Nyanja ya Baikal - Yodabwitsa komanso yapadera labotale momwe mungaphunzirire moyo wamadzi amoyo. Mitundu yatsopano ndi mitundu ya zinthu zachilengedwe zikupitilira nyanjayi. M'mbiri yonse ya anthu, Baikal weniweni, ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala m'dziko lake, zidachita kusanduka kuchokera ku zinthu zina. Chifukwa cha izi, nyanjayi imakhala ndi mitundu yakale kwambiri yazamoyo yomwe idayamba kunyanja yaying'ono yomwe idatsogola Baikal, komanso yaying'ono yomwe idatulukira mu Nyanja ya Baikal yomwe. Pali mitundu yopitilira 300 ya protozoa ndi pafupifupi nambala yofanana ya amphipods yosangalatsa kwambiri ya crustacean, nyongolotsi zosiyanasiyana komanso zozungulira, crustaceans, tizilombo, ma mollusks, nsomba ndi zisindikizo (zisindikizo).
Zomera za Baikal
Baikal ali ndi mitundu yoposa 1000 yamadzi am'madzi! Kuphatikiza pa algae, mitundu 20 ya zomera zamaluwa imapezeka pano. Makonde ndi zopondera za nyanjayi, makoko ake otetezedwa ndi mitsinje yodyetsa zakudya zabwino monga zakudya zosachepera, mabango owonda, buluwati, mabango, nyanga ndi chimbudzi.
Algae of Baikal
Pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Baikal, madera okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja yayikulu ndi zopanda maluwa. Komabe, algae amakhala kumeneko. Ngati mutayang'ana mwalawo miyala yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa mafunde mu Julayi, Ogasiti ndi Seputembala, mudzaona mbewu yobiriwira yobiriwira ngati maluwa - ulocrix. Kuzama mozama miyalayo imakutidwa ndi ulusi wachikasu wotchedwa didimosthenia, ndipo mwakuya kwambiri (3-10 metres) mudzawona tchire laling'ono la Baikal draparnaldia, lomwe kale lidapangira mitengo yayikulu yobiriwira. Zomera zina zimawonekanso pakuzama uku.
Wolemera kwambiri komanso wosiyana kwambiri ndi phytoplankton - algae yaying'ono yomwe imakhala makamaka pamtunda wamadzi, momwe imalandira kuwala kwambiri. Awa ndi ma diatoms akale golide. Mitundu yambiri yamtchire iyi imamera kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, pomwe nyanjayi idakutidwa ndi ayezi. Pakati pawo palinso ma diatoms okonda kuzizira: melisir, cittotella, ndi sinedra. Makamaka malo owonekera oundana ambiri ndi achisanu komanso ozizira achikondi.
M'chilimwe, madzi akatentha, mwala wokonda kuzizira umatulutsa mitundu yambiri yokonda kutentha - zobiriwira, zobiriwira, zobiriwira, golide ndi mitundu ina ya ma diatomu. Kuchuluka kwa algae pa Baikal kumasiyana malinga ndi nyengo.
Reindeer
Polankhula za zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa ku Baikal, zomwe zalembedwa mu Buku Lofiira ndipo zatsala pang'ono kutha, wina sangakumbukire za mphalapala zodziwika bwino. Ngakhale anthu a ku Russia asadakhazikitsidwe ku Siberia, zimbudzi zakutchire zinkakhala pafupifupi gawo lonse lomwe tsopano lili ndi dera la Irkutsk. Imeneyi ndi nyama yapadera: ndi mbawala yokhayo padziko lapansi yomwe nyanga zake zimavalidwa ndi zazimuna ndi zazikazi.
Amapezanso chakudya kuchokera pansi pa chipale chofewa chakuya masentimita 120. Ndi chiyambi chachitukuko chazikulu, malo olimapo nthaka, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, ndipo pambuyo pake chifukwa cha ntchito yomanga mabizinesi ndi misewu, kuchuluka kwa mitengo yolusa ku Eastern Siberia kudayamba kutsika kwambiri, monga Nyama idataya madera omwe idapeza chakudya. Masiku ano, akatswiri azachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi akumenyera nkhondo kuti apulumutse nyama yachilendoyi, chifukwa palibe amene angalowe m'malo mwa msungwanayu.
Red Wolf
Mmbulu wofiira ndi nyama ina yomwe yatsala pang'ono kutha ku Russia. Kudera la Irkutsk kudutsa malire kumpoto kwa mitundu ya nyama zodyerazi. Anthu omwe ali ndi mwayi wokhoza kuwona izi zomwe zimasowa kwambiri amati zimawoneka ngati nkhandwe, nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe nthawi yomweyo. Mtundu wofiirira wamsana, wophatikizidwa ndi m'mimba wopepuka ndi maondo, mchira wakuda, umapangitsa chirombo ichi kukhala chodabwitsa kwambiri.
