Ostrich - mbalame ya banja la nthiwatiwa, yemwe amakhala ku Africa. Mbalamezi zimangokhala m'mapululu okha, sizimakwera pamwamba pa 100 metres kuposa nyanja.
Pafupifupi zaka 300 zapitazo, nthiwatiwa sizinkangokhala ku Africa kokha, komanso ku Palestina komanso madera akuluakulu a Asia Minor, koma lero woimira mtunduwu amapezeka kokha mu mapiri komanso mapiri a Africa. Ku Asia, nthiwatiwa zonse zinafafanizidwa mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20.
Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa (Struthio ngamira).
Ostriches amakhala kum'mawa, kumwera chakumadzulo komanso pakati penipeni pa Africa, yomwe ili kumwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara. Mitundu ya nthiwatiwa imagawika m'magulu anayi. Gulu limodzi limakhala ku South Africa - mbalamezi zimaweta makamaka pamafamu, zimakhala ndi imvi.
Mapulogalamu akumpoto ndiakulu kwambiri, mbalamezi zimakhala ndi makosi ofiira. Mabungwe akumpoto amakhala kumayiko sikisi a Sahara ku Africa.
Mu nthiwatiwa zakum'mawa, makosi ndi ntchafu ndizopinki, ndipo nthawi yakubala mwaimuna amatenga tint yofiirira. Mabungwe akum'mawa amakhala kum'mawa kwa Tanzania, kumwera kwa Kenya, kumwera kwa Somalia ndi Ethiopia.
Mverani mawu a nthiwatiwa ya ku Africa
https://animalreader.ru/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/straus-struthio-camelus.mp3
Mapulogalamu enanso, otchedwa Somaliya, amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Kenya, ku Somalia ndi kumwera kwa Ethiopia. Nthiwatiwa izi zimakhala ndi m'chiuno komanso imvi. Pa nthawi ya kubereka mwaimuna, imakhala yofiyira.
Ostriches amakhala m'magulu awiriawiri, amakhala moyo wopanda, komanso samakhala m'magulu.
Kodi ndi mbalame yanji?
Amakhulupirira kuti mbalame zapaderazi zinaonekera padzikoli zaka 12 miliyoni zapitazo. Mtheradi mitundu yonse ya nthiwatiwa ndi zam'madzi (othawa), amatchedwanso kuthamanga. Ostriches amakhala kumayiko otentha a Australia ndi Africa, amakonda madera okhala ndi chipululu komanso malo achitetezo.
Mbalame zapadera izi ndizosiyana machitidwe ndi anzawo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti litamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki, liwu loti "nthiwatiwa" limatanthawuza "ngamila-ngamira." Kodi sizosangalatsa koseketsa motero kuti zingatheke bwanji kuti munthu m'modzi kukhala wofanana akhale anthu awiri osiyana? Mwinanso osati chifukwa choti anthu omwe amabisala pamavuto amatchedwa nthiwatiwa. Kupatula apo, palinso mawu otchuka ngati awa: "Bisa mutu wako mumchenga, ngati nthiwatiwa." Kodi mbalame zimakhaladi choncho ndipo nchifukwa chiyani zinali zoyenera kuyerekezera kosasinthika?
Zimapezeka kuti m'moyo weniweni, nthiwatiwa sizibisa mitu yawo. Munthawi yowopsa, mkazi amatha kupukusa mutu wake pansi kuti asaonekere. Chifukwa chake amayesetsa kupulumutsa ana ake. Kuchokera kunja zitha kumawoneka kuti mbalameyo imalowetsa mutu wake mumchenga, koma sichoncho ayi. Nyama zakuthengo zimakhala ndi adani ambiri: mikango, ankhandwe, chiwombankhanga, zipsepse, njoka, mbalame zolusa, lynxes.
Mawonekedwe
Palibe mbalame ina padziko lapansi yomwe ingadzitamande motere. Mosakayikira, nyenyezi ndi mbalame zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Koma nthawi yomweyo, cholengedwa cholimba ndi chachikulu chotere sichitha kuuluka. Zomwe, makamaka, sizodabwitsa. Kulemera kwa nthiwatiwa kumafikira ma kilogalamu 150 komanso kutalika kwa mamita 2.5.
Poyamba zitha kuwoneka kuti mbalameyi ndiyosasangalatsa komanso yosasangalatsa. Koma izi siziri konse zoona. Imangogwetsa kusasiyana kwa cholengedwa ichi kwa mbalame zina zonse. Mafuta okhala ndi thupi lalikulu, mutu wawung'ono, koma khosi lalitali kwambiri. Mbonizi zili ndi maso achilendo kwambiri omwe amawoneka pamutu ndipo amathandizidwa ndi eyelashes. Miyendo ya nthiwatiwa ndi yayitali komanso yolimba.
Thupi la mbalameyo limakutidwa ndi nthenga zazing'ono zokhotakhota komanso zotayirira. Mtundu wawo ukhoza kukhala wa bulauni ndi yoyera, yakuda yokhala ndi mapatani oyera (makamaka amuna). Zomwe zimasiyanitsa mitundu yonse ya nthiwatiwa ndi mbalame zina ndi kusapezeka kwathunthu kwa chotchedwa keel.
Mitundu ya Ostrich
Akatswiri a Ornithologists amatchula nthiwatiwa ngati mbalame zomwe zikuthamanga, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mabanja anayi: zolengedwa zam'manja zitatu, zala ziwiri zam'manja ndi cassowary, komanso kiwi (yaying'ono yopanda mapiko).
Pakadali pano, mitundu ingapo ya mbalame ya ku Africa ndiyopadera: Massai, Barbary, Malay ndi Somali. Mitundu yonseyi ya nthiwatiwa ilipo masiku ano.
Ndipo pali mitundu inanso iwiri yomwe inakhalapo padziko lapansi, koma tsopano yatchulidwa kuti yatha: South African and Arab. Oimira onse aku Africa ndi ochulukirapo. Ndikosavuta kupeza mbalame ina yokhala ndi magawo. Kulemera kwa nthiwatiwa imatha kufikira munthu mmodzi ndi theka (awa amagwira ntchito kwa amuna), koma zazikazi ndizochulukirapo.
M'pofunikanso kukumbukira ma nanduides. Umenewu ndi mtundu wachiwiri, womwe nthawi zambiri umatchedwa kuti nthiwatiwa. Mulinso oyimira awiri: Darwin's Nanda ndi Randa yayikulu. Mbalamezi zimakhala m'chigwa cha Amazon komanso kumapiri ndi kumapiri a mapiri aku South America.
Oimira gulu lachitatu (cassowary) amakhala ku New Guinea ndi North Australia. Mabanja awiri ndi ake: cassowary (cassowary muruka ndi wamba cassowary) ndi emu.
Koma mtundu wotsiriza wa kiwi. Amakhala ku New Zealand ndipo ngakhale ndi chizindikiro chake. Kiwis ndi ochepa kwambiri kukula poyerekeza ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimathamanga.
Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa
Nthiwatiwa zaku Africa, ngakhale ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, sizitha kuuluka. Koma kenako chilengedwe chinamupatsa mphamvu yodabwitsa kuthamanga kwambiri.
Mbalameyi ili ndi gawo linanso lomwe tidatchulapo - mutu wawung'ono, womwe udapereka mwayi woti zitha kunena zakuti mbalame zokhala ndi malingaliro osakwanira bwino.
Pali miyendo iwiri yokha pamiyendo ya nthiwatiwa ya ku Africa. Chochitika chofananachi sichingapezeke mwa oimira ena padziko lapansi la mbalame. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti zala ziwiri izi ndizosiyana kwambiri. Chachikulucho chimakhala ngati ziboda, chaching'ono sichikhala chophukira. Komabe, izi sizisokoneza kuthamanga mwachangu. Mwambiri, nthiwatiwa ndi mbalame yolimba, simuyenera kuyandikira kwambiri, chifukwa imatha kugunda ndi mphamvu yamphamvu. Akuluakulu amatha kunyamula munthu pawokha. Nyamayo imathanso kuwerengedwa ndi anthu a zaka zana, chifukwa imatha kukhala ndi zaka 60-70.
Moyo
Nthiwatiwa ndi nyama yamtala. Mwachilengedwe, nyengo yakukhwima, anyani amazunguliridwa ndi gulu lonse la akazi, pakati pawo pomwe pali zofunika kwambiri. Nthawi imeneyi imayamba kuyambira pa Marichi mpaka Okutobala. Pazaka zonse, zazikazi zimatha kugona kuyambira 40 mpaka 80 ndizokulirapo. Chigoba chakunja ndi choyera kwambiri, zikuwoneka kuti ndi zopangidwa ndi phula. Kuphatikiza apo, imakhalanso yolimba. Dzira la nthiwatiwa limalemera 1100 mpaka 1800 magalamu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti akazi onse a nthiwatiwa imodzi amaikira mazira pachisa chimodzi. Abambo a m'banjawo amasungira ana awo ndi wamkazi omwe amasankha. Mwana wankhuku wamtchire amabadwa akuona ndipo amalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu. Amayenda mokwanira ndipo pasanathe tsiku limodzi ayamba kudzipezera yekha chakudya.
Mawonekedwe a mbalame
Mbalame zimakhala ndi maso okongola komanso owoneka bwino. Izi ndichifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake. Kusintha kwamaso ndi mawonekedwe apadera kwamaso kumapangitsa kuti muzitha kuwona malo akulu. Mbalame zimatha kuyang'ana zinthu pazitali zazitali. Izi zimapatsa iwo ndi nyama zina mwayi wopewa msipu.
Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame imatha kuthamanga bwino, ndikupanga liwiro la makilomita 80 pa ola limodzi. M'malo omwe nthiwatiwa zimakhala, kuthengo, amazunguliridwa ndi ochulukirachulukira. Chifukwa chake, kuwona bwino komanso kuthekera kuthamanga kwambiri ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yomwe imathandizira kupewa misala ya mdani.
Kodi mbalame zamapazi othamanga zimadya chiyani?
Ostriches ndi omnivores. Inde, chakudya chachikulu kwa iwo ndi mbewu (njere, zipatso, maluwa, mphukira zazing'ono), koma amatha kudya zotsala za nyama kumbuyo kwa mdani, ndipo nthawi zina amadyanso tizilombo, makoswe ndi zokwawa. Ponena za madzi akumwa, pano nthiwatiwa sizosangalatsa kwambiri. Ndipo zingatheke bwanji kuti munthu akhale wazunguzika pomwe akukhala ku Africa kotentha? Chifukwa chake, thupi la mbalameyo limasinthidwa ndikumwa osowa kwambiri ndipo limalekerera bwino.
Kodi nthiwatiwa zimatani?
Nthawi yakukhwima, nthiwatiwa zazimuna zimazungulira ndi "akazi" a akazi awiri kapena anayi. Koma asanatenge "akwatibwi" ambiri amunayo ayenera kukopa chidwi chawo: amasintha utoto wa makulidwe kuti akhale wowala ndikuyamba kulira kwambiri.
Akazi onse obetedwa a "mini-harem" amayikira mazira awo pachisa. Komabe, wamphongo wokhala ndi amene wasankhidwa (m'modzi) wamkazi amakhala akugona. Mazira a nthiwatiwa ndi okulirapo, okhala ndi chipolopolo cholimba.
Anapiye omwe adabadwa kale ali ndi maso ndipo amatha kuyendayenda. Pobadwa, kulemera kwawo kumapitilira kilogalamu imodzi. Tsiku lotsatira kwambiri dzira litatuluka, ana amapita kukadzigulira okha chakudya ndi bambo wamkulu. Kutalika kwa moyo wa nthiwatiwa kuli pafupifupi zaka 75!
