Chochitika chofunikira cha "dziko lanyama" zidatchulidwa ndi a Maria Gavrilo, wachiwiri kwa wamkulu wa Russian Arctic National Park. Ananenanso kuti gulu la chinsomba limasambira kum'mwera kwa gombe la Western Federal District, pafupifupi pakati pa chilimwe, pomwe asayansi adawona "malovu" angapo.

Pafupifupi Padziko Lapansi, Franz Joseph adadziwika kuti anali nkhwangwa.

Chiyambire kupezeka kwa malo azisumbu za Arctic (mbiri yomwe ili ndi zaka zopitilira 140 zapitazo), uwu ndi ulendo woyamba wa humpback whales kumadzi a m'mphepete mwa Western Federal District. A Maria Gavrilo adalongosola kuti zodabwitsa zoterezi sizingachitike chifukwa chogwirizana ndi kusintha kwanyengo padziko lathuli. Asayansi ati kusambira kwa humpback kumatheka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu awo, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi, kuwonjezeka kwa malo okhala.

Mwambiri, malinga ndi a Maria, Franz Josef Land, kuphatikizapo Russian Arctic National Park, ndi malo apadera, chifukwa ndi pano kuti mitundu yosowa kwambiri ya zinyama imasungidwa: kuchuluka kwa Svalbard a Greenland whale, minke whale, finwal, beluga whale, narwhal ndi ena okhala m'madzi. Ogwira ntchito kumalo osungirako zachilengedwe ali ndi nkhawa kwambiri ndi kutetezedwa kwina ndi chitetezo chamtunduwu, chifukwa chitukuko cha malo ochezera a Arctic pamsika wamafuta chikuyambira. Mwanjira ina iliyonse, izi zakhudza kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimakhala m'madzi am'mphepete mwa ZPI.

Kutsegulira

Ngakhale zisumbuzi zidatsegulidwa mwapadera theka laka la 19, ngakhale MV Lomonosov mu buku lake lotchedwa "Kufotokozera Mwachidule Maulendo Osiyanasiyana Ku North Seas ndi Chowonetsa cha Kutheka Kwambiri kwa Nyanja ya Siberian kupita ku East India" (1763) akuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa zilumba kum'mawa kwa Svalbard.

Mu 1865, Admiral N. G. Schilling, msilikali wapamadzi waku Russia, m'nkhani yake "Kuganiza za Njira Yatsopano ku North Polar Sea", adasindikizidwa ku Sea Collection, potengera kusuntha kwa ayezi kumadzulo kwa Arctic Ocean, akuwonetsa kuti dziko losadziwika, ili kumpoto kopitilira Svalbard.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1860, katswiri wa zanyengo ku Russia A.I. Voeikov adadzutsa funso lokonzekera ulendo wawukulu kuti akaphunzire nyanja zam'mbali. Malingaliro awa adathandizidwa mwachikondi ndi wasayansi wofufuza za chilengedwe a Prince P. A. Kropotkin. Kuwona ayezi wa Nyanja ya Barents kunamupangitsa kuti anene kuti:

"Pakati pa Svalbard ndi Novaya Zemlya pali malo osapezekanso omwe amapitilira kumpoto kuposa Svalbard ndikusungitsa madzi oundana nawo ... Kupezeka kwa chisumbucho kukuwonekeranso mu lipoti lake labwino kwambiri, koma lodziwika bwino la mafunde ku Arctic Ocean, msilikali wapamadzi waku Russia Baron Schilling."

Mu 1871, polojekiti yatsatanetsatane ya ulendowu idapangidwa, koma boma linakana ndalama, ndipo sizinachitike.

Franz Josef Land adatulukira ndiulendo waku Austro-Hungary wotsogozedwa ndi Karl Weiprecht ndi Julius Payer pa scamoner Admiral Tegetthoff (waku Germany: Admiral Tegetthoff). Kutuluka kwake kunayesedwa kuti ayesere malingaliro a asayansi aku Germany a August Peterman okhalapo panyanja yotentha ya North Polar ndi kontinenti yayikulu yakunyumba. Ofesi yotulutsa bwalo yamilandu ya ku Austria idalipiridwa ndi ndalama ndi a Count Hans Wilcek. Schooner, yomwe idanyamuka mu 1872 kutsegulira Northeast Passage, idaphwanyidwa ndi madzi mu August kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Novaya Zemlya ndipo, pang'ono ndi pang'ono, idatengedwa kupita kumadzulo, patatha chaka chimodzi, pa Ogasiti 30, 1873, idapita kumtunda kwa dziko losadziwika, lomwe Kenako anafufuzidwa ndi Weyprecht ndi Payer, momwe angathere, kumpoto komanso kum'mwera kwake.

