Wofunsidwa wa Sayansi Yakuzimba ndi Masamu E. Lozovskaya
Mwina akangaude si zolengedwa zowoneka bwino kwambiri, koma zolengedwa - ukonde - sangathe koma kutamandidwa. Kumbukirani kusangalatsa kwa mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri a ulusi wabwino kwambiri womwe umawoneka padzuwa, wotambasulidwa pakati panthambi kapena pakati pa udzu wamtali.
Spider ndi amodzi mwa anthu akale kwambiri padziko lapansi, omwe adakhazikitsa zaka zoposa 200 miliyoni zapitazo. Mwachilengedwe, pali mitundu pafupifupi 35,000 ya akangaude. Izi zolengedwa zamiyendo isanu ndi itatu, zikukhala kulikonse, zimadziwika nthawi zonse komanso kulikonse, ngakhale ndizosiyana maonekedwe ndi makulidwe. Koma chofunikira kwambiri chosiyanitsa ndi kutulutsa kangaude, kokhala kopanda mphamvu mu mphamvu zachilengedwe.
Spider amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Amapanga mazira a cocoon, amapangira malo osungira nthawi yachisanu, amawagwiritsa ntchito ngati "chingwe chachitetezo" chodumphadumpha, amakoka maukonde ovuta komanso kukulunga nyama. Zachikazi, zokonzekera kupakika, zimapanga chingwe cha kangaude cholembedwa ndi ma pheromones, chifukwa chomwe chachimuna, chikusunthira chingwe, chimapeza mnzake. Zangaude zazing'ono zamtundu wina zimawuluka kutali ndi chisa cha kholo pazingwe zazitali zomwe zimagwidwa ndi mphepo.
Akangaude amadya makamaka ndi tizilombo. Zida zosaka zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuti apeze chakudya zimabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Akangaude ena amangodziika zingwe zingapo pafupi ndi pogona pawo, ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda atangogwira ulusi, amamuthamangitsa pomubisalira. Ena - ponyani ulusiwo ndi dontho lomatira kumapeto kutsogolo, ngati mtundu wa lasso. Koma nsonga ya kapangidwe ka kangaude imakhalabe ndi matayilo opingidwa mozungulira ngati mawondo.
Kuti apange ukonde wokumbira mawayilesi, mtanda wa kangaude, wokhala m'nkhalango ndi m'minda yathu, amatulutsa ulusi wamtali wolimba. Mphepo kapena kamphepo kokweza kumakweza chingwecho, ndipo ngati malo omangira tsambalo asankhidwa bwino, amamatira ku nthambi yapafupi kapena thandizo lina. Kangaude amakwiririka kuti atetezeke kumapeto, nthawi zina amaika ulusi wina mphamvu. Kenako amatulutsa ulusi wopachika ndi kumangiriza gawo limodzi mpaka lachitatu, kuti zotsatira zake ndi kapangidwe ka zilembo Y - ma radii atatu oyamba kopitilira makumi asanu. Zingwe zowoneka bwino ndi mawonekedwe zikakonzeka, kangaudeyo amabwerera pakati ndikuyamba kuyikiratu kwakanthawi - kena konga "kakonzedwe." Wothandizirana ndi mzimu wothandizirana kukhazikitsanso nyumbayo ndipo imagwira ntchito ngati kangaude pomangira gawo losakira. Chingwe chonse chachikulu cha netiweki, kuphatikiza ma radii, chimapangidwa ndi ulusi wosamatira, koma pakuwunikiratu, ulusi wophatikizidwa ndi zomatira umagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Chodabwitsa, mizere iwiriyi imakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a geometric. Nthawi yozungulira imasinthana pang'ono, ndipo mtunda pakati pawo umawonjezeka. Izi zimachitika chifukwa, poyikika, kangaude imasunthira mbali yomweyo kupita ku radiyo. Kapangidwe ka mzere wosweka ndikuyandikira pafupi ndi zomwe zimatchedwa logarithmic spiral.
Njira yolondola ya kusaka imamangidwa pachikhalidwe china. Kangaudeyu amayamba kuchokera pamphepete ndipo amasunthira pakati, ndikusunga mtunda womwewo pakati pa kutembenuka, ndipo kuzungulira kwa Archimedes kumachitika. Nthawi yomweyo, amaluma ulusi wamzimu wothandizira.
Silika wa ku Arachnoid amapangidwa ndi tiziwombo tomwe timakhala kumbuyo kwa khomo la kangaude. Pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya kangaude yemwe amadziwika kuti amapanga zingwe zosiyanasiyana, koma palibe mtundu wa kangaude womwe umakhala ndi mitundu yonse isanu ndi iwiri nthawi imodzi. Kangaude nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gawo limodzi mwa anayi a tezi. Kuyika intaneti sichinthu chofulumira, ndipo zimatenga pafupifupi theka la ola kuti apange netiweki yosaka ngati yaying'ono. Kuti musinthe ndikupanga mtundu wina wa intaneti (posakira), kangaudeyu amafunika kupuma kwakanthawi. Spider nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti mobwerezabwereza, akudya zotsalira za ukonde wosaka zowonongeka ndi mvula, mphepo, kapena tizilombo. Tsamba limalowetsedwa mthupi lawo mothandizidwa ndi ma enzymes apadera.
Silika wa kangaude amapangidwa mwaluso kwambiri kwa zaka mamiliyoni mamiliyoni chisinthiko. Zinthu zachilengedwe izi zimaphatikiza zinthu ziwiri zodabwitsa - mphamvu ndi kutanuka. Maukonde amtunduwu amatha kuyimitsa kachilombo kouluka mwachangu kwambiri. Ulusi womwe kangaude womwe adaluka poyambira ukonde wawo wosakira ndi wocheperapo kuposa tsitsi la munthu, ndipo mphamvu zake (mwachitsanzo, zowerengedwa pa unit) mphamvu yayitali ndizapamwamba kuposa zachitsulo. Ngati tiyerekeza ulusi wa kangaude ndi waya wachitsulo womwewo, amathandizanso kulemera kofanana. Koma kangaude wa kangaude amapepuka kuwirikiza kasanu ndi kamodzi, kutanthauza kuti mwamphamvu kasanu ndi kamodzi.
Monga ubweya wa munthu, ubweya wa nkhosa, ndi cocoon wa silika, mboziyo imapangidwa ndi mapuloteni ambiri. Potengera kapangidwe ka amino acid, mapuloteni amtunduwu - liwiro - ali pafupi kwambiri ndi ma fibroins, mapuloteni omwe amapanga silika wopangidwa ndi mbozi za silkworm. Onsewa ali ndi ma amino acid apamwamba kwambiri a alanine (25%) ndi glycine (pafupifupi 40%). Madera a mamolekyu a protein okhala ndi ma alanine mawonekedwe a crystalline zigawo zokhala ndi mapangidwe ambiri, omwe amapereka mphamvu kwambiri, ndipo madera omwe kuli glycine ali zinthu zambiri amorphous zomwe zimatha kutambasulidwa bwino ndipo potero zimapatsa ulusi.