Adani achilengedwe a nthiwatiwa
Monga mbalame zina, nthiwatiwa zimakhala zosatetezeka kwambiri mumtambo. Ankhandwe ndi mbalame zazikulu zodyedwa amatha kuzilimbana nazo. Amphaka ongobadwa kumene amatha kukhala nyama mosavuta, pomwe zilombo sizimayang'ana kwenikweni nthiwatiwa yachikulire, chifukwa mutha kukankha mwamphamvu kapena kukanda kwakuya ndi chala cholimba.
Kodi ndi zoona kuti nthiwatiwa imaphimba mutu mumchenga, kapena kutchuka kumeneku kunachokera kuti?
Chowonadi ndichakuti pamene aswa amphaka, wamkazi, pakakhala ngozi, "amafalitsa" mutu ndi khosi pansi, ndikuyesayesa kuti asaonekere. Koma chinyengo ichi sichikugwiritsidwa ntchito kokha ndi nkhuku za amayi, pafupifupi nthiwatiwa zonse zimachita izi pakagwa nyama. Ndipo kuchokera kumbali imawoneka ngati mutu "udapita" mumchenga.
Ndizosangalatsa!
Malinga ndi malamulo owerengera, magulu a nthiwatiwa ndi mbalame zazikulu zomwe zimathamanga, komanso zokhala ndi chifuwa kapena thumbo. Dongosolo lofanana ndi nthiwatiwa ndi la mtundu wa nthiwatiwa zamtundu umodzi - nthiwatiwa za ku Africa.
Magulu a nthiwatiwa zaku Africa amakhala: Maliya (Barbary) ku North Africa, Massai ku East Africa, Somali ku Ethiopia, Kenya ndi Somalia. Pakadapezekanso mitundu iwiri ya nthiwatiwa zaku Africa - waku South Africa ndi Arabu, tsopano zachuluka. Nthiwatiwa zazimuna za ku Africa zitha kupitirira kupitirira mamitala atatu ndi kulemera mpaka 150 kg.
A Nanduiformes ndi a genus Nandu omwe amakhala ku South America. Mulinso mitundu iwiri - Kumpoto kwa Nanda ndi kotenga nthawi yayitali, kapena Darwin, Nanda. Northern Rhea (Rhea yayikulu) imatha kutalika ndi 150-170 cm ndikulemera 25-50 kg.
Choyambirira chachitatu ndi kassowary. Malo omwe amakhala ndi kumpoto kwa Australia ndi New Guinea. Izi zikuphatikizapo mabanja awiri - cassowary (mitundu - wamba cassowary ndi cassowary muruka), ndi emu (mitundu imodzi). Cassowaries amakhala pachilumba cha New Guinea komanso kuzilumba zoyandikira kwambiri. Ma Cassowaries amafika kutalika kwa 150-170 cm ndi kulemera kwa 85 kg.
Emu, amakhala ku Australia komanso pachilumba cha Tasmania. Kutalika kwake kuli mpaka 180 masentimita ndipo kulemera kwake ndi mpaka 55 kg.
Ostriches mulinso mitundu yokhayo yamtundu wa Kiwi. Kiwi ndi wokhala ku New Zealand. Mbalameyi ndi midget poyerekeza ndi nthiwatiwa. (kutalika - 30-40 cm, ndi kulemera - 1-4 makilogalamu). Mbali yodziwika bwino ya kiwi ndi zala 4.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani .
Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa (lat. Struthio camelus) ndi mbalame yopanda maulendo, yoyimira yokha ya banja la nthiwatiwa (Struthinodae).
Dzina lake lasayansi lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki kutanthauza "ngamira mpheta ».
Ostrich ndi mbalame yokhayo yamakono yomwe imakhala ndi chikhodzodzo.
Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa - zazikulu kwambiri mbalame zamakono, mbalame yake Kutalika kumafika 270 cm , amalemera mpaka 175 kg . "Mbalame kwambiri" - nthiwatiwa imakhala ndi minofu yolimba, khosi lalitali komanso mutu waching'ono. Mlomo wake ndi wowongoka, wowonda, wokhala ndi nyanga “pamlomo. Maso akulu - akulu kwambiri mkati mwa nyama zapadziko lapansi, okhala ndi cilia wakuda pachikuto chakumtunda. Kusagwirizana pakamwa kumafikira m'maso.
Ostriches - Mbalame Zosauluka . Popeza kusowa kwawo kwathunthu komanso minofu yolimba ya pectoral, mafupa sakhala ma pneumatic, kupatula okhawo omwe ali achikazi. Maluwa atambasuka mapiko; zala ziwiri zimalumikizana ndi zibwano kapena zoluka. Miyendo ya kumbuyo ndi yayitali komanso yolimba, yokhala ndi zala ziwiri zokha. Chimodzi mwa zala chimatha ndikusokonekera kwa lipenga - mbalameyo imapumira ikathamanga. Nthiwatiwa ikamathamanga imatha kuthamanga mpaka 60-70 km / h.
Ziwawa za nthiwatiwa zimatha kupindika komanso kupindika. Nthenga zimakula mthupi lonse mocheperachepera, kotero kuti pterillia kulibe. Kapangidwe ka cholembera ndi kakale: ndevu sizimalumikizidwa palimodzi, chifukwa chake nthenga sizimawoneka pamipanda yoluka yoluka. Mutu, khosi komanso chiuno sichimeta. Pa chifuwa palinso chigamba cha khungu chamanyazi, callus, pomwe nthiwatiwa imapuma ikagona. Mtundu wa ma plamu mwa munthu wamkulu ndi wakuda, ndipo nthenga za mchira ndi mapiko zimakhala zoyera ngati chipale. Nthiwatiwa zazikazi ndizocheperako kuposa zazimuna ndipo zopaka utoto wofiirira - m'maso amtundu wotuwa, nthenga za mapiko ndi mchira - oyera.
Nthiwatiwa imapanga mitundu ingapo yomwe imasiyana kukula, khungu pakhungu, zina zachilengedwe - kuchuluka kwa mazira m'malo mwake, kupezeka kwa zinyalala pachisa, komanso kapangidwe ka chipolopolo.
Kugawa ndi ma subspecies
Malo okhala nthiwatiwa amatulutsa malo opanda phokoso ku Africa ndi Near East, kuphatikiza Iraq (Mesopotamia), Iran (Persia) ndi Arabia. Koma chifukwa chosaka kwambiri, kuchuluka kwawo kwatsika kwambiri. Subspecies a Middle East, S. c. syriacus, amakhulupirira kuti kuyambira mu 1966. Ngakhale m'mbuyomu, ku Pleistocene ndi Pliocene, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthiwatiwa inali yofala ku Frontal Asia, kum'mwera kwa Europe, Central Asia ndi India.
Pali magulu awiri oyamba a nthiwatiwa zaku Africa: Nthiwatiwa za ku East Africa zokhala ndi khosi ndi miyendo, ndi mitundu iwiri yaimiyendo ndi miyendo. Mabuku S. S. c. molybdophanes, opezeka ku Ethiopia, kumpoto kwa Kenya ndi Somalia, nthawi ndi nthawi amasankhidwa ngati mitundu yosiyana - nthiwatiwa za ku Somalia. Mitundu ina ya nthiwatiwa yokhala ndi imvi (S. c Australia) imakhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa, komwe mtundu wake ndi wokongola kwambiri. M'mabuku a S. c. masisosi a massaicus, kapena masasa a Masai, panthawi yakukwatirana, khosi ndi miyendo zimapakidwa utoto wofiira. Gawani mabizinesi ena - S. c. ngamila kumpoto kwa Africa. Malo ake achilengedwe amayambira ku Ethiopia ndi Kenya mpaka Senegal, ndi kumpoto mpaka kummawa kwa Mauritania ndi kumwera kwa Morocco.
Ostriches okhala ndi makosi ofiira omwe amapezeka ku South Africa, mwachitsanzo, ku Kruger State Park (South Africa), ndi anthu ochokera kunja.
Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi
Ostrich amakhala m'malo otentha komanso zipululu, kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa nkhalango. Nthawi yakusamba, nthiwatiwa nthawi zambiri zimasungidwa m'mipanda yaying'ono kapena mabanja. Achibale amakhala ndi wamwamuna wamkulu, zazikazi zinayi mpaka zisanu. Maluwa nthawi zambiri amadyera limodzi ndi mbidzi komanso ankhandwe, ndipo limodzi nawo amasamukira ku mapiri aku Africa. Chifukwa cha kukula kwawo komanso masomphenya okongola, nthiwatiwa poyamba zimazindikira kuopsa kwake. Pakuwopseza, amathawa, kuthamangitsa kuthamanga kwa 60-70 km / h ndikupanga masitepe mu 3.5-4 m mulifupi , ndipo monga zofunikira mwadzidzidzi kusintha njira yothamangira, osachepetsa kuthamanga. Nthiwatiwa zazing'ono zokhala ndi zaka chimodzi zitha kuthamanga mpaka 50 km / h.
Zakudya wamba za Ostriches ndizomera - mphukira, maluwa, njere, zipatso, koma nthawi zina amadyanso nyama zazing'ono - tizilombo (dzombe), zouluka, mbewa ndi zotsalira za zakudya zodya nyama. Ali kundende, nthiwatiwa imasowa pafupifupi makilogalamu 3.5 a chakudya patsiku. Monga Nthiwatiwa zilibe mano , kupera chakudya m'mimba, amameza miyala ing'onoing'ono, ndipo nthawi zambiri chilichonse chimapezeka: misomali, zidutswa zamatabwa, chitsulo, pulasitiki, etc. Ostriches amatha kuzungulira kwa nthawi yayitali osapezeka madzi, kupeza madzi kuchokera kuzakudya zomwe zidadyedwa, koma ndi mlandu kumwa mofunitsitsa komanso kukonda kusambira.
Mazira opandukira, osiyidwa popanda mbalame zazikulu, nthawi zambiri amakhala olusa (ankhandwe, ma hyenas), komanso mbalame zowola.Mwachitsanzo, ma tchuthi, amatenga mwala mu mulomo wake ndikumuponyera dzira mpaka itasweka. Nthawi ndi nthawi, mikango imagwira anapiye. Koma nthiwatiwa zazikulu sizotetezeka ngakhale kwa zilombo zazikulu - kumenyedwa koyamba kwa mwendo wawo wolimba, wokhala ndi chibwano cholimba, ndikokwanira kuvulaza kwambiri kapena kuwononga mkango. Pali nthawi zina pomwe amuna, kuteteza mdera lawo, anaukira anthu.
Nthano yomwe nthiwatiwa yochititsa mantha imabisa mutu wake mumchenga imatha kukhala chifukwa chakuti nthiwatiwa yachikazi, itakhala pachisa, imatambasulira khosi ndi mutu ngati mukuwopseza, kuyesera kuti ikhale yopanda pake kumbali yakumapeto kwa sevannah yoyandikana nayo. Mafuta amathandizanso kuona adani. Zikatero, kukafika pafupi ndi mbalame yobisala, nthawi yomweyo imalumpha ndikuthawa.
Zoyala pafamu
Nthenga zokongola ndi nthenga zowongolera zazitengera nthawi yayitali chidwi cha makasitomala - zidapanga zisangalalo, mafani ndi maapulogalamu azovala. Chigoba cholimba cha mazira a nthiwatiwa chikagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafuko aku Africa ngati zombo zamadzi, ndipo ku Europe, zitsamba zokongola zimapangidwa kuchokera mazira awa.
Chifukwa cha nthenga zomwe zinapita kukakongoletsa zipewa za azimayi ndi mafani, nthiwatiwa zinangotsala pang'ono kuzimiririka m'zaka za zana la 18-kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 1900. Ngati pakati pa XIX century. nthiwatiwa sizinakweledwe pamafamu, ndiye pofika nthawi yeniyeni, mwina, zikadatha zonse, monga momwe magulu a nthiwatiwa zaku Middle East adawonedwera. Pakadali pano, nthiwatiwa zimaberekera m'mayiko opitilira 50 padziko lapansi (kuphatikiza mayiko omwe ndi ozizira, mwachitsanzo, Sweden), koma minda yawo yambiri idakulirakulira ku South Africa.