Payer wakwanitsa kufikira 82 ° 5 '. w. (mu Epulo 1874) ndipo pangani mapu a chisumbu chachikuluchi, chomwe chikuwoneka kuti oyamba kufufuza akupangidwa ndi zisumbu zingapo zazikulu. Maulendo aku Austria anapatsa dziko lomwe linali litangopezeka kumene kwa a Austro-Hungary Emperor Franz Joseph I. Ku Russia, nthawi zonse zachifumu ndi Soviet, funso lidadzutsanso dzina la zisumbu: poyamba ku Romanov Land, ndipo pambuyo pake, 1917, ku Kropotkin Land kapena Nansen Land, Komabe, malingaliro awa sanakwaniritsidwe, ndipo dziko mpaka lero likudziwika ndi dzina lake loyambirira.

Pa Meyi 20, 1874, ogwira ntchito ku Admiral Tegetgof adakakamizidwa kusiya chombocho ndikuyenda pagalesi kupita m'mphepete mwa Novaya Zemlya, komwe adakumana ndi osaka aku Russia Pomors-omwe anathandizira pobwerera.

Kafukufuku

Weiprecht ndi Payer adayang'ana kum'mwera kwa chisumbucho mu 1873, ndipo mchaka cha 1874 adawoloka kuchokera kumwera kupita kumpoto pa zigawo. Mapu oyamba anapangidwa. Popeza nyanja idakutidwa ndi ayezi mkati mwa ulendowu, ulendowo sunathe kudziwa zovuta zambiri ndipo zisumbuzi zidawoneka kuti zili ndi zilumba zazikulu zingapo.

Mu 1879, gulu lachi Dutch lotsogozedwa ndi De Bruyne, yemwe adazindikira chisumbu cha Hooker, adayandikira m'mphepete mwa zisumbu zomwe zidali pa sitima "Willem Barents".

Mu 1881 ndi 1882, mlendo waku Scotland, dzina lake Benjamin Leigh Smith, adapita pachilumba cha Eyra. Paulendo wake woyamba, adapeza chilumba cha Northbrook, chilumba cha Bruce, George Land ndi Alexandra Land, ndikupeza ndalama zambiri. Paulendo wachiwiri, bwatayo linaphwanyidwa ndi ayezi ku Cape Flora (Northbrook Island) ndipo gulu la anthu 25 lidakakamizidwa kuzizira pachilumbachi. M'chilimwe, boti linanyamuka ulendo wam'madzi ndipo linapulumutsidwa ndi zombo zomwe zimazifunafuna.

Mu 1895-1897, Chingerezi wamkulu komanso wokonzekereratu ku Jackson-Harmsworth adagwira Franz Joseph Land. Ulendowu unafika mkati mwa sitima ya Windward ku Cape Flora, komwe imakonzera maziko ake. Pazaka zitatu zapitazi, ntchito yofunika ichitidwa kukonza mamapu; maphunziro a zaumambo, zam'madzi, zanyengo, ndi nyengo zakhala zikuchitika kum'mwera, pakati, komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa chisumbucho. Zinapezeka kuti zimakhala ndi zilumba zazikulu kwambiri kuposa zomwe zidafotokozedwa koyambirira kwa mapu a Payer. Pakukonzekera ulendo wa ku Jackson-Harmsworth kupita ku Franz Josef Land mu 1895, Russia woyamba, mmisiri wamatabwa Varakin wochokera ku Arkhangelsk, adapitakonso (nyumbayo inali ndi mzinda uno ndipo idatenga nyumba yolowera ku Russia).

