European kapena Common Greyling ndi masamba a banja la nsomba la imvi. Dzinali limachokera kumalo komwe mitunduyi imakhala. Kuwala kwa ku Europe, komwe kumakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yakumpoto ndi nyanja, kumakhala kofala kwambiri kuchokera ku France ndi Great Britain mpaka ku West Siberian Plain.

M'mayiko angapo ku Europe amatetezedwa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mitundu.

Chidule cha ndemanga:

Malo okhala

Madzi oyera a ku Europe amadzimadzi amapezeka m'mitsinje yoyenda ndi pathanthwe. Kutentha kwamadzi m'nyengo yozizira ndi chilimwe sikuyenera kupitirira madigiri khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri. Sipezeka kawirikawiri mumadziwe atsopano.

Amakhala nthawi yachilimwe kumayendedwe amtsinje, ndipo nthawi yozizira imapita kumadzi akuya. Greyling salola malo okhala ndi vuto - izi ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa anthu awo.

M'madzi ambiri, amakhala kutali ndi gombe, ndipo amasambira kwambiri m'mawa kapena madzulo. Pakumira, imvi imayimilira pansi pa nthambi za mitengo zomwe zimapinda m'madzi kapena pansi pakati pa miyala ndi mbewu.

Imasunthira kufikira kosavuta pakufuna nyama kosaka.

Mawonekedwe

Akatswiri ambiri azachipembedzo amakhulupirira kuti imvi ya ku Europe ndiwokongola kuposa aliyense woimira banja la nsomba. Chithunzicho chikuwonetsa ndalama zokutidwa zokongola, zokutidwa ndi ma slots, komanso kumbuyo kwakumbuyo.

Maonekedwe a nsomba izi zimakhudzidwa ndi momwe zimamera: mawonekedwe am'madzi, kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa madzi.

Ngati malo okhala siabwino, wodwala wazaka zakubadwa zisanu ndi ziwiri sangathe kufikira kilogalamu imodzi. Tsitsi la Transbaikal ndi la mtundu wotere.

M'malo abwino, nsomba imatha kulemera makilogalamu asanu ndi limodzi ndipo imatalika kuposa theka la mita. Pali zimphona ngati izi pakati pa Ordinary and Mongolian grayling.

Nyanjayi imakhudzanso mtundu wa nsomba komanso mawonekedwe a thupi.

Ma Habitats komanso zambiri zokhudzana ndi tsitsi la Europe

European Greyling kapena Common Grayling (Thymallus thymallus) - nsomba zam'madzi zatsopano za banja la nsomba, mtundu wamba wamitundu yokhala ndi masikelo akulu ndi mano ang'onoang'ono. Amasiyana ndi ma subspecies ena pakamwa pake lalikulu; alibe mamba pakhosi komanso m'dera laling'ono la pectoral. Monga ena onse a subfamily, thunthu ndi dorsal fin zimakongoletsedwa ndi mawanga amdima ndi mikwingwirima. Utoto wake ndi tini tasiliva, ndipo timatowo timdima m'mbali mwake. Nthawi zina, masikelo amakhala obiriwira. Zipsepse - kuchokera ku imvi zachikasu mpaka papo papo, zina nthawi zina zimakhala zofiirira.

European Grayling yalembedwa mu Red Book kumadera ena a Russia (Chelyabinsk, Pskov, Yaroslavl, Orenburg district and Moscow Region) ndi mayiko angapo aku Europe, monga zachilengedwe zomwe zili pangozi, zofala kapena zosowa, zimatengera dera ndi dzikolo. Kukhazikika kwa imvi ku Europe: kuchokera ku France, England, Germany ndi mayiko a Scandinavia kupita kumapiri a Ural ku Russia. Imapezeka pafupifupi mitsinje yonse, mwachitsanzo, ku Dniester, Urals, Danube, Neman, ndi Volga. Itha kupezeka m'madziwe a Onega ndi Ladoga. Grayling amakhala ku Arctic Ocean (m'mphepete mwa Baltic, Kara, Nyanja Zoyera). Kuchuluka kwa anthu kumapezeka ku Leningrad, Murmansk dera ndi Karelia. Grayling amakonda malo ozizira oyera osazizira, osankha malo pafupi ndi rapids ndi maenje, amakonda miyala yamiyala ndi pansi.