Pakadali pano, nthiwatiwa zimapangidwa makamaka pakhungu ndi nyama yokwera mtengo. Nyama ya mchenga imafanana ndi nyama yodontha - ndiyoponda ndipo ilibe mafuta ambiri. Zinthu zapamwamba ndi testicles ndi nthenga.
Zizindikiro zambiri za ku Poland zimakhala ndi nthenga za nthiwatiwa. Chizindikiro cha Australia ndi chishango chochirikizidwa ndi kangaroo ndi nthiwatiwa za emu - nyama zomwe zimangokhala mdziko lino.
Ostrich ndi mbalame yamitala. Nthawi zambiri, nthiwatiwa zimakhala ndi mwayi wokumana m'magulu a mbalame za 3-5 - wamphongo mmodzi ndi akazi ochepa. Pokhapokha nthawi yophula, nthiwatiwa nthawi ndi nthawi zimasonkhana m'matumba a mbalame 20-30, ndi mbalame zam'mwera kumwera kwa Africa - mpaka 50-100 mbalame. Nthiwatiwa zamphongo nthawi yamkati mwa nyumbayi imakhala m'derali kuyambira 2 mpaka 15 km2, kuthamangitsa adani.
Ponena za kubereka, nthiwatiwa zazimuna zimayenda momasuka, kukopa zazikazi. Amphongo amagwada, maphokoso akumenyetsa mapiko ake, kuponyera mutu wake kumbuyo ndi kupukusa kumbuyo kwake kumutu. Khosi ndi miyendo yachimuna panthawiyi imalandira utoto wokongola. Kupikisana ndi akazi, amuna amatulutsa nyimbo ndi mawu ena. Amatha kuwomba: chifukwa cha ichi, amapeza mpweya wokwanira ndikuwukakamiza kudutsa thirakiti lazakudya - ndi zonsezi, phokoso lakumveka limamveka.
Yaimuna yayikulu imaphimba akazi onse aakazi, koma, imangopanga mkazi yekha wamkulu, ndipo pamodzi ndi iye, imagwira anapiye. Zachikazi zonse zimayala testicles awo mdzenje limodzi, momwe yamphongo imakhazikika pansi kapena mumchenga. Kuzama kwake ndi masentimita 30-60 okha. Mazira a nthiwatiwa ndiakulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi mbalame, ngakhale ndizochepa kwambiri kukula kwa mbalame yomwe: kutalika kwa testicle - 15-21 cm , kulemera - kuchokera 1.5 mpaka 2 kg (awa ndi mazira pafupifupi 25-25 nkhuku). Chigoba cha mazira a nthiwatiwa ndi wandiweyani - 0,6 cm , mtundu wake nthawi zambiri umakhala wachikasu, wowonda pang'ono kapena wamtambo. Kumpoto kwa Africa, chiwonetsero chonse nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi mazira 15-20, kumwera kwa kontinenti - kuchokera 30, ku East Africa kuchuluka kwa mazira ukufika 50-60. Akazi amagona zikopa zawo, mwachionekere, kamodzi pa masiku awiri.
Masana, zazikazi zimapinda mazira mosiyana (chifukwa cha mtundu wake woteteza, kuphatikiza ndi mawonekedwe), ndi champhongo usiku. Nthawi zambiri masana testicles amakhala osasamalidwa ndi kutentha ndi dzuwa. Kubwatcha kumatenga masiku 35-45. Komabe, nthawi zambiri ma testicles ambiri, ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi ndi onse, amafa chifukwa chosasamala. Chipolopolo cholimba cha dzira ladzuwa chimachitira umboni mwana wankhuku pafupifupi ola limodzi, nthawi ndi nthawi. Dzira la nthiwatiwa limaposa kawiri konse kuposa nkhuku.
Nthiwatiwa yongopeza kumene yolemera pafupifupi. 1,2 kg , ndipo pakatha miyezi inayi amakwanitsa 18-19 kg. Patsiku loti azikoloweka, anapiye amachoka pachisa ndikuyenda ndi bambo awo kukafunafuna chakudya. Potengera miyezi iwiri yoyambirira ya mwana, anapiyewo amaphimbidwa ndi mabulangete okhazikika, ndiye kuti amavala chovala chofananira ndi chovala chachikazi. Nthenga zowona zimawonekera m'mwezi wachiwiri, ndipo nthenga zakuda mumphongo - mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo. Kutha kuswana nthiwatiwa zimakhala pa zaka 2-4 . Ostriches amakhala ndi zaka 30 mpaka 40.
Ostrich amadziwa bwino aliyense. Nthawi zambiri ana, koma nthawi zina achikulire amafunsanso komwe nthiwatiwa zimakhala.
Chinthu choyamba chomwe chimabwera m'maganizo ndi Africa. Inde, zowonadi zimapezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Masiku ano, omwe kwa nthawi yayitali ankadziwikanso kuti ndi nthiwatiwa, amapatsidwa mitundu yodzilekanitsa, ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo amatha kuthamanga kwambiri mpaka 70 km pa ola limodzi.
Ndikofunikira kuti mbalameyo ikhale ndi mawonekedwe abwino, chifukwa, popanda kuuluka, kuthawa kwa adani ake achilengedwe, monga nyalugwe, mikango, ziphuphu ndi nyalugwe, iye amatha kuzizindikira munthawi yake ndikuthawa. Chifukwa chakugwirira ntchito yoswana ndi kubereka m'mafamu ndi cholinga chofuna kupeza mazira, nyama, nthenga ndi khungu, zimphona zimafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, koma kuthengo amakhala ku Africa kokha .
Zoyambira Habitat
Pali mbalame m'mapiri a ku Africa. M'mbuyomu, nthiwatiwa zinkakhala m'malo ena, makamaka ku Middle East, India, Iran, Arabia ndi Central Asia. Chifukwa cha ntchito zambiri zakusaka m'malo ambiri, zimphona zidapheratu, kuphatikiza ngakhale mitundu ya ku Middle East, yomwe imadziwika kuti yambiri. Zotsatira zake, malo okhala atsikira ku Africa.
Akatswiri masiku ano amagawa mawonekedwe amitundu ingapo. Chifukwa chake, mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana ku Africa zimakhala ndi maonekedwe ena.
- Kukhala kumadera akum'mawa kwa kontinenti - mawonekedwe awo osiyanitsa ndi mtundu wofiira wa khosi ndi ma paws.
- Pokhala ku Ethiopia, Somalia, ndi kumpoto kwa Kenya, chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi mbalamezi ndizosangalatsa kwambiri.
- Anthu okhala kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa ali ndi imvi komanso khosi.
Kusiyana koteroko nthawi zambiri sikumazindikiridwa ndi anthu ambiri, ndipo kwa iwo zimphona zonse zimadziwika chimodzimodzi, pokhapokha, zithunzi zawo zimakonzedwa motsatizana, momwe mawonekedwe amtunduwu adzawonekere bwino.
Ku Africa, mbalame zimapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse . Malo okhala nthiwatiwa ndi malo osungira, pomwe mbalame zimamva bwino kwambiri chifukwa chosowa kwa osaka. Izi, mbalame zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, sizimangokhala kumpoto kwenikweni kwa dziko lapansi komanso m'chipululu cha Sahara, momwe sizingakhalire popanda chakudya ndi madzi.
Malo okhalako a nthiwatiwa, komwe kumakhala kotakasuka, ndi malo achitetezo ndi chipululu, komwe mungapeze madzi ndi chakudya.
Popeza taphunzira zambiri za komwe nthiwatiwa zimakhala, ndikofunikira kudziwa mwatsatanetsatane malo ake.
Savannah
Kuchepa kwa kapangidwe ka mbalame ndi kuchepa mphamvu yakuuluka, yomwe imalipidwa ndi kuthamanga kwambiri, imapangitsa magulu a nthiwatiwa kusankha malo okhala moyo, wokutidwa ndi udzu (savannah) komanso nthawi zambiri - madera amtchire, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malire a savannah.
Ostriches amaberekera kumapiri a savannah, komwe kumakhala chakudya chokwanira kwa makolo ndi anapiye. Mbalame yathanzi pazinthu zoterezi sizingatheke kwa nyama zodya nyama, popeza, itazizindikira kutali, nthiwatiwa imasunthira kumalo otetezeka, osasiyira mwayi wothamangitsa.
Mu savannah, nthiwatiwa zimakhala m'matumba, momwe muli anthu 50.
Nthawi zambiri, nthiwatiwa zimakonda kudyetsa gulu la nyerere ndi mbidzi, chifukwa zimawateteza. Zikakhala zotere, zilombo zodya zamadzi zimadziwitsidwa posachedwa, ndipo zimakonderanso fanizo mwachangu kuposa mbalame, yomwe imakhala yosatheka kutiigwira.
Ndizabwino kuti munthu azikhala komwe nthiwatiwa zimakhala, ndipo sizachilendo mafuko akumeneko, kuphatikiza zopanda pake, kusaka mbalame zomwe zimapereka nyama yabwino kwambiri. Chifukwa cha nthenga zowoneka bwino, nthiwatiwa zinaperekedwa ndi anthu kwa nthawi yayitali mwachilengedwe. Ku Africa masiku ano, zimphona zazikulu zomwe zili ndi utoto sizimadziwika kuti ndi nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kufa.
Chipululu
Chipululu si malo oti zimphona zambiri zokhala ndi mbewa. Ku Sahara samapezeka konse. Komabe, mbalame zimalowa m'dera la chipululu chouma kuti zigwirizire mazira, komanso mvula ikagwa, pomwe pali masamba abwino komanso tizilombo tambiri, komanso abuluzi ambiri, amabwera m'derali. Dothi lopanda chipululu ndilovuta kwambiri, ndipo mbalameyo imatha kuyendayenda bwino mmenemu, ikuthamanga kwambiri.
Kodi nthiwatiwa zimakhala m'mikhalidwe yotani?
Munthawi zachilengedwe, nthiwatiwa zimakhala kutentha kuphatikiza, koma zimatha kulekerera kuzizira mpaka 30 ° C popanda mavuto. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi kuti muwasunge ku Russia. Mikhalidwe yayikulu yosungira nthiwatiwa ndikuyenda malo ambiri ndikuwunikira bwino (kwa banja laling'ono la mbalame 3-4, corral yokhala ndi malo osachepera 100 lalikulu mita ndiyofunika.
Kodi cholinga choweta nthiwatiwa ndi chiyani?
- Nyama ya Ostrich ndi chakudya chamtengo wapatali chambiri. Ndizotsika kwambiri - mafuta omwe amakhalapo sagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kuphatikiza cholesterol yotsika kwambiri komanso mapuloteni ambiri, nyama yamtunduwu imakhala pamalo oyamba m'ndandanda wazinthu zomwe zimakonda kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, nthiwatiwa ndizapamwamba kuposa nyama zonse zaulimi malinga ndi liwiro komanso mphamvu yomanga minofu, ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimakhala zosafunikira kwenikweni. Mwachitsanzo, mzimayi mmodzi amatulutsa makilogalamu 30 mpaka 40 a nyama yabwino. , - Chikopa. Khungu lakunyanja pakufunidwa silili laling'ono kuposa mamba ndi njoka. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nsapato, zovala, zipewa, malamba, matumba ndi zina zambiri. Kuchokera kwa nthiwatiwa imodzi yachikulire, mutha kukwera mpaka mita 1.5. mita khungu. ,
- Nthenga. Niche yogwiritsira ntchito nthenga za nthiwatiwa makamaka imakhala mafashoni azimayi, zodzikongoletsera, mapilo, jekete pansi, zowonjezera. Nthiwatiwa zachikulire zimameta ubweya miyezi isanu ndi itatu iliyonse, ndikulandira nthenga za 1-2 kg. ,
- Mazira. Mazira a Ostrich sioyenera kwenikweni ngati chakudya, koma ichi ndi chinthu chotchuka kwa iwo amene akufuna kuchita kuswana kwa nthiwatiwa, ndipo mazira amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zikumbutso. Mkazi wamkulu amapereka mazira pafupifupi 50 pachaka. ,
Alendo okondedwa, sungani nkhaniyi pamawebusayiti. Timafalitsa nkhani zothandiza kwambiri zomwe zingakuthandizeni mu bizinesi yanu. Gawani izi! Dinani apa!