Osapeputsa mphamvu yake: gulu lalikulu la mimbulu yofiyira imatha kuthana ndi nyalugwe kapena kambuku mwamphamvu.
Ziwombankhanga, komanso kunyentchera pang'onopang'ono kwa nyengo komanso chofunda chakuzizira chofewa komanso zamasamba, zapangitsa kuti mimbulu yofiira ku Russia ithe.
Okhala ang'ono kwambiri a Baikal
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kwambiri tomwe timakhala m'mbali mwa Nyanja ya Baikal timaphatikizanso tinthu tina tokhala m'mimba imodzi ya protozoa: ciliates, rhizomes, flagella ndi sporoforms. Palibe nyanja ina iliyonse yomwe ili ndi zofunikira kwambiri pazochita zina zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala mkati mwa madzi. Mitundu ina ya ciliates imapezeka ngakhale pakuya kwa mamita 600! Ziphuphu zina zimakhala m'madzi pazokha (mitundu 84). Ena amakhala modera kapena chofunda m'makhola amisamba. Koma ma protozoa onse amakhala chakudya cha mitundu yabwino kwambiri.
M'chilimwe, pomwe madzi ali phee, mafunda otumphuka obiriwira obiriwira amitundu yosiyanasiyana, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera, amawonekera kudzera m'madzi.
Masiponji onse a Baikal amakhala panthaka yamiyala m'malo ovuta a nyanjayi. Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi zida zakuya panyanja "Pisces" akuwonetsa kuti amakhala m'madzi akuya kufika mita 1000. Baikal sturgeon amagwiritsa ntchito chinkhupule ngati chakudya.
Pakati pa nyongolotsi zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhala mu Nyanja ya Baikal, nyongolotsi zachilendo zachilengedwe (turbilaria in Latin) ndizambiri. Mphutsi zotere, komanso masiponji omwe amakhala pafupi ndi akasupe otentha a Frolikh, ali ndi pafupifupi 60 peresenti ya mpweya wakale. Turbilaria ya Baikal imawonetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana mitundu ndi kukula kwake. Amakhala ndi mawonekedwe owala mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo amatha kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 30 m'litali ndi masentimita 4-5 m'lifupi atapangidwa. Nyongolotsi zonsezi ndi ponseponse, amakhala okhaokha m'malo a Lake Baikal.
Nyongolotsi za Baikal zimadya pansi pa nyanjayo, pomwe zimayang'ana munthu wovutikayo, ndikuwumitsa, kenako ndikuphimba ndi ntchofu ndikuyilowetsa m'thupi. Kudyetsa zodwala komanso zofowoka, ma glworm amagwira ntchito ngati madongosolo azachipatala.
Pansi pa miyala pa dongo ndipo, mocheperapo, pamchenga wamchenga pansi pa nyanjayo, kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pamadzi akuya kwambiri, pali nyongolotsi zooneka ngati nyongolotsi - nyongolotsi - oligochaetes. Gulu la mphutsi ili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 70, 90 peresenti yomwe imakhala m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Baikal.
Mwa okhala benthic, oligocrates amakhala pamaudindo apamwamba. Gawo laling'ono la ma oligich ndi nyama yolusa, yambiri mwa iyo ndi yoyipa. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati chakudya cha nyama zina zokhala ndi gulu labwino kwambiri. Nyongolotsi zoopsa zimachita mbali yofunika kwambiri ya nyanjayi. I. Izosimov amakhulupirira kuti ma oligycetes ndi mtundu wa nyama zapamwamba, zomwe zidapangidwa kale ndipo zimapezeka, pomwe Baikal adatumiza mitundu yatsopano yamtundu wokhala ndi malo awoawo okhala omwe amawalola kuti azikhala mumadzi ambiri awa.
Kuphatikiza pa mtundu wa scarecrow, woimira chidwi wa mphutsi zooneka ngati nyongolotsi - policheta maasayunkia baikalica - amakhala munyanjayi. Amakhala m'matumba ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi tinthu tating'ono tating'ono ndi mchenga, womangidwa pamodzi ndi chinthu china. Mtundu wa nthumwi za m'madzi kapena zamadzi zotsitsimula zimakhala munthaka zazinyalala zam'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'malo oterera, panthambi za mitengo ndi m'malo ena. Sizikudziwikabe kuti adafika bwanji ku Baikal, koma pali malingaliro angapo osangalatsa pa izi.