Kodi ulusi wotere umapangidwa bwanji? Palibe yankho lathunthu komanso lomveka bwino la funso ili. Njira yofotokozedwera bwino kwambiri yopukutira kwa cobwebs idaphunziridwa pazitsanzo za kutulutsa kofanana ndi kangaude wa kangaude ndi kagawo ka Nephila. Gland woboola pakati, wopanga silika wolimba kwambiri, ali ndi dipatimenti yayikulu yayikulu: gawo lapakatikati, njira yayitali yokhotakhota ndi chubu chopumira. Timalovu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mitundu iwiri ya ma protein a spidroin timatuluka m'maselo mkati mwa thumba. Njira yotsimikizika iyi imayenda mumchira wa sac, pomwe maselo ena amapanga mtundu wina wa mapuloteni - glycoproteins. Chifukwa cha glycoproteins, fiber yomwe imayamba imapeza mawonekedwe a galasi lamadzi. Ma kristalo amadzimadzi ndi ochititsa chidwi chifukwa, mbali imodzi, amakhala ndi dongosolo labwino kwambiri, ndipo mbali inayo, amasungunuka. Pamene minofu yowundikira ikupita kukadutsa, ma molekyulu apakati amadzipendekera okha ndi kulumikizana molingana ndi kutsogolo kwa cholowacho. Pankhaniyi, ma hydrogen ma hydrogen ma cell amapangidwa pakati pawo.
Anthu atengera zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe, koma zinthu zovuta monga kupota masamba ena pawebusayiti sizinapangidwenso. Tsopano asayansi akuyesera kuti athetse ntchito yovutayi mothandizidwa ndi njira zamakono zopangira zinthu zachilengedwe. Gawo loyamba linali kupatula majini omwe amayambitsa kupanga mapuloteni omwe amapanga tsamba lanu. Mitunduyi idayambitsidwa m'maselo a mabakiteriya komanso yisiti (onani Science and Life, No. 2, 2001). Akatswiri amtundu wa ku Canada adapitilira apo - adatulutsa mbuzi zosinthidwa ma genet omwe mkaka wake umakhala ndi mapuloteni a masamba osungunuka. Koma vutoli silili kokha pakupeza mapuloteni a silika wa kangaude, ndikofunikira kutsata njira yopopera mwachilengedwe. Ndipo asayansi sanaphunzirepo chilengedwechi.
Momwe akangaude amapangira ukonde
Chiwembu chambiri cha kangaude komwe kali mkati mwa kangaude. Tizilomboti timatseguka timachubu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono, tomwe timatha kufikira mbali zomaliza za kangaude. Kuchuluka kwa machubu otumphukira kumasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa kangaude. Mwachitsanzo, kangaude wowonekera kwambiri ali ndi mazana asanu a iwo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mu tinthu tambiri timeneti timapanga chinsinsi cha mapuloteni amadzimadzi ndi ma viscous, chomwe gawo lake ndi kuthekera kolimba kwambiri nthawi yomweyo motsogozedwa ndi mpweya ndikusintha kukhala zingwe zazitali kwambiri.
Njira yolumikizira intaneti imakhala ndikukanikiza ma arachnoid warts kukhala gawo lapansi. Gawo loyamba, lopanda chinsinsi la chinsinsi chobisika limalimba ndikutsatira gawo lamtopola, pambuyo pake kangaude amakoka chinsinsi chowoneka mothandizidwa ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Mukuchotsa kangaude pa tsamba lolumikizidwa ndi intaneti, chinsinsi cha puloteni chimatambasuka ndikuwuma msanga. Mpaka pano, mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kangaude imadziwika komanso yophunziridwa bwino, yomwe imapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulusi.
Kapangidwe kake pa intaneti
Ukonde wa kangaude ndi puloteni yomwe ilinso ndi glycine, alanine ndi serine. Gawo lamkati lazinthu zopangidwazo limayimiridwa ndi makristulo olimba a protein, kukula kwake sikupitirira ma nanometers angapo. Ma kristalowo amaphatikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri ya protein.
Ndizosangalatsa! Katundu wachilendo pawebusayiti ndikulankhula kwake kwamkati. Mukapachikidwa pa ukonde wa kangaude, chilichonse chimatha kuzunguliridwa kangapo, popanda kupotoza.
Zingwe zazikulu zimasinthidwa ndi kangaude ndikukhala kangaude kakulidwe. Zizindikiro zamatsamba ndi pafupi kwambiri ndi mitundu yofananira ya nylon, koma zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri kuposa chinsinsi cha silwera. Kutengera cholinga chomwe tsambalo likufuna kuti ligwiritse ntchito, kangaude amatha kubisalira osati kokha chomata, komanso ulusi wouma, makulidwe ake amasiyana kwambiri.
Ntchito za masamba ndi cholinga chake
Tsamba limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akangaude pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Pobisalira popanga khola lolimba komanso lodalirika limakupatsani mwayi wopangira ma arthropods, komanso malo abwino otetezedwa, nyengo zoyipa komanso adani ambiri achilengedwe. Ma arthropod arachnids ambiri amatha kuluka makoma a mink awo ndi ma cobwebs awo kapena kupanga chitseko chachilendo chanyumba chochokera.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mitundu ina imagwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngati mayendedwe, ndipo kangaude wachichepere amasiya chisa cha kholo pamtanda wa akangaude, womwe umatengeredwa ndi mphepo ndikuyenda mtunda wautali.
Nthawi zambiri, akangaude amagwiritsa ntchito ukonde kugwiritsa ntchito ukonde womata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azigwira nyama mwachangu komanso kupatsa chakudya cha arthropod. Palibe otchuka kwambiri omwe amatchedwa cocoons a mazira kuchokera pawebusayiti, mkati momwe pomwe akangaude akuwonekera. Mitundu ina imakuluka ndi ulusi wachitetezo cha cobweb yomwe imateteza arthropod kuti isagwere panthawi ya kudumpha komanso kusuntha kapena kugwira nyama.
Ukonde wobala
Pa nyengo yakubala, wamkazi amakhala ndi masankhidwe amadzimadzi a arachnoid, omwe amalola munthu kuti apeze yoyenera. Mwachitsanzo, amuna-tenetnik amatha kupanga, pafupi ndi maukonde opangidwa ndi akazi, ulusi waung'ono waung'ono, womwe kangaude amakokeramo.
Kangaude wazimuna amamangiririra zingwe zawo zopingasa ndi ulusi wopingika wa maukonde osakira omwe akazi amapanga. Amayambitsa ma tiketi olimba pa intaneti ndi miyendo, amphongo amayambitsa kugwedeza kwamtaneti ndipo, mwanjira yachilendo, amaitanira akaziwo kuti akwatire.
Webu yogwira nyama
Kuti agwiritse nyama zawo, mitundu yambiri ya akangaude imakulowera maukonde akusaka, koma kwa mitundu ina kugwiritsa ntchito kangaude wa arcana ndi ulusi ndi khalidwe. Akangaude omwe amakhala m'mabowo amakhoma chingwe chomwe chimayambira pamimba pa arthropod mpaka pakhomo lolowera. Nyama ikagwera mumsampha, kutsitsa kwa ulusi wamasamba kumaperekedwa kwa kangaude.
Zomangira zolimba zimakhazikika pamaziko osiyana.. Ikapangidwa, kangaude imayamba kuluka kuchokera m'mphepete kenako ndikupita pang'ono. Pankhaniyi, kusiyana komweku pakati pa kutembenuka konse kumangosungidwa, chifukwa chomwe omwe amatchedwa "Archimedes spiral" amapezeka. Zingwe zopota kumisonkhano yothandizira zimalumidwa makamaka ndi kangaude.