Kukulitsa anapiye?
Mwachilengedwe, nthiwatiwa zimabereka ana motere: yamphongo imakonza chisa mu nthaka, ikung'amba dzenje m'makutu mwake ndi mulomo, wamkazi imayikira mazira 12 ndikusaka mazira masana. Usiku, wamwamuna amalowa m'malo mwake.
Chimbudzi chachiwiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa anapiyewo. Masiku 39 oyamba, mazira ali mu chofungatira chachikulu, ndiye kuti kwa masiku 4-6 amawasamutsira mu chofungatira cha ana, momwe mikhalidwe imasiyana: chinyezi chapamwamba komanso kutentha pang'ono. Mu chofungatira cha ana, anapiyewo amakhalanso masiku ena atatu atachira, kenako amawasamutsa kuchipinda china, komwe kutentha kumayenera kukhalabe pa 24-25 ° C. Mutha kupita ndi anapiye kumsewu komweko kutentha kwa 18 ° C.
Kodi nthiwatiwa zimadya chiyani?
Mafuta okhala ngati nyama zonunkhira. Kuphatikiza pa kubzala zakudya, zimatha kumeza nyama zazing'ono, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatha kuyamwa zinthu ngakhale zobiriwira. Mukamadyetsa nthiwatiwa, chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimafunikira pachakudya ndi kuchuluka kwamapuloteni (10-20%, kutengera zaka ndi nthawi).
Chakudya choyenera kwambiri cha nthiwatiwa: tirigu, chimanga, oats, barele, chinangwa, kuchokera ku roughage - udzu ndi udzu wa kumunda. Mutha kuwonjezera mafupa kapena nyama ndi fupa chakudya, chakudya cha nyama, proxes. Zakudya zina za nkhuku zopakidwa kale ndizoyenera nthiwatiwa. Pafupifupi, nthiwatiwa yachikulire imadya makilogalamu atatu a zakudya patsiku.
Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a nthiwatiwa?
Ndipo pang'ono zinsinsi.
Kodi mudamvapo ululu wosavomerezeka? Ndipo mukudziwa nokha zomwe:
- kulephera kusuntha mosavuta komanso momasuka,
- kusapeza bwino pakukwera komanso kutsika kwa masitepe,
- nkhwangwa yosasangalatsa, yosadula ayi,
- kupweteka mkati kapena pambuyo kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi,
- kutupa m'malumikizidwe ndi kutupa
- osapweteka ndipo nthawi zina amakhala wosapweteka wopweteka m'malo.
Ndipo tsopano yankhani funsolo: kodi izi zikuyenera inu? Kodi zopweteka zoterezi zimatha kulekereredwa? Kodi ndi ndalama zochuluka motani zomwe "mwatsanulira" pachipatala chothandiza? Ndizowona - ndi nthawi yoti zithetse izi! Kodi mukuvomereza? Ndiye chifukwa chake tidasankha kufalitsa zokambirana zapadera ndi Pulofesa Dikul, momwe adawululira zinsinsi zakuchotsa kupweteka kwapawiri, nyamakazi ndi arthrosis.
Ngakhale mbalameyi imayenda mwachilengedwe kudera lachipululu ndi kotentha ku Africa, Australia, America, ndizosavuta kuzika mizu m'malo otentha. Kuphatikiza apo, amavutika kwambiri nyengo ya Russia, chifukwa maula omwe amatha kuteteza kuchokera ku madigiri -20 madigiri. Zachidziwikire, kuti nthawi yozizira samasiyidwa mumsewu ndikusungidwa mnyumbayo chifukwa miyendo yawo imatha kugundana.
Pa famu ya nthiwatiwa, muyenera kusankha malo ouma, omwe amakhala kutali ndi madzi osefukira. Ndikofunika kuti malowa ali pobisalira, malo otentha omwe amatetezedwa ku mphepo yozizira - uyu ndiye mdani wamkulu wa mbalameyo, chifukwa imatha kudwala mu kukonzekera. Ponena za ukhondo, pali zofunika zingapo.
- Malowa azikhala pamtunda wa pafupifupi 1 km kuchokera pamalo osungira zinyalala, minda yina, komanso mtunda wa 2 km kuchokera pamalo pomwe nyama ndi nkhuku zimayera. Izi ndichifukwa choti mtundu wovuta kwambiri wa ziweto ndi nthiwatiwa, mbalame yomwe imatenga matenda aliwonse. M'malo omwe adabadwira, m'malo otetezeka, m'malo opululu, mpweya wotentha umapha matenda ambiri, kotero amakhala nthawi yayitali. Ndizovuta kunena kuti ndi nthiwatiwa zingati zomwe zimakhala mikhalidwe yathu, chifukwa zimatengera mitundu, koma osachepera zaka 15 (Waku Australia ) osati zaka zopitilira 90 (Wachiafrika )
- Pakadali pasakhale maiwe, madzi ena, ziweto zizitha kumwa madzi okhawo omwe amamwa zakumwa. Sakonda chinyezi ndi dothi konse.
- Dothi liyenera kukhala lotayirira, makamaka mchenga wamatope, ndizotheka ndikuwonjezera zipolopolo. Izi ndicholinga choti mbalameyo isavulala uku ikuyenda, ikulephera kuthamanga kwambiri, komanso sizisankha anthu okhala m'nthaka (mphutsi, kafadala, ndi zina).
Ma Aviaries opitilira 50 metres ali osavomerezeka, chifukwa pakhoza kukhala ngozi. Ngati simuchepetsa malire, amathamangira ku 80 km / h, ndipo nthawi zambiri amaiwala kuti achepetse, zichitike pachipilala . Ndikofunika kugawa malo akulu m'zigawo zingapo kuti ziweto zanu ziziyenda moyenera komanso mosatetezeka.
Zima ziyenera kusungidwa m'nyumba. Kuti muchite izi, chipinda chowuma wamba, chosatenthedwa, chiri choyenera, chinthu chachikulu ndikupanga dongo louma, lomwe limataya udzu kapena udzu wambiri. Zikatero, nyama "yachilendo" imapulumuka nthawi yozizira.
Kodi nthiwatiwa ndi mbalame kapena nyama yomwe imadya chilichonse?
Pali nthano yofala kwambiri yomwe Emu, Nandu ndipo zoweta zina zimakonda kudya nyama, ndiye kuti, sizimadya zokha zokha, komanso nyama, monga nyama. M'malo mwake, nthano iyi ndi yolakwika monga chikhulupiriro chofala choti nthiwatiwa zimabisa mitu yawo pansi ngati zili ndi mantha.
Iyi ndiye mbalame yotchuka kwambiri yomwe imangokhala malo otentha. Zakudya zake sizosiyana kwambiri ndi abakha, kupatula kusiyana kumodzi kokha ndikuti amadya kwambiri. Kuti mudyetse 'nyumbayo ndi miyendo' imodzi, muyenera kumamupatsa chakudya chokwanira makilogalamu 3.5 patsiku.Matumbo akulu ndi aatali kwambiri (mita 9), CHIKWANGWANI, Mafuta amawonongeka mkati mwake, ndipo madzi amamwe. Cesspool ili ndi zipinda zitatu, ndichifukwa chake mbalameyi ndi yapadera mumtunduwu: zimayamwa ndowe ndi mkodzo payokha, ngati nyama, osati ngati onse okhala mnyumbamo. Kutalika kwa matumbo athu onse ndi 18 mamilimita; amadyera aliwonse, ngakhale chakudya cholemera kwambiri, mumayimbidwa mwangwiro.
Nthiwatiwa ndi mbalame yowoneka bwino kwambiri, imadya mpaka 2,5% ya unyinji wake, ndipo nyama zazing'ono zimadya 3.9-4.1% ya kulemera kwake. Ubwino wokhawo ndiwakuti zimalemera msanga; kudyetsa sikumapita "chitoliro". Mu chaka chimodzi iwo amakula ndi 70% ya kulemera kwakukulu. Ine Wachiafrika Nthiwatiwa zidzapeza 100-120 kg pa chaka 1, ndipo Waku Australia mpaka 50-70 kg. Mutha kudyetsa ndi tirigu ndi amadyera, mapira, mafuta amafuta, kupatsa nsomba, zipatso, kuphatikizapo maapulo, ma apulo, mabulosi ndi mapichesi. Amadya masamba: dzungu, nkhaka, mavwende, beets (nthawi zonse ndi shuga). Mutha kupatsanso chakudya chimodzimodzi ngati ndi nkhumba kapena.
Ngati simukudziwa momwe nthiwatiwa amawoneka kuti ali wokwanira, yang'anani momwe alili. Anthu anjala ndi ankhwawa, fikani kumalo odyetserako, owonetsa zochitika, akuwombera mapiko awo, kupanga mawu osiyanasiyana. Ngati anali ndi chakudya cholimba, ali mtulo panjira, amatha kukhala pansi padzuwa, kuwodzera. Akuluakulu onenepa sikuyenera, muyenera kuwapatsa mavitamini ndi michere yambiri momwe matupi awo angafunire. Chidwi chanu pa kuchuluka kwamasiku onse pakudya:
Ambiri akuopa kuyambitsa bizinesi, chifukwa akuwopa kuti sizingawayendere okha kuti amvetsetse kuswana kwa nthiwatiwa. M'malo mwake, njirayi siyovuta, ndikosavuta kuposa kukweza akavalo kapena atsekwe. Kuti chilichonse chikwaniritsidwe, muyenera kudziwa mfundo zingapo zofunika, zomwe tidzafotokozere pansipa.
- Malo omangira zisa azichotsedwera pomwepo, koma azichita okha, chifukwa amatha kuwachotsa m'malo osavulaza, mwachitsanzo, pansi pa linga, m'miyala ndi zina. Sichikhala chovuta kuti inu mukumba kakang'ono kachisoni, kutaya udzu pamenepo.
- Ndikofunikira kuthandizira pakudya pakumanga, musasinthe magawo, zogulitsa. Zatsopano zilizonse zimatha kuyimitsa ulesi. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuzolowera chakudya musanagone, chifukwa chipolopolo cha mazira chimachotsa kashiamu yonse mthupi.
- Ndikofunikira kuti amuna ndi akazi azikhala mzipinda zosiyana kapena zolembera, ndiye kuti mating, mukawaika pamalo amodzi, adzapindula kwambiri, mwachangu. Mukazisunga m'gawo limodzi, zimayamba kukwatirana nthawi isanakwane, njirayi imakhazikika, zimakhudza mazira atagona - amakhala ochepa.
- Pakukhwima ndi kuyikira mazira, simungathe kuwopsyeza mbalameyo, iyenera kukhala bata. Sitikulimbikitsidwanso kuti mupite nawo kuwakanema, kuwakwiyitsa ndi mawu osasangalatsa, machitidwe. Sakhala ankhanza, koma amatha kuukira ngati ana ali pachiwopsezo.
- Kutha msambo kwa mkazi kumatha kukhala zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, zamphongo pafupifupi zaka 3-3,5, koma izi sizimangotengera zaka, komanso kulemera ndi mtundu wa chakudya. Ngati thupi ndilokwanira, amayamba kukwatirana mwachangu, mwina atakwanitsa zaka ziwiri.
- Choyamba, chachikazi chimayikira mazira 20, umuna wa 65%, ndiye manambala amakula.
- Mphamvu yakugonana yamphongo nthawi zambiri imatsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu wa mulomo ndi miyendo yotsika - mtundu wofiira umawonetsa kukhwima, kukonzekera njira zogonana, ndiye kuti mutha kukwatirana.