Baikal mollusks
Amadziwika kuti mitundu yoposa zana ya zinyama zam'madzi zimakhala mu Nyanja ya Baikal. Amakhala panthaka kapena yamchenga, makamaka pakuya kwa 15-20 mita. Ma Shellfish ndi osazama kwambiri kuya kwa 20 mpaka 30 metres, ndipo ndi zochepa zochepa chabe za nkhono zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala pansi pakuya mamita 100-150. Ndi ang'ono ndipo ali ndi zipolopolo zopyapyala chifukwa chamadzi ozizira komanso kusowa kwamchere wamchere. The mollusk amapereka chakudya chabwino kwa sturgeons, whitefish, grayling, goby ndi njoka.
Pafupifupi mapiri onse a Baikal ndi am'banja lalikulu la Nyanja ya Baikal; amapezeka m'mafomu awo okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi, omwe ali ndi zaka miliyoni. Chosangalatsa kwambiri ndi banja la kumapeto kwa ma baikalidi osiyanasiyana mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake zipolopolo, zokongoletsedwa bwino ndi nthiti, keel, ma handles ndi maukonde owonda.
Tizilombo ta Baikal
Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, kumapeto kwa Meyi-Juni, ntchentche za caddis, tizilombo touluka m'mitsinje, zimayamba kuwuluka mwamphamvu. Tizilomboti, tomwe timatchedwa "broomstick" kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Baikal ndi "lipochan" kumpoto, kumadzaza mpweya kuchokera pagombe ndikusonkhana ndi miyala ikuluikulu pamiyala, miyala ndi mitengo komanso pafupi ndi madzi. Awoakulu amakhala ndi masiku angapo. Poika mazira m'madzi, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timafa. Mphutsi zawo zimasanduka pupae, ndipo kasupe amakhala ndi mapiko.
Chifukwa cha kutchingira ntchentche za caddis, zimbalangondo zimathamangira kumtunda kumapeto kwa chilimwe chilichonse, mosasamala kapena m'magulu abanja, kudya tizilombo. Nthawi yomweyo, imvi ndi ma omuls "amatambalala" m'mphepete mwa nyanja - zakudya zamtunduwu ndizopatsa thanzi kwambiri! Mwa tizilombo tina, ma chironomid ndi ochulukirapo, pafupifupi mitundu 60, koma gawo limodzi lokha mwa magawo atatuwa limakhala pa Baikal lotseguka.
Kambuku wa chipale chofewa
Kambuku wa chipale chofewa kapena nyalugwe wamphaka ndi nyama yodabwitsa kwambiri ku Siberia ndi Baikal. Ogulitsa ku Russia adabwereketsa dzina la nyama yolusa kwa asodzi aku Turkic m'zaka za zana la 17. Koma osati kale kwambiri, mu 80s ya zaka za zana la 20, osaka am'deralo amakaniratu kukhulupirira kuti kulibe nyama yomwe imadya, kutanthauza kuti ngakhale abambo kapena makolo awo sawona nyalugwe.
Komabe, pakadali pano ndikudziwika kuti pafupifupi mbendera za chipale chofewa za ku 6-8 zomwe zimakhala m'chigawo cha Irkutsk, pafupifupi 30 zili ku Buryatia.Mtundu wonsewo, mwina muli akambuku a chipale chofewa oposa 50 omwe amakhala ku East Sayan, kuphatikiza mbali zake, ku Tyva ndi Krasnoyarsk Territory. Chilombo chosowa, koma chowopsa kwambiri ndi chachikulu kuposa lynx ndipo, mosakayikira, ndi msaki wabwino kwambiri. Lero, nyalugwe wa chipale chofewa waphatikizidwa ndi Red Book of Russia, ndipo odzipereka ambiri mdziko lonse lapansi akugwira ntchito kuti ateteze ndikuwonjezera mitunduyi.
Siberia Lynx
Nyama yabwino kwambiri yam'madzi inazolowera nyengo yozizira ya ku Siberia. Kutalika kwa thupi la lynx kumafika mpaka masentimita 130, ndipo amphongo amatha kukhala okwera masentimita 70. Kulemera kwa nyama ndi 25 kg. Amakhala ndi minofu yolimba komanso mchira wamfupi, komanso mabulashi amtundu pazomvera makutu. Ma Lynxes amasiyanitsidwa ndi ma paws akuluakulu kwambiri - chilengedwe chimawadalitsa iwo, kotero kuti zinali zosavuta kuti zinyama zizitha kudutsa chisanu ndikulephera. Mtundu wa lynx ndiwofukiza kapena wofiirira.
Chiwombankhanga choyera
Dera la Baikal ndi madera oyandikana nalo ali mkati mwa mbalame zosowa ngati chiwombankhanga choyera. Uwu ndiye nyama yolusa kwambiri ku mdera la Irkutsk, ndipo ndizosangalatsa chifukwa adasinthiratu kukhala ndi moyo pafupi ndi mitsinje yayikulu, nyanja, madambo komanso nyanja zamchere, kukhala msodzi waluso. Pakusaka nsomba, chiwombankhanga nthawi zina chimamizidwa m'madzi kwakanthawi kochepa. Choopsya chachikulu pamtunduwu ndikuwonongeka kwa malo omwe amakhala - kuwononga nkhalango (ndi kutenthedwa) kwa nkhalango pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, kuwononga madambo, komanso kupha nsomba ndi chisonyezo chotsimikizika.