Kodi tsamba ndi chiyani?
Spider ndi amodzi mwa anthu akale kwambiri padziko lapansi, chifukwa cha kukula kwawo pang'ono komanso mawonekedwe ake enieni amawoneka ngati tizilombo. M'malo mwake, awa ndi oyimira a arthropod. Thupi la kangaude lili ndi miyendo isanu ndi itatu ndi magawo awiri:
Mosiyana ndi tizilombo, alibe antennae ndi khosi yolekanitsa mutu ndi chifuwa. Abdomen arachnid ndi mtundu wa webusayiti. Muli ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timitsempha, timene timakhala ndi mapuloteni opangidwa ndi alanine, omwe amapatsa mphamvu, ndi glycine, lomwe limayambitsa kutanuka. Malinga ndi mtundu wamakanidwe omwe amapangira, tsamba limakhala pafupi ndi silika wa tizilombo. Mkati mwa zitseko, chinsinsi chake chimakhala chamadzi, ndipo chimawuma.
Zambiri. Silika wa mbozi za silkorm ndi ma cobwebs omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana - 50% ndi mapuloteni a fibroin. Asayansi awona kuti ulusi wa kangaude ndi wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa chinsinsi cha mbozi. Izi ndichifukwa cha mawonekedwe a kupanga
Kodi tsamba la kangaude limachokera kuti?
Kutuluka kwa arthropod kuli - kangaude wa masamba awebusayiti. M'madera awo akumtunda, timatha timene timapanga tomwe timapanga ulusi wotseguka. Pali mitundu 6 ya tiziwalo timene timatulutsa silika pazinthu zosiyanasiyana (kusuntha, kutsitsa, kulanda nyama, kusungira mazira). Mu mtundu umodzi, ziwalo zonsezi sizimachitika nthawi imodzi, nthawi zambiri zimagoneka m'magulu awiriawiri a tezi.
Pamwamba pa ma warts, pali machubu ophulika 500 opereka katulutsidwe ka mapuloteni. Kangaudeyu amalaula intaneti motere:
- ulalo wa kangaude umakanikizidwa kunsi (mtengo, udzu, khoma, ndi zina),
- kuchuluka kwamapuloteni pang'ono kumka kumalo osankhidwa,
- kangaude wachokapo, kukoka ulusi ndi miyendo yake ya kumbuyo,
- Pa ntchito yayikulu, mawondo aatali komanso osinthika amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mothandizidwa ndi chingwe chowuma chimapangidwa,
- gawo lomaliza popanga maukonde ndi kupanga mizere yomata.
Chifukwa cha zomwe asayansi apenda, zinadziwika komwe kangaudeyu amachokera. Amatulutsidwa ndi ma waya ophatikizika pamimba pamimba.
Chochititsa chidwi. Tsamba lawoli ndilopepuka kwambiri, kulemera kwa ulusi womwe umakutira Dziko lapansi ku equator ndikungokhala 450 g.
Momwe mungapangire ukonde wophera nsomba
Mphepo ndiye othandizira kangaude pa ntchito yomanga. Pambuyo pochotsa ulusi wopyapyala ku ma warts, arachnid amalowetsa pansi pamtsinje wamlengalenga, womwe umanyamula silika wozizira mpaka patali. Umu ndi njira yachinsinsi yomwe kangaude amagulirira intaneti pakati pa mitengo. Chipilalacho chimamangirira nthambi zamitengo mosavuta, ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito ngati chingwe, arachnid chimayenda malo ndi malo.
Potengera tsamba, tsamba linalake limatsatiridwa. Maziko ake ndi chingwe cholimba ndi zingwe zolimba zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ma ray kuchoka pamtunda umodzi. Kuyambira kunja, kangaude amapanga zozungulira, pang'onopang'ono kupita pakati. Chodabwitsa, popanda kusintha kulikonse, amasunga mtunda womwewo pakati pa bwalo lililonse. Gawo la ulusiwu limakhala lomata, ndipo tizilomboti timangiririka.
Chochititsa chidwi. Kangaude amadya webu wake. Asayansi amapereka mafotokozedwe awiri pamfundo iyi - motere, kutayika kwa mapuloteni kumalipiridwira pokonza ukonde wosaka, kapena kangaude amangomwa madzi atapachikidwa pa ulusi wa silika.
Kuvuta kwa mtundu wa intaneti kumadalira mtundu wa arachnid. Ma arthropod am'munsi amamanga maukonde osavuta, ndipo apamwamba - mapangidwe a geometric zovuta. Zikuyerekezeredwa kuti mkamwini wopendekera wamkazi amamanga msampha wa ma radii 39 ndi mizere 39. Kuphatikiza pa ulusi wosalala wa ma radiation, mathandizo othandizira komanso osaka, pali ulusi wazizindikiro. Zinthuzi zimagwira ndikufikitsa kwa gululi kugwedeza kwa wogwidwa. Ngati chinthu chakunja (nthambi, tsamba) chikakumana, mwini wakeyo amamulekanitsa ndi kuzitaya, kenako ndikubwezeretsa ma network.
Mitengo yayikulu ya mitengo ya arachnids imakoka misampha ndi mulifupi mwake mpaka mita 1. Osati tizirombo tokha, komanso mbalame zazing'ono zimagwera.
Kodi kangaude sukulira nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Nyamayi imagwiritsa ntchito popanga msampha wotsegulira tizilombo mpaka theka la ora mpaka maola 2-3. Nthawi yake yogwiritsira ntchito imatengera nyengo nyengo komanso kukula kwa maukonde. Mitundu ina imaluka ulusi wa silika tsiku lililonse, kuichita m'mawa kapena madzulo, kutengera ndi moyo wawo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe kangaude amaluka ndi ukonde, mawonekedwe ake ndiotsika kapena opindika. Flat ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulusi ndi mizere yoyenera, yodziwika kwa onse, ndipo volumetric ndi msampha wochokera ku ulusi wamalonda.
Kugwira nyama
Akangaude onse ndi akudya akuwapha ndi sumu. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu ena amakhala ndi thupi losalimba ndipo amatha kukhala ovutitsidwa ndi tizilombo, mwachitsanzo, mavu. Pofuna kusaka, amafunika pogona ndi msampha. Zingwe zolimba zimagwira ntchito imeneyi. Amakola nyama yomwe idalowa mu netiweki ndikuthira ulusi, ndikuwasiya mpaka enzyme yolowetsedwa itabweretsa madzi.
Ulusi wa silika wa Arachnid ndiwocheperako kuposa tsitsi la munthu, koma kulimba kwawo kwakanthawi kumakhala kofanana ndi waya wachitsulo.
Kuswana
Pakukhwima, amuna amatenga zingwe zawo patsamba la chikazi. Mwa kugunda maphokoso pa ulusi wa silika, amadziwitsa amene angakwatirane naye zomwe akufuna. Yaikazi yomwe imalandira chibwenzi imatsikira m'dera la mwamunayo kuti ikwatire. M'mitundu ina, chachikazi ndiye choyambitsa kusaka bwenzi. Amasankha ulusi wokhala ndi ma pheromones, chifukwa cha kangaude yemwe wamupeza.