Grayling

Gray wakuda -wopusa mdani. Amadya chilichonse chomwe chimagwira diso: kuchokera ku crustaceans, mphutsi, mapira, mazira ndi mwachangu kwa tizilombo. Itha kukhala akangaude, nkhanu, mitundu yonse ya midges ndi ziwala. Mtunduwu umadyetsa chaka chonse, maziko a chakudyacho ndi crustaceans, invertebrates, amadzi am'madzi, oyandikana ndi madzi komanso pansi. Akuluakulu amatha kuwedza nsomba zazing'ono, ndipo ngati ali ndi mwayi, sangasiye nyama zazing'ono zomwe zalowa m'madzi. Azarten, pakufunafuna nyama, kuthamangitsa womugwirira, amatha kudumpha mpaka theka la mita pamwamba pa madzi.

Kuluma kwabwino / koyipa kwambiri panyengo

European grayling imatengedwa ngati mitundu yamadzulo - imakonda kusaka mbandakucha komanso madzulo. Masana, imatha kubisala m'madzi akuya, momwe imathandizira antipathy kuti ikhale ndi dzuwa lowala. Ndikofunika kupita kukasaka nsomba zamtengatenga zamadzulo. Mu mitambo nyengo ikhoza kugwiridwanso masana ngati madzi alibe mitambo. Zimayenda bwino kuyambira kumapeto kwa chilimwe mpaka pakati pa chilimwe, makamaka mu Juni. Nthawi imeneyi, nsomba zambiri zodziwika bwino zimapezeka munthawi yamadzulo oyera, kuyambira pakati pausiku mpaka 5 m'mawa. Mu Julayi-Ogasiti, ndikofunikira kuti nsomba zizikhala madzulo, dzuwa litalowa. Madzi osefukira, madziwe akaphwa, muziyang'ana nsomba ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja, momwe silt ndi mchenga zimakhala ndi nthawi yokwanira. Muzochitika zoterezi, zotsatira zabwino zimatha kupezeka ndikugwira zingwe. Zosakhwima zikuluma mu Novembala -February. Kutentha nthawi yayitali, kunyanyala kumatenga nyambo - muyenera kuyesa mwayi wanu pansi, kusungira ntchentche zowala ndi chipiriro.

Kufotokozera Kwa Grayling

Zooneka bwino, "nsomba zamtundu wosadziwika" nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosiyana ndi nsomba zamasamba, ngakhale zimachokera ku mtundu womwewo. Asodzi odziwa zambiri asodzi amaganiza kuti nsomba zotsogola ku Europe ndizo nsomba zokongola kwambiri m’banja la nsomba. Chifukwa cha izi, zimachulukitsa kwambiri kufunika kwa imvi ndi kufunika kwake m'chilengedwe.

Greenling hairling ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi abale ake - ndiwowoneka bwino kwambiri komanso okongola kuposa onse.

Usodzi

Ku UK, nsomba zimatha kugwira nthawi yonse yosodza (kuyambira pa Juni 16 mpaka Marichi 14) ntchentche iliyonse. Grayling agwidwa pa ntchentche zotsatirazi: mfiti ya imvi, klinkhamers, nymphs za Czech ndi 'ma tag ofiira'.

Ku France, nyengoyo imakhala yocheperako chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo. Mtsinje wa Alfer ndi amodzi mwa malo ochepa kumwera kwa Europe komwe ma grayling amakhala m'malo achilengedwe. Nsombayi imayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi achi French, ndipo imadyedwa bwino ndi vinyo wopepuka.