Lero mbalame yachilendoyi imatetezedwa pamlingo wa All-Russian komanso mayiko ena.
Fyuluta yayikulu ya Baikal - epishura
Wambiri wokhala m'madzi am'nyanjayi ndi crustacean Copepodae - Baikal episcura. Tikulankhula za kukula kwa tirigu wamana, kukula kwa milimita 1.5 kwa iye ndi "zazikulu". Komabe, ndimtundu wa crustacean wamtunduwu womwe umakhala 96% ya Baikal zooplankton. Episcura ili ndi gawo lapadera pazochitika za Nyanja ya Baikal. Chingwechi ndi chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri michere ya planktonic algae ndipo chimapangitsa mabakiteriya a mnyanjayi kusefedwa bwino lomwe. Sizikokomeza kunena kuti Epishur ndiye gawo lalikulu la Nyanja ya Baikal. Malinga ndi a Professional G. Galaza, asayansi otchuka (Lake Baikal, 1979), "mchaka, anthu onse ochita kutulutsa mitunduyi amachokera ku 500 mpaka 1.
Kukula kwa crustaceans ku Nyanja ya Baikal ndizosazolowereka, makamaka ma amphipod, omwe amakhala pafupifupi mitundu 300 munyanjayi (gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse odziwika padziko lapansi!). Kwenikweni, amakhala pansi, pomwe amatha kukumba pansi, kubisala pansi pamiyala, kukwawa pansi ndikukhazikika pamipata ya Baikal, ndikudya ndalama zawo.M'madzi osaya, amasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yowala ndi maonedwe abwino, pakuzama kwakukulu ndi opanda khungu, akhungu ndipo amakhala ndi tinyanga yayitali komwe amasaka chakudya pansi.
Ambiri mwa amphipods ndi adani - odya matupi. Amadya ma invertebrates, nsomba zakufa ndi zinthu zina. Nthawi zina asodzi, ngati alibe nthawi yoyang'ana maukonde awo nthawi, amatola nsomba “zosankhidwa” kapena mafupa opanda thupi lililonse. Ma Amphipod ndi magulu abwino azachipatala, komanso chakudya monga nsomba.
Mwa amphipods, malo apadera ndi a pelagic (okhala m'madzi akuya) crustacean - macrohectopus kapena Jurassic, monga asodzi amatcha. Jurassic ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za chakudya cha om, komanso imapereka chakudya cha mitundu yonse ya nsomba. Macrohectopus ndi anthu okhala ku Baikal. Masana, chochuluka chake chimasungidwa pafupi ndi malo okumbika kwambiri a madzi 200-250 mamilimita. Usiku, imayenda pamtunda, ikusaka tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
Baikal sturgeon
Ponena za nthumwi zosowa kwambiri za nyama za Nyanja ya Baikal, ndizosatheka kutchula anthu okhala pamadzi. Sturgeon ya ku Siberia ndi malo ocheperako a sturgeon omwe amakhala m'madzi osaya kwambiri, m'mphepo zazikulu komanso pafupi ndi mitsinje yayikulu. Ma Sturgeons a ku Baikal amakhala zaka 50-60 kapena kuposerapo, mpaka kufika 100-130 kilogalamu yolemera, 1.5-1.8 mita kapena kupitilira.
Kumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazi, opitilira ma sturgeon opitilira 1000 adakumbidwa ku Baikal ndi mitsinje yake.
Zotsatira zake kuti ana ang'onoang'ono anali atangotsala pang'ono kuphedwa, kusodza kwa sturgeon koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 kunagwera kukula kwakukulu. Kuyambira mu 1945, lamulo loletsa usodzi wa sturgeon lidayambitsidwa, ndipo tsopano masheya awo akuchulukirachulukira.
Nsomba za Baikal
Mitundu 56 ya nsomba imakhala ku Baikal. Ambiri aiwo ndi ma gobies - wozungulira-wozungulira (“wamphumi”, monga amatchedwa kwanuko). Amakhala pa Baikal kuchokera ku mtundu wakale, wofanana ndi ng'ombe za Anadyr ndi Michigan, ku Baikal amaimiridwa ndi mitundu 32, 29 yomwe ili yotsika. Nthawi zambiri, ng'ombe ndi anthu okhala pansi, omwe amakhala m'madzi onse akuya.