Nyumba yotsatira
Ma coco a mazira amapangidwa kuchokera pachinsinsi cha kangaude. Chiwerengero chawo, kutengera mtundu wa arthropod, ndi 2-1000 zidutswa. Matumba a kangaude okhala ndi mazira amayimitsidwa m'malo otetezeka. Chipolopolo cha coco ndi cholimba mokwanira, chimakhala ndi zigawo zingapo ndipo chimaphatikizidwa ndi katulutsidwe kamadzi.
Pakununkha kwawo, ma arachnids amalumikizira makoma ndi ma tambara. Izi zimathandizira kupanga mawonekedwe abwino a microclimate, amateteza ngati nyengo ndi adani achilengedwe.
Kusuntha
Yankho limodzi ndi chifukwa chake kangaude amaluka ukonde - amagwiritsa ntchito ulusi ngati galimoto. Kuti musunthe pakati pa mitengo ndi tchire, mumvetsetse mwachangu ndikugwa, amafunika ulusi wolimba. Pamaulendo okwera mtunda wautali, kangaude amakwera kupita kumalo okwera, natulutsa masamba olimbitsa, kenako ndikumayendetsedwa ndi mphepo kumatengedwa kumakilomita angapo. Nthawi zambiri, maulendo amapangidwa patsiku lotentha, lowoneka bwino la chilimwe cha India.
Kodi nchifukwa ninji kangaude samamatira pa ukonde wake?
Pofuna kuti isagwere mumsampha wake, kangaude amapanga ulusi zingapo wouma kuti usunthe. Ndili wodziwa zovuta zamtaneti, imasankhidwa bwino kuti igwiritsitse nyama. Nthawi zambiri mkatikati mwa ukonde wophera nsomba mumakhala malo otetezeka pomwe nyama zomwe zimadikirira nyama zimadikirira.
Chidwi cha asayansi pakugwirizana kwa ma arachnids ndi misampha yawo yosaka anaonekera zaka zopitilira 100 zapitazo. Poyamba, adanenedwa kuti anali ndi mafuta apadera pamawondo awo kuti asamamatidwe. Palibe chitsimikizo cha chiphunzitsocho chomwe chidapezeka. Kuwombera ndi kamera yapadera kusunthira miyendo ya kangaude kudzera mu ulusi wachinsinsi wowundikira kunapereka kufotokoza kwa kachipangizidwe.
Kangaude sikutsatira ukonde wake m'njira zitatu:
- Tsitsi lalitali kwambiri m'matumbo ake limachepetsa gawo lokhudzana ndi mpweya wowuma,
- nsonga za miyendo ya kangaude ndi yokutidwa ndimadzi owaza,
- kusuntha kumachitika m'njira yapadera.
Kodi chinsinsi chake ndi chiani chomwe chimathandiza ma arachnids kuti asamamatire? Pa mwendo uliwonse wa kangaude pali zingwe ziwiri zomwe zimagwira ndi momwe zimakhalira pamwambapa, ndipo zimakhazikika. Akasuntha, amasunthira ulusiwo kuti ulusi wosinthika kumapazi. Kangaudeyu akakweza phazi, ubweya wake umawongoka ndipo tsitsi limasinthanso tsamba.
Kulongosola kwinanso ndikukusowa kwa kulumikizana mwachindunji pakati pa miyendo ya arachnid ndi madontho omata. Amagwera pa tsitsi la paws, kenako ndikubowanso mosavuta mu ulusi. Zilichonse zomwe zimaganiziridwa ndi akatswiri opanga zinyama, chakuti akangaude sangakhale andende a misampha yawoyawo sangasinthe.
Ma arachino ena, monga nkhupakupa ndi zinkhanira zabodza, amatha kuwononga ukonde. Koma maukonde awo sangafanizidwe ndi mphamvu komanso kusinthana mwaluso ndi ntchito za eni eni - akangaude. Sayansi yamakono silingathe kubala intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira. Tekinoloje yopanga silika wa kangaude imakhalabe imodzi mwazinsinsi zachilengedwe.
Tsamba la inshuwaransi
Akangaude a mahatchi amagwiritsa ntchito mavu a kangaude ngati inshuwaransi akamaukira yemwe akuvutikira. Akangaude amaika ulusi wa intaneti pachinthu chilichonse, pambuyo pake arthropod amalumphira kulumikizano lomwe akufuna. Ulusi womwewo, womwe umalumikizidwa ndi gawo lapansi, umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ugone kwakanthawi ndipo umasungira arthropod kuchokera ku kuwukira kwa adani amitundu yonse.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ma tarantulas aku South Russia, kusiya kabowo kanyumba, kukoka kanyumba kakang'ono kwambiri pamodzi ndi iwo, komwe kumakupatsani mwayi wopeza, ngati kuli kotheka, njira yobwererera kapena khomo lolowera pogona.
Ukonde ngati mayendedwe
Pofika nthawi yophukira, mitundu ina ya akangaude imabisala ana. Akangaude achichepere omwe adapulumuka pakukula kwawo amayesa kukwera pamwamba kwambiri momwe angagwiritsire ntchito izi, mitengo yayitali, zitsamba zazitali, madenga a nyumba ndi nyumba zina, mipanda. Pambuyo podikirira mphepo yamphamvu yokwanira, kangaude yaying'ono imatulutsa kambewu loonda komanso lalitali.
Mtunda wa mayendedwe mwachindunji umatengera kutalika kwa intaneti yoyendera. Wodikirira podikirira kuti mugwire bwino, kangaudeyu amaluma ndipo amachoka mwachangu. Monga lamulo, "apaulendo" amatha kuwuluka pamtunda wamakilomita angapo pa intaneti.
Akangaude a siliva, intaneti imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choyendera madzi. Pofuna kusaka m'malo osungira, kangaudeyu amafunika kupuma kwamlengalenga. Akatsikira pansi, arthropod imatha kugwira gawo lamlengalenga, ndipo pazomera zam'madzi belu lodziwika limapangidwa kuchokera pawebusayiti, yomwe imakhala ndi mpweya ndipo imalola kangaude kuti asakire nyama yake.
Tsamba loyera la kangaude
Mtundu wamtunduwu umawoneka wokongola moperewera, koma ndiwowononga. Monga lamulo, tsamba lozungulira limayimitsidwa moyima ndipo lili ndi gawo la ulusi womatira, lomwe silimalola tizilombo kuti tituluke. Kuluka kwa maukonde kotereku kumachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Pa gawo loyamba, chimango chakunja chimapangidwa, pambuyo pake ulusi wama radial umayikidwa kuchokera pakati mpaka kumapeto. Zingwe zopota ndizowombera kumapeto kwenikweni.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ukonde wozungulira sing'anga umakhala ndi malumikizidwe opitilira chikwi, ndipo mapangidwe ake amafunikira silika wamtundu wopitilira, womwe umapangitsa kuti kapangidwe kake kasakhale kowala kwambiri, komanso kokhazikika.
Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kukhalapo kwa nyama yogwidwa mumsampha wotere zimapita kwa "msaki" pogwiritsa ntchito ulusi wokhala ndi chizindikiro. Maonekedwe a mipata ina ukasalo umakakamiza kangaude kuti ayambe kulumikizana ndi intaneti yatsopano. Tsamba lakale nthawi zambiri limadyedwa ndi arthropods.
