Beluga ndi imodzi mwa nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimadya. M'mbuyomu, zidakhala nyama zamtundu woyenera, koma chifukwa cha chilengedwe chomwe chikuipiraipira, komanso kuchuluka kwakuchuluka kwa ziphesa, beluga idadziwika ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi ndipo idalembedwa mu Red Book.

Ubwino waukulu wa nsomba monga beluga ndi mtengo wake. Ngakhale nsomba zimasiyanitsidwa ndi nyama yolimba, zimawononga ndalama zochepa (zosaposa $ 15 pa kilogalamu) kuposa oimilira ambiri okhazikika, osati otsika kwa iwo nthawi yomweyo ndi malingaliro awo amakoma.

Popeza beluga caviar ndi amodzi mwa okwera mtengo kwambiri padziko lapansi, kuchuluka kwa beluga mwachilengedwe ndizochepa kwambiri kotero kuti amathandizidwa ndi ulimi wa nsomba m'mafamu a nsomba ndi malo osungira okha.

Kufotokozera

Beluga ndi nsomba yapadera yomwe imakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri, ndipo kutalika kwake kumatha kufika zaka mazana ambiri. Amatha kutuluka kanthawi kochepa m'moyo wake, ndikangolowera kunyanja. Kubereka kwa akazi kumatengera kukula kwawo ndipo nthawi zina amafikira mazira 500,000.

Mwachilengedwe, beluga ndi nyama yodziyimira payokha, komabe, imatha kuyenderana ndi sturgeon, sterlet, spike ndi stellate sturgeon. Ma hybron a Sturgeon amapezeka bwino m'minda yama dziwe yapadera.

Pali nthano komanso nthano zambiri zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nsomba yodabwitsayi. Mwachitsanzo, asodzi akale adanena kuti mwala wa Beluga umateteza bwino munthu ku chimphepo pakuyenda panyanja ndikujambula. Mwalawo, malinga ndi asodzi, umatha kupezeka impso za beluga, ndipo umawoneka ngati dzira la nkhuku. M'masiku akale, mwini wake amatha kusinthana ndi mwala pamtengo wokwera mtengo. Amakhulupirirabe nthano iyi, ngakhale palibe chidziwitso chodziwika bwino za mwala.

Chiyambi

Mitundu ya Sturgeon imaphatikizapo: beluga, stellate stellate, sturgeon, sterlet. Pazinthu zakale, ma sturgeon amadziwika kuchokera ku Eocene (85.8-70.6 miliyoni zapitazo). M'mawu osamalira zoogeographic, nthumwi zafosholo ngati fosholo, zomwe zimapezeka kumbali ina ku Central Asia ndi ku North America, ndizosangalatsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwona zotsalira za mitundu yomwe ilipo kale yamtundu wamakono wamtundu wamtunduwu. Zakhalapo zaka zoposa 200 miliyoni, ndipo zinakhala ndi moyo nthawi yomwe ma dinosaurs akukhala padziko lapansi. Ndi mawonekedwe awo osazolowereka, atavala zovala zawo zam'mafupa, amatikumbutsa za nthawi zakale, pamene zida zapadera kapena chingwe cholimba chimafunikira kuti apulumuke. Adapulumuka mpaka masiku athu ano, pafupifupi osasinthika. Kalanga, lero mitundu yonse ya sturgeon yomwe ili pachiwopsezo kapena ili pangozi.

Beluga amadziwika kuti ndi wamkulu kwambiri kuposa nsomba zonse zamadzi zatsopano. Thupi la munthu wamkulu limafika kutalika kwa 4.2 m, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 1.5 matani, ndipo zazikazi ndizokulirapo pang'ono kuposa zazimuna. Thupi lakukali la belu lopindika limakutidwa ndi mizere isanu ya mafupa kupanga - scute, ndi ma taper mwachidziwikire kumchira. Mafupa ophimba mutu, mbali, ndi m'mimba sizinapangidwe bwino. Zishango zolimba kwambiri, zochulukirapo 13, zimakhala kumbuyo ndipo zimagwira ntchito yoteteza.

Monga nsomba zonse zowala, zipsepse za beluga zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa maola amtali komanso owala, otsekedwa: phokoso limakhala ndi mitundu ingapo ya 60, anal kuchokera pa 20 mpaka 40. Mutu wokweza umatha ndi mphuno yakukhazikika, yolowedwa, yomwe imawoneka pang'ono chifukwa cha kusoweka kwa mafupa. Pakamwa pa Beluga ndi ponseponse, koma osapitirira mbali ya mutu; milomo yapamwamba imapachikika.Antenna yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa nsagwada ya m'munsi, yayikulu komanso yayitali kuposa ma sturgeon ambiri ndipo imagwira ntchito yopanga. Kumbuyo kwa beluga kumasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wamtundu wobiriwira kapena phulusa, m'mimba mwayera kapena ndi imvi yopepuka, mphuno yokhala ndi chidwi.

Zosiyanitsa

Kuphatikiza pa kukula kwake, nsomba izi zimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi zotsalazo za thupi lake ndi mnofu wake wamiyendo ndi mphuno zazifupi. Ndizosintha pang'ono chifukwa choti palibe zotchingira mafupa. Pakamwa pake pamakhala m'mbali yonse ya mutu wake, ndipo milomo yoluka ikulowera pamwamba pake. Tinyanga ta m'munsi mwa mutu timasiyana ndi zofanana ndi nsomba zina zomwe zimapezeka mgulu la sturgeon m'lifupi ndi kutalika kwake: m'mitundu ina nsomba ndizochepa. Mafupawo pamutu, mbali, ndi peritoneum amapangika. Kumbuyo, kuchuluka kwa masikelo kumafika 13, mbali - 40-45, ndipo ku peritoneum sikupitilira 12.

Habitat

Belugas ndi nsomba zosamukasamuka, ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi a Black, Azov ndi Caspian, ndipo amasamukira kumitsinje kokha nthawi yakuswana, ndikamaliza kuyambiranso kubwerera kunyanja. Akuluakulu komanso anthu okhwima amakhala m'malo ozama kwambiri, ana amakonda madzi osaya, pafupi ndi kamtsinje.

M'chilimwe, atatulutsa, nsomba zimapumira mwakuya, kenako zimadyetsa zisanachitike. Nyengo yachisanu isanayambike, thupi la beluga limakutidwa ndi "chikhoto" chokhala ngati ntchofu, ndipo nsombayo imagwera makanema ojambula mpaka masika.

Moyo

Ma sturgeon onse amasunthira mtunda wautali kuti azisamba ndi kusaka chakudya. Ena amasamukira pakati pa mchere ndi madzi oyera, pomwe ena - moyo wawo wonse amakhala m'madzi abwino okha. Amabereka m'madzi oyera, ndipo amakhala ndi moyo wautali, chifukwa amafunikira zaka, ndipo nthawi zina makumi, kufikira uchikulire, pomwe adzakhale ndi nthawi yoyamba kubereka. Ngakhale kuchulukana kwapachaka kumatha kukhala kosatsimikizika, ndipo kutengera mtundu womwe ulipo, malo abwino ndi kutentha, malo ena owonekera, pafupipafupi komanso kusamuka ndiwonetseratu. Mitanda yachilengedwe imakhala yotheka pakati pa mitundu iliyonse ya sturgeon. Kuphatikiza pa maphunziro a kasupe m'mitsinje chifukwa chotuluka, ma sturgeon nthawi zina amalowa mumtsinje nawonso kugwa - nthawi yachisanu. Izi nsomba zimasungidwa pansi kwambiri.

Mwa njira yodyetsera, beluga ndi chilombo chomwe chimadya kwambiri nsomba, komanso ma mollusks, mphutsi, ndi tizilombo. Amayamba kukongoletsa ngakhale mwachangu mu mtsinje. Panyanja, imadyera makamaka nsomba (hering, tyulka, gobies, etc.), koma samanyalanyaza nkhono. M'mimba mwa Caspian beluga ngakhale zisindikizo (ma cubs) achidindo zidapezeka.

Nsomba zikuluzikulu zimafunikira chakudya chochuluka, ndipo kukula kwake kwa anthu amodzi kumadalira chakudyacho: momwe nsomba zimadyera, kukula kwake komwe kumakhalako. Chakudya chachikulu cha beluga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba, ndipo beluga imayamba kusanja idakali yaying'ono kwambiri, pokhala mwachangu.

Akuluakulu amasaka zonse panyanja komanso m'madzi. Zakudya zomwe amakonda ku Beluga ndi gobies, hering, spat, Spat, anchovies, roach, hamsa, komanso oimira banja lalikulu la cyprinids. Crustaceans ndi ma mollusks, ndipo ngakhale nyama zazing'ono, mwachitsanzo, zisindikizo zazing'ono za Caspian kapena mafoni am'madzi, amapanga gawo lina la zakudya.

Kuswana

Beluga - zolembera zazitali zazinyama, zofanizira payekha zimakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka zana, motero zimafikira zaka zobereka mochedwa. Amuna ali okonzeka kubereka azaka 13-18, zazikazi zokhwima zaka 16-27. Kutulutsa kumachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka, kutengera izi, beluga limasiyanitsidwa kasupe ndi nthawi yophukira.

Spring beluga imalowa mumtsinje kuchokera kumapeto kwa Januwale pafupifupi mpaka nthawi yachilimwe kwambiri. Autumn beluga imayamba kuyenda kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndikutha mu Disembala, chifukwa chake imakakamizidwa kuti nthawi yozizira ili pansi pa mtsinje mu mabowo akuya, ndikuyamba kubereka kasupe wotsatira.Munthu aliyense wogonana samaberekana chaka chilichonse, koma mosakhalitsa, nthawi zambiri zaka 2-4. Malo osanja a Beluga amadutsa mozama mozama, pakati pamafunde othamanga.

Kuberekera kwa mkazi kumatengera kukula kwake, koma mulimonse, kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe amatuluka ndi 1/5 ya thupi lake. Chiwerengero chapakati cha caviar chimachokera ku 500,000 mpaka miliyoni. Mazira amdima akuda, 3 mm m'mimba mwake, amawoneka ngati nandolo. Chifukwa chakukula kwake, caviar imamatira bwino kuzenje. Pamatenthedwe amadzi a + 12-13 madigiri, nthawi ya makulitsidwe ndi masiku 8 okha.

Fryasi yomwe idabadwa nthawi yomweyo imapita kukadwala kwambiri, ndikudutsa chakudya chopangidwa ndi zinthu zosavuta. Popanda kuyima, ana amapita kunyanja, komwe amakhala mpaka atatha msinkhu.

Alonda manambala

Chifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, nsomba zamtunduwu zachepetsa kwambiri anthu ake ndipo zitha kutha. Chifukwa chake, beluga amalembedwa m'Mabuku Ofiira a mayiko onse omwe amapezeka kumene amapezekabe. Nsomba ndizoletsedwa kusodza ndi Malamulo oyenera a Fisheries. Ili mu Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Natural. Kusodza kwa Beluga kumatheka pokhapokha ngati tili ndi chilolezo. Zimawonetsa kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe zimatha kugwidwa, kukula kwawo.

Usodzi wosaloledwa ndi beluga umalangidwa ndi chindapusa. Ndizosiyana m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Ku Russia, kwa munthu aliyense payekha, ndi ma ruble 12,5,000. Kuphatikiza apo, chindapusa chonse chimaperekedwa, mwachitsanzo, mpaka ma ruble 5,000. Kupha nsomba mosaloledwa, etc. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mlandu wa usodzi wosaloledwa ku Beluga. Kutengera ndi zowonongeka zomwe zapezeka, izi zitha kukhala ntchito zaboma kapena kumangidwa mpaka zaka 5.

Monga nsomba zina, belugas amazidulira mwangozi. Zowona pang'ono kuposa ena onse a sturgeon. "Kusasamala" kwa nsomba kumafotokozedwa ndi kutalika kwakutali - koyamba woyamba wa iwo amatha kupezeka kokha zaka 17 ... 18. Ndipo ngakhale mtengo wa caviar upitilira 10 madola / kg, mabizinesi ochepa omwe amalima nsomba izi.

Kubala kumachitika ndi zida zotsekera madzi. Amayimira maiwe angapo ozungulira kapena mawonekedwe amakona. Amatha kunyamulika (kuchokera ku zida zopepuka), zopangika, mwachitsanzo, konkriti, wokhazikika. Makulidwe awo wamba: kuya - 1.5 m, m'mimba mwake - 2.5 ... 3 m.

Nyama ya Beluga

Mosiyana ndi nsomba zina, nyama ya beluga ndi yowuma bwino, komabe ili ndi makonzedwe abwino kwambiri, omwe amayamikiridwa padziko lonse lapansi. Zabwino kwambiri za balyk zimapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo. Kuphatikiza apo, zakudya zambiri zozizira ndi zotentha zimapangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo, komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zakudya zazing'ono. Kuchokera ku beluga kuti mazira abwino kwambiri amapezeka, amagwira anthu wamba ogulitsa omwe akulemera makilogalamu 5, popeza beluga ndiye nsomba yayikulu kwambiri yamadzi, kulemera kwake nthawi zambiri kumapitilira izi. Ngakhale kuti nsomba za beluga ndi chiwindi chachitali, zaka zambiri za anthu omwe agwidwa pamsika sizikupita zaka 30 mpaka 40.

