Nkhani yabwino: mammoths abwerera ndi gawo limodzi pafupi.

Gulu la asayansi lomwe linasonkhana kuchokera kwa asayansi ochokera kumaiko osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, adatha kudziwa mitundu iwiri ya zimphona zakale nthawi imodzi. Zotsatira zake, zidziwitso zomwe zidaperekedwa ndi gululi, poyamba, zidapangitsa kuti mbiri ya nyama zamtunduwu kumveke bwino powunikira malo ena amdima, ndipo chachiwiri, amapereka chifukwa choyembekezera kuti tsiku lidzafika pamene njovu za shaggy zotsogola zidzakhalanso. kuyang'ana dziko lathuli. Ndipo, monga asayansi amanenera, tsiku lino langokhala ngodya.

Kuukitsidwa kwa mamm tsopano kwayandikira kwambiri.

Kugwira ntchito mozama pofufuza ma genmoth genome, kumapereka chifukwa chotsimikizira kuti posachedwa mitundu iyi ya oimira megafauna wakale ibwererenso ku kuchuluka kwa amoyo.

Zachilengedwe zinawuza asayansi za zovuta zomwe, monga momwe amanenera, kuti imaloleza kukhala mammel, momwemo, akhale mwini wa chovala chotalika kwambiri komanso mafuta ochulukirapo, komanso zida zazikulu. Izi zimapatsa asayansi mtundu wa mseu, kuwonetsa ndendende zomwe zikufunika kusinthidwa mwatundu wa njovu zamakono zaku Asia kuti ziwapange nyama yofanana ndi anyama, "atero a Hendrik Poynar, yemwe akutsogolera Center for Ancient DNA, McMaster University.

Posachedwa, asayansi akuyembekeza kubwezeretsa zinyama zachilengedwe.

Mnzake wofufuza za Harvard George Church, mwezi watha, adachita bwino mwa kuloza DNA ya njovu ndi mammoni. Tsoka ilo, magazini a sayansi sanapezebe lipoti la ntchito yawo. Zikuwoneka kuti ndichifukwa choti zolinga zomwe George adadziikira siziri pafupi kukwaniritsidwa, koma zikuwoneka bwino, ndipo amapereka mphamvu ndi chidwi kwa omwe akuchita nawo ntchitoyi kuti abwerenso zachilengedwe.

Dziwani kuti "zolengedwa zazikazi ziwiri zaku Russia" ndizo zomwe akatswiri amafufuza. Mmodzi wa iwo amayendayenda pachilumba cha Wrangel pafupifupi zaka 4300 zapitazo, pomwe winayo adapezeka ku Eastern Siberia zaka ngati zaka 40 zapitazo. Kupezeka kwa madera amenewa kunapangitsa kuti zolengedwa zonse ziwiri zam'mapapo zizisungika, zomwe ndizokwanira kudziwa kafukufuku wamasayansi, zomwe zimafotokoza molondola zaka masauzande omaliza okhalapo a nyamazi.

Zomwe zimayambitsa kutha kwa mammon zimakhazikitsidwa.

Monga momwe zimadziwikira, patatsala pang'ono kuti anthu ochulukiracose afe, idagwirizana mwamphamvu, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mtundu wina - kubereka kudzera pamitanda yoyenderana. Mulimonsemo, akatswiri a paleont anapeza zozizwitsa za agogo okakamizidwa, omwe amawoneka bwino pamtundu wa mammams.

Malinga ndi a Love Dallen kuchokera ku Natural History Museum ku Sweden, kuweruza ndi genome, mammams omwe amakhala ku Wrangel Island adalipo ngati gulu laling'ono la zilumba pafupifupi mamiliyoni asanu, ndipo chifukwa cha izi adasiya mtundu wawo.

Koma DNA ya nyama zonse ziwiri yasunga umboni wa kuchepa kowopsa kwambiri kwa kuchuluka kwa mamm, zomwe zinachitika zaka 250 mpaka 300 zapitazo. Zomwe zakutha izi sizinadziwikebe bwinobwino, komabe, tili otsimikiza kuti, chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa majini, mammore sakanatha kukhalako nyengo yachisanu itayamba.

Kodi DNA ingapeze thandizo kubweretsanso zachilengedwe padziko lathuli?