Tsamba lolimba
Mtundu wamtunduwu ndiwofanana ndi kangaude wa nephil, amene amafalikira ku Southeast Asia. Maukonde osaka omwe amapangira nthawi zambiri amafikira mainchesi angapo, ndipo mphamvu zawo zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuthandizira kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu.
Akangaude oterewa amagwira mu ukonde wawo wolimba osati tizilombo wamba, komanso mbalame zazing'ono. Monga momwe kafukufuku amafufuzira, akangaude amtunduwu amatha kutulutsa kangaude wa ma spider mazana atatu tsiku lililonse.
Kangaude wakunyada
“Kangaude kakang'ono konsekonse” komwe kali ndi imodzi yopanga kovuta kwambiri ndi kangaude. Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timaluka ndi maudzu osalala pomwe kangaudeyu amakhala ndikudikirira nyama yake. Kuchokera pa network mpaka mmwamba momwemo mumachoka ulusi wapadera womwe umalumikizana ndi zomera zapafupi. Tizilombo tina tonse touluka timayamba kulumikizidwa ndi ulusi woluka, kenako nkugwera pamphepo yopyapyala.
Kugwiritsa ntchito anthu
Anthu adatengera zopezeka zambiri zachilengedwe, koma kudula masamba awebusayiti ndi njira yovuta kwambiri kuyipanga, ndipo sizinatheke kubereka kameneka panthawiyo. Pakadali pano, asayansi akuyesera kuti abwererenso njira zachilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito biotechnology potengera kudzipatula kwa majini omwe amachititsa kuti mapuloteni omwe amapanga tsamba lino azikhala. Mitundu yotere imayambitsa ma cell mabacteria kapena yisiti, koma kulinganiza kwa njira yopukutira yokha sikungatheke.
Mkonzi
Mutu wampikisanowo "bio / mol / text": Tsamba ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa zopeza zachilengedwe. Nkhaniyi ikunena za mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti popanga zovala zamankhwala. Wolemba amagawana zomwe adakumana nazo pakuwonjezera "zokolola" za akangaude komanso posankha machitidwe oyenera pazomwe ali.
Zindikirani!
Ntchitoyi idasindikizidwa mu kusankha "Ntchito Yake" ya mpikisanowo "bio / mol / text" - 2015.
Kuchokera kwa okonza
Biomolecule amakonda kwambiri chidwi komanso chidwi chopanga. Kachiwiri pampikisano wa bio / mall / text, wopanga Yuri Shevnin agawana malingaliro ake ndi zomwe wapeza ndi omvera a tsamba lathu. Okonza amasangalatsidwa ndi njira zolembera za wolemba ndi chidwi chofuna kuuza ena, komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti nkhaniyi siwophunzirira zaukadaulo, ndipo mavalidwe azachipatala omwe afotokozedwamo amafunikabe kuyesedwa kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito kuchipatala.
Wothandizira omwe adasankhidwa kuti "Nkhani Yabwino Kwambiri pa Njira Za Kukalamba Ndi Kutalika Kwa Moyo" ndi Science for Life Extension Foundation. Wothandizira yemwe adalandira Awardence Choice Award anali Helicon.
Othandizira mpikisano: 3D Bioprinting Solutions Laborator of Biotechnological Research and Visual Science Studio of Scientific Graphics, animation and Modelling.
Ndinalowa m'chipinda chotsatira, momwe makoma ndi denga anali atakutidwa ndi ma cobwebs, kupatula njira yopapatiza ya yemwe anayambitsa. Nditangowonekera pakhomo, womalizirayo adafuula mokweza kuti ndikhale wosamala kwambiri osataya tsamba lake. Anayamba kudandaula za vuto lakufa lomwe dziko lidapanga mpaka pano, pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito za silkworms, pomwe nthawi zonse timakhala ndi tizilombo tambiri tambiri tomwe timakhala toposa ma nyongolotsi amenewa, chifukwa ali ndi luso osati zongoluka zokha, komanso oluka. Kupitilira apo, yemwe adayipangayo adawonetsa kuti kutaya kangaude kungasunge ndalama zowononga nsalu, ndipo ndidatsimikiza za izi pomwe adationetsa ntchentche zabwino zambiri zamitundu yambiri zomwe zimadyetsa akangaude ndi mtundu wake, adatsimikizira, kuti ziyenera kusamutsidwa ku ulusi wopangidwa ndi kangaude. Ndipo popeza anali ndi ntchentche zamitundu yonse, amayembekeza kukhutiritsa zokonda za aliyense akangopeza chakudya choyenera cha ntchentche monga mafinya, mafuta ndi zinthu zina zomata ndipo potero amapereka mphamvu kwambiri komanso kulimba mu ulusi wa intaneti.
D. Swift
Maulendo a Gulliver. Ulendo wopita ku Laputa (1725)
Zovala zamankhwala pa intaneti
Chifukwa choti zopereka ndi malo okwera mtengo azachipatala okhala ndi zoletsa zambiri, asayansi ndi madokotala padziko lonse lapansi akugwira ntchito yopanga njira zina zakukonzanso thupi la munthu. Nthawi yomweyo, kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kupezeka kwa poizoni, ma allergenic ndi zina zotsatira zoyipa m'mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya mankhwala ndi chemotherapeutic othandizira akuwunikira kufunafuna kwa mankhwala osapweteka omwe ali ndi vuto la antimicrobial komanso chogometsa pakuchira. Katundu wofanana mutha kupatsidwa, mwachitsanzo, madiresi odana ndi kutentha ndi bandeji. Kuwotcha ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimavulala kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ku Russia, zopisa zopitilira 600,000 amalembetsa chaka chilichonse. Ndi kuchuluka kwaimfa, kuwotchera ndiye kwachiwiri kokha kuvulala komwe kumachitika pangozi zagalimoto.
* - Zokhudza zina mwa zinthu zozizwitsa pa ukonde, "Biomolecule" adati m'mbuyomu: "Guluu wanzeru pa intaneti» . - Mkonzi.
Chithunzi 1. Web Linothele megundwaides pansi pa ma microscope
Malinga ndi ma elekitirofoni a elekitironi, matrices opangidwa kuchokera ku silika fibroin ndi spombinant spidroin (protein protein) amasiyana pamitundu yodziwika bwino. Makoma a pore mu matrigine a fibroin ali ndi mawonekedwe osapangika bwino okhala ndi mawonekedwe osalala, pomwe matricro othamanga amakhala ndi mawonekedwe omasuka komanso mawonekedwe opaka. Kapangidwe kamkati kamkati kamapangidwe a spombinant spidroin kakulongosola kuthekera kwake kopanga kachulukidwe kakang'ono kwambiri kwa minofu kusinthika kwa thupi. Kulumikizidwa kwa zida ndi chofunikira pakugawa kwa maselo am'modzi komanso kumera kwamphamvu kwa minofu mu vivo, chifukwa chimalimbikitsa kusinthana kw gasi yogwira, kutumiza kwa michere ndi kagayidwe koyenera.