Ku Karelia, imvi ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali yamalonda. Monga lamulo, okhala m'deralo amazigwira pa "bwato", ndi asodzi-asodzi - akamaluka mothandizidwa ndi ma spinner. Kugwidwa kumangoletsedwa kokha. Grayling, monga lamulo, imadyedwa yaiwisi, mumtundu wamchere (wotchedwa stroganina).

Nthawi yakukula kwa imvi ya ku Europe.

Kuchita imvi ku Europe kumafika msanga koyambirira (poyerekeza ndi imvi yomweyo ya ku Siberia): akazi - azaka 2, amuna - pa zaka 3-4. Amuna ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa zazikazi; amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa utoto wowala ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira a fulu lomaliza. Phokoso lalikulu kwambiri la kuimata la ku Europe sindiwo chongokongoletsa nsomba. Akatswiri ndi asayansi akukhulupirira kuti ikamamera, yamphongo imapanga timadzi tambiri ta madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mkaka usatengeke ndi womwewo, ndipo izi zimachulukitsa mazira okhathamiritsa.

Kufalikira kwa imvi ya ku Europe.

European grayling imawonekera pamagetsi amtsinje ndi mwala kapena pansi. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri m'mwezi wa Epulo-Meyi, komanso m'malo akumpoto komanso mu Juni, pomwe madzi amatentha mpaka 8-10 ° С. Kutengera ndi msambo wa imvi yaikazi, kupindika kwake kumatha kukhala mazira 3-6 mpaka mazira 30-30,000. Chifukwa chake chitsimikizo: pogwira zigawo zikuluzikulu zochokera kuchisungiko, mumayipitsa chiwopsezo chochulukirapo kuposa momwe mungagwiritsire zitsanzo zazing'ono. Mkazi wa ku Europe atapendekera, caviar imagwera pansi, pomwe wamwamuna amayamba kuchita gawo: amawaza caviar ndi mchenga. Pambuyo pa masabata awiri kapena atatu kenako, timiyalu tating'ono timabisala ku mazira.

Kudya tsitsi la ku Europe.

Grayling ndimtundu wodziwika. Ngati imvi ya ku Europe ikukhala m'mitsinje yaying'ono ndi m'mitsinje, pomwe chakudya chimakhala chosowa, chimadalira tizilombo toyambitsa madzi ndi mphutsi zake, tizilombo touluka tomwe timagwera m'madzi, nthawi zambiri - nsomba za nsomba. Ngati abambo akukhala mumtsinje, atha kupanga 80% ya nsomba. Nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimapezekanso zimapezekanso muzakudya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zakudya za ku Europe: ma spile ndi mbewa zomwe zidagwera mumtsinje kapena mitsinje ndi mitsinje pakuyenda. Chifukwa chake kuwedza "pa mbewa" sikuti kumangodziwedza m'madzi okha, komanso kuthekera kwa imvi.

Kuwononga nthawi

Nsomba zodzigonera zokhazokha izi zimatsogolera moyo, ndi nyama zazing'ono zokha (mpaka zitakula) kapena zomwe zimangozungulira zimalowa m'magulu. Nyengo yakubereketsa imvi ya ku Europe imayamba mu Epulo-Meyi, komanso ku madera akumpoto - mu Juni pa kutentha mu dziwe pafupifupi 4-10 ° C. Poyerekeza ndi abale ena m'mabanjawo (omwe adasungidwa ku Siberia), imvi zimapsa chifukwa zimamera kale: zazikazi pazaka 2, amuna pa zaka 3-4. Koma kumpoto, kucha kumatha kutenga zaka 7. Nsomba zimapezeka m'mitsinje, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi m'mitsinje, m'malo ozama osaposa 30-60 cm, pomwe padakali pano pamakhala zochulukira ndipo pansi pake amapangidwa ndi miyala kapena mchenga. Oimira anthu okhala kunyanja amachita masewera osokoneza bongo ndikuwonekera m'mizere ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Khalidwe ndi zizolowezi za imvi.