Mu 1895, osadziwa chilichonse chokhudza kuthamangitsidwa kwa a Jackson-Harmsworth kuchokera kumpoto, Fridtjof Nansen ndi Hialmar Johansen aku Norway adabweranso ku chisumbucho, akubwerera kuulendo wawo wotchuka, pomwe adayesetsa kuthana ndi North Pole. Nansen adapeza kuti zisumbuzi zilibe kupitilira kumpoto chakum'mawa, kupatula zilumba zazing'ono, ndipo ulendo wotsogolera sitima ya Fram, utasunthidwa ndi madzi oundana, pomwe Nansen ndi Johansen adanyamuka kale, anapeza kuti alumaliyo ikutha kumpoto kwa zisumbuzo ndikuyamba nyanja yakuya. Kuyambira pakati pa Ogasiti 1895, apaulendo adakhala nthawi yozizira ku Jackson Island mu khumbi la miyala, kenako adapita kumwera nthawi yachilimwe ndipo mu June 1896 adakumana ndi nyengo yozizira yotuluka mu mzinda wa Jackson-Harmsworth pachilumba cha Northbrook, pomwe atabwerera kwawo Chilumba chatsopanocho, chomwe chidapezeka ndi Nansen kumpoto kwa zisumbu, zomwe adaganiza molakwika ngati zilumba ziwiri zosiyana, adalandira dzina lawili la Eve ndi Liv polemekeza mkazi ndi mwana wake.

Mu 1898, Walter Wellman, mtolankhani waku America, adapita ku Franz Josef Land nthawi yozizira kuti akafike pamtengo. Pansi pake pa ulendowu panali pachilumba cha Gall. Awiri aku Norwegians, omwe adapita nawo ku US-Norway ku Philippines, adakhala pachilumba cha Vilcek. M'modzi mwa iwo - membala wa gulu lotsogolera ku Nansen, Bernt Bentsen - adamwalira nthawi yozizira. Chapakatikati pa 1899, adakwanitsa kupeza kutentha kwa ma 82 ° s. sh., chakum'mawa kwa chilumba cha Rudolph, komwe Payer adayendera. Gawo lina la ulendowu, lotsogozedwa ndi Baldwin (Eng.Evelyn Briggs Baldwin), adafufuza magawo omwe sakudziwika kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa chisumbucho, chomwe, monga momwe zinakhalira, sichinapite kutali kwambiri, pamapeto pake, m'chilimwe tidakwanitsa kuyendera gawo lapakati pa chisumbucho. Pobwerera, ulendowu unakumana ndi munthu wina wa ku Italiya, Duke wa Abruzzi, yemwe anali wokhoza kudutsa kumapeto kwa Julayi 1898 pa sitima yopita ku Rudolph Island ngakhale kukafika kugombe lakumpoto, ndipo zidakhala zochepa kwambiri kuposa zomwe Peier amayembekeza. Tidazungulira pamalo pomwe Payer adafika mu zigawo mu 1874. Kuchokera apa, mchilimwe cha 1900, galu wogwirizira pa ayezi kupita kumpoto, adayang'aniridwa ndi Captain Kanye. Anakwanitsa kufika ku 86 ° 33. sh., ulendowu pamapeto pake udazindikira kuti madera a Peterman kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Rudolph ndi malo a King Oscar kumpoto chakumadzulo, akuwoneka pamapu a Payer, kulibe, ndipo nthawi zambiri kulibe malo ofunikira kupitako. Nthawi yomweyo, kutentha kwambiri kunadziwika pano - −52 ° C. Mu Seputembala 1900, ulendo wa Abruzzi mkati mwa Stella Polare wabwerera kumphepete mwa Norway, ndipo mamembala ake atatu adasowa pachilumbachi.

Nthawi yomweyo, kukula kwa mafakitale kwa zisumbu kumayambira. Mu 1897-1898, dziko la Franz Joseph lidayendera ndi wamalonda waku Scottish T. Robertson, pafupifupi ma 600 a walruse ndi zimbalangondo 14 zakusaka.