Katundu wodabwitsa webusayitiyu wakhala akudziwika kwanthawi yayitali. Mankhwala a wowerengeka, pali chokhalira chotere: ukonde ukhoza kuphatikizidwa ndi chilonda kapena abrasion pofuna kuimitsa magazi, kuyeretsa mosamala tizilombo tomwe timakhala ndi timitengo yaying'ono.
Tsamba limakhala ndi kuthekera kwambiri ndipo limathandizira kuchiritsa kwa khungu lowonongeka. Opaleshoni ndi ma transplantologists amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ngati chida chothandiza kulimbitsa komanso kulimbitsa, komanso ngati chimango chokulira. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ma mesh mawonekedwe a intaneti samalidwa ndi yankho la masentimitawo, amayamba kuzika msanga, mitsempha yamagazi ndi mitsempha imatsikira kumaselo. Tsamba lenilenilo limasungunuka popanda kutsata. Pogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, mutha kusintha bwino zinthu zamitundu yambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakalipano. Mwachitsanzo, tsamba limakhala ndi ma electrostatic mtengo omwe amathandiza kangaude kukopa nyama zawo. Ndalama zapaintaneti zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo la zovala zachipatala. Tsamba limaperekedwa molakwika, ndipo dera lowonongeka la thupi ndilabwino. Chifukwa chake, chilondacho chikalumikizana ndi intaneti, mulingo wamagetsi umakhazikitsidwa, womwe umakhudza bwino machiritso. Kuvala ndi cobweb chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwa ma electrostatic ndi chilondacho kumakoka tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kuchokera pamenepo ndikuwagwira mkati mwa mavalidwewo, kulepheretsa kuchulukana.
Kuphatikizidwa kwa tsambalo kumaphatikizapo zinthu zitatu zomwe zimathandizira kuti ikhale ndi nthawi yayitali: pyrrolidine, potaziyamu hydrogen phosphate ndi potaziyamu nitrate. Pyrrolidine imatenga madzi mwamphamvu, chinthu ichi chimalepheretsa kupukutidwa kwa ma capubs. Potaziyamu hydrogen phosphate imapangitsa kuti ukondewo ukhale acidic komanso kupewa fungal ndi bacteria. PH yotsika imayambitsa kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni (amawapangitsa kuti asamakolole). Potaziyamu nitrate imalepheretsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya ndi bowa.
Katsamba wapaintaneti amatulutsa mabala a exudate komanso tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kuchokera pachilonda, timalepheretsa microflora ya pathogenic, ndipo imakhala ndi zotsutsana ndi edematous komanso anti-yotupa. Wopangidwa ndi mankhwala okomoleza, amakhalanso ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndikupanga njira zabwino zochizira.
Mbiri Yopanga Tsamba
Vuto lalikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zili ndi ma cobwebs ndikuvuta kuzipeza pamsika wamafuta. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri ku Europe, anthu ayesa kumanga minda ya kangaude wa kangaude. Mu Marichi 1665, masamba ndi mipanda pafupi ndi Merseburg yaku Germany idakutidwa ndi kangaude kakang'ono ka kangaude, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo amayi akumidzi yozungulira adadzipangira zovala ndi zokongoletsera zina.
Mu 1709, Boma la France adapempha wasayansi wazachilengedwe Rene Antoine de Reaumur kuti asinthane ndi silika waku China ndikuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito ukonde pazovala.Adatola ukonde wa kangaude ndikuyesa kupanga magolovesi ndi masheya, koma patapita kanthawi anasiya ntchitoyi chifukwa chosowa zinthu, ngakhale kuti atulutse magulovu amodzi. Anawerengera kuti: ndikofunikira kusanja kangaude wa 522-663 kuti mupeze kangaude kamodzi ka kangaude. Ndipo pakupanga mafakitale, magulu a akangaude ndi mitambo ya ntchentche adzafunikira kuti awadyetse - ochulukirapo kuposa ntchentche pa France yonse. Reaumur analemba kuti: "Komabe, zitha kupezeka kwa nthawi kuti mupeze akangaude omwe amapanga silika wambiri kuposa omwe amapezeka m'chigawo chathu."
Anapeza akangaude otere - anali akangaude a mtundu Nephila. Posachedwa, wokutira wolemera kilogalamu yoposa kilogalamu imodzi adawupanga kuchokera pa intaneti. Komwe akangaude ofunikawa amakhala - ku Brazil ndi Madagaska - anthu amderali amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti kupanga ulusi, mipango, zovala ndi ukonde, kutola mazira am'madzi ku tchire kapena kuwapanda. Nthawi zina ulusi umakokedwa mwachindunji ndi kangaude, womwe umabzalidwa m'bokosi - kokha nsonga yamimba yake yopanda kangaude imatuluka. Kuchokera pa ma warts ndikukoka ulusi wa intaneti.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana komanso kuchokera kwa akangaude osiyanasiyana, oyeserawa adalandira, mwachitsanzo, ulusi wamutali uwu: 1) kwa maora awiri kuchokera kangaude 22 - makilomita asanu, 2) kwa maora angapo kuchokera kangaude mmodzi - 450 ndi 675 mita, 3) kwa "mapanga" asanu ndi anayi m'masiku 27 - 3060 metres. Abbot Camboue adasanthula kuthekera kwa kangaude wa Madagascar Goleba punctata: adakweza bizinesi yake kwambiri kotero kuti "adalumikiza" akangaude amoyo mumakoka ang'onoang'ono mwachindunji ku mtundu wapadera. Chida chamakina chidakoka ulusi kwa akangaude ndipo nthawi yomweyo adachotsa nsalu zabwino kwambiri kuchokera kwa iwo. Akangaude Goleba punctata anayesera kutchukitsa ku France ndi Russia, koma palibe chomwe chidabwera. Mukupanga masamba pa intaneti Nephila osatero konse: zokhutira Nephila kapena alimi amafunika minda yapadera, ngakhale kuti nthawi yotentha imatha kusungidwa pa loggia kapena khonde. Kuti athane ndi vutoli lakale kwambiri, njira yolumikizana yamakono ndikupanga malo oyenera a akangaude ndi tizilombo tomwe timakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi zachilengedwe ndizofunikira.
Kupanga Kwambiri Katsamba
Chithunzi 7. Kamangidwe ka famu ya akangaude Linothele megundwaides.
Pofuna kuwonjezera kupanga masamba pa intaneti komanso kupatula matenda a chakudya chamoyo (maphemwe ndi ma crickets), tizilombo timalandira chakudya chowonjezeramo chakudya chambiri - gwero lina la mapuloteni ndi mavitamini okhala ndi michere ya zinyalala za penicillin ndi streptomycin, komanso mafuta osafunikira - kuchokera ku zinyalala zopanga yisiti . Chakudya chophatikiza chimasungidwa kwa zaka ziwiri kutentha kwa +5 ° C. Kudyetsa tizilombo, kaloti wosakanizidwa ndi kabichi amaziponyera munthawi yopondera michere. Pamaphukusi oterowo ndi ma crickets samadwala, amakula msanga. Nthawi yomweyo, akangaude amawonjezera kupanga masamba pa 60%. Kugwiritsa ntchito thanzi la mycelial zakudya kumakupatsani mwayi wolimbikitsa kangaude ndikupeza tsamba pazambiri zomwe zingatheke. Kusaka zakudya zopatsa thanzi kuti muchepetse kusiyanasiyana kwa kangaude wazipitilira. Kuti apange famu yosonkhanitsa masamba, ntchito yopanga mapulani imapangidwa kuti ikhale ngati hema wozungulira wokhala ndi mainchesi 12 m ndi zokutira zokopa, zofanana ndi ntchito ya intaneti.