- Kuwerengera amuna ndi akazi kuli kofanana ndi 1: 1 kapena 1: 2, ngati mukudziwa kale kuswana, mutha kudziwa kutha msinkhu.
- Kuti achulukitse nthawi ya kuyikira dzira, amatengedwa kuchokera ku chisa, ndikusiya zidutswa za 3-4, chifukwa ngati atakhala 15-20, chachikazi chimangokhala pachisa, kusiya kuyikira mazira.
Mukamatsatira malangizowa ndikuganizira zonse zokhudzana ndi kubereka, bizinesi yanu idzakhala yopindulitsa, ndipo "ziweto" zimabweretsa chisangalalo chifukwa cha kubereka kwawo. Ndipo kumbukirani kuti nthiwatiwa ndi mbalame wamba, yomwe imathanso kulimidwa pafamu yaku Russia popanda mantha.
Kumene ungazindikire nthiwatiwa kapena zomwe zingatengeko?
Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti phindu limatha kungopezeka pogulitsa nyama, koma, ndizotsika mtengo kwambiri. Khungu lomwe zopangidwa ndi zikopa zimapangidwa kuti ndizofunika kwambiri; zimakhala ndi zida zowonetsa bwino komanso zimakwaniritsa zofunika za makasitomala ovuta kwambiri. Mtundu wa mita lalikulu la khungu limawononga pafupifupi madola 350, chifukwa chake, chokulirapo mbalameyo, phindu lochuluka limachokera.
Ndizopindulitsa kwambiri kugulitsa mazira, chifukwa amodzi amalipira pafupifupi 400-500 rubles, kutengera kulemera kwake komanso malo omwe mungatenge. Mwapamwamba, amatha kugulitsidwa m'malesitilanti, komanso zogulitsa. Amapanga nyali, zokongoletsera za chipinda, miphika, mbale.
Chiwindi chimakhala ndi mtengo wosiyana. Mtengo wake ndi pafupifupi ma ruble 2000 pa kilogalamu imodzi pa malo odyera, amadziwika kuti ndiwopatsa chidwi. Munthu m'modzi amapereka mpaka 2-2,5 kg ya chiwindi, zomwe zimakhala zopindulitsa kwambiri. Ndi kukhazikitsa bwino, mutha kupeza ma rubles +5000 kuchokera ku nthiwatiwa imodzi.
Mlomo, misomali imagulidwa ndi makampani opanga mankhwala opangira mankhwala othana ndi matenda amtima. Amapanga masiki amaso odula, komanso mafuta okumbika pakukweza khungu. Mafuta a Brisket amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati kirimu wotsutsa kukalamba.
Nthenga ndizogulanso mtengo; mapilo apamwamba kwambiri, zingwe zazovala zam'nyengo yachisanu, ndi zotchingira zofunda zimatuluka. Ali ndi katundu wa hypoallergenic, amasunga kutentha kwambiri, kwinaku amalola mpweya kuti udutse. Zovala zoterezi, thupi limapuma pafupipafupi, limamasuka.
Khalidwe la Ostrich ndi zakudya
Zitsamba kunja kwa nthawi yoswana zimakhala m'matumba. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka kwa magulu omwe amayendayenda nthawi yachilala. Mbalamezi zimakhala m'misewu pafupi ndi anelopes ndi mbidzi. Amawonetsa zochitika m'mawa ndi madzulo. Maluwa ali ndi maso komanso makutu abwino, motero nyama zodya zakutali zimazindikiridwa kutali ndikuthawa nthawi yomweyo. Amasiyanitsa, mukumvera zochita za nthiwatiwa, phunzirani za ngozi yomwe ikubwera.
Maluwa ali ndi miyendo yolimba modabwitsa. Pakuteteza, mbalamezi zimatha kuvulaza kwambiri komanso kupha.
Ostriches amadya zipatso, mbewu, udzu, masamba a zitsamba. Nthawi zina amadya tizilombo. Ostriches kumeza miyala ing'onoing'ono yomwe imakupera chakudya komanso kusintha chimbudzi. Ostriches amatha kuchita popanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali, amabwezeretsanso chinyezi m'thupi kuchokera ku zakudya zamasamba. Panthawi ya chilala, nthiwatiwa zimangokhala, koma zimataya mpaka 25% ya thupi panthawi imeneyi chifukwa chakusowa kwamadzi. Ngati pali dziwe pafupi, ndiye mbalamezi zimakonda kumwa ndikusambira.
Ostriches ntchito kukhala m'matumba.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Ostriches ndi mbalame zamitala, ndiye kuti, wamphongo mmodzi amakhala ndi akazi angapo. Kunja kwa nyengo yakuswana, nthiwatiwa zimakhala m'matumba. Mitundu yaing'onoting'ono yodzigawika imasiyana, magulu ochulukirapo. Nthawi yakukhwima, wamwamuna aliyense amakhala m'dera linalake, kukula kwake ndi mainchi 10 km. Omwe akupikisana nawo pazinthu zonsezi amathamangitsidwa mwankhanza. Mbali ndi khosi panthawiyi mwa amuna zimakhala ndi kamvekedwe kowala. Amuna amalira mofuula ndipo akulira mosangalala.
Kutha kwa msambo kumachitika zaka 2-4, pomwe kusamba kwa akazi kumachitika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kale kuposa amuna. Nyengo yoswana imayamba mu Marichi-Epulo ndipo imatha mpaka Seputembara. Nyamayi imakhala yaimuna ndi ya akazi 5-7, pomwe ina mwa akazi ili ndi udindo waukulu. Wamphongo, limodzi ndi wamkazi wamkulu, amamanga chisa ndipo amatenga ukazitape.
Awiri a nthiwatiwa.
Chisa chimapangidwa mosavuta - kukhumudwa kumapangidwa pansi, ndikuya pafupifupi masentimita 50. Mu chisa ichi akazi onse amaikira mazira. Pachimake chimodzi pamakhala mazira 15-60. Pakati pa zomangamanga pali mazira a mkazi wamkulu. Wamphongo amatenga nawo mbali pomaswa mazira. Mazira ndi akulu. Dzira lililonse limalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu ziwiri, ndipo kutalika kwake kumafikira 20 cm. Kukula kwa mazira ndi mamilimita 5-6. Mtundu wawo ndi wachikaso chakuda.
Kuchulukitsa kumatenga miyezi 1.5. Mazira omwe ali m'mphepete sangathe kutseguka. Chingwe chokha chimasolola chipolopolo cholimba ndikubera. Mazira otsala amasweka. Chifukwa cha izi, ntchentche zochuluka zomwe zimapita kukadyetsa ana aimpso obiriwira zimadziunjikira.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa nthiwatiwa kuthengo ndi zaka 40 mpaka 485. M'malo otetezeka, mbalamezi zimakhala zaka 60. Ena amaganiza kuti nthiwatiwa zitha kukhala ndi moyo wautali, koma zokambirana izi zilibe umboni.
Zoyipa ndi mamuna
Anthu amafunsa nthiwatiwa zoweta pamafamu. Nyama ya mbalamezi ndi yamtengo wapatali chifukwa ili ndi cholesterol yaying'ono. Mazira okola nawonso amakoma. Komanso anthu amagwiritsa ntchito khungu ndi nthenga za mbalamezi.
Maphwando azikondwerero za zipatso.
Kuthengo, mbalame zikuluzikuluzi zimawopa anthu ndipo zikafika zikuthawa. Nthiwatiwa ikakodwa pakona, ndiye kuti imadzitchinjiriza. Kukwapula kwa nthiwatiwa kumatha kupha munthu mosavuta. Ku South Africa, anthu angapo amafa chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha matenda a nthiwatiwa.
Anthu amagwiritsa ntchito nthiwatiwa zapakhomo kusangalala, mwachitsanzo, amazikwera, ngati akavalo. Palinso zachisoni zapadera pa maulendo azala. Koma kuyang'anira mbalamezi ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa mahatchi.
Komanso anthu amakonda kuthamanga pakati pa nthiwatiwa. Mbalamezi zimamangidwa maulendo apadera ndipo zimakonza mpikisano wadziko lapansi. Zowoneka ngati zoterezi zimapezeka m'maiko ambiri aku US komwe amthiwatiwa amawatulutsa pamafamu. Famu yoyamba ya nthiwatiwa inatuluka mu 1892 ku Florida. Zimphona izi zokhala ndi mbewezi zidabweretsedwa ku Australia, pomwe zina zidathawa, ndipo zidapangidwa matumba akhungu. M'dziko lathu,, kuyesera kubereka nthiwatiwa.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Kodi nthiwatiwa imadya chiyani?
Popeza nyama zimakhala malo otentha, sizingathe kudya nthawi zonse. Koma chifukwa ndi omnivores. Inde, chakudya chachikulu ndi mbewu. Koma nthiwatiwa zimatha kudya zotsalazo pambuyo pa adani, tizilombo, komanso zokwawa. Pankhani ya chakudya, amakhala odzikuza komanso osagwirizana ndi njala.
Nandu
M'mapiri a South America, pali nanda. Mbalameyi ndi yofanana ndi nthiwatiwa, koma imakhala ndi kukula pang'ono. Nyama imalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu makumi anayi, ndipo kutalika kwake sikokwanira masentimita zana limodzi ndi makumi atatu. Kunja, Nandu samasiyana pakukongola. Ziwamba zake ndizosakonzekera konse komanso zosowa (zimakwirira thupi), ndipo nthenga zomwe zili pamapiko sizobowoleza kwambiri. Rhea amakhala ndi miyendo yamphamvu ndi zala zitatu. Nyama zimakonda kudya zomera, mphukira zamtengo, ndi mbewu.
Nthawi yakuswana, zazikazi zimagona mazira 13 mpaka 30, iliyonse yamalemera osaposa 700 magalamu. Wamphongo amakonzera dzira kuti lizisunganso mazira kenako nadzadzigwira yekha ndipo kenako amasamalira ana.
Mwachilengedwe, pali mitundu iwiri ya nandu: wamba komanso kumpoto. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, nyama izi zinali zochulukirapo, koma posakhalitsa zidapezeka kuti zatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa anthu ambiri. Ndipo chifukwa chake ndi nyama yokoma ndi kusankha mazira. Mu vivo, Rhea imatha kuwonekera kumalo akutali kwambiri. Ndi m'mene adakwanitsa kupulumuka. Koma nyamayo idabzala mwachangu pamafamu ndikusungira malo osungira nyama.
Emu amawoneka pang'ono ngati kassowary. Kutalika kwake, mbalameyo imafika masentimita 150-190, ndipo kulemera kwake kumachokera ku kilogalamu 30-50. Nyama imatha kuthamanga pafupifupi makilomita 50 pa ola limodzi. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi kupezeka kwa miyendo yayitali, yomwe imathandizira kuti mbalame zizitha kuyenda masentimita 280.
Emu alibe mano konse, ndipo kotero kuti chakudya chomwe chimakhala m'mimba chimaphwanyidwa, mbalame zimameza miyala, magalasi ngakhale zidutswa zachitsulo. Nyama sizokhala ndi miyendo yolimba komanso yakukula, komanso mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso kumva, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azitha kudziwa zomwe zimadya osagwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika kale.
Mawonekedwe a Emu
Emu akhoza kukhala ndi maula osiyanasiyana kutengera ndi komwe amakhala. Nthenga za nyama zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera kwambiri omwe amawalepheretsa kutenthetsa. Izi zimathandizira kuti mbalame zizikhala ndi moyo wogwira ntchito ngakhale nthawi yotentha kwambiri. Emu nthawi zambiri amalolera kusiyanasiyana kwa kutentha kuyambira -5 mpaka +45 degrees. Amuna ndi amuna okhaokha samawoneka kuti ali ndi kusiyana kwapadera, koma amapanga mawu osiyanasiyana. Akazi nthawi zambiri amafuula kwambiri kuposa amuna. Kuthengo, mbalame zimakhala zaka 10 mpaka 20.