M'chilimwe cha 1901, madera akumwera chakumwera chakumadzulo kwa chisumbucho adasanthulidwa ndiulendo woyamba wa Russia kupita ku Yermak icebreaker, motsogozedwa ndi Deputy Admiral S. O. Makarov. Olemba ena akuti anali iye amene adakweza mbendera yaku Russia pano. Ermak adakhala chombo chaku Russia choyambirira kugombe la Franz Josef Land, gulu la anthulo linali ndi anthu 99, kuphatikiza gulu la asayansi. Madontho ndi kutchera kunachitika ku Cape Flora pachilumba cha Northbrook komanso pachilumba cha Hochsteter. Zambiri, zinsalu ndi dothi zinapezedwa; kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa chisumbucho, madzi ofunda a Gulf Stream adapezeka akupita pansi pomwe panali 80-100 m. Kuyesa kudutsa kugombe lakummawa kwa chisumbucho sikulephera.

Mu 1901-1902, kuthamangitsidwa kwa America kwa Baldwin-Ziegler kudutsa Franz Josef Land, ndipo zitatha izi, mu 1903-1905, kuthamangitsidwa kwa Ziegler-Fial, komwe kunali ndi cholinga choyesera kufikira polekere pa ayezi. Kuwonongeka kwa sitimayo kukakamiza a Ziegler kuti atuluke zaka ziwiri ali pachilumbachi asanadikirire chipulumutso.

Mu 1913-1914, kuthamangitsidwa kwa G. Ya. Sedov pa schooner "Mikhail Suvorin" ("St. Fock") kunayamba kugunda ku Tikhaya Bay pafupi ndi chilumba cha Hooker. Poyesera kufikira ku Pole, Sedov adamwalira pa febru 20, 1914, pafupi ndi Cape Auk wa Rudolph Island, pomwe adayikidwa m'manda (oyendetsa chombo omwe adayenda nawo sanayang'ane bwino pamapu, ndipo manda sanapezeke). Pa Marichi 1, 1914, m'mphepete mwa Tikhaya Bay, makanika woyamba wa schooner, a J. Sanders, yemwe adamwalira ndi scurvy, adayikidwa.

Juni 26, 1914 mpaka chakumadzulo kwa Earth Alexandra adakwanitsa kutulutsa mamembala 10 a gululo ndi "Sc Anna" waku Stella "wotengeredwa mu ukapolo wa ayezi. Bokosilo linasungidwa ndi madzi oundana mu 1912 kuchokera pagombe la Yamal Peninsula, ndikuyenda kulowera kumpoto, anayenda ma 1540 oyenda mwatsoka m'masiku 542, akumathera 160 km kumpoto kwa Franz Josef Land. Povutika ndi njala, oyendetsa sitimayo agawika - 14 motsogozedwa ndi oyendetsa sitimayo Valerian Albanov adapita pa ayezi kupita ku zisumbu, anthu 13 otsalawo mchombo, motsogozedwa ndi mtsogoleri wonyamula anthu, Lieutenant Georgy Brusilov, adasowa. Pa gulu la Albanov, kusuntha kudera lakum'mwera kwa zilumbazi mpaka kummawa, kuti mufikire gawo loyambirira la kuthamangitsidwa kwa Jackson-Harmsworth pa Cape Flora ya Northbrook Island, awiri okha adakwanitsa - Albanov ndi woyendetsa Konrad, ena onse adamwalira kapena akusowa. Pa Julayi 17, mamembala omaliza a Brusilov atathamangitsidwa mwangozi adapulumutsidwa ndi a Schooner a "St Fock" atachotsedwa pa G. Ya. Sedov, yemwe alibe mafuta obwerera kumtunda, adakakamizidwa kuti apite ku cape kuti akawononge nyumba zamatabwa zoyambira mu mzinda wa Jackson-Harmsworth. Magazini yomwe sitimayo imatumiza "St. Anne", yopulumutsidwa ndi Albanov, yowonera meteorological komanso zamagetsi panthawi ya mayendedwe ndi zolemba zamayendedwe adathandizira pakuphunzira dera laling'ono lophunziridwa ndi Arctic.