Nyumba yozizira

Beluga ndi nsomba yofiyira yomwe imakonda nyengo yachisanu mu yati (maenje amtsinje), pomwe imapita ndikutuluka ndi kutuluka ndikuyamba kwa masika. Kukula kwachinyamata kumakonda kupita kumtsinje kuti ukazizire nyengo yozizira kapena kukhazikika pansi pa nyanja yakuya. Pakadutsa pakatikati, beluga imakonda kupuma, itatulutsa kale ndikubwerera kunyanja nthawi yoyamba chisanu isanayambe. Akuluakulu komanso achikulire omwe amatha kupezeka mwakuya kwakukulu, komabe, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo a thupi, ambiri a iwo sangathenso kubereka.

Usodzi

Chifukwa chakuchepa kwambiri kwa anthu komanso kuopseza kutha, kugwira ntchito kwa beluga ndizochepa padziko lonse lapansi. M'mayiko ena, ndalama zotulutsira nsomba siziperekedwa konse. Zalembedwa mu Red Book ngati mtundu womwe watsala pang'ono kutha.Ku Russia, kugwidwa kwa beluga kumatha kupatsidwa chilolezo, makamaka kuti apange kafukufuku komanso kubwezeretsanso zachilengedwe kuti ziberekenso.

Usodzi wa Beluga

Malo akuluakulu omwe mungapeze beluga - malo otseguka nyanja, kutali ndi makilomita kuchokera pagombe. Ndizovuta kuti asodzi amupeze. Tikufuna kalozera yemwe amadziwa chilichonse chokhudza nsomba ndipo, pazifukwa zina zapadera, angathandize kupeza malo olonjeza. Pafupifupi palibe beluga yomwe imagwidwa m'mitsinje. Imatha kuluka ana kwa abulu, zida zoyandama. Komabe, usodzi woterewu ndiwongochitika.

Nsomba ndi nyama yolusa ndipo nyambo yabwino kwambiri ndi nyambo imodzi. Komanso, ngakhale amakhala ndi buluku wamkulu, amakonda kwambiri nsomba zazing'ono. Beluga amakonda kwambiri hamsa, hering'i, roach, anchovies, ndi ng'ombe zamphongo. Beluga saona bwino, motero amatha kunyengedwa ndi china chake chanzeru. Achinyamata, kupatula mwachangu, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito tulo.

Pofuna kukopa beluga komwe kuli giya yanu, gwiritsani ntchito nyambo. Amagwiritsa ntchito nsomba, minced nsomba, chipolopolo chophwanyika. Akuwedza aku Beluga kuchokera m'boti. Amayenera kukhala ndi kukhazikika kwapadera. Kukhalapo kwa mbedza, woyamwa, ndikofunikira. Beluga agwidwa kwambiri kuchokera pansi, motero muyenera kusankha kukonda magiya apansi. Mzerewo uyenera kukhala wokulirapo. Ma Hook amaika lodalirika komanso lalikulu. Mwa ma coils, ochulukitsa ndi oyenera. Ndodozo zizikhala zolimba, ndi mphete zapamwamba kwambiri, mpando wokhala kumbuyo, osawopa madzi am'nyanja.

Ngati ndi kotheka, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito asp, roach. Beluga amapangira mosamala komanso mwaulesi. Mutha kubowola nsomba pambuyo pokoka mwamphamvu. Beluga adakwezedwa kumbali yomwe adanyamulidwa ndi mbedza ndikakokedwa mchombo. Nthawi yomweyo imatulutsa m'mimba mwake. Yotsirizirayi ndiyofunikira kuti nsomba ileke kumenya ndi mchira wake.

Zosintha m'mbuyomu komanso masiku ano

Kudutsa nsomba zomwe zimakhala mu Caspian, Azov ndi Nyanja Yakuda, kuchokera komwe zimalowera mitsinje ndikutulutsa. Beluga kale anali ochulukirapo, koma tsopano ali pafupi kutha kuthengo.

Nyanja ya Caspian inali ponseponse. Pakuwonongeka, imalowera makamaka ku Volga, yaying'ono kwambiri - ku Urals ndi Kura, komanso Terek. M'mbuyomu, nsomba zodziwikiratu zomwe zidakwera zidakwera kwambiri ku Volga basin kwambiri - ku Tver komanso mpaka kumtunda kwa Kama. Mu Urals, zofalikira makamaka m'munsi komanso pakati. Unapezekanso m'mphepete mwa Iranian kumwera kwa Caspian ndikuwonekera mumtsinje. Zabwino. Pakati pa 1961 mpaka 1989. Beluga adakwera m'mphepete mwa Volga kupita ku Volgograd hydroelectric, komwe nsombazo zimapangidwa kuti zikhale nsomba zosamukasamuka ku Volga Hydroelectric Power Station, yomwe, komabe, idagwira ntchito mosakhutira. Zotsatira zake, kale mu nthawi za Soviet, mu 1989, okwera nsomba adachotsedwa ntchito. Ku Kura kukwera kupita kumalo opangira magetsi am'madzi aku Kurinskiy ku Azerbaijan.

Bungwe la Azov la kubereka limaphatikizidwa mu Don ndipo ndi ochepa kwambiri ku Kuban. M'mbuyomu, idakwera pamwamba pa Don, tsopano imangofika pa kituo cha ma Tsimlyansk hydroelectric.

Kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala ndi beluga ya Black Sea m'mbuyomu, ndipo tsopano amakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa nyanjayi, pomwe imayamba kufalikira makamaka ku Danube, Dnieper ndi Dniester, anthu osakwatiwa adalowa (ndipo mwina alowa) ku Southern Southern. Beluga mu Nyanja Yakuda idadziwikanso m'mbali mwa gombe la Crimea, pomwe pafupi ndi Yalta idalembedwa pamadzi akuya mpaka 180 m (ndiye kuti kukhalapo kwa hydrogen sulfide kumawonedwa kale), komanso kugombe la Caucasian, komwe nthawi zina kunkapezeka ku Rioni, komanso m'mphepete mwa Turkey , pomwe spuga wolowera idalowa m'mitsinje ya Kyzylirmak ndi Yeshilirmak. Pa Dnieper, anthu akuluakulu (mpaka 300 makilogalamu) nthawi zina amagwidwa pafupi ndi ziganda (gawo la Dnieper pakati pa mizinda yamakono ya Dnieper ndi Zaporozhye), ndipo njira zowonjezereka zidawonekera ku Kiev ndi kumtunda: pa Desna, beluga idafika kumudzi wa Vishenki, komanso kudutsa Sozh, kupita ku Gomel, komwe m'ma 1870s munthu wolemera makilogalamu 295 (18 mapaundi) adagwidwa.

Ambiri mwa Nyanja Yakuda amapita kukayambira ku Danube, komwe m'mbuyomu nyamazo zinali zodziwika bwino ndipo zidayamba ku Serbia, ndipo m'mbuyomu zidafika ku Passau kum'mawa kwa Bavaria. Kufalikira kwa Beluga pa Dniester kwalembedwa pafupi ndi mzinda wa Soroki kumpoto kwa Moldova ndi kumtunda kwa Mogilev-Podolsky. Pa Southern Bug idakwera ku Voznesensk (kumpoto kwa dera la Nikolaev). Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya Nyanja Yakuda kuli pafupi kutha. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, Beluga sangathe kukwera pamwamba pa Kakhovskaya hydroelectric station pafupi ndi Dnieper, pamwamba pa malo osungirako mafuta a Dubossarskaya motsatira Dniester, ndi pamwamba pa poyambira pamagetsi a Dzherdap hydroelectric motsatira Danube.

Mpaka 70s. XX century Beluga adapezekanso mu Nyanja ya Adriatic, pomwe idalowa nkuyamba kuwaza mumtsinje. Komabe, pazaka 30 zapitazi sanakumaneko pano, chifukwa chake anthu a ku Adriatic a beluga tsopano akuwoneka kuti adzawonongedwa.

Kuyambira 2009, beluga silingathenso kutchire ku Russia, chifukwa cha kutayika kwa opanga komanso kuchepa kwa malo achilengedwe. Njira yokhayo yolimbikitsira kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala kutchire ndikuwabzala mwamagetsi ndikubala ana.

Miyeso

Beluga - imodzi mwa nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zam'madzi, zomwe zimafika pamtunda umodzi ndi theka kutalika ndi kutalika kwa 4.2 m.Monga zosagwirizana (malinga ndi malipoti osatsimikizika) anthu mpaka matani 2 ndi 9 m kutalika adawonetsedwa (ngati chidziwitsochi ndicholondola, ndiye kuti beluga ingaganizidwe ngati madzi abwino kwambiri nsomba zadziko lapansi).

"Kafukufuku wokhudza boma la asodzi ku Russia" (gawo 4, 1861) akusimba za beluga lomwe linagwidwa mchaka cha 1827 ku Volga yapansi, yomwe inali lolemera pafupifupi matani 1.5 (90 mapaundi). Pa Meyi 11, 1922, mzimayi wolemera makilogalamu 1224 (75 mapaundi) adagwidwa munyanja ya Caspian pafupi ndi kamwa la Volga, ali ndi 667 kg pa thupi, 288 kg pamutu uliwonse ndi 28,5 kg pa caviar. Apanso, wamkazi wa msinkhu womwewo adagwidwa munyanja ya Caspian mdera la Biryuchaya Spit mu 1924, mazira ake anali 246 kg, ndipo chiwerengero chonse cha mazira chinali pafupifupi 7.7 miliyoni.M'mawa pang'ono kummawa, kutsogolo kwa khomo la Urals Meyi 3, 1926 anali. Mkazi wazaka 75 wazaka zopitilira tani 1 ndi kutalika kwa 4.24 m, momwe mudali ma kilogalamu 190 (12 mapaundi) a caviar. Mu National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan (Kazan), chodzaza ndi beluga 4.17 m, lomwe limapezeka ku Middle Volga pafupi ndi mudzi wa Tetyusha koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, limafotokozedwa. Kulemera kwake panthawi yogwidwa kunali pafupifupi makilogalamu 1000, msinkhu wa nsomba ndi zaka 60-70. Zifanizo zazikulu zidapangidwanso kum'mwera kwa Nyanja ya Caspian - mwachitsanzo, mu 1836, beluga yolemera makilogalamu 960 (mapaundi 60) adagwidwa pafupi ndi Krasnovodsk Spit (Turkmenistan yamakono).

Pambuyo pake, nsomba zolemera kuposa tani sizinalembedwenso, koma mu 1970 mlandu udafotokozedwa za kugwidwa kwa Beligamu yolemera makilogalamu 800 kuchokera ku Volga delta, komwe ma kilo 112 adabwezeretsedwanso, ndipo mu 1989, Beluga yolemera makilogalamu 966 ndi kutalika kwa 4 idagwidwa pamenepo. , 20 m (pakadali pano nyama yake yodzala ndi malo osungirako zinthu zakale ku Astrakhan Museum).

Anthu akuluakulu a beluga adagwidwanso pakati ndipo ngakhale kumtunda kwa beseni la Volga: mu 1876, mumtsinje. Vyatka pafupi ndi mzinda wa Vyatka (Kirov wamakono) anagwidwa ndi beluga wolemera makilogalamu 573, ndipo mu 1926 kudera la mzinda wamakono wa Tolyatti, beluga yolemera 570 kg adagwidwa ndi 70 kg ya caviar. Palinso umboni wokhudza kugwidwa kwa anthu ambiri kwambiri kumtunda wa Volga pafupi ndi Kostroma (500 makilogalamu, pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19) komanso mumtsinje wa Oka pafupi ndi Spassk, Ryazan Province (380 kg, 1880s).

Beluga adafika zazikuluzikulu munyanja zina. Mwachitsanzo, mu Temryuk Bay ya Nyanja ya Azov mu 1939, beluga yachikazi yolemera makilogalamu 750 idagwidwa, munalibe caviar mmenemo. Mu 1920s 640-kilogalamu Azov belugas akuti.

Mu 2013-2015 Zoyesa zazikulu za beluga zolemera 125-300 kg zidagwidwa pamtsinje wa Ural ku Kazakhstan.

M'mbuyomu, nsomba wamba za Beluga zinali 70-80 kg pa Volga, 60-80 kg pa Nyanja ya Azov, ndi 50-60 kg m'dera la Danube ku Black Sea. L. S. Berg munyimbo yake yotchuka "nsomba zamchere ku USSR ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo" akuwonetsa kuti unyinji wa beluga "m'chigawo cha Volga-Caspian ndi 65-150 kg koposa." Chiwerengero chachikulu cha amuna chomwe chinagwidwa ku Don Delta chinali 75-90 kg (1934, zambiri za anthu 1977), ndi akazi - 166 kg (avareji ya 1928-1934).

Kukula ndi kubereka

Beluga ndi nsomba yokhala ndi moyo wautali mpaka zaka 100. Mosiyana ndi nsomba za Pacific zomwe zimafa zitamera, beluga, ngati ma sturgeon ena, zimatha kutuluka nthawi zambiri m'miyoyo yawo. Pambuyo pang'onopang'ono, imangobwerera kunyanja.