Emu ali ndi mapiko ang'onoang'ono, khosi lalitali lalitali ndi nthenga zofiirira zofiirira zomwe zimateteza khungu ku radiation ya ultraviolet. Maso a mbalame amaphimba mbali zosunthira zomwe zimawateteza ku zinyalala ndi fumbi m'mphepo zamphepo zamphepo komanso zouma.
Emu ndiofala ku Australia, komanso pachilumba cha Tasmania. Zosiyanazo ndi nkhalango zowirira, madera ouma ndi mizinda yayikulu.
Nyama zimadya pazakudya zam'mera, izi ndi zipatso za zitsamba ndi mitengo, masamba obzala, udzu, mizu. Amakonda kudya m'mawa. Nthawi zambiri amapita kuminda ndikamadya mbewu za tirigu. Emu amathanso kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo. Koma nyama zimamwa kawirikawiri (kamodzi pa tsiku). Ngati pali madzi ambiri pafupi, ndiye kuti amatha kumwa kangapo patsiku.
Emu nthawi zambiri amakhala ovutitsidwa ndi nyama ndi mbalame: ankhandwe, agalu agalu, akambuku ndi chiwombankhanga. Ankhandwe amaba mazira, ndipo mbalame zolusa zimayesetsa kupha.
Kubalana
Mu nyengo yakukhwima, zazikazi zimapeza mthunzi wokongola kwambiri wa nthenga. Amakhala ankhanza kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amalimbana pakati pawo. Kwa wamwamuna m'modzi, amatha kumenya nkhondo mwamphamvu.
Nyengo, emus amaikira mazira 10-20 amtundu wakuda wobiriwira ndi chipolopolo chambiri. Iliyonse ya izo imalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu. Emu amakhalanso ndi mitala, chifukwa chake akazi angapo amaikira mazira pachisa chimodzi, kenako champhongocho chimaberekanso. Anapiye oswedwa amalemera pafupifupi theka la kilogalamu, pomwe kukula kwawo ndi masentimita 12. Panthawi yomwe abambo amatanganidwa kuswana, amakhala olusa kwambiri, chifukwa chake ndi bwino kuti asawasokoneze.
Nyama zakuthengo zaku Australia, mbalame zimatetezedwa ndi malamulo, koma izi ndi mwanjira chabe. M'malo mwake, anthu ambiri akhala ali pafupi kutha. Emu ndi chizindikiro komanso kunyada kwa dziko la Australia.
Kuchokera ku mbiri ...
Amakhulupirira kuti nthiwatiwa zinaonekera padzikoli zaka 12 miliyoni zapitazo. Ndipo nthenga za nthenga za nyama izi zinachitika zakale zachiigupto ndipo zimatenga zaka 3,000. M'mayiko ena, ngakhale isanayambike nthawi yathu, nyama zinkasungidwa. Ku Egypt kale, azimayi olemekezeka ankakwera masisitere pamaphwando achikondwerero. Nthenga za nyama zinayamba kusowa kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, zomwe zinapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mbalame. Pakati pa zaka 100 zapitazi, nthawi yolima mwachangu ntchito zaulimi wa nthiwatiwa inayamba. Famu yoyamba ku Africa idapezeka mu 1838. Nyama zinalengedwa kuti zizipeza nthenga zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, ku South Africa nthawi imeneyo, kutumizidwa kwa nthenga kunali malo achinayi pambuyo pa kutumizidwa kwa golide, ubweya ndi diamondi.
Pang'onopang'ono, nthiwatiwa zinayamba kuleredwa mu ukapolo m'maiko ena ndi m'maiko ena: ku USA, Algeria, Egypt, Australia, Italy, Argentina, New Zealand. Koma munthawi ya nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse, mtundu wamabizinesiwo udatsala pang'ono kukhalako, ndipo kuchuluka kwa minda kudachepa kwambiri.
M'malo mwa mawu
Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa, nandus ndi emus m'mabuku a zoology amapatsidwa gawo la mbalame zathamanga. Komabe, monga tanena kale, nthiwatiwa zokha, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi mbalame zazikulu kwambiri, zitha kugawidwa ngati nthiwatiwa.
Dziko lozungulira ife ladzala ndi nyama zachilendo komanso zakunja. Ndipo imodzi mwa izo imatha kudziwika ngati nthiwatiwa. Zamoyo zokongola izi komanso zokongola ndi maso akulu sizingathandize koma.Pakadali pano, ngakhale m'mitunda yathu, nthiwatiwa zimaleredwa m'nyumba kuti zizipeza nyama yamtengo wapatali, mazira, nthenga, komanso zanyama zapadera.
Dziko lapansi ndi nthiwatiwa ya ku Africa. Ndipo ndiyenera kunena kuti mbalamezi zimakula mosiyanasiyana. Nthiwatiwa yachikulire itha kupitilira 2.7 m, ndipo nthawi yomweyo imalemera pafupifupi 156 kg. Koma osati zazikulu zazikulu za nthiwatiwa zimakopa chidwi cha iye, komanso njira yake yosamalira dona, kuwaswa, kenako kulera ana ndi zina zambiri zosangalatsa.
Werengani zambiri za nthiwatiwa komanso zizolowezi zawo munkhaniyi.
Kodi nthiwatiwa za ku Africa zimakhazikika pati komanso motani?
Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa zimakhalira ku dera lotentha m'chigawo cha savannah ndi theka-chipululu, mbali zonse ziwiri za equator. Pa moyo wake wonse, wamwamuna amakhala wokhulupirika kwa mkazi wamkulu. Koma popeza iye, ngakhale banja lake, akuphatikiza, monga lamulo, oyimira angapo achiwerewere, omwe amasiyanitsa "mayi wake wamtima." Chifukwa chake banja lanjiso limayenda m'mbali mwa sevannah: yamphongo, yamphamvu kwambiri, akazi angapo pamiyala ndi nthiwatiwa.
Mutha kuwona momwe zimadyera limodzi ndi mbidzi kapena ankhandwe, ndikupanga maulendo ataliatali m'mphepete. Ma Artiodactyls sawathamangitsa, chifukwa, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo okongola ndi kukula kwambiri, amatha kuwona zilombo zoyenda kutali kwambiri - mpaka 5 km.
Pakachitika ngozi, chikamapereka chenjezo, mbalame yayikuluyi imathamangira kumoto (ndipo liwiro la nthiwatiwa zikavulala ingafika 70 km / h). Ng'ombezo, zomwe zimachenjezedwa ndi mbalame, nazonso zimatayidwa. Chifukwa chake kukhala ndi herbivore ya sendinel ndikothandiza kwambiri!
Pafupifupi mphamvu ya nthiwatiwa
Ostrich sakonda kuti asakumane ndi zoopsa, koma sangatengedwe wamantha, chifukwa ngati mbalameyo ikadayang'anizana ndi mkango kapena wowukira wina, munkhondo imadziwonetsa ngati wankhondo wolimba mtima. Miyendo yolimba ya nthiwatiwa ndi chida chachikulu. Kumenya kamodzi kwa miyendo yotere ndikokwanira kuvulaza kwambiri, kapena kupha mkango kwathunthu kapena kudula thunthu lamtengo.
Ayi, mbalame ya nthiwatiwa sizibisa mutu wake mumchenga. Amangopewa zinthu mwanzeru, ndipo pokhapokha mkati mwa sabata. Ndipo nthawi ya nesting, kapena ngati sizingatheke kuti tipewe kuwombana, amakumana ndi chilichonse ngati wankhondo weniweni. Nthenga zikuuluka nthenga ndikuyamba kuyenda pa mdani, ndipo ngati alibe mwayi wothawa, amupondaponda! Ichi ndichifukwa chake onse omwe amadyera amayesetsa kupewa kukumana ndi mbalameyi, chifukwa amakhala kutali ndi nthiwatiwa mwaulemu.
Ostrich - Mbalame Yosauluka
Nthiwatiwa imatha kuuluka - ichi ndi chowonadi chodziwika. Chifukwa chake chilengedwe chinalamulira. Sanayambike bwino kumaliseche m'chigawo cha thoracic, mapiko amakhala ophukira, ndipo nthenga za nthiwatiwa, zopindika komanso zotayirira, sizipanga zolimba zolimba. Mafupa ake sakhala chibayo.
Koma kenako mbalameyi imathamanga kwambiri kuposa kavalo! Miyendo yake yayitali-yamiyendo imasinthidwa moyenera pakuyenda mtunda wautali komanso kuthamanga. Pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, kuthamanga kwa nthiwatiwa kumatha kufika 50 km / h. Nthiwatiwa yothamanga imatenga masitepe, iliyonse mpaka 4m kutalika, ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, imatha kusintha phokoso popanda kutsetsereka, komanso ngakhale kugwedezeka pansi.
Mwa njira, ndi zala zingati za ku Africa zimamuthandiza kwambiri pakuyenda. Zala za mbalamezo ndizameta, zokhala ndi mapepala okha. Kuphatikiza apo, pali awiri okha a iwo, ndipo amafanana kwambiri ndi khosi lofewa lakunja la ngamira. M'pake kuti mawu oti "nthiwatiwa" amamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chigiriki ngati "mpheta ngamira." Chala chachikulu kwambiri chala cha mbalame chimakhala ndi china chofanana ndi ubweya ndi khasu - mbalameyo imapumira pomwe ikuyenda.
Kodi mbawala za ku Africa zimawoneka bwanji?
Zomwe mbalame ya ku Africa imawoneka sikhala chinsinsi - iyi ndi mbalame yolimba yokhala ndi khosi lalitali, lopanda banga lomwe likhala ndi mutu waching'ono wokhala ndi maso akulu komanso mkamwa.
Mlomowo ndi wofewa, wokongoletsedwa pamlomo ndi mawonekedwe otuluka. Simungathe kunyalanyaza maso akuluakulu a nthiwatiwa, ma pubescent okhala ndi eyelashes zazitali. Aliyense wa iwo, panjira, ali ndi voliyumu yofanana ndi ubongo wa mbalameyi.
Amuna, maula ndizowoneka bwino kuposa zazikazi, zomwe zimakongoletsedwa ndi nthenga zofiirira zokhala ndi maupangiri oyera-oyera kumchira ndi mapiko. Ndipo njonda zawo zimatha kudzitama ndi “timaso” takuda tomwe tili nthenga zoyera oyera pamapiko ndi mchira wawo.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthiwatiwa ya ku Africa imasiyana makamaka pakhungu la khosi, miyendo, kukula ndi zina mwachilengedwe: kuchuluka kwa mazira pachisa, kupezeka kapena kusapezeka kwa zinyalala pamenepo, komanso kapangidwe ka zigoba za mazira.
Nthiwatiwa imapangira bwanji harem
Nthawi yakukhwima, nthiwatiwa yapano ya ku Africa imadzipangira yokha nyumba. Amatambasulira mapiko ake, ndikuwulutsa nthenga zake ndikugwa pang'ono ndi pang'ono. Kenako amaponyera mutu wake kumbuyo ndi kulipukusa kumbuyo kwake - "gypsy" wotere samasiya akazi opanda chidwi omwe amalolera kuphimbidwa ndikukhala mamembala amodzi.
Zowona, m'nyumba yaikazi iyi mukakhala "mayi woyamba" - wamkazi wamkulu, yemwe nthiwatiwa imasankha kamodzi kokha moyo. Ndipo akazi ena onse aakazi amatha kusintha nthawi ndi nthawi. "Mkazi Woyamba",,, samayiwala kuti nthawi zambiri akuwonetsa bwana ndani, ndikupatsa chidwi kwaomwe anali nawo.
M'banja la nthiwatiwa, munthu amatha kudziwa kuchuluka kwa aliyense. M'tsogolo muli tate wa banjali, wotsatiridwa ndi "mkazi wamtima" wake wokweza mutu, ndipo akazi ena onse ndi ana amatsenga akuwerama.