Baikal ndikhalanso ndi nsomba zaphompho kwambiri zapansi padziko lapansi. Nsomba izi zidakwanitsa kupitiliza kuwona kwawo ngakhale kuzama kwambiri, ngakhale zimangowona chithunzi chakuda ndi choyera.
Mitundu iwiri ya gobies, chikasu chachikasu ndi zakuda zakuda, zimakhala m'madzi akuya. Mitundu ya pelagic imakhala m'mtunda wamtunda wa 100 metres, ikudya ma bishops ndi jura. Kukuwotcha kwa ng'ombe zamphongo zazing'ono zazing'ono (zazing'ono), makamaka za ng'ombe zamphongo zachikasu, zotchedwa poyed (chakudya chosangalatsa), ndi imodzi mwazakudya za om.
Mwina nsomba yosangalatsa kwambiri mu Nyanja ya Baikal ndi golomyanka (nsomba yamafuta), yomwe m'njira zambiri imakhala yodabwitsa. Golomyanka - akulu ndi ang'ono - amakhala ku Nyanja ya Baikal yokha. Kukula kwawo sikupitirira masentimita 24, alibe masikelo, ndi pelescent (pelescent) pamtundu komanso zowonekera. Muli pafupifupi 35 peresenti ya mafuta opangidwa ndi vitamini A. Golomyanka ndiye nsomba yayikulu kwambiri pa Nyanja ya Baikal, zomwe zimapezeka mpaka matani 150,000. Komabe, palibe nthawi iliyonse m'moyo wake amene amasambira m'masukulu, kotero samaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wa nsomba. Okhala kale akuti kalekale, pambuyo pa namondwe, golomyanks idasonkhana m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo mafuta adasungunuka ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza rheumatism, atherosclerosis komanso kuchiritsa mabala omwe sangapweteke kwa nthawi yayitali. Golomyanka ndi nsomba yamoyo, yokhayo pamtunda wathu. Nthawi yomweyo 3000 amoyo mwachangu amabadwa. Amayi ambiri amwalira atamva mwana. Pafupipafupi, golomyanka imabereka kawiri, ngakhale zochepa, katatu. Golomyanks amakhala mwachilengedwe osaposa zaka 6.
Tinsomba tating'onoli timatha kupirira kupanikizika kwakukulu m'madzi akuya a Baikal. Usiku imakwera pamwamba pamadzi, ndipo masana imayandama kwambiri. Ma Limnologists anali ndi mwayi wowonera momwe golominki akuzama m'madzi. Pakuya kwamtambo wa mita 1000 mpaka 1400 kapena kupitirira, golomyomka imayenda momasuka mbali zonse komanso molunjika, ngakhale uku ndi uku mfuti sungayime chifukwa chopanikizidwa kwambiri.
Amadziwika kuti golomyanka imakonda kwambiri kutentha kwa madzi. Kutentha kwake kokwanira kufika mpaka + 5 ° C, ndipo izi zimapewa kutentha kwambiri. Sangapulumuke pa + 10 ° C kapena kupitilira.
Chinsomba chachikulu cha nsomba ku Nyanja ya Baikal ndi anam. Ponena za mtima wachikondi komanso zokoma za nyama, Emm samadziwa omwe akupikisana nawo. Chiwerengero cha omanu ndi asanu: Selenginsky, Chivyrkuisky, Ambassadorial, North Baikal ndi Barguzinsky.
Mu nthawi yophukira, nthawi yophukira, aliyense amapita mumtsinje wake. Malingaliro opitiliza m'badwowo amawapangitsa kuti agonjetse zigawenga zamkuntho ndi mitsinje ya mitsinje. Caviar amakhalabe pamchenga komanso wowoneka bwino pansi komanso wothamanga, ndipo mphutsi zake zimatha miyezi 8. Pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, yambiri ya caviar imamwalira: imayikidwa m'manda pansi pa mchenga ndi siltara, kapena omwe amadyera nyama amadya. Pofuna kuthandiza anthu ambiri, ma hatchain adamangidwa pa Nyanja ya Baikal, pomwe nsomba zamtengo wapatali zimalimidwa munthawi yochita kupanga.
Pazomera zobzala, 80% ya mphutsi za caviar zimakhalapobe, koma zikagwidwa Nyanja ya Baikal, zimakumana ndi zoopsa zambiri. Mmodzi yekha mwa zana la 100 amene amapulumuka kuti abwerenso pamalo omwe amapangika. Malinga ndi ichthyology miyezo, awa ndi peresenti wamba! Admiral Nelson adatinso "cod atatu azikhala okwanira kudyetsa London ngati mbadwo wawo ungasungidwe ..."
Amadziwika kuti onse a omuli ali m'magulu atatu a zachilengedwe ndi a morphological: bentosabissal, pelagic ndi gombe. Zambiri za omul zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa usodzi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nsomba zazikuluzikulu zikuchepa pang'onopang'ono, pomwe pali kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito zovomerezeka zovomerezeka. Ndizosangalatsa kuti masiku ano m'madoko omwe ali m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Baikal, anthu okhala komweko angakupatseni mchere komanso wosuta fodya, otentha, ophika pamaso panu.