Kulengeza kwa dera la Russia komanso chitukuko cha zisumbu

Pa Ogasiti 16, 1914, ndikufunafuna kuthamangitsidwa kwa G. Ya. Sedov, Cape Flora idatha kudutsa pakati pa madzi oundana ndi sitima yapamadzi yamagalimoto Greta, pa board yomwe panali mutu waulendo wofufuza, woyang'anira ine. I Islyamov. Kuchokera pamawu omwe adatsalira mu guria, zomwe zidzachitike Sedov ndi Brusilov zidadziwika. Chakudya chochuluka, zida ndi zovala zinatsala kumtunda kuti anthu ena akuchokera ku Brusilov atayandikira. Islyamov adalengeza za malo achisumbu achi Russia ndikuyika mbendera yaku Russia pamwamba pake, yopangidwa ndi chitsulo. Wojambula S. G. Pisakhov, yemwe anali m'bwatomo, analemba zojambulajambula pagombe la Franz Josef Land.

Pa Seputembara 20 (Okutobala 3), 1916, Unduna wa Zachilendo wa Russia udatumiza chikalata cha zinthu zakunja kwa Ufumu wa Russia, pomwe boma lidalemba zomwe zadziwika kale komanso posachedwa Arctic Lands ndi Hydrographic Expedition ya Arctic Ocean, yomwe imawerengedwa kuti ndi gawo losagawanika la ufumuwo, kuphatikizapo Franz Josef Land Zinatchulidwa ndipo zoyeseza za Islyamov sizinalandire chilamulo chalamulo kuchokera kwa akuluakulu aboma.

Mu Seputembala 1923, Cape Flora idakonzekera kufikira ku Plavmornin, ndikugwira gawo lama hydrological kudutsa malo ena 41 pa sitima yofufuzira ya Perseus, koma chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa yomwe idapangitsa kugwirira ntchito kwamalaala ndi madzi oyera, cholinga sichinakwaniritsidwe.

Kuyambira chapakati pa 1920s, malingaliro ofuna kuphunzira maulendo ataliatali ndi ndege pogwiritsa ntchito ndege ndi ma airship adayamba kuchuluka m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Kukhazikika kwanyengo zam'mlengalenga ndikuwonetsa kuti posachedwa anthu adzafika ku madera onse a Arctic omwe ndi ovuta kupeza komanso kale. Poyerekeza izi, Franz Josef Land, yomwe m'mbuyomu inali yosangalatsidwa ndi sayansi chifukwa chosagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kusowa kwachilengedwe, m'tsogolo idayang'aniridwa ngati imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira panjira yolumikizirana mtsogolo komanso malo ofunikira pakuwunika meteorological ndi hydrological. mwakaneneratu kolowera nyengo kudera lonse la Arctic.

Pa Epulo 15, 1926, bungwe la CEC, lolemba kuti "Polengeza madera a USSR ngati malo ndi zilumba zomwe zili ku Arctic Ocean," idalengeza za ufulu wa Soviet Union kwa onse odziwika ndi zisumbu zomwe adapeza m'gawo la Arctic kuchokera kumadera akutali kwambiri ochokera kumadzulo malo a kumpoto (malire a USSR ndi Finland 32 ° 4'35 at. d.) ndi pakati pa Bering Strait (168 ° 49'30 h. e.) kum'mawa kupita ku North Pole. Izi zikutanthauza kuti Franz Josef Land adalengezedwa movomerezedwa ndi USSR. Mwakuyang'anira, zisumbuzi zidaphatikizidwa kudera la Arkhangelsk. Lamuloli lidadziwitsidwa pakukonzekera ulendo woyamba wa transpolar pa airship "Norway".

Mu Seputembala 1927, sitima yapamadzi yotsogola ya ku Soviet yotchedwa "Greatering" ku North Flac yapita ku Cape Flora, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa madzi oundana pagombe, sanatenge.

Kuyambira 1928, zochitika kuzungulira chisumbucho zidayamba kuchuluka. Pambuyo pa kuyenda kopambana kwa Umberto Nobile ndi Raul Amundsen pa ndege yaku Norway, kukonzekera ulendo wotsatira wa dziko lonse la Arctic pazoyendetsa ndege zaku Italy kunayambira ku Italiya, pankhani iyi, malingaliro adafotokozedwa atolankhani aku Italy za kuthekera komwe kukubwera kwa Franz Josef Land m'malo mwake Italy. Ma airship "Italy", akuwuluka kuchokera pansi pa Svalbard, adadutsa chakumpoto kwa zisumbu kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa pakati pa Meyi 1928, paulendo wake wachiwiri wa Arctic. Komabe, tsoka lalikulu lidachitika lachitatu kuthawira kumanda.Soviet Union inatenga nawo gawo pofufuza zam'mlengalenga, pogwiritsa ntchito ziwiya zophulitsa ayezi ndi sitima zapamadzi.