Caviar pansi, yomata. The mwachangu zimawonekera mdera la Volga mu June - kutalika kwawo ndi 1.5-2.4 cm.Amayenda mwachangu kulowa mu Nyanja ya Caspian, komabe, zofananira zokhazokha zimatha kukhala mumtsinje mpaka azaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Amuna a Caspian a beluga amatha kutha msinkhu zaka 13-18, ndipo akazi ali ndi zaka 16-27 (makamaka zaka 22-27). Chonde ya beluga malinga ndi kukula kwa mkazi, ranges kuchokera 500 zikwi ndi miliyoni (milandu kwapadera, mpaka miliyoni 5) mazira. Pali umboni kuti zazikazi zazikulu (2.5-2.59 m) Volga zazikazi zimayikira mazira okwana 937, ndipo a Kurino achikazi omwewo - avare mazira 686,000. M'mbuyomu (malinga ndi deta ya 1952), fecundity wamba wa Volga beluga yomwe inali mkati mwake anali mazira 715,000.

Pakati pa beluga kudya ku North ya Caspian, 67% amachuluka (70 145 masentimita m'litali, za makilogalamu 19 kulemera, ndi osaposa zaka 13). Asodzi a nsomba, azaka za zaka 11 mpaka 37 anapezeka. Kurin beluga amakula pang'onopang'ono kuyerekeza ndi Volga. The precocious kwambiri ndi Azov beluga: amuna ake okhwima pa zaka 12-14, akazi pa zaka 16-18.

Kusamukira

Beluga imakwera ndikufalikira kumitsinje (kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Caspian kupita ku Volga, Urals, ndalama zochepa mpaka Kura ndi Terek, kuchokera ku Black Sea kupita ku Dnieper, Danube, kuchokera ku Azov kupita ku Don ndi Kuban). Kutalikirana komwe kumapita ku Volga kumayamba mu Marichi pa kutentha kwa 6 - 7 ° C, ndikutha mu Okutobala. Beluga amapita ku Don kuchokera March kuti December, ndi Danube kwa March. Tinkapanga nsomba zam'madzi pachaka cholowera mumtsinje. Anthu pawokha nthawi yozizira-yophukira yozizira mumtsinje mu maenje. Ochepa okha a anthu yozizira m'mitsinje. Malo osangalatsa nthawi yozizira panyanja amakhala pakuya kwa 6-12 m. Atatulutsa, belugas imatsitsa Volga kuchokera pakuwonongeka kwa ayezi kupita kumapangidwe kwa ayezi (mwapadera nthawi yachisanu), ku Urals kuyambira Marichi mpaka Juni ndi Novembala mpaka Novembala.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Mwa njira yodyetsera, beluga ndi nyama yomwe imadya kwambiri nsomba. Amayamba kukongoletsa ngakhale mwachangu mu mtsinje. Panyanja, imadyera makamaka nsomba (hering, tyulka, gobies, etc.), koma samanyalanyaza nkhono. M'mimba mwa Caspian beluga ngakhale zisindikizo (ma cubs) achidindo zidapezeka.

Akuthamanga beluga mu ankadziwana Volga ndi mtsinjewo, monga ulamuliro, si kudyetsa. Omwe akupikisana nawo chakudya ku Beluga kunyanja amakhala sturgeon ndi stellate sturgeon, mumtsinjewo ndi pike perch, asp, pike.

Kuyanjana kwa anthu

M'mbuyomu, nsomba zamalonda zamtengo wapatali. Popeza 2000, nsomba beluga ailetsa ku Russia; kuyambira 2016, ndi moratorium mayiko wakhala mphamvu loletsa usodzi wa beluga (ndi mitundu ina Nsombazi) m'maiko onse Caspian. Zogulitsa za Volga Beluga kumayambiriro kwa 70s zinali pamtunda wa matani 1.2-1,5 miliyoni pachaka, zomwe zimawerengetsera 10-11% ya zopangidwa zapachaka za sturgeon mu beseni la Volga-Caspian. Mu 90s ya XX century, panali kuchepa kwaposachedwa (t): 1993 - 311, 1995 - 154, 1997 - 127, 1998 - 78, 1999 - 40, 2000 - 44. mu 1995-1996 nsomba zoweta beluga mu Black ndi Azov Nyanja anali 1 yekha tani. beluga anali kuwafuna maukonde.

Chiwerengero cha Azov beluga chatsika kwambiri chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa malo achilengedwe, chifukwa chomanga ma hydro, kuchuluka kowerengeka kwa anthu, kufunikira kochepa kwambiri kwa kubereka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa opanga, kusefukira komweko m'mitsinje ndi munyanja, komwe kudachitika mpaka m'ma 80s zaka Mu 70s lapansi. Caspian beluga caviar feteleza adanyamulidwa ndikunyamulidwa ndikuyenda mu Nyanja ya Azov. Kuyambira 1956, yapangidwanso m'mafakitala a sturgeon a Don ndi Kuban. Panopa, pafupifupi anthu onse analengedwa ndi fakitale. Kuyambira mu 1986, kuwedza kwa Beluga pa Azov aletsedwa; Cryopreservation of genomes ndiyofunikira, kukulitsa njira zodziwitsira anthu amtundu wa Azov ndi Caspian kuti aletse kubereka komanso kutulutsa kwa Nyanja ya Azov, kukonza kusintha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kubereka ana mwamavuto m'madziwe ndikupereka kwake kwa chaka 1 miliyoni kapena kuposerapo. Iwo ayipanga mu minda aquaculture (Nsombazi kuswana), kuti alandire wakuda caviar.

Bungwe la International Union for Conservation of Natural lapatsa mitunduyi mitundu kuti izisamalira monga "Zomera Zosakhalitsa". Pakusodza kosavomerezeka kwa ma sturgeon ku Russia, ngongole zachifwamba (mpaka zaka 3 m'ndende) ndi chindapusa cha boma zimaperekedwa.

Beluga caviar

Zachikazi za Beluga zikuphonya caviar.Beluga mazira lalikulu, iwo nakwaniritsa 2.5 millimeters awiri, ndi kulemera kwa mazira ndi 1 / 5-1 / 4 kulemera kwa thupi. Beluga caviar amadziwika kuti ndi wofunika kwambiri pakati pa ena onse a sturgeon caviar. Imakhala ndi imvi yakuda ndi tint ya siliva, kununkhira kwamphamvu komanso kununkhira kwamtundu wamafuta. Chisanachitike chisanachitike, mitundu yophika bwino kwambiri ya granular beluga caviar inkatchedwa "Kugawananso Warsaw", chifukwa zinthu zambiri zimachokera ku Astrakhan kupita ku Warsaw mu Ufumu wa Russia, komanso kuchokera kumayiko ena. Pofika kumapeto kwa 2005, 1 makilogalamu beluga mtengo caviar za € 620 mwakatangale mu Russia (ndi zoletsa kugulitsa caviar izi) ndi kuti € 7,000 kunja, mu 2019 mtsuko masekeli magalamu 250 poached beluga caviar anali pa wakuda msika 42 - Ma ruble chikwi. Malinga ndi WWF, 80% ya caviar wakuda omwe adagulitsidwa ku Russia mchaka cha 2015 ndiwomwe udachokera pozolowera, ndi caviar wakuda yekha yemwe adalimidwa m'mafamu azam'madzi amaloledwa kugulitsa.

Beluga Roar

Mu Russian, pali phraseology "wobangula beluga" imene Komabe, zosagwirizana ndi nsomba ndipo amagwirizana ndi phokoso mokweza yotentha ndi nsomba imodzi beluga whale. M'zaka za zana la 19, matchulidwe awiri a dzina la mayi uyu anali ofala: "beluga whale" ndi "beluga". Mu Chirasha chamakono, liwu loti "beluga" limakhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu - nsomba ya beluga, komanso limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinyama chanyama.

Beluga ndi nthawi yaitali wokhala mwa nsomba madzi oyera

Beluga ndi wokhalitsa pakati pa nsomba ndipo umatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka zana. Itha kumera nthawi zambiri, mosiyana ndi nsomba zina za Pacific zomwe zimamera kamodzi kokha m'miyoyo yawo yonse, ndikufa zitangofalikira.

Zokonzekera bwino kuswana, zimphona izi zimakhala ngati anthu. Chabwino, kuweruza ndi amuna okha zipse ndi zaka 15-18, ndi akazi osati kale kuposa zaka 16-27. Chiwerengero cha mazira okazinga chimawerengera ngati mazira pafupifupi 715. Kubzala kwa beluga kumadalira kukula kwa chikazi, komanso malo okhala. Ku Volga Beluga, chiwerengerochi chimachokera ku 500,000 mpaka miliyoni, ndipo Kurinsky kukula komweko amapereka mazira 640 zikwi. Izi zidalira pa malo ndiponso kukhala malo abwino.

Caviar wodula kwambiri ndi Beluga

Ponena za caviar yomwe. Mazira a Beluga ndi akulu kwambiri 1.4-2.5 mm. Kulemera kwa mazira ndi pafupifupi theka la kulemera kwa mkazi. Muli kukoma kosangalatsa kopatsa thanzi.

Utoto wakuda, mthunzi wowoneka bwino, kununkhira kwamphamvu, zonsezi zidapangitsa kuti caviar akhale wokoma kwambiri kotero kuti pamsika wakuda ku Russia wogula amakhala wokonzeka kulipira pafupifupi ma euro 620 pa kg pa zinthu zotere popanda malonda. Kunja, pafupifupi 7000 eureka atha kupezeka kwa beluga caviar. mtengo chotere chimakhalapo chifukwa kukoma caviar ichi ndi chakuti mwalamulo mu Russia inu sangathe kugula kapena kugulitsa beluga kulikonse caviar. Zochita zonse zimachitika pansi pa mbendera yakuda.

Masiku ano ku Russia kuli zoletsa za beluga, chifukwa zili pafupi kutha. Komanso beluga adalembedwa mu Buku Lofiira. Iyi ndi ntchito m'malo yowopsa kwa nsomba beluga. Popeza nthawi ndi yayikulu.

Lawani zokonda za beluga nyama

Nyama ya Beluga, mosiyana ndi mtundu wina wa ma sturgeon, si mafuta ndipo imakhala ndi mafuta ochepa kwambiri. Koma ngakhale kuti mu nthawi tsarist Beluga zinali zambiri kuposa tsopano, mafumu yekha wa akalonga ndi boyars akhoza kulawa nyama zake zokoma. Monga mukuwonera, amamvetsetsanso nyama panthawiyo, ndipo amawona nyama ya Beluga ngati chinthu chosazolowereka komanso chodabwitsa.

Zinsinsi ndi zikhulupiliro zomwe Beluga akuzungulirani

Koma sikuti nyama ndi caviar zokha zomwe zinali zofunikira kwambiri munthawi zakale. Mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi nsodzi ankakhulupirira kuti katundu mozizwitsa Beluga mwala. Mothandizidwa ndi mwala wodabwitsawu mutha kuchiritsa anthu, kuchiritsa midzi yonse. Amakhulupiriranso kuti mtundu wamtundu wa amulet umabweretsa chisangalalo komanso kukopa kwabwino kwa iwo omwe ali ndi mwala uwu.

Linali lathyathyathya komanso lozungulira ndipo linali pafupifupi dzira la nkhuku. Iwo zopezera impso beluga lalikulu. Ikhozanso kugulitsidwa mtengo kwambiri kapena kusinthanitsa ndi china chake mtengo.Koma mphekesera izi sizinapeze chitsimikizo. Koma malinga ndi miyala yotereyi, zikuwoneka kuti zinali nsomba zabwino kwambiri zamisiri zaluso. Pali ena omwe amakhulupirira za zozizwitsa za mwala uwu, komanso kuti mwalawo umakhalapo.

Koma zinsinsi za Beluga sizimathera pamenepo

Asodzi ambiri anali ofanana poganiza kuti beluga ndi nsomba yoopsa kwambiri. Chikhulupiriro ichi sichinapezenso chitsimikiziro. Koma asodziwo anali otsimikiza kuti nsomba zotere zimatha kudwala matenda a chiwewe ngati galu kapena mphaka. Amakhulupiriranso kuti chiwindi cha beluga chinali chakupha. Koma ziribe kanthu zomwe makolo athu akanakhulupirira kumeneko, komabe ambiri amakonda lingaliro kuti mphekesera zonsezi zimafalikira kuti udziwe.

Kotero kuti wamba sanadye nyama kuti adye ndipo sanamve Beluga bwino. Ndizotheka kuti chifukwa cha kumva uku m'mbuyomu, beluga ikhoza kukula mpaka matani 2 x kulemera ndi 9 mita kutalika.

Beluga ndi imodzi mwa nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimadya. M'mbuyomu, zidakhala nyama zamtundu woyenera, koma chifukwa cha chilengedwe chomwe chikuipiraipira, komanso kuchuluka kwakuchuluka kwa ziphesa, beluga idadziwika ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi ndipo idalembedwa mu Red Book.

Ubwino waukulu wa nsomba ngati beluga ndi mtengo wake. Ngakhale nsomba zimasiyanitsidwa ndi nyama yolimba, zimawononga ndalama zochepa (zosaposa $ 15 pa kilogalamu) kuposa oimilira ambiri okhazikika, osati otsika kwa iwo nthawi yomweyo ndi malingaliro awo amakoma.

Popeza beluga caviar ndi amodzi mwa okwera mtengo kwambiri padziko lapansi, kuchuluka kwa beluga mwachilengedwe ndizochepa kwambiri kotero kuti amathandizidwa ndi ulimi wa nsomba m'mafamu a nsomba ndi malo osungira okha.