Ngakhale tastier kuposa Emm ndi Baikal whitefish, nsomba yowutsa mudyo, yamafuta olemera mpaka mapaundi 12 kapena kupitilira apo. Makanda akuda ndi oyera a Baikal amapereka nsomba zabwino kwambiri. Madzi oundanawo atagwa masika, mtundu wakuda wa Baikal, womwe ndi nsomba yokongola modabwitsa komanso yowala utawaleza, umakwera mumtsinje womwe umalowa mu Nyanja ya Baikal. Amagonjetsa rapid ndi zaiomas (matabwa atamangidwa mumtsinje) mpaka mita kutalika kuti utuluke. Masiku khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri pambuyo pake, caviar imapatsa moyo mphutsi zomwe zimatsikira ku Nyanja ya Baikal. Mbala yakuda imakhala m'madzi opanda phokoso komanso mumtsinje wamapiri othamanga.
Mchala ndi ma lens amakhala ku Nyanja ya Baikal, koma dziwe la Nyanja ya Baikal imakhala m'malo apadera a ichthyofauna a nyanjayi, omwe amakhala m'malo opezeka Nyanja ya Baikal: mdera lamtsinje wa Selenga, ku Proval Bay, Chivyrkuisky ndi Barguzinsky Bay. Ma Sturgeons amasamukira kudutsa nyanjayi, makamaka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komwe amasambira m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi ina, ma sturgeon adalemera pafupifupi mapaundi 250. Komabe, iwo amakula pang'onopang'ono komanso kukhwima mochedwa. Amuna amalowa m'masukulu owerengeka ali ndi zaka 15-31 zaka, zazikazi - azaka 21-37.
Ku Baikal kuli ma buluzi, ma marond, ma id, ma carp, agogo, ma eels ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba yomwe imapezeka ku Siberia. Amakhala m'milandu yam'mbali mwa nyanjayi, makina osaya ndi matalala.
Mu 1940s, Amur carp adalumikizana ndi nyanjayi, tsopano woyambira kum'mawa amakhala kuno, ndipo nangumi wa Amur adalowa munyanjayo kudzera mumtsinje wa Khilok-Seleng.
Chisindikizo cha Baikal, kapena kuti chidindo, monga momwe chimatchulidwira, chakhala chiri chosangalatsa kwambiri. Kodi nyamayi imakhala bwanji kunyanja ya Baikal, popeza achibale ake apamtima amakhala kumpoto kwa Arctic komanso kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Caspian? Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, chisindikizo chidadza ku Baikal kuchokera ku Arctic Ocean kudutsa mu Mtsinje wa Lena m'nthawi zakale, pomwe inali gawo limodzi la Baikal. Chiphunzitsochi chimatsimikiziridwa ndikuti kusanthula kwa chromosome ndi zina zambiri zimatsimikizira kuti chidutswa cha ubweya wa Arctic ndi m'bale wake wapamtima. Komabe, pali zosiyana zambiri pakati pa zisindikizo ndi zisindikizo zokhudzana. Zisindikizo za Baikal ndizabwino kwambiri, makamaka zachikazi.Amasiyananso ndi ena omwe ali ndi khungu laimvi ndipo amakhala ndi malita awiri amadzi.
Malinga ndikuwona kwa ogwira ntchito ku Limnological Institute, chisindikizo chimatha kulowa m'madzi akuya pafupifupi mikono 300. Pakumizidwa, njira zake za metabolic zimatha, ndipo chifukwa cha myoglobin imapitilira kupumira mkati, pomwe makhoma amitsempha yamagazi amachotsa cholesterol. Chiwerengero chake, malinga ndi zomwe anthu ofufuza E. Petrov ndi M. Ivanov, ali ndi nyama zosachepera 100,000. Komabe, zaka mazana awiri zapitazo, a Peter Simon Pallas adalemba ndi chisoni kuti "kuwonongeka kosawonongeka kunachitika chifukwa cha nthungo ndi malupanga a Nyanja ya Baikal, ndipo zisindikizo sizikuwonekeranso ku Southern Baikal ..."
M'nyengo yozizira, nyanjayi itakutidwa ndi ayezi wosindikizira, chisindikizo chimapanga ziphuphu zakuthwa kudzera mumayendedwe amlengalenga (mabowo mu ayezi). Pafupi, m'phanga la chipale chofewa, ng'ombe imabereka imodzi kapena, kawirikawiri, ana awiri a chidindo. Poyamba zimakhala zachikaso zobiriwira. Pakatha milungu iwiri, imakhala yoyera, kenako ndikupeza ulemu wabwino kwambiri.