Kuthamanga kwa Ostrich sichinthu chake chokha
Mazira akanyumba amayikidwa mu chisa chimodzi, chomwe champhongo chimakumba pansi kapena mchenga. Zotsatira zake, mpaka 30 aiwo amalembedwa kumeneko, ndipo kwa nthiwatiwa zokhala ku East Africa, mpaka 60. Zowona, mkazi wamkulu amasamala kuti mazira ake ali pakatikati pa zomangamanga, ndipo ena onse akuzungulira. Umu ndi momwe lamulo la kupulumutsira limagwirira ntchito chifukwa cha kuchuluka.
Dzira la nthiwatiwa ndi lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (limakhala lalikuru kuposa nkhuku), koma ngati mungayerekeze ndi kukula kwa nkhuku yaing'ono, ndiye yaying'ono kwambiri! Izi ndiye izi!
Nthiwatiwa yayikulu ikukhala pamasana masana. Imakhala ngati mtundu wa mawonekedwe a mazira, kuwaletsa kuwira kutentha kwa 50-degree. Ndipo usiku, wamwamuna amakwera paiwo kuti awapulumutse ku hypothermia.
Kodi nthiwatiwa zimakula bwanji?
Nthiwatiwa zakuda zaku Africa zimabadwa masiku 40 olimba, zokutidwa ndi bulawuni, zotchinga mbali zonse, ndipo anapiye amalemera pafupifupi 1,2 kg. Amaphunzira mwachangu kudziwa momwe angadye komanso chakudya, ndipo pakatha miyezi ingapo amasintha nthenga zomwezi ngati mayi wawo, koma sasiya mabanja awo kwa zaka zina ziwiri.
Zowona, ngati njira za mabanja awiri okhala ndi nthiwatiwa zimasokonekera mu savannah, ndiye kuti aliyense wa iwo ayesa kulanda ana ndikuwaphatikiza ndi ana awo. Chifukwa cha izi, pali mabanja omwe akulemba ana opitilira 300 a mibadwo yosiyana.
Chaka chimodzi, nthiwatiwa imakhala yokonzekera kudziyimira pawokha, koma kwakanthawi azikhala ndi abale ndi azilongo omwewo. Mpaka nthawi yake itakwana kuti adzavina gule wake wodabwitsa pamaso pa donayo.
Nthiwatiwa za Emu - osati nthiwatiwa!
Tsopano tachokera ku Africa kupita ku Australia. Padziko lino, mbalame ya emu ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi nthiwatiwa zaku Africa. Mpaka zaka 80s zam'mbuyomu, zimawonedwa ngati abale a nthiwatiwa. Koma pomwe gulu lawo linasinthidwa, ndipo tsopano ali m'Dongosolo la Casuaroid.
Pambuyo pa nthiwatiwa, imakhala mbalame yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwake, kumakula mpaka 180 cm, ndikulemera mpaka 55 kg. Ndipo kunja, emu amafanana ndi mbalame yofotokozedwayo, ngakhale kuti thupi limapanikizika kwambiri kuchokera kumbali ndipo likuwoneka yotakasuka, ndipo miyendo ndi khosi ndizofupikitsa, zomwe, mwa njira, zimapangitsa lingaliro losiyana kotheratu.
Mtundu wa Emu (tidzazitcha mwanjira yakale) zimakhala ndi nthenga zakuda komanso zofiirira, ndipo mutu wake ndi khosi zakuda. Akatswiri okhawo amatha kusiyanitsa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi mu mbalamezi, ndipo ngakhale nthawi yamatenga.
Emu amadziwanso kuyendetsa
Emu ali ndi chophimba cha nthenga cha atypical chomwe chimathandiza kuti mbalame ikhale yotakataka ngakhale kutentha kwamasana. Nthenga zimakhala ndi ubweya ndipo zimawoneka ngati ubweya. Chifukwa chake, ngati thupi la emu, lokongoletsedwa ndi nthenga zazitali, limawoneka ngati mopukusira wamoyo, ndiye kuti pakhosi ndi pamutu mwa mbalameyo ndi yokhotakhota komanso yaifupi.
Monga nthiwatiwa yaku Africa, ili ndi miyendo yayitali yolimba. Ndi emu okha omwe ali ndi zida osati ndi awiri, koma ndi zala zitatu za phalange. Kuthamanga kwa nthiwatiwa chifukwa cha ngozi kumafika pa 50 km / h, koma sikuti ndi malingaliro a mbalame zokha. Amadzipitirabe kumadzi, ngakhale akulemera, amatha kusambira mtunda wautali.
Momwe emu amaberekera
Emu amadya kwambiri pazakudya zam'mera - udzu, mizu, zipatso ndi mbewu. Zowona, nthawi zaanjala, mbalame sizinyansidwa ndi tizilombo. Popeza emu alibe mano, iwo, ngati nthiwatiwa zaku Africa, amakakamizidwa kumeza miyala ing'onoing'ono kuti chakudya chomwe chimalowa m'matumbo chitha kupsinjika.
Emu mwachilengedwe alibe mdani, choncho amakhala m'mabanja ang'onoang'ono - kuyambira mbalame ziwiri kapena zisanu. Mu banja lotere, wamwamuna m'modzi ndi akazi angapo. Amuna a Emu ndi abambo abwino. Amasamalira nkhawa zonse za kusamalira ana, kuyambira pomwe mai ayikira mazira angapo mdzenje lomwe amakumbidwako.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti, ngati nthiwatiwa zaku Africa, izi zimasamalira azimayi onse amphaka zawo nthawi yomweyo, motero zimakhala ndi nthawi yoyikira mazira nthawi imodzi. Ndi kuziyika kuti akazi atumizidwe ku chisa chomwe chibwenzi chawonetsa. Ndipo zili choncho kuti m'malo amodzi mumapezeka mazira 25 ochokera kwa akazi osiyanasiyana. Dzira la nthiwatiwa za Emu ndi lalikulu, zobiriwira zakuda, yokutidwa ndi chipolopolo.
Emu male achita ngati makolo
Amphongo achimuna okha ndi omwe amathandizirana kuti azitaya mazira. Imayikidwa pachisa, ndipo chachikazi, pambali, imasiya pomwe mazira onse akaikidwa. Kubwatchera kumatenga masiku asanu ndi limodzi. Komanso, palibe amene amalowa m'malo mwa wamwamuna. Nthawi zina amadzilola yekha kutukula miyendo yake, ndikuyenda mozungulira chisa kapena kupita kukamwa madzi ndikudya tsamba kapena tsamba la udzu m'njira. Lonjezo la abambo achimwemwe limapirirabe izi.
Emu amachepetsa mpaka 15% ya kulemera kwawo panthawi yomwe amatha, koma izi sizimawalepheretsa kukhala abambo osamala komanso osamala, pakatha miyezi iwiri amabadwa ana athanzi ndi abambo.
Ostriches samayang'anizana ndikutha
Kukongola kwa nthenga komanso kulimba kwa khungu la mbalamezi kunatsala pang'ono kufika poti sizinapulumutsidwe ngakhale ndi liwiro la nthiwatiwa lotchuka ngati pachitika ngozi. - anawonongedwa mwankhanza. Chifukwa chake, mu 1966, mitundu ya ku Middle East ya mbalamezi idadziwika kuti yazimiririka.
Koma, chifukwa chakuti kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. kuswana kunayamba pamafamu; kuchuluka konse kwa nthiwatiwa sikulinso pachiwopsezo. Zimaleredwa m'maiko pafupifupi makumi asanu, mosatengera nyengo.
Mbalameyi ndi yosasamala kwambiri, imatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri, ndipo nyama yake, malinga ndi akatswiri, imafanana ndi nyama yokonda kulawa, osanenapo khungu lolimba ndi lokongola lomwe limapanga kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndi mazira (mazira okazinga kuchokera ku nthiwatiwa imodzi mbale ya mazira makumi awiri a nkhuku).
Nthenga za mbalame sizimatulutsidwa, koma zimadulidwa pafupi ndi khungu kawiri pachaka. Mwa njira, okhawo oyenerera bwino ndi omwe ali oyenera kuchita izi - awiri, amuna azaka zitatu ndi akulu. Mwa achichepere, nthenga zilibe phindu pamsika.
Ostrich m'malo ake achilengedwe amakhala ku Africa kokha, koma alimi akudzipereka padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale m'maiko ozizira monga Russia ndi Sweden.
Nthiwatiwa ya ku Africa ndi mbalame yamphamvu kwambiri yomwe imakhala ndi khosi lalitali komanso miyendo. Kutalika kwa akuluakulu kumatha kupitirira 2.5 metres, ndipo kulemera kumasiyana kuchokera ku 70 mpaka 170 kilogalamu. Mutu wa nthiwatiwa sikhala wofanana ndi thupi lake. Ubongo wa mbalame sukulira kukula kwa mtedza, womwe umakhudza luso lake la malingaliro. Nthiwatiwa yatukula kwambiri makutu ndi kumva. Thunthu ndi mchira wake wokutidwa ndi nthenga zofewa. Mutu, khosi komanso miyendo yakumtunda mulibe nthenga. Mbali yakumunsi ya miyendoyo yokutidwa ndi mamba.
Miyendo ya nthiwatiwa ya ku Africa ndi yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yosinthika moyenera pakuthamanga. Pali zala ziwiri zokha pamwendo wa nthiwatiwa. Chimodzi mwazomwe chimathandizira komanso chili ndi chala, chifukwa chomwe chimakhala chomatira kwambiri pansi. Chala chachiwiri ndi chocheperako ndipo chilibe chiwalo, chimathandiza mbalame kuti isasinthe.
Zochitika
Zokhudza mchitidwewo, ngakhale uli ndi ubongo wocheperako, nthiwatiwa ya ku Africa imakhala yochenjera komanso imamvetsera mwachidwi. Nthawi ya chakudya, mbalameyi nthawi zonse imayang'ananso malo ozungulira. Chifukwa cha masomphenya abwino, nthiwatiwa imatha kuwona zilombo zolowera mkati mwa kilomita imodzi. Nthiwatiwa itaona zoopsa, imanyamuka pomwepo, kuthawa. Kuthamanga kwambiri komwe mbalame imatha kuthamanga ikamayenda ndi makilomita 90 pa ola limodzi.
Nthiwatiwa zazikazi za ku Africa. Nthawi ya chisa, yamphongo imakhomera bowo m'miyendo yake kuti yaikazi izitha kuyikira mazira pamenepo. Wamphongo amalowetsa mazira. Pakadali pano, zazikazi zimapitiriza kuyikira mazira pafupi ndi aimuna, omwe kenako amawayika m'dzenje lawo. Wamkazi mmodzi amaikira pakati mazira 6. Mdzenjemo muli mazira 15 mpaka 25.
Zolinga zakubala
Chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwa nthiwatiwa ndikulowa mu kupuma kwa thupi lachilendo. Ostrich ndi mbalame yokhayo yomwe imayamba kugwa ndi anthrax.
Zonyamula zowopsa zamatenda ambiri, motero, ndikofunikira kuyesa kuletsa nkhunda kuti zisalowe mu corral kupita kwa nthiwatiwa.
Ostrich amadziwa bwino aliyense. Nthawi zambiri ana, koma nthawi zina achikulire amafunsanso komwe nthiwatiwa zimakhala.
Chinthu choyamba chomwe chimabwera m'maganizo ndi Africa. Inde, zowonadi zimapezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Masiku ano, omwe kwa nthawi yayitali ankadziwikanso kuti ndi nthiwatiwa, amapatsidwa mitundu yodzilekanitsa, ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo amatha kuthamanga kwambiri mpaka 70 km pa ola limodzi.
Ndikofunikira kuti mbalameyo ikhale ndi mawonekedwe abwino, chifukwa, popanda kuuluka, kuthawa kwa adani ake achilengedwe, monga nyalugwe, mikango, ziphuphu ndi nyalugwe, iye amatha kuzizindikira munthawi yake ndikuthawa. Chifukwa chakugwirira ntchito yoswana ndi kubereka m'mafamu ndi cholinga chofuna kupeza mazira, nyama, nthenga ndi khungu, zimphona zimafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, koma kuthengo amakhala ku Africa kokha .