Ntchito yofufuza zamtundu wokulirapo, malinga ndi asayansi, inali ngati chida chachikulu kuposa ntchito yasayansi. Monga lamulo, DNA ya nyama zomwe zafa ndikugawika ndipo imagwirizana ndi majini a nyama zina. Pachifukwachi, kuti athe kupeza, kudzipatula, kubwezeretsa, ndikumvetsetsa mndandanda wamtundu wa nyama ziwiri izi, akatswiri atengera chilengedwe adafunikira mphamvu zawo zonse kuti zithandizire. Malinga ndi a Love Dallen, "kutsatira mitundu ya nyama zomwe zinazimiririka kudzakupatsirani mwayi womvetsetsa mbiri yawo, komanso kutifotokozeranso zifukwa zomwe mitundu ina imafera."

Mafupa a mamina.

Tili ndi chiyembekezo choti maphunzirowa sadzakhala pachabe ndipo izi zipulumutsa "okhala" a Red (osati Buku Lofiira) kuti lisathere.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Pothawirapo komaliza pa mammoth

Limodzi mwa maliro akulu kwambiri lili ku Novosibirsk m'dera lotchedwa Wolf Mane. Ndi chuma chenicheni cha paleontologists - kuchuluka kwa zotsalira ndikofunika kwambiri pano. Kufukula koyambirira kunayambika pakati pa zaka zapitazi, koma mpaka pano Wolf Mane waphatikizidwa mu nkhani zamalonda atatulutsidwa kale ndi asayansi. Amaganiza kuti pamalo omwe amayeza kilomita imodzi ndi eyiti, mafupa a mamm 1.5 miliyoni akupuma. Ngakhale mudzi wapafupi ndi malowo unkatchedwa Mamontov.

Pa Seputembara 22, dziko lapansi lidafalitsa nkhani yomwe asayansi atulukira pa Volchiev Mane ina ikadali ndi mbiri yakale: mpaka 100 yazipeza chilichonse. Sergei Leshchinsky, wamkulu wa malo ogwiritsira ntchito zachilengedwe a Mesozoic ndi Cenozoic ku TSU, yemwe adatenga nawo gawo pazofukufuku, akufotokozera kuchuluka kumeneku ndi kuchuluka kwa ziwerengero: komwe nyama ndizitali kwambiri, mwayi wawo woti afe ndizochulukirapo.

Malinga ndi a Leshchinsky, mammon adakopeka ndi Wolf Mane ndi mchere wambiri womwe uli ndi zinthu zofunika zamafuta. "Pakusamukira, anthu makumi kapena ngakhale mazana a anthu adathamangirako nthawi yomweyo," adatero. Ndizachilendo kuti Wolf Mane mwina ndiye pothawira chomaliza cha mammoms ku Continental Europe. Asayansi a Tomsk ali ndi mtundu wawo wa zifukwa zomwe zimphona zamphamvuzi zidatha.

Chinsinsi cha kutha

Pali ziphunzitso ziwiri zazikuluzomwe zimapangitsa kuti mamalia atheretu. Choyamba ndikuti adasowa chifukwa cha kusintha kwanyengo mwachangu. Lachiwiri ladzudzula anthu oyambirirawo omwe adakambirana kuti aphedwe. Iliyonse ya izo ili ndi zolakwika. Ndikudziwika kuti mammoni akhala alipo kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, atapulumuka zaka zopitilira ice ndi kutentha kambiri. Magazi a anthu nawonso samatsutsidwa: m'malo ambiri, mammmony adayamba kufa ngakhale pamaso pa munthu pamenepo.

TSITSANI PAKUTI:

"Tsopano lingaliro lomwe ndaganiza likupita patsogolo - uku ndikutanthauzira kwamzimu," adatero Leshchinsky.

Malinga ndi lingaliro lakelo, kutha kwa mammm kunalimbikitsidwa ndi njala ya mchere. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndiulendo wa mammoths kupita ku Wolf Mane - nyama zomwe zidakumana ndi zovuta zam'magazi zidathamangira kumeneko.

Wasayansi wa Tomsk sananene kuti nyengo zamakono zitha kuyenderana ndi mammoni. Koma adakayikira za lingaliro la chitsitsimutso chawo. "Ndikuganiza kuti izi ndizopanda tanthauzo - chilengedwe chawachotsa m'mabuku awo, bwanji abwezeretse zonse," adafotokoza Leshchinsky. Komabe, si asayansi onse omwe ali ndi malingaliro awa.

Pali chiyembekezo

Ofufuzira aku Russia ochokera ku Northeastern Federal University akugwira ntchito yovuta yatsitsimutso ya mammons mothandizana ndi anzawo aku South Korea, atero Semyon Grigoryev, mnzake wakale ku University of Mammoth Laboratory ku University.

"Tikadakhala kuti timakayikira za kubwezeretsa kwa mamm, ndiye kuti sitikungowononga ndalama. Mwachidziwitso, ndizotheka kuyambitsa chisangalalo, "adatero Grigoryev. Vuto lonse, adatero, ndikupeza selo yamoyo - kuchokera pakukhala mtunda wautali, DNA imagawika magawo osagwirizana ndi magazi.