Nerpa amadya nsomba, zomwe sizimagwira gawo lalikulu pakusodza, koma ndizofunikira pakumanga kwa Baikal (gobies amapanga 20 peresenti, ndipo golomyanka - 80 peresenti ya zakudya zawo). Tsiku lililonse amadya nsomba zosachepera 3 kilogalamu (toni pachaka!). Palibe mawu omwe angafotokoze momwe anamvera atakumana ndi chidindo chamoyo kwinakwake m'mbali mwa dziwe kapena pafupi ndi zilumba za Ushkany. Kuwala kowonekera bwino kwachisindikizo, kwamphamvu kwambiri kudzachititsa chidwi aliyense. Kwa maola angapo, nyama zimatha kuwira padzuwa pomwe zimasewera ndi abale awo.
Usiku unanong'oneza
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazitundu zosowa za bat. Ndizofunikira chifukwa cha kukula kwake kochepa komanso mtundu wofiirira. Chizindikiro cha ndevu zausiku ndi mawonekedwe a makutu. Itha kupezeka pano pafupi ndi phiri, makamaka usiku. Usiku womwe unkayamwa ndi gulu la nyama. Mu gulu limodzi, pali anthu atatu kapena 20. Chilombochi ndi nyama yolusa. Amasaka usiku, pafupi ndi korona wamtengo.
Kuwala komwe kunayamba kuwodzera usiku kumawulukira mwachangu mokwanira, chifukwa cha izi, ndizosatheka kutsatira nthawi yake. Akuwopa kuzizira, natuluka kumka kumwera nthawi yachisanu. Chiwerengero cha ma buluzi a usiku omwe ali ndi masharubu amachepetsedwa chaka chilichonse. Asayansi alibe yankho lenileni lazomwe izi zimalumikizana. Pali lingaliro kuti kugwa kwa mitengo pa Nyanja ya Baikal kumakhudza anthu ake.
Usiku baleen Baikal
Chisindikizo cha Baikal
Woimira nyama za ku Baikal ndi omwe amadziwika kwambiri padziwe. Chisindikizo ndiye chizindikiro chachikulu cha malo awa. Izi ndichifukwa chosaka kuti azitulutsa ubweya wofunika, nyama ndi mafuta. Masiku ano, kusaka sikunasindikizidwe, sikulangidwa ndi malamulo, komabe, chifukwa chakuchepa kwa anthu, olamulira adaletsa kusaka kwawo.
Ndizosangalatsa, koma mpaka pano sizikudziwika bwinobwino momwe chidindacho chidakhazikika pa Nyanja ya Baikal. Malinga ndi mtundu wotchuka kwambiri, chilombochi chidabwera kuno kuchokera ku Arctic Ocean mu Ice Age.
M'malo mwake, chidindo chimakhala chidindo chachikulu, chomwe chimasambira m'madzi, nthawi zina chimasambira kupita kumtunda kuti chipumitse mpweya. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti chisindikizo ndicho nyama yokha ya Baikal.
Kuti apange nsomba, amazimbira pansi pa madzi, opitilira maimita oposa 150. Amatha kukhala mphindi 20 mpaka 30. Nerpa ndi cholengedwa chapadera, chifukwa chitha kuthetsa kubereka palokha, ngati zingamveke kuti palibe zofunikira polera ana.
Komabe, m'chilengedwe izi zimachitika kawirikawiri. Nthawi zina kukula kwa mluza m'mimba mwa chisindikizo chachikazi kumayimitsidwa, ndiye kuti, kumayamba kugonja. Panthawi imeneyi, amatha kukhalabe mpaka mimba yotsatira. Chifukwa chake, chisindikizo chachikazi chimatha kubereka anthu awiri nthawi imodzi.
Saker Falcon
Monga fauna a Baikal osiyanasiyana, pali mbalame zapadera zamtundu wa Falconiformes. M'modzi mwa iwo ndiwowononga. Kukula, cholengedwa chimafanana ndi khwangwala osati falcon. Kumbuyo kwa woimbayo ndi kofiirira, ndipo kutsogolo kwake kuli kuwala kozungulira ndi mabwalo akuda ndi amvi. Mitundu ya achinyamata ndi yokongola kwambiri.
Saker Falcon ndi mbalame yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito masewera ochepa, makamaka osewera.Amangapo zisa pamitengo yayitali, kuti ngakhale atachokapo, azitha kuona bwino deralo, pofunafuna ma edibles. Pafupipafupi, wofesayo amakhala pagombe pafupi ndi madzi.
Chifukwa cha kudula mwachangu kwa nkhalango yakumaloko mzaka 10 zapitazi, zida zopangira Saker Falcon zachepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, tsopano mbalame yam'madzi iyi ili pafupi kutha.
