni zokhudzana ndi ma ulalo a achinyamata.

Kusungitsa pambuyo pokhazikika kwa mbalame zachikulire kumachitika m'malo azisamba, pambuyo pokhazikika nesting. Zina kale, mbalame zosaswana kapena zowoneka bwino zimayamba kusungunuka. Nthenga zimagwa pafupifupi nthawi imodzi, mkati mwa masiku 2-2, ndipo mbalame zimalephera kuuluka. Kusintha kwa mafunde owuluka sikuchitika, mwachidziwikire, chaka chilichonse. Nthenga zatsopano zimalira pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Kukhetsa kwa ma contourage, kuphimba mapiko ndi helmsmen kumayamba nthawi yomweyo ndikusintha kwa mapiko.

Moyo ndi Kubereka

Ma cranes ophatikizidwa a ku Canada amakondwerera kulumikizana kwawo ndi nyimbo yolumikizana, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi mutu woweramitsidwa ndipo pamakhala mawu osangalatsa osiyanasiyana. Yaikazi imayamba kufuula kaye ndikuyankha mofuula kawiri aliyense kufuula. Zikatero, chachikazi chimagwira mlomo pamlingo wa madigiri 45, ndipo champhongo chimadzuka. Kuchita chibwenzi kumayendera limodzi ndi kuvina kwa crane komwe kumatha kuphatikizira kuluma, kudumphira m'mapiko, kukupiza mapiko, kuponyera matuza a udzu ndi kupindika. Ngakhale kuvina kumakhudzana kwambiri ndi nyengo yakukhwima, akatswiri azolimbitsa thupi amakhulupirira kuti ndiwonetsero wamba wa chikhalidwe cha crane ndipo atha kuchita nawo zinthu zodzetsa mpungwepungwe, kupumula kwa nkhawa, kapena kulumikizana kwaukwati.

Chidacho ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono ka udzu kapena nthambi za masamba obiriwira kapena msondodzi mkati mwa masamba obiriwira kapena kupsinjika kakang'ono m'matope. Nthawi zambiri chisa chimapezeka m'malo otsika, mkati mwa madambo, koma nthawi zina, makamaka ku Cuba, imapezekanso paphiri. Yaikazi nthawi zambiri imayikira mazira awiri. Kukula kwa dzira ndi 9,42 × 6.05 cm. Makulidwe obisika amatenga masiku 29- 32. Pa mapiko, anapiye atakhala patatha masiku 67-75.

Kusamukira

Ma Cranes ochokera ku Asia gawo la nyengo yozizira ku North America, ku California, New Mexico, komanso, ku Nevada (USA). Mbalame zina zimathanso ku Mexico. Kutalika kwake kumapita m'mbali mwa Pacific kumadzulo kwa Rocky Mountain. Kutalika kwa nyengo ya masika, ma cranit amadutsa Bering Strait kuchokera ku Seward Peninsula (Cape Prince of Wales), kuwuluka kumwera kwa Ratman Island ndikupita ku Asia bara kumwera kwa holo. Lawrence, kenako kudutsa Mechigmen Bay ndi Mechigmen Lowland.

Amafika ku Bering Strait pamtunda wa mamita 2-2.5,000 othamanga kwambiri pafupifupi 60-65 km / h. Amayamba kutsika Mechigmen Bay. M'lifupi mwake kutsogolo kwanyanja kuli pafupifupi 10-12 km, ndikuyandikira gombe - mpaka 3040 km. Kupitilira kumtunda kwa Mechigmen, magombe amapita ku gombe la Anadyr Gulf ndikuyima pa tundra pakati pa mitsinje ya Erguey ndi Nunyamuyev pakati pamitsinje, ndikupanga masango akuluakulu omwe akhala masiku 5-7. Kenako zimawulukira kumalo osungirako zinyalala, kumamatira zigwa zikuluzikulu. Imodzi mwa njirazi imapita kumpoto chakumadzulo kudutsa Vankarem lowland ndi Chaun Bay. Apa, ma cranes nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi atsekwe oyera omwe akuuluka ndipo, zikuwoneka kuti, afika ku Wrangel Island nawo. Njira ina imadutsa kumapeto kwa Chukchi Range kudutsa kum'mwera kwa Chaun Bay kumafika ku Ayon Island komanso kumunsi kwa Kolyma. Kuyenda kwachitatu kwa osamuka kudutsa ku Anadyr lowland ndi Parapol Dol kumachoka ku Penzhinsky Bay. Gawo la maginito odutsa mu Anadyr Gulf limagwera Koryak Highlands.