"Tikukhulupirira kuti pakati mamiliyoni a maselo, maselo amodzi osungika asungika, omwe tikanatha kuchulukitsa kuti tigwiritse ntchito maiyo," wasayansi wina wa ku Yakutsk adagawana. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza ma jeans azaka 6 zapitazo

Bizinesiyo ikayenda bwino, pakati pake pamalowa dzira la njovu, kenako ndikuyika njovu mchiberekero. Ndipo m'malingaliro, pambuyo pa miyezi 22, mamiliyoni zana limodzi ayenera kubadwa.

Pali njira inanso - kuphunzira mosamalitsa DNA ya mammelle kuti muchite kusintha komwe kumagwirizana mu DNA ya wachibale wake wamoyo kwambiri - njovu yaku India. Katswiri wazofufuza zamtundu waku America George Church akuchita chimodzimodzi.

Njovu yomwe yasinthidwa mwanjira yamtunduwu siyosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimayamwa kwambiri, koma zolakwika zina sizingapeweke, Grigoryev adanenanso, popeza makumi makumi akusintha adzafunika kupangidwa ndi genome la njovu.

Chifukwa chiyani Russia ikufuna "njovu" zake

Komabe, mammary "ochita kupanga" ngati amenewa atha kubweretsa zabwino zambiri, ndikutsimikiza Nikita Zimov, wamkulu wa malo osungirako ena - Pleistocene Park kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Yakutia. "Ngati angathe kukhala paki yathu, kudya udzu, kupulumuka nyengo yozizira, mitengo yowuma, ndiye kuti sindikufuna zina," adatsimikiza katswiriyo. Ananenanso za Church of the Church ndipo adati "zolengedwa zanyama" zidzawonekera mzaka khumi ndi zinayi.

Omwe amapanga "Pleistocene Park" akuyesera kubwezeretsanso zachilengedwe za "mammoth tundra-steppes", omwe mwatsatanetsatane amaitanitsa zazikulu kuposa tundra. Tsopano nyama zazikuluzikulu zam'madzi zimakhala kumeneko - zitsamba, moose, ng'ombe zamkati, ndi njati zinakhazikika m'malo mwa njati, ndipo mkati mwa zaka makumi awiri zasintha kale malo awo. Anazindikira chomwe chimayambitsa imfa ya a Mayans akale

Opangawo amakonzekereranso kuti adzadye pang'onopang'ono ndi nyama zolusa - mikango yaku Cape yomwe ili ndi ubweya pamimba pawo - ana awo asungidwa mu Zoo ya Novosibirsk. Malinga ndi a Zimov, ngati atachita bwino, Church imakonzekeranso kukhazikitsa mayamwidwe ake ku Pleistocene Park.

Mammoths atha kukhala ndi mwayi waukulu pakubwezeretsa zachilengedwe zomwe zidalipo kale. “Tsopano dera lalikulu la kumpoto kwenikweni ndi chipululu chopanda kanthu. Kubwezeretsa kwa mammoth tundra steppes ndi gawo lalikulu kwa anthu am'deralo komanso dziko lonselo, "atero Zimov.

Panthawi yamamoms, dziko lino lidadyetsa ma miliyoni a herbivores, osati otsika poyerekeza ndi ma savannahs aku Africa.

Zimov adatsimikiza kuti mammoth amatha kukhala mu nyengo zamakono ku Siberia, chifukwa m'mbuyomu adapezeka ku Spain kuchokera ku Spain kupita ku China komanso kuchokera ku dera la Novosibirsk kupita ku Arctic Ocean. Amatha kuzolowera chakudya, ndipo m'malo mwake amatha kuzunzidwira pamafamu. "Mukayambitsa phokoso m'munda wa tirigu, angasangalale kuthamangitsana nalo ndipo likhala bwino," katswiriyo anatero kwambiri.

Koma ngakhale kuyesayesa kwa asayansi sikakupatsidwa korona, kuchita bwino pantchito yotsitsimutsa mammili kudzalipirabe, atero Semyon Grigoriev. "Izi zikuthandizira kupanga ma tekinoloje ena omwe apulumutse omwe ali pangozi ya nyama zamoyo," adalongosola. Ndipo mammams, adatero, ngakhale atafa, akuthandiza kale kupulumutsa njovu - chifukwa cha makumi mamiliyoni a mammon tusks atachotsa, kufunika kwa njovu kumachepera, ndipo izi zimawathandiza kupulumuka.