Banja la Sturgeon: mafotokozedwe

Nsomba ndi za banja la sturgeon, oyimirira oyimira omwe adapezeka zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo. Amasiyana ndi nsomba zamtundu wina mwa mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe awo, chomwe chimakhala chachikulu ndi mizere isanu ya zotupa m'mphepete mwa beluga.

Monga ma sturgeon onse, beluga imakhala ndi mutu kutalika, pomwe m'munsi mwake muli tinyanga 4 tikufika pakamwa pa beluga. Kuphatikiza apo, m'mapangidwe a ma sturgeon pali mawonekedwe a cartilage oyambira kwambiri, komabe, chochititsa chidwi cha ma sturgeons ndikuti m'munsi mwa mafupa awo mumakhala chisa cha cartilaginous, chifukwa chomwe nsomba imapanga mokulira ngakhale poganiza kuti ilibe chochita chilichonse.

Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ya sturgeon imaphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, kuluga, beluga ndi sterlet. Awa ndi nsomba zazikulu, zomwe zazikulu kwambiri ndi beluga. Nsomba zimatha kutalika mpaka 4 metres. Komanso, kulemera kwa anthu ena nthawi zina kumaposa tani. Ngakhale kuti buluga imapezeka m'madzi ambiri makamaka mkati mwa Caspian ndi Black Sea, pomwe imakonda kufalikira kulikonse, panthawi yopanga, beluga imadzaza mitsinje yayikulu yamadzi.

Beluga: Kufotokozera nsomba

Beluga ndi imodzi mwa nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zam'madzi. Kutengera ndi malo omwe amakhala, kulemera kwake kumafika pa 50 kg mpaka 1 t. Msodzi wosamukira kumeneku ndi chiwindi chenicheni cha nthawi yayitali, chifukwa zaka za anthu ena zimafika zaka zana limodzi.

M'malo mwake, beluga ndi nyama yomwe imayamba kusaka mwachangu. Anthu omwe amakhala moyo wawo wamadzi ambiri amadya nsomba. Kuphatikiza apo, mwachilengedwe, beluga imatha kupanga mitundu yosakanikirana (yosakanizidwa), yomwe mitanda yomwe imakonda kwambiri:

• Ndi sterlet - amapanga nsomba yotchedwa bester, yomwe ndi yosakanikirana kwambiri ya beluga. Imakula ngati gwero lenileni la usodzi wa sturgeon pamsika wamafuta.Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha nyama yake yomwe idapezedwa, komanso phindu la zakudya mwachangu, chifukwa chake zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku nsomba izi zimatipatsa mwayi wofunikira kwambiri.
• Stellate sturgeon.
• Nsomba.
• Sturgeon.

Zophatikiza zamtunduwu ndizofalikira mkati mwa Nyanja ya Azov komanso m'malo ena osungira madzi.

Habitat

Malo okhalamo a beluga: Nyanja Yakuda ndi Caspian yokhala mitsinje yonse kulowa mkati mwake. M'malo mwake, beluga ndi nsomba yomwe imakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi, ndipo imalowa m'mitsinje pokhapokha itakwanitsa zaka zoberekera.

Pambuyo pake, amabwerera kunyanja, koma kale pamodzi ndi mwachangu. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti amakonda kupita kutali, ngakhale atakhala kuti, chifukwa cha kukula kwake, sangawope kuwukiridwa ndi ena omwe amadyera madzi ena. Kuphatikiza apo, beluga inangotsala pang'ono kubereka, ndipo kuchuluka kwayo kumathandizidwa ndi minda yama nsomba ndi malo osungira ena.

Kuponya caviar

Kuponya kwa caviar kwamiyeso yosiyanasiyana kumachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana, komabe, mwa achichepere kwambiri, nthawi imeneyi imagwera pakati pa kasupe ndikupitilira mpaka nthawi yophukira kwambiri. Mizere yakuya yokhala ndi chingwe chofulumira, momwe miyala kapena cartilaginous pansi limakhazikika, ndimalo oponya caviar. Ena mwa omwe amawerengera amapita kumalo akuzama kwambiri komanso kozizira kwambiri pamtsinje, ndipo ena amabwerera kunyanja.

Beluga caviar ndi wamkulu kwambiri ndipo amafanana ndi nandolo mu kukula kwake. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti munthu m'modzi amatha kubereka mazira ambiri omwe amapanga 1/5 ya thupi lake. Chiwerengero cha mazira chikufika mamiliyoni angapo. Posachedwa nsomba zazing'ono zimapita kunyanja, komwe zimakakhala mpaka atatha msinkhu.

Zachilengedwe

Beluga ikhoza kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri yayikulu:

Izi nsomba kumangoyambira pansi-pelagic moyo.

Kunyanja, kumakhala ndekha. Kukula mwakugonana kumachitika mwa amuna ali ndi zaka 12-15, ndipo mwa akazi azaka zakubadwa 16-18, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti, popeza beluga ndi nsomba yokhalitsa, anthu azaka zosaposa 50-60 amataya kwathunthu kutha kubereka.

Beluga, yomwe imasungidwa muukapolo, imaberekanso kulowetsedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha njirayi, mitundu yambiri ya ma beluga omwe amapezeka mu nsomba adapangidwa.

Amati izi ndi mfumu-beluga. Ndipo pa intaneti MEM yatsopano yatulutsa kale mawonekedwe amphaka wachisoni komanso nkhandwe yolimba - nsomba yachisoni. Tiyeni tiwone zambiri za iye ...

Ichi ndi Museum ya Astrakhan ya Local Lore.

Museum wa Astrakhan ali ndi mbiri ziwiri za beluga - imodzi ya 4-mita (pang'ono pang'ono kuposa yomwe Nicholas II adapereka ku Kazan Museum) komanso yayikulu kwambiri - 6-metres. beluga wamkulu kwambiri, mita 6. Anamugwira nthawi yomweyo ngati wamamita anayi, mchaka cha 1989, Ozunza adagwira beluga lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, dzira m'matumbo, kenako adayitanira kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale ndipo adanena komwe angatenge "nsomba" yayikulu kukula kwa galimoto yayikulu.

Pokhala zaka zoposa 200 miliyoni, ma sturgeon - lero ali pafupi kutha. Ku Danube, m'chigawo cha Romania ndi Bulgaria, imodzi mwa zilombo zakutchire ku Europe idapulumuka. Danube sturgeon ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe. Ambiri aiwo amakhala ku Nyanja Yakuda ndipo amasamukira ku Danube kuti awonongeke. Amafika kutalika kwa mita 6 ndipo amakhala ndi zaka 100.

Kusodza kosaloledwa komanso kuchotsa zinyalala, makamaka chifukwa cha caviar, ndi imodzi mwazowopsa zomwe zimawopseza ma sturgeon. Kuchotsa malo okhala ndi kusokoneza njira zosamukasamuka za ma sturgeon ndizowopsa zina ku mitundu yapaderayi.Popeza atakhazikitsa ndi kutenga nawo gawo ku European Community the Life + program, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), mothandizidwa ndi mabungwe ena apadziko lonse, akhala akugwira ntchito yamavuto awa m'zaka zaposachedwa.

Mtundu ndi Chiyambi

Mitundu ya Sturgeon imaphatikizapo: beluga, stellate stellate, sturgeon, sterlet. Momwe zilili zakale, ma sturgeon amadziwika kuchokera ku Eocene (85.8-70.6 miliyoni zapitazo). M'mawu osamalira zoogeographic, nthumwi zafosholo ngati fosholo, zomwe zimapezeka kumbali ina ku Central Asia ndi ku North America, ndizosangalatsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwona zotsalira za mitundu yomwe ilipo kale yamtundu wamakono wamtundu wamtunduwu. Sturgeon ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yapadera komanso yosangalatsa ya nsomba zakale. Zakhalapo zaka zoposa 200 miliyoni, ndipo zinakhala ndi moyo nthawi yomwe ma dinosaurs akukhala padziko lapansi. Ndi mawonekedwe awo osazolowereka, atavala zovala zawo zam'mafupa, amatikumbutsa za nthawi zakale, pamene zida zapadera kapena chingwe cholimba chimafunikira kuti apulumuke. Adapulumuka mpaka masiku athu ano, pafupifupi osasinthika.

Kalanga, lero mitundu yonse ya sturgeon yomwe ili pachiwopsezo kapena ili pangozi.

Sturgeon - nsomba yayikulu kwambiri yamadzi oyera

Beluga Book of Record

Beluga sindiyo yokha yayikulu kwambiri ya ma sturgeon, komanso nsomba zazikulu kwambiri za omwe agwidwa m'madzi atsopano. Pali nthawi zina pomwe nthawi zina zimafika mpaka 9 metres ndipo zolemera mpaka 2000 kg. Masiku ano, anthu omwe akulemera kuposa makilogalamu 200 sapezeka kwenikweni;
Mu "Kafukufuku wokhudza usodzi ku Russia," mu 1861, adanenedwa za beluga lomwe linagwidwa mu 1827 ku Volga yapansi, yomwe inalemera matani 1.5.

Pa Meyi 11, 1922, mzimayi wolemera makilogalamu 1224 adagwidwa munyanja ya Caspian, pafupi ndi kamwa la Volga, pomwe ma kilogalamu 667 adagwera thupi lake, ma kilogalamu 288 pamutu, ndi ma kilogalamu 146,5 pa caviar (onani chithunzi). Apanso, wamkazi wa msinkhu womwewo adagwidwa munyanja ya Caspian mdera la Biryuchaya Spit mu 1924, mudali ma kilogalamu 246 a caviar, ndipo chiwerengero chonse cha mazira chinali pafupifupi 7.7 miliyoni.

Kummawa pang'ono, kutsogolo kwa kamwa ya Urals pa Meyi 3, 1926, mayi wazaka 75 adagwidwa wolemera kuposa 1 ton ndi 4.24 metres, momwe mudali ma kilogalamu 190 a caviar. Mu National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan ku Kazan, lodzaza ndi beluga mita 4.17, lomwe limapezeka kumapeto kwa Volga koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, likuwonetsedwa. Kulemera kwake panthawi yogwidwa kunali pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 1000, msinkhu wa nsomba ndi zaka 60-70.

Mu Okutobala 1891, pamene chimphepo chinaomba madzi ku nyanja ya Taganrog Gombe la Nyanja ya Azov, munthu wapaulendo amene amayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja, anapeza beluga mu imodzi mwa mapondawo, omwe anakoka mapaundi 20 (327 kg), omwe makilogalamu atatu anali caviar.

Ma sturgeon onse amasunthira mtunda wautali kuti azisamba ndi kusaka chakudya. Ena amasamukira pakati pa mchere ndi madzi oyera, pomwe ena - moyo wawo wonse amakhala m'madzi abwino okha. Amabereka m'madzi oyera, ndipo amakhala ndi moyo wautali, chifukwa amafunikira zaka, ndipo nthawi zina makumi, kufikira uchikulire, pomwe adzakhale ndi nthawi yoyamba kubereka. Ngakhale kuchulukana kwapachaka kumatha kukhala kosatsimikizika, ndipo kutengera mtundu womwe ulipo, malo abwino ndi kutentha, malo ena owonekera, pafupipafupi komanso kusamuka ndiwonetseratu. Mitanda yachilengedwe imakhala yotheka pakati pa mitundu iliyonse ya sturgeon. Kuphatikiza pa njira ya masika mumtsinje kuti utuluke, sturgeon nthawi zina amalowa mumtsinje nawonso kugwa - nthawi yachisanu. Izi nsomba zimasungidwa pansi kwambiri.

Mwa njira yodyetsera, beluga ndi chilombo chomwe chimadya kwambiri nsomba, komanso ma mollusks, mphutsi, ndi tizilombo. Amayamba kukongoletsa ngakhale mwachangu mu mtsinje. Panyanja, imadyera makamaka nsomba (hering, tyulka, gobies, etc.), koma samanyalanyaza nkhono. M'mimba mwa Caspian beluga ngakhale zisindikizo (ma cubs) achidindo zidapezeka.

Beluga amasamalira ana ake

Beluga - nsomba yokhala ndi moyo wautali imafika zaka zana limodzi.Mosiyana ndi nsomba za Pacific zomwe zimafa zitamera, beluga, ngati ma sturgeon ena, zimatha kutuluka nthawi zambiri m'miyoyo yawo. Pambuyo pang'onopang'ono, imangobwerera kunyanja. Caspian amuna a beluga kuchitiridwa msinkhu pa zaka 13-18, ndi akazi pa 16-27 (makamaka 22-27) zaka. Chonde cha beluga, kutengera kukula kwa chikazi, chimachokera ku 500,000 mpaka miliyoni (mwapadera, mpaka mazira 5 miliyoni).
Mwachilengedwe, beluga ndi mitundu yodziyimira payokha, koma imatha kuyenderana ndi sterlet, stellate sturgeon, spike ndi sturgeon. Mothandizidwa ndi ubwamuna m'thupi mwake, yotheka hybrids - beluga-sterlet (bester) - zimapezeka. Ma hybron a Sturgeon amakula bwino m'mama dziwe (amodzi).

Beluga imagwirizanitsidwa ndi nthano zambiri komanso nthano zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kalelo, asodzi ikunenedwa zodabwitsa akufa mwala, omwe akhoza kuchiritsa munthu ku matenda alionse, kuchilango chipwirikiti, koma ngalawa ku mphepo ndi kukopa wabwino nsomba.