Mu nthawi yophukira, ma crank ochokera kumunsi kwa Kolyma, ochokera kumapiri a Chaun ndi Vankaremsk, ochokera kumalire a Kolyuchinskaya Bay amatsata magombe a nyanja ndikuwoloka Bering Strait kuchokera kudera la Cape Dezhnev. Mbalame zochokera ku Koryak Upland komanso zochokera Penzhina kudutsa mu Anadyr Lowland zimapita kugombe la Anadyr Gulf ndikumaima kuti mupumule kudera la Uelkal. Kuchokera apa, mbalame zina nthawi yomweyo zimapita ku Mechigmen Bay ndikuwoloka Bering Strait molowera kudera la Seward. Gawo lina la njanji zopyola Gulf of Cross ndi Vankarem Lowland limafikira m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Chukchi, pomwe limalumikizana ndi mbalame zomwe zikuwuluka mumphepete mwa njira.

Nthawi yakusunthira kwa kasupe imatengera mtundu wa masika ndipo imasiyana kwambiri. Mu zaka kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yamasika, makhwawa amawonekera kumayambiriro kwa Meyi, zaka zozizira, kuchokera khumi eyiti ya Meyi. Kutalika kokwanira kumatenga masiku 3-4. Zoyenda ndi mbalamezi zimawulukira mosiyanasiyana mbalame zambirimbiri mpaka 1-2. Akamauluka kupita kumalo obisalamo, nkhosazo zimayamba zochepa. Kuchoka ku malo osungira akuyamba kumapeto kwa June. Kusunthira kwa Autumn kumawonedwa pakati pa Ogasiti 29 ndi Seputembara 20. Gulu la nkhosa limakhala locheperako kwambiri nthawi yophukira (Kishchinsky et al., 1982a).

Habitat

Ku Asia gawo la mtunduwu, Sandhill Crane imakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabotolopu okhala ndi zigwa komanso mapiri a matalala. Kummawa kwa Chukotka, m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso mkati mwa chilumbachi, kumakhala mapiri ataliyasi, mapiri okutidwa ndi chitsamba chotchedwa hummock, ndi mapiri am'mapiri otsetsereka kumapiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa mapiri otsika. Makonda amasankhidwa kwa moss-sedge shrubby boggy tubund tundra, okhala m'malo ambiri a zitunda, mapiri a zigwa zamapiri, zigawo za mitsinje yayikulu, malo otsika ozunguliridwa ndi zitunda. Pakati pa mtsinje. Anadyr ku Chaun Bay amakhalanso m'mphepete mwa ngalande ndi akulu omwe amakhala ndi matabwa a msondodzi wopanda phokoso komanso tating'ono tating'ono, pafupi ndi madambo.

Kumpoto kwa mzere, malo okhala kwambiri ndi mapiri okhala ndi mapiri atchire. M'madera akutali a mtsinje. Misewu ya Kanchalan imakhalanso m'malo otetezedwa a yernik-lichen-Voronichny m'malo opezeka pakati pa chigwa cha msondodzi. M'chigwa chachikulu cha Kanchalan, iwo, kuwonjezera pa mapiri kumtunda, amakhalabe pachilumbachi, okhala m'malo awo okutidwa ndi moss-yernik tundra. Ma Cranes amakhala m'malo omwewa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya Tanyurer ndi Main. Kudera la Koryak komanso m'mbali mwa mtsinje. Penzhins main nestot biotopes ndi hypoarctic moss-sedge-yernik hummocky yokhala ndi msondodzi wotsika, makoma, rosemary, mabulosi abulu ndi zitsamba zamtundu wina m'mphepete mwa kusefukira kwa zigwa za mitsinje, m'mphepete mwa mapiri ndi mapiri.