Grayling amakhala m'mitsinje ndi mitsinje yomwe madzi ake amayenda mothamanga. Kupezeka kwamadzi othamanga, okhala ndi okosijeni komanso kuthamanga kwambiri, ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri pamoyo wamanimphona ku Europe. Malo okhala kwambiri ndi ziwembu zokhala ndi zingwe ndi maenje. European grayling kwenikweni sizimapezeka m'madzi. Imvi ya ku Europe ndi nsomba imodzi, ndipo kuyambira kubadwa. Nthawi zina pokhapokha amatha kuyenda m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a nsomba 7-10, ndipo mwinanso, makamaka pamiyala. Koma pali chosiyana ndi lamulo ili. Ku Vishera pamiyala yomwe ili mkati mwa zhora, masukulu aimvi akuda kwambiri! Grayling ndiodziwika chifukwa chanzeru posankha nyama, imadziwika kuti ndi nsomba zamadzulo zomwe zimakonda kusaka m'mawa komanso madzulo. Nthawi yodziwika kwambiri yosodza imvi ndikudya kwamadzulo, pomwe udzudzu ndi tizilombo tina tikhazikika m'madzi ndipo nsomba'yo imayamba "kusungunuka". M'masiku amitambo imatha kudyedwa tsiku lonse, koma ndikofunikira kuti kunalibe mvula, ndipo madzi mumtsinjewo amakhala opanda vuto. Grayling ndi nyama yolimba kwambiri komanso yolimba yomwe imagwira molondola komanso mwachangu tizilombo tomwe tagwera pamadzi. Nthawi zina mutha kuwona momwe imvi imasangalalira njuchi kapena ntchentche ndikulumpha m'madzi kwa theka la mita kapena kupitirira!

European grayling kuphika

Maubwenzi okhudzana a tsitsi la ku Europe la salmon ndi nsomba zoyera samatsimikiziridwa osati ndi mafuta ochepa kumbuyo, komanso ndi nyama yokometsera yokhala ndi ulusi wama-pinki. Amakhala ndi mapuloteni, mafuta ndi madzi okha, palibe chakudya chambiri - mitembo ndi nyama zansomba ndizopatsa thanzi, zopatsa mphamvu ndipo sizimayambitsa ziwengo. Pali mafupa ochepa, mafutawo amadziwika. Nyamayo sizionjezera chisangalalo chosasangalatsa, chamtundu wina, chomwe chimayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi ophika m'malesitanti. Pafupifupi chilichonse chakonzedwa kuchokera kwa iwo - msuzi, masikono, masitepe, marinade, pickles, saladi ndi zokhwasula-khwasula. Kukoma kofatsa kumakupatsani mwayi wophatikiza imvi ndi zipatso zambiri, zonunkhira, masamba ndi chimanga. Ndiwokazinga, wopaka, wothira mchere komanso wosuta. A French amalimbikitsa kuti azikatumikira ndi ma vin.

Kukula kwapakatikati ndi chifanizo cha imvi

Nsombazi zimasiyanitsidwa chifukwa chokhala zazitali kwambiri - mchaka choyamba sizimakula kuposa 10 cm, pofika zaka 5 zimafikira 20-25 cm ndi kulemera kwa magalamu 200-500. Kukula kwakukulu mumphaka: 20-30 masentimita wolemera kuposa kilogalamu 0.3-2. M'madera ena, nsomba zachikulire zimatha kufikira ma kilogalamu atatu ndi chakudya chokhazikika komanso zakudya zingapo. Anthu akuluakulu kwambiri amafika 60 cm, amatha kulemera kuposa 6.5 kg, koma izi ndizopambana. Mphekesera zimanenedwa kuti asodzi ena adapeza nthawi yokwanira mita, koma izi sizinatsimikizidwe.

Nsomba za ku Russia - European grayling (zofala), banja la nsomba