Asodzi amakhulupirira kuti mwala uwu ukhoza kupezeka impso za beluga lalikulu, ndipo kukula kwake kuli ngati dzira la nkhuku - lathyathyathya komanso lozungulira. Mwini wa mwala wotere amatha kusinthanitsa ndi chinthu chodula kwambiri, koma sizikudziwikabe - panali miyala ngati imeneyi, kapena amisiri amawagwiritsa. Ngakhale lero, ena anglers kupitiriza ndikukhulupirira izi.
Nthano ina yomwe nthawi inayake inkazungulira beluga ndi halo owopsa ndi sumu ya beluga. Ena amati chakupha chiwambo cha nsomba zazing'ono kapena nyama ya beluga, yomwe imatha kupenga ngati mphaka kapena galu, chifukwa nyama yake idakhala yapoizoni. Palibe umboni wa zimenezi wakhala yapezeka.

Beluga pafupi kutha tsopano. Palibe chithunzi chachikulu kwambiri pamtunduwu.

M'mbuyomu ndiponso masiku ano malo Nsombazi

Kuchulukana kwawo kumakhala malire kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, komwe amakhala mitsinje ndi nyanja ku Europe, Asia ndi North America.
Ngakhale kuti padziko lonse lapansi pali mitundu yoposa 20 ya ma sturgeon, omwe ali ndi zosowa zosiyanasiyana mwachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe, onsewa ali ndi zofanana.
Kudutsa nsomba, tikukhala mu Caspian, Azov ndi Black Pacific, alowa mitsinje kwa spawning. M'mbuyomu, beluga lidali lambiri, koma m'kupita kwanthawi matumba ake adasauka kwambiri.
Danube ndi Nyanja Yakuda panthawi ina anali gawo lotanganidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito yogawa beluga zosiyanasiyana - mpaka mitundu isanu ndi umodzi. Panopa, mmodzi wa mitundu kwathunthu anataya, ndi otsala asanu alonjezedwa ikutha.

Mu Nyanja ya Caspian, beluga ndi yambiri. Pofalikira, imalowa makamaka ku Volga, yaying'ono kwambiri - ku Urals ndi Kura, komanso Terek. Amur Nsombazi amakhala ku Far East. Pafupifupi malo onse osungirako ku Russia ndi oyenera kukhalapo kwa sturgeon. M'masiku akale, ngakhale achiwansi adagwidwa mu Neva.

nsomba zimabwezera wakuda caviar msika

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri nsomba - panthawi imodzi zovomerezeka, ndipo tsopano zosaloledwa - ndizomwe zikuwopseza kupulumuka kwa Danube sturgeon. Chifukwa cha kutalika kwa moyo wawo komanso kuzimiririka, ma sturgeon ali pachiwopsezo chambiri kupha nsomba, omwe mafuko awo amatenga zaka zambiri kuti achire.
Mu 2006, Romania anali dziko loyamba yolengeza kuletsa Nsombazi nsomba. Kuletsedwa kwa zaka khumi kudzatha kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2015. Kutsatira apilo ya EU, Bulgaria yalengezanso kuletsa asodzi a sturgeon. Ngakhale chiletso, poaching zikuwoneka akhale ambiri m'madera Danube, ngakhale kovuta kupeza zenizeni zokhudza nsomba oletsedwa. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti msika wakuda wa caviar ukukwera. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimapangitsa anthu kuti achulukane ndi mtengo wokwera wa caviar. Mozemba kukolola caviar mu Bulgaria ndi Romania akhoza kugulidwa ku mayiko ena EU. Chifukwa cha kafukufuku woyamba wakuda msika womwe udapangidwa ku Bulgaria ndi Romania mu 2011-2012, akatswiri ochokera ku World Wide Fund for Nature adatha kutsata kugulitsa kwa zinthu zogulitsa ku Europe.

Danube Beluga, m'badwo wofanana ndi dinosaurs

Damu la Iron Gate lidasokoneza njira zosamukira

Kusunthika kwa kupangika ndi gawo limodzi lofunikira kwambiri mwazinthu zachilengedwe za ma sturgeon onse ku Danube. M'mbuyomu, beluga idakwera mtsinje kupita ku Serbia, ndipo m'mbuyomu idafika mpaka ku Passau kum'mawa kwa Bavaria, koma njira yake yatsekedwa kale pakati pa Danube.

Malo omwe ali pansi pa Chipata cha Iron, mu Jardap Gorge yopapatiza, pakati pa Romania ndi Serbia, Hydroelectric Power Station ndi Iron Gate Reservoir ndiyeokulirapo pa Danube yonse. Malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi magetsi anapangidwa pamakilomita 942 ndi 863 pamtsinje wa Danube Delta. Zotsatira zake, poletsa njira yosamukira ya nsomba za sturgeon pa 863 km, ndikudula kotheratu malo ofunikira kwambiri pakati pa Danube. Zotsatira zake, ma sturgeon adatseguka kumtunda kwa mtsinje kutsogolo kwa damu, ndipo tsopano sangathenso kupitiliza njira yawo yachilengedwe, yazaka zapitazo, yodziwika bwino yopita kumalo omwe amatuluka. Wotsekedwa m'malo oterewa, anthu a sturgeon amakumana ndi vuto lobereka komanso kutaya kusiyana kwake.

Beluga osiyanasiyana pa Danube adataika

Ma Sturgeons amawonetsetsa kwambiri kusintha kosiyanasiyana. Kusintha kumeneku kumakhudza kutulutsa, nyengo yozizira, luso lofufuza zakudya zabwino, ndipo pamapeto pake zimapangitsa kuti mtunduwo usazike. Mitundu yambiri yamphamvu imaboweka m'miyala yoyala ya pansi pa Danube, pomwe imayala ma testicles awo asanabwerere ku Nyanja Yakuda. Kubalalitsa bwino kuyenera kuchitika mozama kwambiri pamtunda wochepera madigiri 9-15.
Chiwerengero cha anthu olimba chinakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutayika kwa choyambirira komanso chofanana ndi mtundu uwu wa malo ogawa nsomba ku Danube. Kupanga mphamvu m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndikugawa ngalande, kumanga nyumba zamphamvu zomwe zimateteza kusefukira kwamadzi, kunachepetsa kusefukira kwamadzi ndi madambo omwe anali gawo la dongosolo la mtsinjewo ndi 80%. Kusintha ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zowopsa kwambiri pamtunda wa sturgeon, makamaka chifukwa cha zochitika zomwe zimaphatikizapo kukulitsa ndi ntchito yokumba pamtsinje. Kutulutsa kwa mchenga ndi miyala yamchenga, kusintha kwa dothi komwe kumapangidwa ndi gawo lamadzi lamadzipangalo kumathandizanso kuti anthu a ku Danube awonongeke.

Zowopsa za kutha kwa nsomba zamtundu wa Danube sturgeon ndizabwino kwambiri kuti ngati simungatengere mwadzidzidzi komanso mosasintha, ndiye kuti patatha zaka makumi angapo nsomba zasiliva zokongola izi zimangowoneka m'miyuziyamu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake International Commission for the Chitetezo cha Danube, limodzi ndi World Wide Fund for Nature ndi European Commission, ngati gawo la European Community Strategy ya Danube Region, imachita ntchito zingapo komanso maphunziro apadziko lonse ndi cholinga chokhazikitsa njira zopulumutsira Danube beluga.

Asodzi aku Beluga amayenera kuyitanitsa mfumu - nsomba chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu . Nyanja zakuda ndi Caspian ndi malo okhazikika a Beluga; amapezeka mu Adriatic ndi Ocean Ocean. Nsomba iyi ndi chiwindi chachitali, chimatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka zana ndikuyikira mazira kangapo pamoyo wayo. Beluga amadya ma mollusks, crustaceans, ndi nsomba.

Izi ndi zowononga. Zoyala zansomba, zisindikizo za ana zinapezeka m'mimba . Atafika pa kutha msinkhu, beluga amapita kukaphukira m'mitsinje yamadzi oyera. Nthawi yowerengeka ya Beluga imakhulupirira kuti igwera kuyambira Meyi mpaka Juni ndipo imatha mwezi umodzi. Caviar imayikidwa m'mitsinje yakuzama ndi nyansi yayitali komanso pansi. Popeza sanapeze malo abwino, beluga samataya mazira, omwe pambuyo pake amasungunuka mkati mwa nsomba. Kuti akhale malo otumphukira masika, akazi a ku Beluga amakhalabe nthawi yozizira m'mitsinje, akumazizirira ndikukula. Wamkazi m'modzi amatha kunyamula makilogalamu 320 a caviar.

Mazira achikulire a pea ndi imvi. Beluga caviar amadyedwa ndi nsomba zina, zotengedwa ndi zapakali pano. Mwa mazira 100,000, 1 amatsala . Wachichepere, atatha mwezi wathunthu pamalo ofunikira, amalowera kunyanja.Beluga caviar ali ndi thanzi labwino kwambiri. Izi zinadziwika chifukwa nsomba anakhudzidwa zedi chachikulu, chimene chinapangitsa kuti kuchepa kwa chiwerengero ake.

Tsopano kugulitsa caviar beluga ndikoletsedwa ndi lamulo . Pambuyo pofalikira, beluga yanjala imatanganidwa kufunafuna chakudya. akazi Old kumeza zinthu ngakhale inedible: chikuni choyandama, miyala. Amasiyana anthu wamng'ono ndi mutu waukulu ndi thupi zatha. Makolo athu sanadye nsomba zotere.

Kugwira beluga, asodzi pita kunyanja, inkayenda 3 Km from gombe . Pogwiritsa ntchito mtengo, muyenera kupeza malo ndi zambiri chipolopolo thanthwe pansi, zimene zikusonyeza malo kudyetsa wa beluga lapansi. Mphuno ndi roach, asp, herring. Kukoka nsomba zokodwa mu ngalawa, munthu ayenera kusamala, chifukwa nthawi zina nsomba ija anatembenuka bwato pa ndi nsodzi anakapezeka madzi. Beluga ndi kutchulidwa Red Book ndi chinthu masewera nsomba. Wotsogola wogwidwa ayenera kumasulidwa.

Kumayambiriro a zaka za m'ma 20, beluga inali nsomba wamba malonda. Matani nsomba anakhudzidwa ndi Danube ndi Dnieper, Volga. Kutayika kwa malo obisika mwachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa beluga kunachepa kwambiri.

Akuluakulu sapezeka, 98% ali juveniles . A hybrid a beluga ndi sterlet - bester ndi chongopeka wamkulu.

Pali nkhani zodziwika kuti belugas idagwidwa yolemera matani 1.5, matani awiri, koma izi sizikutsimikiziridwa. Mu 1922, ndi ya Caspian anali beluga waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse, masekeli 1224 makilogalamu . M'nyumbayi wa Kazan anasonyeza modzaza beluga 4,17 mamita yaitali, amene anagwidwa pa chiyambi cha 20 cha Volga m'munsi. Akagwidwa, nsomba zimalemera 1000 kg. The Astrakhan Museum zimasunga ndi beluga modzaza, anagwidwa Volga ankadziwana ndi masekeli makilogalamu 966.

Zonsezi zimathandiza ife tiuze Beluga yaikulu madzi oyera nsomba. Pali zambiri pazakugwidwa kwa beluga yolemera 500, 800 kg . Onse a iwo adzagwa kumapeto kwa 19 - chiyambi cha m'ma 20. Masiku ano, kulemera pafupifupi nsomba ndi pakati pa 60 ndi 250 makilogalamu.

Zomera za hydroelectric, malo operekera chithandizo, madamu - zonsezi zimasokoneza kubala, kukula ndi kupulumuka kwa nsomba.

Ife inu kanema wa beluga lalikulu wagwidwa Atyrau.

Beluga ndi nsomba a m'banja la sturgeons, dongosolo Nsombazi. Ndi mtundu wamtengo wapatali wamalonda, wagwidwa kwambiri kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa chomwe kuchuluka kwake kwachepetsedwa, ndipo tsopano ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi.

mitundu ndi dziko lalikulu madzi oyera nsomba Nsombazi. Kudzadzidzimutsa anthu kufika kutalika kwa 4.2 mamita pa nthawiyo. Kulemera pazipita ndi matani 1.5. Asodzi kuti pamene beluga waukulu chinagwidwa kufika 9 mamita m'litali ndi matani oposa 2, koma zimenezi osatsimikizidwa ndi chilichonse. Kukula pafupifupi nsomba n'chochepa: ndi beluga, miyeso si upambana makilogalamu 300, nthawi zambiri amapezeka.

Maonekedwe a wokhala ili m'madzi ndi ofanana ndi maonekedwe a nthumwi zina sturgeons: thupi elongated, lonse, anamaliza. Thupi la beluga limazungulira kumchira. Mamba ndi imvi ashy mthunzi. Mimba ndi kuwala, kuchokera woyera, ndi kum'chitira chikasu n'zotheka.

Beluga ndi beluga siziyenera kusokonezedwa: zomaliza ndi mitundu ya anamgumi opezeka. Poyamba, mawu onse amaimira ndi nyama, tsopano "beluga" njira nsomba ndi "beluga" njira chinsomba.