Julayi 31, 1928 idapereka lamulo la Council of People's Commissars pakulimbikitsa kwa kafukufuku wa sayansi mu Arctic katundu wa USSR. Dongosolo lakafukufuku woyamba wazaka zisanu lidapangidwa, malinga ndi momwe, pa Franz Josef Land, monga mayiko ena a Arctic, adakonzekera kumanga malo oyang'anira ma geophysical. Ndalama zothandizira pantchito yasayansi zidachitika ndikuchotsa 1.5-2.25% ya ndalama kuchokera ku usodzi ndi malonda ku Arctic. Omwe ananyamuka ndi cholinga chofuna kuteteza madera omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri (Novaya Zemlya ndi Franz Josef Land) anali atakonzekeratu, osadikirira kuvomerezedwa kwa mapulani.

Mu Ogasiti 1928, ngati gawo lofunafuna aku Italiya, dera lalikulu mmbali mwa gombe lakumwera kwa Franz Josef Land adayesedwa kwa mwezi ndi Georgy Sedov wa mwezi oundana, akuwunikira kwambiri ma hydro- and meteorological.

Mu Seputembala 1928, nsoka ya Krasin idafikira m'mphepete mwa Alexandra Land ndi Georgia Land. Pa Land's George, anayesayesa kuti amange nyumba pofuna kuwoneka kuti ndi magulu ena akunyumba osadziwika, koma chifukwa cha madzi oundana, gawo lokhalo la chakudya ndi zomangamanga lomwe lingatsukidwe kumtunda. Ku Cape Nile, oyendetsa sitima yapamadzi anaphwanya mbendera ya USSR pa nthawi yoyamba.

Pa Disembala 19, 1928, boma la Norway, likutsimikizira kuti Lamulo la Komiti Yaikulu ya USSR pa Epulo 15, 1926, lidasungitsa Franz Josef Land: "Boma Lachifumu silikudziwa kuti zosankha zina zilizonse zimadziwika pa Franz Josef Land Zokonda ku Norway ... " Atolankhani adakambirana mapulani opanga kukhazikika ku Noroko kuzilumba mu 1929, zombo za Ballerosen ndi Tornes-1 zidakonzedwa ndikuthamangitsidwa ndi anthu aku Norway, ndipo oyang'anira zombo zaku Norway adatenga nawo gawo pantchitoyo.

Kukonzekera kutuluka kothamangitsidwa kunayamba kumbali ya Soviet. Ntchitoyi idakhazikitsidwa ndi Polar Commission of the Academy of Sciences ndipo idavomerezedwa ndi boma Arctic Commission pa Marichi 5, 1929. SNK, kuvomerezedwa kwa polojekitiyi, anagawa ndalama zofunika, Institute for the Study of the North idachita nawo nawo limodzi bungwe la kusambira. O. Yu. Schmidt adasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri wachipanicho, R. L. Samoilovich ndi V. Yu. Vise anali nduna, woyang'anira V. I. Voronin adalamulira wopanga mafunde "Georgy Sedov", ndipo mbendera ya USSR idaperekedwa kukaperekeza ku Arkhangelsk pamsonkhano wapamwamba wa mzindawo.

Julayi 21, 1929 sitima "George Sedov" idachoka ku Arkhangelsk ndipo Julayi 29, kudutsa madzi oundana, kupita ku Cape Flora. Chifukwa chovuta kuyandikira kwa cape, gulu lowetedwa linafika pamenepo, atakhazikitsa mbendera kumeneko, anaganiza zomanga malo owonera ku Tikhaya Bay ya Zilumba za Hooker, pamalo omwe nyengo yozizira ya chaka cha 1914 Sedov idadzera. Mpaka pa Ogasiti 12, Tikhaya Bay inali ikutula katundu ndi chakudya, nyumba komanso malo a wailesi anali akumangidwa pagombe, pomwepo a Georgy Sedov anachititsa maphunziro a hydrological mu Britain Channel, kudutsa kumpoto mpaka 82 ° 14's. w. Nyumba zitatu zaulendo waku Italiya "Stella Polare" zidapezeka ku Teplitz Bay ku Rudolph Island, kuyesayesa kuti apeze manda a Sedov pachilumba cha Rudolph. Pa Ogasiti 29, sitimayo ibwerera ku Tikhaya Bay.