Kutetezedwa
Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa zimatha kulekerera nyengo yozizira pakatikati pa dziko lathu, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kowoneka bwino komanso kubadwa bwino kwa thanzi. Akasungidwa ku ndende, nyumba zapadera za nkhuku amazikonzera mbalame zotere, ndipo nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimabadwa nthawi yozizira zimakhala zolimba komanso zamphamvu kuposa mbalame zomwe zimakula m'chilimwe.
Mabungwe achidule
Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa zimayimiridwa ndi mabungwe aku North Africa, Masai, kum'mwera ndi ku Somalia, komanso zolemba zaposachedwa: Suriya, kapena Arabian, kapena Aleppo aiwa (Struthio camelus syriacus).
Zofunika! Gulu la nthiwatiwa limadziwika ndi kusakhalapo kwokhazikika komanso kosakhazikika, koma limadziwika ndi otsogola okhazikika, kotero anthu apamwamba kwambiri nthawi zonse amakhala ndi makosi awo ndi mchira wawo wowongoka, komanso mbalame zopanda mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira.
Common Ostrich (Struthio ngamira ngamira)
Mabukuwa amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa malo owoneka bwino pamutu, ndipo ndiakulu kwambiri mpaka pano. Kukula kwambiri kwa mbalame yokhwima kumafikira 2.73-2.74 m, ndipo akulemera mpaka 155-156 kg. Miyendo ya nthiwatiwa ndi khosi zimakhala ndi madontho ofiira owopsa. Chipolopolo cha mazira chimakutidwa ndi cheza cha pores, ndikupanga mawonekedwe ofanana ndi nyenyezi.
Nthiwatiwa za ku Somalia (Struthio camelus molybdophanes)
Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wa mitochondrial DNA, izi subspecies nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa ngati mtundu wodziimira pawokha. Amuna ali ndi dazi kumutu kwa oyimilira onse a ntchentche wamba, koma kupezeka kwa khungu laimaso lotuwa ndi mawonekedwe a khosi ndi miyendo. Akazi achikazi a ku Somalia ali ndi nthenga zowala kwambiri.
Masai Ostrich (Struthio camelus massaicus)
Wodziwika kwambiri ku East Africa samasiyana kwenikweni ndi nthumwi zina za nthiwatiwa za ku Africa, koma khosi ndi miyendo imakhala ndi utoto wowala kwambiri komanso wowala kwambiri panthawi yakuswana. Kunja kwa nyengo ino, mbalame zimakhala ndi mtundu wa pinki.
Southern Ostrich (Struthio camelus australis)
Imodzi mwatsamba la nthiwatiwa ya ku Africa. Mbalame yosauluka ngati imeneyi imadziwika ndi kukula kwakakulu, komanso imasiyananso ndi utoto wamitundu yambiri pakhosi ndi miyendo. Akazi okhwima pogonana amtunduwu ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa amuna akuluakulu.
Syrian Ostrich (Struthiocamelussyriacus)
Gulu la nthiwatiwa yaku Africa, lomwe limatha pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000. M'mbuyomu, ma subspecies amenewa anali ofala kwambiri kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa mayiko a ku Africa. Gulu lodziwika bwino la nthiwatiwa ya ku Suriya imadziwika kuti ndi nthiwatiwa wamba, yomwe idasankhidwa kukakhala ku Saudi Arabia. Nthiwatiwa za ku Suriya zimapezeka kumapiri a Saudi Arabia.
Habitat, malo okhala
M'mbuyomu, nthiwatiwa wamba kapena kumpoto kwa Africa amakhala kudera lalikulu lomwe limapezeka kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa Africa. Mbalameyi idapezeka kuchokera ku Uganda kupita ku Ethiopia, kuchokera ku Algeria kupita ku Egypt, yomwe idayerekeza madera ambiri a Kumadzulo kwa Africa, kuphatikizapo Senegal ndi Mauritania.
Mpaka pano, malo omwe mabungwewa amakhala atatsika kale, tsopano, nthiwatiwa wamba zimangokhala m'maiko ena aku Africa, kuphatikiza Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic ndi Senegal.
Nthiwatiwa za ku Somalia zimakhala kumwera kwa Ethiopia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Kenya, komanso ku Somalia, komwe anthu am'deralo ankatcha mbalameyo "Goroio. Izi subspecies amakonda kawiri kapena kukhala malo amodzi. Nthiwatiwa za Chimasai zimapezeka kumwera kwa Kenya, kum'mawa kwa Tanzania, komanso ku Ethiopia ndi kumwera kwa Somalia. Madera osiyanasiyana akum'mwera kwa nthiwatiwa za ku Africa amapezeka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa. Nthiwatiwa zam'mwera zimapezeka ku Namibia ndi Zambia, zimagawidwa ku Zimbabwe, komanso Botswana ndi Angola. Izi zimakhala kumwera kwa mitsinje ya Kunene ndi Zambezi.
Adani achilengedwe
Nyama zambiri zimadyera mazira a nthiwatiwa, kuphatikiza ankhandwe, akakhwala akuluakulu ndi mbalame zowola . Mwachitsanzo, mavu amatenga mwala wawukulu ndi wowomba ndi mulomo wawo, womwe amaponyera kangapo padzira la nthiwatiwa kuchokera kumwamba, nkumapangitsa kuti chigobacho chija.
Amphandwe osalimba, omwe angotuluka kumene nawonso nthawi zambiri amagwidwa ndi mikango, nyalugwe ndi akambuku. Monga momwe zambiri zikuwonera, kutayika kwakanyanya kwachilengedwe kwa nthiwatiwa zaku Africa kumawonedwa makamaka pakukhathamiritsa mazira, komanso polera ana.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pali milandu yodziwika bwino komanso yolembedwa kumene munthu wakhungu yemwe akuteteza wolimba ndi kumenya mwendo umodzi mwamphamvu kupha zilonda zazikulu ngati mikango.
Komabe, munthu sayenera kuganiza kuti nthiwatiwa ndi mbalame zamanyazi kwambiri. Akuluakulu ndi amphamvu ndipo amatha kukhala ankhanza kwambiri, chifukwa chake amatha kuyimirira ngati kuli koyenera, osati kwa iwo okha komanso abale awo, komanso kuteteza ana awo mosavuta. Nthiwatiwa zokwiyitsa, mosazengereza, zitha kuukira anthu omwe akuthata pamalo otetezedwa.
Zakudya zam'madzi
Zakudya zamasiku onse za nthiwatiwa zimayimiriridwa ndi masamba mu mitundu yonse ya mphukira, maluwa, mbewu kapena zipatso. Nthawi zina, mbalame yosauluka imatha kudya nyama zazing'ono, kuphatikiza tizilombo monga dzombe, zokwawa, kapena makoswe. Akuluakulu nthawi zina amadya zotsalira kuchokera pakudya kumtunda kapena nyama zodya zouluka. Nthiwatiwa zazing'ono zimakonda kudya zakudya zokha zomwe nyama zimachokera.
Mwa zina, nthiwatiwa ndi mbalame yolimba kwambiri, chifukwa chake imatha kuchita popanda kumwa madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Poterepa, thupi limalandira chinyezi chokwanira kuchokera kuzomera zomwe zimadyedwa. Komabe, nthiwatiwa zimakhala m'gulu la mbalame zokonda madzi, nthawi zina, zimasamba modzipereka.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Panyengo yakukhwima, nthiwatiwa ya ku Africa imatha kugwira gawo lina, malo ake ali makilomita angapo. Munthawi imeneyi, kupendekera kwamiyendo ndi khosi la mbalame kumakhala kowala kwambiri. Amuna samaloledwa kumalo otetezedwa, koma njira zachikazi ndi "alonda" otere ndiolandiridwa kwambiri.
Mafuta amapita kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka zitatu . Munthawi ya mpikisano wokhala ndi mayi wachikulire, abulu akuluakulu amapanga nyimbo yayitali kwambiri. Mpweya wambiri utasonkhanitsidwa munkhokwe ya mbalame, yamphongo imakankhira molunjika kumka kummero, komwe kumayambitsa kubisala kwa chiberekero, pang'ono ngati kubangula kwa mkango.
Mafuta amtundu wamtundu wa mbalame zamtala, choncho amuna amphamvu kwambiri amakhala ndi akazi onse omwe amalowa m'nyumba. Komabe, maanja amangopanga mkazi wamkulu, yemwe ndi wofunikira kwambiri pokoka ana. Njira yakukhwima imatha ndikakumba chisa mumchenga, kuya kwake kwamasentimita 30-60. Mazira amayikidwa ndi akazi onse mu chisa chotere chomwe chimakhala ndi champhongo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kutalika kwa dzira kumasiyana kuchoka pa 15-21 masentimita m'lifupi mwake masentimita 12-13 ndi kulemera kwakukulu kosaposa 1.5-2.0 kg. Makulidwe wamba a chipolopolo cha dzira ndi 0,5-0.6 mm, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amatha kusiyanasiyana kuchokera pamalo owala ndi gloss kupita ku mtundu wa matte wokhala ndi pores.
The makulitsidwe nthawi pafupifupi masiku 35-45. Usiku, ubweya umapangidwa kokha ndi amuna a nthiwatiwa za ku Africa, ndipo masana, ntchito ina imachitidwa ndi akazi, omwe amakhala ndi utoto woteteza khungu lomwe limagwirizanika ndi malo owoneka ngati chipululu.
Nthawi zina masana samasungidwa osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbalame zachikulire, ndipo umangotenthetsedwa ndi kutentha kwadzuwa pang'ono. M'malo okhala ndi azimayi ambiri, mazira ambiri amawoneka mu chisa, ena omwe amakanidwa ndi makulidwe athunthu, chifukwa chake amakanidwa.
Pafupifupi ola limodzi kuti anapiyewo abadwe, nthiwatiwa zimayamba kutsegulira chigoba cha dzira kuchokera mkatimo, kupumula ndi miyendo yake ndikugunda ndi mulomo wawo mpaka pakapangika dzenje laling'ono. Pambuyo poti mabowo angapo apangidwa, chisa champhamvu chimawakantha ndi nape.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake pafupifupi nthiwatiwa zatsopano zatsopano nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi hematomas ofunika kwambiri kumutu. Anapiye atabadwa, mazira onse osagwira ntchito amawonongeka mwankhanza ndi nthiwatiwa zachikulire, ndipo ntchentche zomwe zimawuluka palimodzi ndi chakudya chabwino cha nthiwatiwa zongobadwa kumene.
Nthiwatiwa yatsopano yatsopano yawonongeka, yokhazikika bwino, yokutidwa ndi fluff. Kulemera kwa nkhuku yotere ndi pafupifupi 1.1-1.2 kg. Kale patsiku lachiwiri atabadwa, nthiwatiwa zimachoka pachisa ndikupita ndi makolo awo kukapeza chakudya. M'miyezi iwiri yoyambirira, anapiyewo amakhala ndi mabulosi akuda ndi achikasu, ndipo dera lapa parietal limasiyanitsidwa ndi zidina za njerwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyengo yogwira ntchito yothandiza azizi okhala m'malo achinyezi kuyambira mwezi wa June mpaka pakati pa Okutobala, ndipo mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'madambo zimatha kubereka mpaka chaka chonse.
Popita nthawi, nthiwatiwa zonse zimakutidwa ndi zowoneka bwino, zokongola zambiri ndi mawonekedwe amtunduwu. Amuna ndi akazi amalimbana wina ndi mnzake, ndikupeza ufulu wopitilira kusamalira ana, chifukwa cha mitala ya mbalame zotere. Akazi amtundu wa nthiwatiwa za ku Africa amasunga zipatso kwa kotala la zaka zana limodzi, ndipo amuna - pafupifupi zaka makumi anayi.