Zochita ndi moyo

mtundu ali adani pafupifupi munthu wachibadwa. Mazira amathanso kudya mitundu ina yazinyama. Ena ogwirira m'madzi komanso kuwononga mphutsi ndi mwachangu. Young kukula kwa mtundu wa Nsombazi akhoza Adzanyekeka ndi mwachangu wamkulu nsomba zazikulu zolusa.

Pali anthu ambiri okhala pansi pa madzi, omwe oimira mitundu yayikulu yamadzi am'madzi a sturgeon amadya - ndipo ma beluga amadya omwe ali ochepa. Awa ndi mitundu yaing'ono nsomba, abale ang'onoang'ono, mollusks, nkhanu, ngakhalenso waterfowl. Nthawi analemba zimene zotsalira za ng'ombe wamng'ono anapezeka m'mimba mwa anthu kugwidwa. The mwachangu amadya mphutsi, zooplankton.

Ubwino nyama beluga

Nsomba iyi imakhala ndi nyama yolimba kuposa oyimira ena a banja la sturgeon. Zochepa komanso zamafuta ake. Pachifukwa ichi, malonda akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya. Mapuloteni omwe ali mmenemo amatha kutengeka mosavuta ndi thupi la munthu. Muli mavitamini A, D, PP, E, C, chitsulo, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, molybdenum, potaziyamu, fluorine, sodium. Kuphatikizidwa kwa zamkati kumaphatikizanso mafuta a omega-3 acids, amino acid, kuphatikizapo ofunikira. Mkaka umadyedwanso: amathanso kudyedwa mwatsopano kapena mtundu wa phala.

Beluga ithe wakuda caviar imathandizanso. Izi zodula zimakhala ndi michere yambiri. Amayesedwa ngati chakudya chamtengo wapatali.

Nyama ya Beluga siyenera kudyedwa chifukwa cha matenda otupa, matupi awo sagwirizana, matenda a impso, matenda a shuga, gastritis, edema. Zikatero, zimatha kuvulaza thupi.

Zoweta zokwawa Beluga

Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, mtundu wamtunduwu wasintha kukhala "pangozi". Beluga adalembedwa kalekale m'buku la Red kuti atetezere ozunza. Chifukwa cha izi, nsomba zikuchepa kwambiri, m'maiko ena ndizoletsa kugwira anthu okhala pansi pamadzi. Kubwezeretsa unyinji wamtunduwu, njira zina zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito: anthu amabala beluga m'malo opangidwa mwaluso.

Mothandizidwa ndi kupakidwa kwanyongo, wosakanizidwa wokhoza kubereka ana wakhazikitsidwa pa Don ndi Volga. Kuti apeze, beluga idawoloka ndi sterlet. Zotsatira zake zidakhazikikanso mu Nyanja ya Azov. Kuphatikiza apo, malo angapo osungirako anthu anali nawo.

Kuswana kwanyumba kumathandizidwanso m'mafamu ena am'madzi.

Zosangalatsa

• Kulemera kwa msika wa beluga kumayamba pa kilogalamu 5, komabe, nsomba yayikulu kwambiri ya beluga inafika kutalika kwa 7 metres ndipo imaposa kulemera kwa tani imodzi ndi theka.
• Nsombazo, zikamabowoleza, zimayesetsa kudzipezera malo abwino, ngati sizipezeka, sizingamere konse.
• Kuyamba kuphukira, beluga limaphwanya pansi ndikuyika mazira ozunguliridwa ndi unyinji wa nkhono ndi mabango.
• Nditsuka mazira miliyoni, omwe amayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi amateurs padziko lonse lapansi.

Mawonekedwe

Beluga ndi yayikulu kukula: kulemera kwake kumatha kukhala kofanana ndi tani imodzi ndi theka, ndipo kutalika kwake kumatha kupitirira miyeso inayi. Ena mwa anthu omwe adawona ndi maso adawona belugas ikufika kutalika mamita asanu ndi anayi. Ngati umboni wonse wosatsutsawu uli wowona, ndiye kuti beluga ingaganizidwe kuti ndiyo nsomba yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ali ndi thupi lokhazikika komanso lalikulu.

Chizindikiro cha beluga ndi mawonekedwe ake amafanana ndi nkhumba: mphukira yake, yofanana ndi nkhumba, ndiyifupi komanso wosakhwima, ndipo kamwa yayikulu, yopanda mano, yomwe imakhala pafupi ndi gawo lonse lakumutu, itazunguliridwa ndi milomo yolimba, ili ndi mawonekedwe owoneka ngati chikwakwa. Fodya wa beluga amangokhala ndi mano, ndipo ngakhale atakhalako nthawi yochepa amachoka. Tinyanga touluka pansi kuchokera pamlomo wapamwamba ndikufika pakamwa timasanjika pang'ono pansi. Maso a nsomba iyi ndi yaying'ono komanso yaying'ono, kotero kuti amawongolera makamaka mothandizidwa ndi fungo labwino.

Ndizosangalatsa! Kuchokera ku Latin Latin Beluga (Huso huso) amatanthauzidwa kuti "nkhumba". Ndipo, ngati mutayang'anitsitsa, mutha kuzindikira kuti zolengedwa ziwirizi ndi zofanana mu chinthu chakunja komanso mphamvu zawo.

Amuna ndi akazi a beluga ndi osiyana pang'ono mawonekedwe ndipo onse awiri thupi limakutidwa ndi mamba akulu okulira. Mamba ake amawoneka ngati maomboma ndipo samadutsa paliponse. Mulingo wamtunduwu umatchedwa ganoid. Beluga ali ndi khungu lofiirira, m'mimba ndichopepuka.

Habitat, malo okhala

Beluga amakhala ku Black Sea, ku Azov ndi Caspian. Ngakhale ndizochepa, zimapezekanso mu Adriatic. Zimamera mu Volga, Don, Danube, Dnieper ndi Dniester. Nthawi zambiri, koma mutha kukumana naye ku Urals, Kura kapena Terek. Palinso mwayi wochepa kwambiri wakuwona beluga ku Upper Bug ndikutali kwa gombe la Crimea.

Panali nthawi pamene a Beluga adapita ndi Volga kupita ku Tver, motsatira Dnieper adanyamuka kupita ku Kiev, mumtsinje wa Ural kupita ku Orenburg, komanso Kura kupita ku Tbilisi palokha.Koma kwakanthawi tsopano nsomba izi sizinatengedwerepo mpaka kumtunda. Izi ndichifukwa choti beluga silingamuke chifukwa chakutseka kwa ma hydropower. M'mbuyomu, adawonekera m'mitsinje ngati Oka, Sheksna, Kama ndi Sura.

Zakudya za Beluga

Posachedwa wobadwa mwachangu, osalemera kupitirira magalamu asanu ndi awiri, amadya pamadzi amtsinje, komanso mphutsi za mayonesi, ntchentche za caddis, caviar ndi nsomba zina. Beluga wamkuluyo amadya achinyamata a stellate sturgeon ndi sturgeon. Ma Belugs Achinyamata nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi cannibalism. Beluga wachichepere akamakula, zakudya zake zimasinthanso.

Pambuyo pa zala zakunyanja zisamachokere pamitsinje kupita kunyanja, zimadyera ma crustaceans, mollusks ndi trifles nsomba, monga gobies kapena sprats, komanso mwachangu wa hering ndi cyprinids, mpaka atakwanitsa zaka ziwiri. Atafika zaka ziwiri, beluga amakhala olusa. Tsopano pafupifupi 98% ya zakudya zawo zonse ndi nsomba. Zakudya za Beluga zimasiyana malinga ndi nyengo komanso malo odyetserako zakudya. Nyanja, nsomba izi zimadya chaka chonse, ngakhale ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira, zimadya zochepa. Kwatsala nthawi yozizira kumitsinje, iye amapitilizanso kudya.

Ndizosangalatsa! Chakudya cha sturgeon ambiri achikulire ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala pansi, ndipo zazikulu kwambiri zokha - beluga ndi kaluga - zimadya nsomba. Kuphatikiza pa malonda am'madzi, ma sturgeon ena komanso ngakhale zing'onozing'ono zazing'ono amatha kukhala ozunzidwa.

M'mimba mwa m'modzi mwa ma belugas omwe amapezeka panali sturgeon wamkulu kwambiri, wobisika angapo ndi bream. Ndipo mzimayi wina wamtunduwu adagwira carp ziwiri zazikulu, zopitilira muyeso zingapo ndi kubzala katatu. Komanso, pikeperch yayikulu idasinthika ngakhale m'mbuyomu: mafupa ake adapezeka m'mimba onse kuchokera ku beluga yomweyo.

Adani achilengedwe

Akuluakulu achikulire a mikanda alibe adani achilengedwe. Koma mazira awo, komanso mphutsi ndi mwachangu okhala m'mitsinje, amadyedwa ndi nsomba zam'madzi zatsopano.

Ndizosangalatsa! Modabwitsa, mmodzi mwa adani akuluakulu achi Beluga ndi nsomba iyi yomwe. Chowonadi ndichakuti ma beluga amakula mpaka 5-8 cm mosangalatsa amadya caviar a abale awo m'malo obzala.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Pofika kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, anthu okhala ndi beluga anali atatsika kwambiri, ndipo mtunduwu pawokha unkawoneka kuti uli pangozi ndipo adalembedwa ku Russia ndi International Red Book.

M'malo achilengedwe, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mitundu yake, beluga ikhoza kuphatikizana ndi sturgeon ena okhudzana nayo. Ndipo mu 1952, kudzera mwa asayansi akuyesera, wosakanizira wa beluga ndi sterlet, yemwe amatchedwa bester, adadziwitsidwa. Amawaba, monga lamulo, m'malo osungira nyama, popeza zachilengedwe, momwe nsomba zina za sturgeon zimapezekera, bester samatulutsidwa kuti mitundu yachilengedwe yamtundu wina ikhale yoyera.

Beluga ndi nsomba yapadera yomwe imakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri, ndipo kutalika kwake kumatha kufika zaka mazana ambiri. Amatha kutuluka kanthawi kochepa m'moyo wake, ndikangolowera kunyanja. Kubereka kwa akazi kumatengera kukula kwawo ndipo nthawi zina amafikira mazira 500,000.

Mwachilengedwe, beluga, chithunzi chomwe chitha kuwonedwa pansipa, ndi nyama yodziyimira payokha, imatha kuphatikizana ndi sturgeon, sterlet, spike komanso sturateon. Ma hybron a Sturgeon amapezeka bwino m'minda yama dziwe yapadera.

Olumikizidwa ndi nsomba yodabwitsayi nthano zambiri ndi zabodza . Mwachitsanzo, asodzi akale adanena kuti mwala wa Beluga umateteza bwino munthu ku chimphepo pakuyenda panyanja ndikujambula. Mwalawo, malinga ndi asodzi, umatha kupezeka impso za beluga, ndipo umawoneka ngati dzira la nkhuku. M'masiku akale, mwini wake amatha kusinthana ndi mwala pamtengo wokwera mtengo. Amakhulupirirabe nthano iyi, ngakhale palibe chidziwitso chodziwika bwino za mwala.

Beluga amasiyana ndi ma sturgeon ena pakamwa lalikulu kwambiri mawonekedwe a crescent, monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi zithunzi zambiri.Alinso ndi masharubu omwe amaphimbidwa m'mbali. Pazipinda zapakati pomwepo pali khola lomwe limapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zophatikizika pamodzi.

Kumbuyo kuli nsikidzi, zoyambirira zake zimakhala kumutu ndipo ndizochepa kakang'ono kuyerekeza ndi zina zonse. Pamphukira zazitali, zopindika zazing'ono zimadziwika, zomwe zimasiyana mawonekedwe, tsamba.

Thupi ndilolimba modabwitsa, ndipo mphuno ndiyifupi kwambiri, polumikizanitsidwa ndi nkhumba. Thupi limapaka penti ya imvi, ndipo m'mimba mwake mumakhala mopepuka. Kulemera kwakukulu kukhoza kukhala pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 1,500 ndi thunthu kutalika kwake mpaka mita sikisi.

Habitat ndi kusamuka kwa nsomba

Palibe malo okhalapo a beluga chifukwa Amawerengedwa kuti wadutsa . Kutuluka kumachitika m'malo osungira madzi omwe nsomba zimalowa munyanja. Munthu wamkulu amapeza chakudya munyanja (Black, Caspian ndi Azov). Posachedwa, kuchuluka kwa nsomba kunali kwakukulu ndipo kuwedza kwake sikunayime. Kuti atole nkhokwe yamtengo wapatali, nthawi zambiri zazikazi zimagwidwa.

Mu Nyanja ya Caspian, beluga imatha kupezeka pafupifupi kulikonse, ndipo pakuwonongeka imasambira ku Volga, Ural, Terek ndi Kura. Zidachitikanso kuti kuyambira mu 1961 mpaka 1989, nsomba zidasambira mpaka ku Volgograd, pomwe padapangidwapo kamangidwe kokhala nsomba, zithunzi zakale zomwe zimatha kuwonedwa pa intaneti.

Beluga adawonedwa mu Nyanja Yakuda pafupi ndi gombe la Crimea m'malo amenewo kumene kuli hydrogen sulfide. Anthu okwanira anawonekera pafupi ndi Zaporozhye ndi Dnepropetrovsk - kulemera kwawo kunali pafupifupi kilogalamu 300.

Kodi Beluga amadya chiyani?