Ma Cranes aku Canada samangokhala malo okwera m'mapiri a 400-500 m pamwamba pa nyanja. m kapena malo otsetsereka oposa 25-30 °, kusefukira kwamadzi ndi kusefukira kwamadzi kusefukira kwamadzi, kusefukira kwamiyala ndi mafunde mwamphamvu, madera m'nkhalango ndi zigwa zomwe zidakuzidwa ndi msondodzi ndi makungwa. Mwambiri, malo oyenera kubzala nesting amapanga theka la magawo angapo a crane yaku Canada ku Asia ndipo ali ndi malo okwana 55,000 km2 (Vorobyov, 1963, Portenko, 1972, Kishchinsky, 1980, Krechmar et al., 1978, Kishchinsky et al., 1982a, Kondratiev , Kretschmar, 1982).

Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku, machitidwe

Munthawi yopanda chonde malo ataliatali, pomwe dzuwa siliwongola tsiku lonse, ma crane aku Canada amakhala akugwira ntchito nthawi yonseyi. Komabe, ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri imawonedwa mu maola otentha kwambiri masana, ndipo usiku, kukutentha kwambiri, makamaka pakati pausiku, ma crane, ngati mbalame zina za tundra, amakhala ndi nthawi yopumula ya maola 2-3. Panthawi imeneyi, nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona makontrakitala omwe amayima nthawi zambiri pamwendo umodzi, mutu wake utapumira pamwamba pa mapiko. Komabe, nthawi zambiri nthawi imodzi, njanji zina zimadyetsa kapena kuyeretsa maula ake.

M'malo achisanu nthawi yachisanu, pansi pazowunikira, ma crane aku Canada amasinthana ndi zochitika zamasana. Mu nthawi ya nesting, mbalame yopanda chimbudzi imakhala usiku, monga lamulo, patali ndi chisa. M'nyengo yozizira, magulu ankhandawa amasonkhana usiku, nthawi zambiri m'matanthwe akulu kapena a mchenga, nthawi zambiri kuzilumba zosalala, komwe amawuluka posachedwa kutuluka kukafika kuminda ndi madambo otentha.

"Dansi" yama cranes aku Canada amawonedwa nthawi yonse ya chilimwe, m'magawo oswana, komanso nthawi yozizira m'malo ozizira. Mu nthawi yakudyaku, nthawi zambiri "mating'ala" amatenga gawo limodzi mu "kuvina", pakusamuka komanso nthawi yozizira, mbalame zazokha, mabanja ndi magulu onse amatenga nawo mbali. "Zovina "zi zimachitikanso chimodzimodzi komanso chifukwa chofanana ndimayendedwe achimuna, sizikhala ndi miyambo komanso zosauka mu magawo awo. Maziko a "kuvina" ndikokwera, mpaka 3-4 m kulumpha ndi miyendo yoluka, ndi mapiko otambalala, omwe mbalame nthawi zina zimadzithandiza mlengalenga.Nthawi zambiri pakadumphira kotero, mbalame zimasinthana ndi 180 ° Mlengalenga, kubwereza kuzungulira kangapo. Gulu lachiwiri la zinthu za "kuvina" - mauta ndi ma pirouette pansi, nthawi zambiri zimatsatiridwa ndikuponyera mu mlengalenga wa udzu, zidutswa za moss ndi lichens, nthambi zazing'ono. Zinthu zomwe zatsalira "kuvina" kakhalidwe kakang'ono ka imvi ndizosowa kwambiri ku Canada kapena sizikupezeka paliponse.

Dongosolo la alamu laphokoso limapangidwa mwanjira yomweyo ngati kakhalidwe ka imvi, koma zimasiyana pakamwa ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu. Liwu la crane limakhala lofuula kwambiri, "lipenga" locheperako, silimakonda nyimbo. Mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawu, kulira koyenera (kotsimikizika) kumasiyanitsidwa, kusinthana pakati pa mamembala kapena anthu osawadziwa, kulira musananyamuke kapena kuthawa, kulira machenjezo, kufuula kwa alamu, chizindikiro cha kumasulidwa. Makamaka, monga ma crane ena, ndi msewu wogwirizanitsa, womwe umachitidwa ndi mamembala onse awiriwo. Pankhaniyi, mbalame zimayimirira, monga lamulo, lolumikizana mtunda wa 2-3 m, yamphongo, kuyambitsa duet yolumikizana, nthawi zambiri imakhala patsogolo.