Ndikupanga njira yachilengedwe yopanga zachilengedwe zopangira zachipatala, kuyesera ndikothekera kukulitsa zipatso zowonjezereka za kangaude wa banja Dipluridae. Intraspecific hybridization, kusankha ndi zakudya zapadera muzikhalidwe zabwino sizipatula kuyesa kwamtundu kuti muwonjezere kukula kwa kangaude. Ngakhale palibe amene akuchita izi, komanso pagulu la oweta ma kangaude, mutuwu ndiwosokoneza.
Ndikotheka kutulutsa mkaka mothandizidwa ndi bowa ndi mabakiteriya - koma bwanji, pakakhala ng'ombe? Ukonde wopangidwawu ndi wovuta kwambiri kuposa mawonekedwe a mkaka. Chifukwa chake, kusaka konse kwapangidwe kopangira masamba awebusayiti kungatsegule pakukula kwa kangaude. Mitundu yatsopano yopezeka mwa kusintha majini ndi ntchito yoletsa ndi banja Dipluridae adzakulitsa kukula kwa kangaude ndi ukonde wawo wa kangaude popanga zovala. Tsamba limatha kuthandizidwa ndi silicone ndi nsalu ya zovala zakunja zokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera. Chovala choterocho sichidzawononga ndalama zambiri kuposa silika.
Pomaliza
Ntchito yofufuzayi tafotokozayi ndi maziko a mitundu yatsopano yoweta nyama. Pamaziko awa, ndizotheka kukweza kupanga intaneti pamtengo wotsika, zomwe zimatanthawuza kuti zizigulitsa. Kufuna kwazovala zamabala a bioresorbable ndi 400,000 dm 2 / chaka. Kuchuluka kwa msika mu gawo ili ndi $ 150 miliyoni.
Ntchitoyi ikhoza kuchepetsedwa ndikukula, ndikupanga minda yaying'ono yopanga masamba. Palibe zida zapamwamba, kutentha kwambiri, kukakamiza kwakukulu ndi zida zapoizoni zofunika paukadaulo waukadaulo uwu. Pakadali pano, mwachitsanzo, famu pafupifupi 5000 ndi alimi okwanira 300,000, alimi ndi amisiri ena ali ndi ntchito yoweta njuchi. Sikuti aliyense angadye uchi, ndipo kuvala zamankhwala kapena zipika zokhala ndi ma cobwebs ndizothandiza kwa aliyense. Ngakhale tekinolojeyi ikapangidwa ndikuwatsimikizira, titha kupatsa aliyense kuti akwerere akangaude ndi kudzikundikira okha. Pochita zothimbirira, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito nyali ya ultraviolet. Kuti muzitha kupeza masamba awiriawiri, mumafunikira chidebe chimodzi ndi chikazi Linothele megundwaides ndi miyezi iwiri. Chachikazi Linothele megundwaides amakhala zaka 10. Pazoyala zamundawo, mutha kuyika spiderman wofunda ndi mamitala 6 kukula kwake ndi zipinda ziwiri. Mmodzi, mutha kukolola zopangira, ndipo inayo, kupanga matchubu, nsalu zokuluka ndi kusoka zovala. Palibe zinyalala zochokera ku fakitale yaying'ono ngati imeneyi.
Chithunzi 8. Famu yolima pang'ono Linothele megundwaideskutola tchuthi chawo ndikupanga zovala m'mundamo.
Kuchokera ku zipolopolo zakale zotayidwa ndi kangaude pomaluka, zikumbutso ndi zodzikongoletsera zitha kupangidwa mwa kuzithira ndi utomoni wa polymer. Chithandizo chimatha kuchotsedwa pamitu ya akangaude akufa kuti apange mankhwala *. Ovulala ndi odwala adzalandira mankhwala atsopano - "khungu" lachilengedwe - ndipo aliyense atha kupanga mawonekedwe pang'ono.
Wolemba sadzalandira ma patent ndi satifiketi pamutu wofufuzira, chifukwa akufuna kuti chidziwitsochi chidziwike kwa aliyense.
- - Pakhoza kukhala ambiri a mankhwalawa (makamaka, analgesics) - ngakhale atakhala amodzi mwa mawu oti "poizoni": kangaude wa kangaude wina akhoza kukhala ndi zinthu zophatikizana ndi mankhwala omwe amapezeka mosiyanasiyana. About malaibulale a spider poizoni amalemba nkhani "Wophatikiza wamkuluyo sanalotepo» . - Mkonzi.
Chinsinsi cha kangaude
Arachnologists awona kuti ukonde wa kangaudewu umachotsedwa pamimba, pomwe kanyumba ka kangaude amachoka. Pali mitundu 6 ya kangaude komwe timachubu tosokosera komwe kuli. Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mitundu yake. Mtanda uli ndi ma ducts 600.
Chinsinsi cha kusasinthasintha kwamadzimadzi ndi mawonekedwe a viscous zimakhala ndi mapuloteni. Zimathandizira fayilo imalimbitsa madzi nthawi yomweyo powonekera ndi mpweya. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono, komwe chinsinsi chimatuluka, pangani mtundu wake ngati ulusi wopyapyala. Popanga mankhwala ndi zinthu zina, imakhala pafupi ndi silika wa silika, koma kangaude ndi wolimba ndipo amatambalala bwino.
Ma kristalo okhala ndi mapuloteni amaphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala ake. Nyama ikakuluka, imapendekera pamenepo. Ngati chinthucho chayimitsidwa pa kangaude wa kangaude ndikuyizungulira kambiri nthawi imodzi, sichidzapotoza ndipo sichingayambitse mphamvu.
Kangaude, monga kuluka tsamba, kumadya limodzi ndi wozunzidwayo m'maora awiri. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti amapanga mapuloteni otayika mthupi, pomwe ena amakhulupirira kuti nyama ya arthropod imakonda madzi, omwe amakhalabe mame kapena mvula.
Web mu ola limodzi
Kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe imakola msampha wotseguka zimatengera nyengo nyengo ndi kukula kwake. Ukonde wocheperako mukakhala nyengo yabwino umakonzedwa mu ola limodzi, ndipo zazikulu zazikulu zomwe kangaudeyu amatha maola 2-3. Pali mitundu yokhotakhota yoluka tsiku lililonse - m'mawa kapena madzulo. Ili ndiye ntchito yawo yayikulu, kuwonjezera pa kusaka.
Njira yopangira kangaude:
- kangaude amasindikiza kangaude kuti azikafika pamalo ofunikira (mtengo, nthambi, khoma),
- chinsinsi chimamatira kumunsi
- Nyamayo imachoka kutali ndi malo omata ndipo imatambasulira ulusi mumiyendo ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo,
- Wotsogola amagwira ntchitoyo atatsogola, yomwe imakhala ngati ulusi wowuma.
- mutatha kuluka, imapanga mizere yolimba.