Pa Ogasiti 30, 1929, khothi loyamba ku Franz Josef Land lidatsegulidwa, nthawi ya 13:30 mbendera ya USSR idakwezedwa pamwamba pa siteshoni ndipo ma radiogram yoyamba idasamutsidwa. Kuyambira pamenepo, zisumbuzi zimayendera chaka ndi chaka ku Soviet Union.

Mu Julayi 1931, msonkhano pakati pa gulu la ndege lachijeremani Graf Zeppelin ndi woyendetsa ayezi ku Soviet Malygin unachitikira ku Tikhaya Bay. Makalata adasamutsidwa kuchokera ku airship ndikupita kukasungitsa madzi oundana.

Mu 1936, maziko a ndege yoyamba ya Soviet kupita ku North Pole adapangidwa pa Rudolph Island. Kuchokera pamenepo, mu Meyi 1937, ndege zinayi zolemera anayi za ANT-6 zinapulumutsa Papanin pamwamba pa dziko lapansi. Ndipo pachilumbacho adayamba kugwira ntchito polar.

Pa Nkhondo Yaikulu ya Patriotic, nthumwi za Second Reich zidawonekera pa Franz Josef Land. Mu 1944, malo opangira zanyengo ku Germany adapangidwa kuno, pomwe anthu 10-15 adagwira ntchito (nyengo imodzi), omwe amayenera kudya nyama ya chimbalangondo ndikuthawira mwachangu, kusiya ngakhale zikalata zina (kumbali ya Soviet idadziwitsidwa za malo okhaokha mu 1950s, nditamupeza atatsala).

Mu 1950s, "mfundo" za Air Defense Forces zapadziko lonse zidapangidwa pa Franz Josef Land. Adapezeka ku Graham Bell Island (kampani yopanga ma radar ya Graham Bell ya 30th komanso wamkulu wotsogola yemwe akutumizira ndege ya ayezi), komanso ku Alexandra Land Island (31st Nagurskaya Separate Radar Company). "Zowonjezera "zi zinali gawo la magawo atatu aukadaulo wa zigawo za 4 (likulu ndi gulu, magawikowo anali m'mudzi wa Belushya Guba pa Novaya Zemlya) wa gulu lankhondo lakhumi la dziko lankhondo loteteza dziko (likulu linali ku Arkhangelsk). Kuyankhulana ndi izi zidasungidwa kudzera pa Dikson, adilesi yoyimilira inali "Krasnoyarsk Territory, Dikson-2 Island, gulu lankhondo YuY 03177". "Zowonjezera" izi zinali zigawo zakumpoto kwenikweni kwa Soviet Union. Anathetsedwa m'ma 1990s.

Kuyambira 1990 mpaka 2010, Maritime Arctic Complex Expedition (MAKE) ya Russian Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage D. S. Likhachev pansi paulamuliro ndi kuyang'anira asayansi a P. V. Boyarsky. MAKE, molingana ndi mapulogalamu ake: "Kafukufuku Wosiyanasiyana wa Cultural and Natural Heritage of the Arctic" ndi "Kutsatira Nkhani ya Arctic Expeditions", adazindikira, adafufuza ndikufotokozera m'mabuku ake asayansi zachigawo zambiri zokhudzana ndi zikhalidwe pazachilumba cha m'ma 19 mpaka 1900, ndipo adasindikiza zofanizira "Franz Land- Joseph ”(M., 2013), mapu oyambira ndi zowonjezera za bukulo“ Franz Josef Land Archipelago. Chikhalidwe komanso cholowa zachilengedwe. Zolozera pamapu. Mbiri ya Franz Josef Land ”(M., 2011) motsogozedwa ndi a P. V. Boyarsky.