Chithunzi 53. Njira Zosiyanasiyana za Crane Zimayambitsa
A ndi mbalame youluka, B ndi crane yofikira, B ndi duet yolumikizana, G ndi nkhawa yofooka, D ndi nkhawa, E - Z ndi bata, Ndi mbalame yodabwitsika pachisa, K ndi mwana wankhuku ya ku Canada.

Mapiko amphongo amakankhidwa kapena kukwezedwa pang'ono m'malo olumikizana, koma osayatsidwa, mapiko amthupi ndi mapiko amtambo sakweza, mutu ndi wotambasulidwa, kotero kuti umapangika kamtambo kofowoka, mutu umaponyedwa kumbuyo, mulomo umawongoleredwa ndikubwerera m'mbuyo pang'ono. Pa nthawi yanyimbo zanyanjayi, njuchi nthawi zonse imasunthira mapiko ake mpaka thupi lake, imatambasulira khosi m'mwamba, mulomo wake mokhazikika. Amapitilizabe kulira kwake mpaka abambo atakhala chete. Monga ma cran ena, duo la unison ndilosagwira ntchito ndipo limapangidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana mkati mwa malo okhala ndi malo osungirako nthawi yachisanu, koma cholinga chake chachikulu ndi chizindikiro cha malo (Walkinshaw, 1973, Johnson, Stewart, 1974, Boise, 1977).

Adani, zovuta

Adani akuluakulu achilengedwe mu tundra ya Chukotka ndi nkhandwe za arctic ndi nkhandwe zazikulu, skuas, ndi m'mbali mwa mtsinje. Anadyr ndi nkhandwe. Ngakhale m'malo opanda phokoso adaniwa sakhala oopsa, chifukwa mbalame zazikulu zimawathamangitsa pachisa kapena pansi pa anapiye, ndikuwonjezereka kwa nkhawa, mkhalidwe umasintha kwambiri ndipo mbadwa za akhanu zimasanduka zodyedwa mosavuta. Milandu ya kufa kwa anapiye ku hypothermia amadziwika. Kubaya ndiwowononga kwambiri anthu okhala ku crane ku Canada, makamaka panthawi yosamukira komanso nthawi yophukira, pamene kusaka mafoni amadzala kuli paliponse (Kishchinsky et al., 1982a, Kondratiev, Krechmar, 1982).

Ku North America, nkhwangwa ya ku Canada ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zomwe zimadyedwa ndipo kuwombera kwawo kumachitika mwalamulo ku Alaska ndi zigawo zakumpoto kwa Canada, komwe njira zosamukasamuka za anthu okhala ku Soviet Union zili ndendende. Kupanga kwathunthu kwa njanji zaku Canada kuli pafupifupi anthu 20,000, kotero kuwonongeka komwe kudachitika chifukwa cha mbalame zokhala m'malo a USSR ndikosapeweka.

23.11.2015

Sandhill Crane (lat. Grus canadensis) ndiye mitundu yambiri yochokera ku banja la ma cranes (Gruidae). Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, chiwerengero chake chimafikira anthu 600-650,000.

Chaka chilichonse mu Novembala, akatswiri azachipembedzo amasonkhana mu Bosque del Apache National Reserve, yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita 150 kumwera kwa mzinda wa Albuquerque (New Mexico) ku America, kuti adzaonerere mwachiwonetsero chachikulu cha kubwera kwa ma cran nyengo yachisanu. Mu gulu limodzi louluka mumatha kukhala mbalame mpaka 10,000.

Mawonedwe oterowo amakhala mphindi zochepa, kotero ndizosatheka kuneneratu malo ndi nthawi yake. Kwa alendo, nyumba zopenyerera zamangidwa m malo osungiramo, momwe mungachitire bwino kuwonera misewu yachilengedwe. M'mawa ndi madzulo mutha kuwona mbalame zikuwuluka kudya kapena usiku.

Khalidwe

Oimira mtundu uwu ndi omnivores. Zakudya zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku zimaphatikizapo zipatso, masamba achichepere osiyanasiyana azomera, mizu, chimanga, tizilombo, mbewa, mphutsi, mbewa, achule ndi njoka zazing'ono. Ulendo wophatikizana wa ma crane kuminda ya chimanga ndi tirigu ndivuto lalikulu kwa alimi aku America.