Monga lamulo, nsomba yayikulu imafunikira chakudya chochuluka, ndipo chakudya sichikwanira mumtsinje. Ndiye chifukwa chake, kukafunafuna chakudya, amapita kunyanja. Nsomba zimakonda kukhala mgulu lamadzi mozama. Chachikulu ndikuti pakhale nyama zokwanira chakudya. Mu Nyanja Yakuda, anthu amakhala pamtunda wotalika mpaka 180, ndipo mu Nyanja ya Caspian - mpaka 140 metres. Achichepere amagwiritsa ntchito ma invertebrates ochokera pansi pa nyanja ngati chakudya. Beluga itangofika kukula kwa masentimita khumi, amayamba kusaka abale ang'ono. Mutha kuwona momwe machitidwe awo azakudya amachitikira pazithunzi ndi makanema pa intaneti.

Anthu akulu kwambiri iwo amene amadya nsomba zazing'ono, monga:

• Zoyenda panyanja,
• Anchovy,
• Hering'i,
• Anthu amodzi a banja la carp.

Njira zolerera nsomba

Amuna a ku Beluga akhwima mokwanira pazaka 14, komanso zachikazi wazaka 18. Nsombayo, itafika pa kutha msinkhu, imasambira kuchokera kunyanja kupita ku matupi amadzi oyera kuti apange kuswana. Kutengera nthawi yomwe beluga ikalowa mumtsinje, kusiyanitsa pakati pa nyengo yophukira ndi yamasika:

• Masika amawoloka mtsinje kuyambira kumapeto kwa Januware ndipo ulipo mpaka Meyi. Amayamba kumera mu June,
• Yophukira imalowa posungira mu Ogasiti ndipo imakhalapobe mpaka Disembala. Monga lamulo, limakhazikika m'maenje amtsinje, ndikuyamba kubereka mu April.

Kuchulukana kwa mazira a beluga kumachitika chimodzimodzi monga mitundu ina ya mafupa - kunja. Panthawi yowerengera, asodzi akuwona nsomba zikulumpha kuchokera m malo osungira, ndipo ambiri amajambula izi pazithunzi. Akatswiri amati amachita izi kuti athandizire kutulutsa caviar. Chiwerengero cha mazira chimasiyanasiyana m'chigawo 200,000 - 8,000,000. Popeza mazira ndi omata, amatsatira bwino miyala. Pa kutentha kwa madigiri 12.6-13.8, nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga pafupifupi masiku asanu ndi atatu, ndipo kuwirikiza kumayamba kuwonekera nthawi yomweyo ndikutsikira kunyanja.

Beluga ndiye nsomba yayikulu kwambiri

Nsomba zapaderazi zakhala zikugwidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa chake sizili pachabeadatcha mfumu nsomba . Nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zagwidwa ndizitali za 4.17 metres ndipo zimalemera pafupifupi 1. Amawonetsedwa mu museum wa Tatarstan. Iwo omwe alibe mwayi wosangalala ndi "chozizwitsa" ichi amatha kuwona nsomba zomwe zikujambulidwa.

Zachidziwikire, beluga iyi si yayikulu kwambiri, chifukwa milandu yausodzi ya anthu asanu ndi anayi akulemera pafupifupi matani awiri imadziwika.Lero sizingatheke kugwira nsomba yayikulu chonchi, chifukwa kuthamanga kwa nsomba yake sikulola kuti beluga ipite msanga.

Nsomba zapadera za Beluga

Beluga - nsomba yayikulu kwambiri yamadzi, tsopano ikuwopsa kuwonongeka. Mwamuna amamumenya mosavomerezeka chifukwa cha caviar wamtengo wapatali, amasintha njira zomwe zimakhalira kuwaza, kuwononga ndikuyipitsa malo okhala. Monga mitundu ina yambiri yowopsezedwa, beluga ndi lapadera kwambiri. Chifukwa chiyani izi zili choncho, ndipo ndi iti yomwe ndi lalikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi - werengani za nkhaniyi.

Ojambulitsa

Mitundu ina yogwidwa imakhala yodabwitsa kwambiri kukula kwawo. Ambiri aiwo ali ndi mbiri zotsimikizira kukula ndi kulemera kwawo. Kodi ndi katswiri uti wa beluga:

• Pali umboni wa ma Belugs olemera matani awiri ndikufika pa 9 m, koma sanalembedwe,
• Mu 1827, kumunsi kwa Volga, beluga idagwidwa yolemera matani 90 / 1.5 kutalika / 9 m, kutengera "Kafukufuku wokhudza usodzi ku Russia" kuyambira 1861,

Pa Meyi 11, 1922, wamkazi wa beluga wolemera makilogalamu 1224 adagwidwa munyanja ya Caspian, ma kilogalamu 146,5 a caviar adapezekamo, mutu wake umalemera makilogalamu 288, ndipo thupi lake - 667 kg.

Beluga adagwidwa munyanja ya Caspian mchaka chomwecho mu 1924, makilogalamu 246 a caviar adapezekamo.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, beluga 4.17 m, wolemera tani, adakumbidwa mu Volga yapansi. Zaka zake zidakhala zaka 60-70. Nyama yodzazidwayo tsopano ikusungidwa mu National Museum of Tatarstan ku Kazan,

Bola wina wokhazikitsidwa, wolemera makilogalamu 966 ndi kukula mpaka 4 m 20 cm, amapezeka kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale a Astrakhan. Nsombayi idagwidwanso mu Volga Delta mu 1989, kupitanso apo, ndi andewu. Atatulutsa mazira, mosadziwika anasimba za nyama yodabwitsa ngati imeneyi. Pamafunika galimoto kuti inyamule mtembo. Zaka zake zidakhala zaka 70-75.

Pamapeto a XIX - kuyambira XX zaka mazana ambiri pali umboni wambiri wokhudza kugwidwa kwa nsomba zolemera 500-800 kg. Pakadali pano, chifukwa cha zovuta zingapo, Beluga sakonda kufika 250 kg. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti onse akuluakulu beluga ndi akazi. Amuna a ku Beluga nthawi zonse amakhala ochepa kwambiri kuposa akazi.

Posachedwa, kusodza nsomba zamtunduwu ndizoletsedwa, ndipo zalembedwa mu Red Book la mitundu yowopsezedwa. Ngakhale zili choncho, olanda amangodziletsa kusiya ntchito zonse zoletsedwa, chifukwa mtengo wa beluga caviar pamsika wakuda ku Russia ufika $ 600 pa kilogalamu, komanso kunja - $ 7000!

Kupha anthu paciwawa ndi kowopsa kwambiri kuposa kusodza kwa mafakitale, chifukwa sizitengera kuchuluka kwa nyengo kapena kusamalira anthu, ndipo mwina posachedwa kwambiri mitundu yamtunduwu ikhoza kufafanizidwa ndipo ana adzadziwa za izi kuchokera pazakale.

Amati izi ndi mfumu-beluga. Ndipo pa intaneti MEM yatsopano yatulutsa kale mawonekedwe amphaka wachisoni komanso nkhandwe yolimba - nsomba yachisoni. Tiyeni tiwone zambiri za iye ...

Ichi ndi Museum ya Astrakhan ya Local Lore.

Museum wa Astrakhan ali ndi mbiri ziwiri za beluga - imodzi ya 4-mita (pang'ono pang'ono kuposa yomwe Nicholas II adapereka ku Kazan Museum) komanso yayikulu kwambiri - 6-metres. beluga wamkulu kwambiri, mita 6. Anamugwira nthawi yomweyo ngati wamamita anayi, mchaka cha 1989, Ozunza adagwira beluga lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, dzira m'matumbo, kenako adayitanira kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale ndipo adanena komwe angatenge "nsomba" yayikulu kukula kwa galimoto yayikulu.

Pokhala zaka zoposa 200 miliyoni, ma sturgeon - lero ali pafupi kutha. Ku Danube, m'chigawo cha Romania ndi Bulgaria, imodzi mwa zilombo zakutchire ku Europe idapulumuka. Danube sturgeon ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe. Ambiri aiwo amakhala ku Nyanja Yakuda ndipo amasamukira ku Danube kuti awonongeke. Amafika kutalika kwa mita 6 ndipo amakhala ndi zaka 100.

Kusodza kosaloledwa komanso kuchotsa zinyalala, makamaka chifukwa cha caviar, ndi imodzi mwazowopsa zomwe zimawopseza ma sturgeon. Kuchotsa malo okhala ndi kusokoneza njira zosamukasamuka za ma sturgeon ndizowopsa zina ku mitundu yapaderayi. Popeza atakhazikitsa ndi kutenga nawo gawo ku European Community the Life + program, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), mothandizidwa ndi mabungwe ena apadziko lonse, akhala akugwira ntchito yamavuto awa m'zaka zaposachedwa.

Mtundu ndi Chiyambi

Mitundu ya Sturgeon imaphatikizapo: beluga, stellate stellate, sturgeon, sterlet. Momwe zilili zakale, ma sturgeon amadziwika kuchokera ku Eocene (85.8-70.6 miliyoni zapitazo).M'mawu osamalira zoogeographic, nthumwi zafosholo ngati fosholo, zomwe zimapezeka kumbali ina ku Central Asia ndi ku North America, ndizosangalatsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwona zotsalira za mitundu yomwe ilipo kale yamtundu wamakono wamtundu wamtunduwu. Sturgeon ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yapadera komanso yosangalatsa ya nsomba zakale. Zakhalapo zaka zoposa 200 miliyoni, ndipo zinakhala ndi moyo nthawi yomwe ma dinosaurs akukhala padziko lapansi. Ndi mawonekedwe awo osazolowereka, atavala zovala zawo zam'mafupa, amatikumbutsa za nthawi zakale, pamene zida zapadera kapena chingwe cholimba chimafunikira kuti apulumuke. Adapulumuka mpaka masiku athu ano, pafupifupi osasinthika.

Kalanga, lero mitundu yonse ya sturgeon yomwe ili pachiwopsezo kapena ili pangozi.

Sturgeon - nsomba yayikulu kwambiri yamadzi oyera

Beluga Book of Record

Beluga sindiyo yokha yayikulu kwambiri ya ma sturgeon, komanso nsomba zazikulu kwambiri za omwe agwidwa m'madzi atsopano. Pali nthawi zina pomwe nthawi zina zimafika mpaka 9 metres ndipo zolemera mpaka 2000 kg. Masiku ano, anthu omwe akulemera kuposa makilogalamu 200 sapezeka kwenikweni;
Mu "Kafukufuku wokhudza usodzi ku Russia," mu 1861, adanenedwa za beluga lomwe linagwidwa mu 1827 ku Volga yapansi, yomwe inalemera matani 1.5.

Pa Meyi 11, 1922, mzimayi wolemera makilogalamu 1224 adagwidwa munyanja ya Caspian, pafupi ndi kamwa la Volga, pomwe ma kilogalamu 667 adagwera thupi lake, ma kilogalamu 288 pamutu, ndi ma kilogalamu 146,5 pa caviar (onani chithunzi). Apanso, wamkazi wa msinkhu womwewo adagwidwa munyanja ya Caspian mdera la Biryuchaya Spit mu 1924, mudali ma kilogalamu 246 a caviar, ndipo chiwerengero chonse cha mazira chinali pafupifupi 7.7 miliyoni.

Kummawa pang'ono, kutsogolo kwa kamwa ya Urals pa Meyi 3, 1926, mayi wazaka 75 adagwidwa wolemera kuposa 1 ton ndi 4.24 metres, momwe mudali ma kilogalamu 190 a caviar. Mu National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan ku Kazan, lodzaza ndi beluga mita 4.17, lomwe limapezeka kumapeto kwa Volga koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, likuwonetsedwa. Kulemera kwake panthawi yogwidwa kunali pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 1000, msinkhu wa nsomba ndi zaka 60-70.

Mu Okutobala 1891, pamene chimphepo chinaomba madzi ku nyanja ya Taganrog Gombe la Nyanja ya Azov, munthu wapaulendo amene amayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja, anapeza beluga mu imodzi mwa mapondawo, omwe anakoka mapaundi 20 (327 kg), omwe makilogalamu atatu anali caviar.

Ma sturgeon onse amasunthira mtunda wautali kuti azisamba ndi kusaka chakudya. Ena amasamukira pakati pa mchere ndi madzi oyera, pomwe ena - moyo wawo wonse amakhala m'madzi abwino okha. Amabereka m'madzi oyera, ndipo amakhala ndi moyo wautali, chifukwa amafunikira zaka, ndipo nthawi zina makumi, kufikira uchikulire, pomwe adzakhale ndi nthawi yoyamba kubereka. Ngakhale kuchulukana kwapachaka kumatha kukhala kosatsimikizika, ndipo kutengera mtundu womwe ulipo, malo abwino ndi kutentha, malo ena owonekera, pafupipafupi komanso kusamuka ndiwonetseratu. Mitanda yachilengedwe imakhala yotheka pakati pa mitundu iliyonse ya sturgeon. Kuphatikiza pa njira ya masika mumtsinje kuti utuluke, sturgeon nthawi zina amalowa mumtsinje nawonso kugwa - nthawi yachisanu. Izi nsomba zimasungidwa pansi kwambiri.