Soviet Union itawonongeka, zinthu zambiri pamalopo, komanso zida ndi mafuta osungira zidasiyidwa. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa chaka cha 2010, migolo yamafuta 250,000 (yokwana matani 60 miliyoni zamafuta) idasungidwa kuzilumba za Franz Josef Land, zosungidwa m'njira zosayenera ndikuwopseza chilengedwe cha zilumbazi. Kuphatikiza apo, migolo yopanda kanthu ya 1 miliyoni yabalalika kuzungulira zilumbazi. Mu 2012, pulogalamu yotsuka ku Arctic inayamba.

Mu 2008, paulendo wamtunda wopita ku nyukiliya ya Yamal, chilumba chatsopano chidapezeka, chosiyana ndi Northbrook Island. Gawo latsopanoli limatchedwa "Yuri Kuchiev Island", pokumbukira woyang'anira Arctic Yu. S. Kuchiev. M'chaka chomwecho, pa Ogasiti 1, kupendekeka kwa dzuwa kokwanira kudutsa kuzilumba zina zakumadzulo kwa zisumbu.

Pa Seputembara 10, 2012, AARI paulendo wakuyenda pachilumba cha nyukiliya ku Russia adapeza chilumba china chomwe chidasiyana ndi Northbrook Island.

Pa Okutobala 12, 2004, chidutswa cha chikumbutso chidakhazikitsidwa ku Dziko la Alexandra "ngati chizindikiro kuti pano, ku Nagurskaya, Franz Josef Land, maziko oyamba a Russia apangidwe kuyambira pomwe Arctic idayamba". Gulu lofunsalo lidaphatikizapo Federal Security Service ya Russia, Arctic Regional Border Administration, Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, Association of Polar Explorers Interregional Public Organisation, Polar Fund, Polus Research Center for Arctic and Antarctic, and G. Ya. Sedov Institute.

Ministry of Defense yaku Russia mchaka cha 2016 idayamba ntchito yomanga bwalo la ndege la Nagurskoye ku Alexandra Land. Kutalika kwa konkire kothamangira kumakhala 2500 m, m'lifupi mudzakhala mpaka 46 m, zomwe zingapangitse kuti zivomereze mitundu yonse ya ndege zokhala ndi Russian Aerospace Forces. Nagurskoye ikhale stationer yoyandikira North Pole; zakonzedwa kuti IL-78, A-50, A-100, Il-38 ndi ena azikhala pachilumbachi. Komanso ku Nagurskoye aerodrome mosalekeza padzakhala omenyera Su-27 ndi MiG-31, omwe ntchito yawo ikuwonetsetsa kuti dziko la Russia likutetezedwa mdziko la Arctic.

Jiyo

Franz Josef Land ndi amodzi mwa madera akumpoto kwambiri kwa Russia ndi dziko lapansi. Muli zilumba za 192, dera lonse la 16,134 km².

Agawidwa m'magawo atatu:

• kum'mawa, olekanitsidwa ndi enawo ndi Strait of Austria, ndi zilumba zazikulu, Wilcek Land (2.0,000 km²), Graham Bell (1.7,000 km²),
• pakati - pakati pa Strait of Austria ndi Britain Channel, pomwe pagulu lambiri la zilumba lili, motsogozedwa ndi. Halle (974 km²),
• kumadzulo - kumadzulo kwa Briteni Channel, yomwe imaphatikizapo chilumba chachikulu kwambiri cha zisumbu zonse - George Land (2.9,000 km²), chilumba china chachikulu chiri pafupi. Alexandra Land (1044 km²).

Pamaso pazilumba zambiri za chisumbu cha Franz Josef Land ndiwokhala ngati mapiri. Kutalika kwakukulu kumakhala 400-490 m (malo okwera kwambiri a zisumbu - 620 m).

Gombe lakumadzulo kwa Cape Fligeli pa Rudolph Island ndiye malo akumpoto kwenikweni kwa Russia ndi Franz Josef Land.

Cape Mary Harmsworth ndiye malo akumadzulo kwambiri kwa zisumbu, Lamon Island ndiye kum'mwera kwambiri; Olney Cape pachilumba cha Graham Bell ndiye kum'mawa.