Kuti ziwuluke mlengalenga, mbalame zazikulu zimayenera kuthamanga pang'ono. Zimawuluka molunjika, ndikupanga mapiko amphamvu.

Nthawi yakusamuka kwakanthawi zimadalira kwathunthu nyengo yamvula. Kuuluka mtunda wautali kwambiri kumapangidwa ndi mbalame yakummawa. Njira zawo zimaposa 8,000 km ndipo zili pamwamba pa Nyanja ya Pacific kumadzulo kwa mapiri a Rocky. Mbalame zimawuluka pamtunda wa 2000 mpaka 2400 m ndipo zimathamanga 60-65 km / h 30-40 km kuchokera pagombe. Paulendo wawutali chonchi, amayima masiku angapo m'zigwa kuti apumule ndikupeza mphamvu. Kuyambira nthawi yozizira, amabwerera mu Meyi kapena koyambirira kwa Juni.

Akamayandikira kwambiri njoka zam'midzi, zimayamba kukhala zoweta zazing'ono. Mbalame zimawulukira mosiyanasiyana posaka malo abwino kubereka.

Kuswana

Ma cranes aku Canada ndi mbalame zopitilira muyeso. Ali ndi zaka 3-4, amapanga mabanja omwe amatha zaka zambiri motsatizana. Chidacho chili pamalo otentha ndipo pali udzu wambiri udzu pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Malo okhala chisa palokha ndi malo ouma. Komwe kuli kusefukira kwamadzi, nthawi zonse kumakhala kuphiri.

Chisa chimatha kutuluka mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi chilengedwe. Nthambi za msondodzi kapena zazifupi, msipu ndi udzu wouma zimapita kukamanga. Nthawi zina zimatha kukhala zazikulu kwambiri ngati banja likugwiritsa ntchito nthambi zazitali za mitengo ndi zitsamba monga zida zomangira. Mbalame zomwe zimakhazikika pamiyala ndi misewu nthawi zambiri zimachita popanda iyo, zitagona pansi. Chaka chilichonse chimamangidwa chisa chatsopano.

Yaikazi imayikira mazira awiri osowa kwambiri. Mtundu wa chipolopolo umatha kukhala wobiriwira, bulauni kapena maolivi wokhala ndi mawanga ofiira amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Maanja onse amakumbatirana mosiyanasiyana. Makulitsidwe kumatenga masiku 29-30. Minkhusu imabadwa ndikuwona, itakutidwa ndi kuwala bulauni fluff ndikapangidwa bwino. Kale tsiku loyamba la moyo wawo, amatha kuchoka pachisa ndikuyamba kufufuza malo owazungulira.

Masabata oyamba, makolo amadyetsa ana awo kwambiri, kenako zoperekazo zimayamba kuchepera. Pakati pa cranes kuyambira masiku oyambira, mpikisano wa chakudya umayamba. Zotsatira zake, chakudya chochuluka chimapita kwa ana opusa kwambiri komanso opitilira muyeso. Kusamalira makolo kumatenga miyezi 9 mpaka 10, ndipo anapiye amapanga magulu achinyamata omwe amakhalapobe mpaka iwo atakwatirana.

Adani a Chikwangwani cha Sandhill

Mdani wachilengedwe wa nkhanu zaku Canada ndi nkhandwe yofiira, nkhandwe ya arctic ndi sku, koma nyama izi sizidyera mbalame zazikulu, koma anapiye, komanso zimadyanso mazira. Kukula achinyamata nthawi zambiri kumwalira ndi hypothermia.

Cranes ndi mbalame zopatsa chidwi, koma zimasakanso.

Alenje amasaka mbalamezi, chifukwa nthawi yamasika ndi nthawi yophukira yoyenda ku Canada, nyengo yamadzi am'madzi ndi yotseguka.

Koma, ngakhale pali zinthu zoyipa ngati izi, kuchuluka kwa anthu amakhalabe okhazikika. Tikukhulupirira kuti popita nthawi chiwerengero cha anthu aku Canada chomwe sichidzachepa, koma m'malo mwake, chidzakulanso.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

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