Pomanga misampha, ntchito yofunika imaperekedwa ku mphepo. Nyamayo ikatulutsa ulusiwo, imatambasulira pansi pa madzi amlengalenga. Mphepo imathera kumapeto kwake kwa kanthawi kochepa. Nyamayi imagwiritsa ntchito cobweb ngati mutu woyenda. Njirayi imathandizira arachnids kupanga misampha pakati pa mitengo ndi udzu wautali.
Adanani nyama
Makina opangira kuti agwire nyama ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe kangaude ayenera kupanga ukonde. Kutha kwake kufikitsa mphamvu kwa wogwirirayo kumadalira kapangidwe katsamba. Mitundu ina ya nyama zodya ziwopsezo ndi yaying'ono kwambiri mwakuti imayamba kugwidwa ndi tizilombo. Poizoni yemwe amayambitsidwa ndi kangaude m'thupi la wovulalayo sachitapo kanthu nthawi yomweyo. Pofuna kuti nyama isathawe, nyama yolusa imatenga ndi kuukuta, kenako imadikirira kuti igwire ntchito kuti ikhale madzi.
Tikayerekezera tsambalo ndi tsitsi la munthu, oyamba adzakhala ochenjera. Imafananizidwa ndi mphamvu ndi waya wachitsulo.
Kukopa amuna
Mitundu ina ya akazi a arachnid amabisa chinsinsi cha kangaude ndi ma pheromones panthawi yakubzala. "Tag" iyi imakopa yamphongo. Mitundu yambiri imapanga ulusi wazizindikiro, koma kwa ena, izi zimachokera kwa chachimuna.
Pofunafuna munthu wamkazi kuti abereke, amuna amaluka ululu, pomwe dontho lamadzi am'mimba limayamba kudzipatula. Kuti akope akazi, amuna amamangirira zingwe zawo pa intaneti ya mkaziyo ndikumuyendetsa. Chifukwa chake amuuza za cholinga chokhalako. Zokwatirana, zazikazi zimapita kumalo achimuna a amuna.
Kusokoneza Predator
Njenjete zowala zimayambitsa mayendedwe osokoneza maukonde mwa gluing cobwebs masamba ndi nthambi. Amayika "snag" patsamba lawo, lomwe amayesa kusocheretsa mdani. Nyama imabisalira patali ndi dummy ndipo imakoka ulusi, ndikupanga mayendedwe achinyengo nawo.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, kangaude yemwe amatha kupanga pawiri amapezeka m'nkhalango za ku Amazon ndi Phil Torres. Adakumana ndi intaneti yachilendo, m'malingaliro mwake, kangaude. Poyamba, wasayansi wazomera adaganiza kuti wamwalira, koma, atayandikira, adazindikira kuti ichi chinali chithunzi cholemba masamba. Wopanga nyamboyo anali kudikirira kulandila kwina.
Sipuni ya buibui
Pazinsinsi za kangaudeyu, nyama zolusa zimayala cocoon pambuyo pake. Chiwerengerochi chimafika mpaka zidutswa 100, kutengera ndi chonde chachikazi. Coco wokhala ndi mazira achikazi amayimitsidwa, m'malo otetezeka. Chipolopolo cha cocoon chimapangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri za 2-3 ndipo chimayikidwa ndi chinsinsi chapadera chomwe chimafinya zigawo zake zonse.
Ngati ndi kotheka, zazikazi zimasunthira cocoko ndi mazira kumalo ena. Imagwira cholumikizira chiwalo cham'mimba. Mukayang'ana coco mu mawonekedwe oyenerana, imafanana ndi mpira wa gofu. Mazira pansi pa wandiweyani wosanjikiza wa fiber bulge ndi ma tubercles. Ma coco obwera pambuyo pake amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale ndi mitundu yamtunduwu ya nyama zomwe zimasaka komanso osaluka.
Makina oteteza pakhomo la dzenje
Nyama zouluka zomwe zimabisala pansi zimabisala pansi ndi kukhoma khoma la mpanda wake. Amagwiritsa ntchito kulimbitsa dothi, lomwe limathandizira kuteteza dzenjelo ku nyengo zoyipa ndi otsutsa mwachilengedwe.
Ntchito za intaneti sizitha pamenepo, arthropod amagwiritsa ntchito ngati:
- Njira zoyendera. Wogwiritsa ntchito mafoni amayigwiritsa ntchito ngati galimoto. Ndi chithandizo chake, imatha kuyenda mwachangu pakati pa mitengo, tchire, masamba komanso nyumba. Pogwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa akangaude, akangaude amasuntha makilomita ochepa kuchokera pomwe amachoka. Amakwera kumtunda, kumasulidwa nthawi yomweyo kolimba ndipo amatengedwa ndi mlengalenga.
- Inshuwaransi. Akangaude owaza mahatchi amaluka nsalu yotchinga kuti azidzisamalira pakasaka wozunza. Amakhazikika ndi ulusi kumunsi kwa chinthucho ndikupanga kulumpha komwe amagwira. Mitundu ina ya akangaude, kuti asatayike dzenje lawo, tengani ulusiwo mukachokapo ndikubwerera.
- Pansi pamadzi. Amapangidwa kokha ndi mitundu yomwe imakhala m'madzi. Ndikudziwika chifukwa chake amafunikira cobweb akamanga mabowo pansi pamadzi - imapereka mpweya wopumira.
- Khazikika pamalo oterera. Ntchitoyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitundu yonse ya ma tarantulas - zomatira zomata pamawondo zimawathandiza kuti azikhala pamalo oterera.
Mitundu ina imachita popanda kuluka ulusi wa kangaude, kusaka kokha. Koma kwa ambiri, iye ndiwothandizira panjira yopulumuka.
Chifukwa chiyani samadzimangirira?
Pofuna kusuntha modekha kuti musakodwe, kangaude amakulitsa ulusi wouma wopanda chinthu chomata. Amawongolera pantchito yomanga, motero amadziwa gawo liti la fiber lomwe limapangidwira, ndipo ndi lotetezeka kwa iye. Akuyembekezera wozunzidwayo mkati mwa nyumbayo.
Zowonjezera zomwe zimathandizira kangaude kuti asamamatire pawebusayiti yake:
- nsonga za manja a adani zimathiridwa mafuta
- pa miyendo yake pali tsitsi zambiri zomwe zimachepetsa gawo lolumikizana ndi ulusi womata,
- amayenda mwanjira yapadera.
Asayansi amakono sanaphunzirepo momwe angapangire ukonde mwabwinobwino. Koma kuyesayesa kuti apange bukulo ndikupitilirabe. Ma genetics aku Canada adaberekera njira mbuzi, momwe mkaka wake umakhala ndi kangaude wazipanga. Monga kangaude amapanga ukonde, ukadaulo wake wopanga ndi chinsinsi cha chilengedwe chomwe sichinathetse malingaliro akulu.
Zachilengedwe zinasamalira kukhalapo kwa akangaude ndipo zinawapatsa mwayi wokhoza kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mwaluso. Amawathandiza kupeza chakudya, kuteteza ana awo ndi nyumba zawo, komanso amawagwiritsa ntchito kuwasuntha. Msampha wa Openwork umadzetsa chidwi padziko lonse lapansi chinsinsi chake komanso kuthekera kwa kubereka kwaumbuli. Mtundu uliwonse wa arachnids umayambitsa chidwi chozama ndikuwombera ndi mawonekedwe ake.