Mwa njira yodyetsera, beluga ndi chilombo chomwe chimadya kwambiri nsomba, komanso ma mollusks, mphutsi, ndi tizilombo. Amayamba kukongoletsa ngakhale mwachangu mu mtsinje. Panyanja, imadyera makamaka nsomba (hering, tyulka, gobies, etc.), koma samanyalanyaza nkhono. M'mimba mwa Caspian beluga ngakhale zisindikizo (ma cubs) achidindo zidapezeka.

Beluga amasamalira ana ake

Beluga - nsomba yokhala ndi moyo wautali imafika zaka zana limodzi. Mosiyana ndi nsomba za Pacific zomwe zimafa zitamera, beluga, ngati ma sturgeon ena, zimatha kutuluka nthawi zambiri m'miyoyo yawo. Pambuyo pang'onopang'ono, imangobwerera kunyanja. Amuna aku Caspian aku Beluga amatha kutha msinkhu zaka 13-18, ndipo akazi ali ndi zaka 16-27 (makamaka zaka 22-27). Chonde cha beluga, kutengera kukula kwa chikazi, chimachokera ku 500,000.mpaka miliyoni imodzi (mwapadera, mazira 5 miliyoni) mazira.
Mwachilengedwe, beluga ndi mitundu yodziyimira payokha, koma imatha kuyenderana ndi sterlet, stellate sturgeon, spike ndi sturgeon. Mothandizidwa ndi kubisala kwanyengo, ma hybrids omwe anali otheka - beluga-sterlet (bester) - anapezeka. Ma hybron a Sturgeon amakula bwino m'mama dziwe (amodzi).

Beluga imagwirizanitsidwa ndi nthano zambiri komanso nthano zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kalelo, asodzi ankalankhula za mwala wakufa wozizwitsa, womwe ungathe kuchiritsa munthu ku matenda aliwonse, uteteze ku chipwirikiti, upulumutse sitimayo ku mkuntho ndikupatsa chidwi chochuluka.

Asodzi amakhulupirira kuti mwala uwu ukhoza kupezeka impso za beluga lalikulu, ndipo kukula kwake kuli ngati dzira la nkhuku - lathyathyathya komanso lozungulira. Mwini wa mwala wotere amatha kusinthanitsa ndi chinthu chodula kwambiri, koma sizikudziwikabe - panali miyala ngati imeneyi, kapena amisiri amawagwiritsa. Ngakhale masiku ano, anthu ena opuma amakhulupirirabe izi.
Nthano ina yomwe nthawi inayake inkazungulira beluga ndi halo owopsa ndi sumu ya beluga. Ena amaganiza kuti ndi poyizoni wa nsomba zazing'ono kapena nyama ya beluga, yomwe imatha kupenga ngati mphaka kapena galu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama yake ikhale y poizoni. Palibe umboni wa izi womwe wapezeka.

Beluga pafupi kutha tsopano. Palibe chithunzi chachikulu kwambiri pamtunduwu.

Malo akale komanso amakono a sturgeon

Kuchulukana kwawo kumakhala malire kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, komwe amakhala mitsinje ndi nyanja ku Europe, Asia ndi North America.
Ngakhale kuti padziko lonse lapansi pali mitundu yoposa 20 ya ma sturgeon, omwe ali ndi zosowa zosiyanasiyana mwachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe, onsewa ali ndi zofanana.
Kudutsa nsomba, okhala ku Caspian, Azov ndi Nyanja Yakuda, amalowa mitsinje posachedwa. M'mbuyomu, beluga lidali lambiri, koma m'kupita kwanthawi matumba ake adasauka kwambiri.
Danube ndi Nyanja Yakuda panthawi inayake anali gawo lotanganidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito yogawa ma buluga osiyanasiyana - mpaka mitundu isanu ndi umodzi. Pakadali pano, amodzi mwa amtunduwo adataika kwathunthu, ndipo asanu otsalawo akuwopsezedwa kuti adzawonongedwa.

Mu Nyanja ya Caspian, beluga ndi yambiri. Pofalikira, imalowa makamaka ku Volga, yaying'ono kwambiri - ku Urals ndi Kura, komanso Terek. Amur sturgeon amakhala ku Far East. Pafupifupi malo onse osungirako ku Russia ndi oyenera kukhalapo kwa sturgeon. M'masiku akale, ngakhale achiwansi adagwidwa mu Neva.

Msodzi wambiri ndi msika wakuda wa caviar

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri nsomba - panthawi imodzi zovomerezeka, ndipo tsopano zosaloledwa - ndizomwe zikuwopseza kupulumuka kwa Danube sturgeon. Chifukwa cha kutalika kwa moyo wawo komanso kuzimiririka, ma sturgeon ali pachiwopsezo chambiri kupha nsomba, omwe mafuko awo amatenga zaka zambiri kuti achire.
Mu 2006, dziko la Romania lidakhala dziko loyamba kuletsa usodzi wamafuta. Kuletsedwa kwa zaka khumi kudzatha kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2015. Kutsatira apilo ya EU, Bulgaria yalengezanso kuletsa asodzi a sturgeon. Ngakhale chiletsochi, kupha anthu akuwoneka kuti kuli ponseponse kudera la Danube, ngakhale ndizovuta kudziwa zenizeni za usodzi wosaloledwa. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti msika wakuda wa caviar ukukwera. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimapangitsa anthu kuti achulukane ndi mtengo wokwera wa caviar. Caviar wokolola mosavomerezeka ku Bulgaria ndi Romania amathanso kugula ku mayiko ena a EU. Chifukwa cha kafukufuku woyamba wakuda msika womwe udapangidwa ku Bulgaria ndi Romania mu 2011-2012, akatswiri ochokera ku World Wide Fund for Nature adatha kutsata kugulitsa kwa zinthu zogulitsa ku Europe.

Danube Beluga, m'badwo wofanana ndi dinosaurs

Damu la Iron Gate lidasokoneza njira zosamukira

Kusunthika kwa kupangika ndi gawo limodzi lofunikira kwambiri mwazinthu zachilengedwe za ma sturgeon onse ku Danube. M'mbuyomu, beluga idakwera mtsinje kupita ku Serbia, ndipo m'mbuyomu idafika mpaka ku Passau kum'mawa kwa Bavaria, koma njira yake yatsekedwa kale pakati pa Danube.

Malo omwe ali pansi pa Chipata cha Iron, mu Jardap Gorge yopapatiza, pakati pa Romania ndi Serbia, Hydroelectric Power Station ndi Iron Gate Reservoir ndiyeokulirapo pa Danube yonse. Malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi magetsi anapangidwa pamakilomita 942 ndi 863 pamtsinje wa Danube Delta. Zotsatira zake, poletsa njira yosamukira ya nsomba za sturgeon pa 863 km, ndikudula kotheratu malo ofunikira kwambiri pakati pa Danube. Zotsatira zake, ma sturgeon adatseguka kumtunda kwa mtsinje kutsogolo kwa damu, ndipo tsopano sangathenso kupitiliza njira yawo yachilengedwe, yazaka zapitazo, yodziwika bwino yopita kumalo omwe amatuluka. Wotsekedwa m'malo oterewa, anthu a sturgeon amakumana ndi vuto lobereka komanso kutaya kusiyana kwake.

Beluga osiyanasiyana pa Danube adataika

Ma Sturgeons amawonetsetsa kwambiri kusintha kosiyanasiyana. Kusintha kumeneku kumakhudza kutulutsa, nyengo yozizira, luso lofufuza zakudya zabwino, ndipo pamapeto pake zimapangitsa kuti mtunduwo usazike. Mitundu yambiri yamphamvu imaboweka m'miyala yoyala ya pansi pa Danube, pomwe imayala ma testicles awo asanabwerere ku Nyanja Yakuda. Kubalalitsa bwino kuyenera kuchitika mozama kwambiri pamtunda wochepera madigiri 9-15.
Chiwerengero cha anthu olimba chinakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutayika kwa choyambirira komanso chofanana ndi mtundu uwu wa malo ogawa nsomba ku Danube. Kupanga mphamvu m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndikugawa ngalande, kumanga nyumba zamphamvu zomwe zimateteza kusefukira kwamadzi, kunachepetsa kusefukira kwamadzi ndi madambo omwe anali gawo la dongosolo la mtsinjewo ndi 80%. Kusintha ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zowopsa kwambiri pamtunda wa sturgeon, makamaka chifukwa cha zochitika zomwe zimaphatikizapo kukulitsa ndi ntchito yokumba pamtsinje. Kutulutsa kwa mchenga ndi miyala yamchenga, kusintha kwa dothi komwe kumapangidwa ndi gawo lamadzi lamadzipangalo kumathandizanso kuti anthu a ku Danube awonongeke.

Zowopsa za kutha kwa nsomba zamtundu wa Danube sturgeon ndizabwino kwambiri kuti ngati simungatengere mwadzidzidzi komanso mosasintha, ndiye kuti patatha zaka makumi angapo nsomba zasiliva zokongola izi zimangowoneka m'miyuziyamu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake International Commission for the Chitetezo cha Danube, limodzi ndi World Wide Fund for Nature ndi European Commission, ngati gawo la European Community Strategy ya Danube Region, imachita ntchito zingapo komanso maphunziro apadziko lonse ndi cholinga chokhazikitsa njira zopulumutsira Danube beluga.

Beluga ndiye nsomba yayikulu kwambiri ya banja la sturgeon, wokhala m'madzi a Caspian, Black ndi Azov ndipo akufuna kuyambitsa mitsinje yapafupi. M'mikhalidwe yabwino, amatha kukhala ndi zaka zopitilira 100 ndipo nthawi yomweyo, mosiyana ndi abale ake a Pacific, samwalira atangotuluka. Chifukwa chake, lakhala likukula nthawi yonseyi, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti aliyense akhale ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa kukula kwakukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Beluga yayikulu kwambiri ndiyachikazi, chifukwa abambo ndi ocheperako kawiri. Nsombazi zimafika pa kutha msinkhu kuchokera pa zaka 16, koma nthawi zambiri ukatha 20. Caviar wakuda amapanga pafupifupi 20% ya thupi lonse ndipo amakhala ndi mazira 500,000 (wamkulu - 5-7 miliyoni). Kutulutsa sikumachitika nthawi yomweyo, koma pakapita miyezi itatu yamasika. Ndi chifukwa chake beluga nthawi zonse imakhala yolandilidwa kwa asaka a caviar - omwe adalipira.

Tsopano nsomba izi zalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira chifukwa cha mtengo wake - chakuda chakuda, chomwe chimakoma kwambiri. Simupeza pazogulitsa zovomerezeka, koma pamsika wakuda ku Russia, kilogalamu ya caviar imachokera ku $ 600, komanso kunja - kuchokera ku $ 7,000.

Ngakhale m'mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri, mazira 90% samakula mwa anthu akuluakulu. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu m'zaka zapitazi "adasamalira" kuti mumitsinje ina beluga idasowa (mwachitsanzo, asanapangidwe madamu ku Dnieper, idapita ku Zaporozhye ndipo zofananira zina zidagwidwa ngakhale pafupi ndi Kiev) ndipo tsopano zinthu zikuipiraipira kulikonse.Koma beluga nthawi zonse lakhala likuwonetsa zaumoyo wachilengedwe.

Osaka nyama komanso malo opangira magetsi samalola kuti nsomba zikule, ndipo munthu wamkulu kwambiri yemwe adagwidwa m'zaka 50 zapitazi anali nsomba yolemera 800 kg mu 1970 ndi 960 kg mu 1989. Scarecrow, wautali wa 4.2 mita komanso pafupifupi zaka 70, tsopano akusungidwa mu Museum ya Astrakhan. Nsombazo zidagwidwa ndi anthu ozembetsa ziwongo, m'matumbo a caviar komanso osadziwika omwe adadziwitsidwa za chiphaso chija, chomwe chimafuna galimoto yoyinyamula. Mpaka pano, beluga lalikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi komanso kanema wonena za izi zomwe mungapeze mu YouTube, pomwe akuwonetsa kope lolemera 500 kg.

Buku lotchedwa "Research on Fisheries in Russia" likuti chinsomba chachikulu kwambiri chomwe chinagwidwa ku Volga chinali chotalika pafupifupi ma 9 ndi makilogalamu 1440. Munthu wotereyu amati ndi nsomba yayikulu kwambiri Padziko Lapansi, ndizachisoni kuti chithunzi cha beluga lalikulu sichinasungidwe kuti chitsimikizire mbiriyo, monga zidachitika mu 1827.

Mu 1922 ndi 1924, nsomba zofananazo zidagwidwa pafupi ndi kamwa la Volga komanso Nyanja ya Caspian - mapaundi 75 (1224 kg), pomwe pafupifupi 700 kg adalemera thupi, 300 kg pamutu, ndi ena onse - caviar. National Museum of Kazan imasunga nsomba yodzaza mamitala 4 yomwe imagwidwa kumunsi kwa Volga. Zaka zake ndi zaka 60-70.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti beluga lalikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi lomwe linagwidwa ndikujambulidwa. Koma asodziwo adakumana ndi zofananira zomwe adalibe giyala kapena mphamvu zokwanira, ndipo adamwalira mosavomerezeka, ndikupereka nthano zambiri zazambiri zam'mitsinje. Zomwe, panjira, zili ndi chifukwa chilichonse, chifukwa m'mimba mwa zigawenga za Caspian zidagona koposa momwe zidapeza zidole zosindikiza (kutalika - kuchokera mita) ..