Baikal om
Nyama iyi ndi m'gulu la nsomba za nsomba. Kugwidwa kwake ndikofunika kwambiri pamsika wasodzi waku Russia. Cholengedwa chimapezeka chokha m'madzi am'deralo. Kuyambira omuli amakonzera khutu, kasserole, ma pie. Amawaphika, kuwawaza, kuwawotcha, ndi ena. Zakudya zilizonse zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku nsomba iyi ndizosangalatsa kwambiri, chifukwa alendo amabwera nthawi zambiri akawafunsa kuti aphike Baikal Umph.
Pakati kuyambira pakati mpaka nthawi yophukira, amapita kukaphulika. Mphutsi zazing'ono 1 cm zimawonekera m'madzi mu Epulo. Kukula kwa munthu wamba ndi 50 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 900 g. Ndizachilendo kwambiri kugwira a guru, omwe kulemera kwake kungafikire 4-6 kg.
Moose elk
Imodzi mwa nyama zazikulu kwambiri za Baikal. Kulemera kwa amuna ambiri ndi makilogalamu 500, kutalika kwa thupi ndi mamita 2. Amakhazikika kumtunda, nthawi zambiri m'nkhalango.
Pamene mbewa zimakula, nyanga zake zimakula. Ali ndi zaka 15, amasiya kukula. Mwa njira, pafupifupi chiyembekezo chamoyo cha chilombo chokongola ichi ndi zaka 30. Nyanga za nyamazo zimagwa ndipo zimaphukanso chaka chilichonse.
Shaggy elk ndi chinyama cha herbivore. Nyengo yachisanu, amadya bark. Zotere Nyama ya Baikal pachithunzi amawoneka abwino. Koma alendo amabwera nthawi zambiri amasangalala ndi mawonekedwe ake, monga momwe mphalapala zimadyera anthu.
Usiku wa peacock
Vutoli la Lepidoptera ndi amodzi mwa omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha olamulira a Baikal omwe ali pangozi. Imakhazikika kokha m'nkhalango, m'malo a mitengo ndi matabwa. Pakazizira, m'phiri lamadzulo mumakhala mitengo, msondodzi, rasipiberi ndi mitengo ina, ndi zitsamba.
M'mawonekedwe, kachilombo kamafanana ndi njenjete kapena gulugufe. Thupi lake limafika kutalika kwa 4-5 cm, ndipo mapiko - 6-7 masentimita. Anthu achikasu, a bulauni komanso imvi amapezeka m'zigawo zakomweko. Mzere wawung'ono wakuda ukuwoneka bwino pamapiko anayi onsewo.
Brood lamprey
izo nyama wokhala ku Baikalwatsala pang'ono kutha. Zamoyo zake zimachitika m'madzi oyera okha, omwe amapatsidwa mpweya wambiri. Nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa brook lamprey ndi zaka 6. Masiku ano, pali anthu osakwana 1000 m'madzi am'deralo.
Thupi la lamprey ndi njoka. Ili ndi zipsepse zolimba zokwanira, chilichonse chomwe chimagawanika ndi kusiyana. Maso a nyamayo ndi yopukutira, chifukwa chake, ngakhale m'madzi, samawona bwino.
Baikal river lamprey
Chipale Chofewa
Dzina lachiwiri la chirombo chokongola ichi ndi kambuku wa chipale chofewa. Mosakayikira, uyu ndiye woimira wodabwitsanso kwambiri wazinyumba zam'deralo. Si munthu aliyense wokhala kunyanja ya Baikal amene angadzitame kuti adawonapo nyalugwe wa chisanu kamodzi.
Inde, iyi ndi nyama yosowa kwambiri. Pa gawo lakwathu palibe anthu opitilira 50. Irbis ndi wadyera, komabe, nthawi zambiri samakumana ndi munthu, chifukwa amawopa. Ponena za kusaka, nkovuta kwambiri kugwira chilombo champhamvu ichi.
Kulemera kwa nyalugwe wamphongo wamwamuna kumatengera 50 mpaka 65 kg. Akazi ndi ocheperako kuposa amuna, chifukwa chake amalemera pang'ono, mpaka 45 kg. Popeza nyama iyi ndi ya amphaka amphaka, kusaka kumeneku makamaka ndikubisalira.
Kambuku ya chisanu imagunda modzidzimutsa, itadziphimba kale. Atasankha womenyedwayo, mwayi womwe angabise sunali wocheperako. Chilombo chimasaka osavomerezeka, akalulu, mahatchi, nkhosa zamphongo ndi mbuzi. Kuti mudye, nyalugwe wa chipale chofewa amafunika 2 mpaka 4 kg ya nyama yatsopano patsiku.
Sandpiper
Iyi ndi mbalame yaying'ono komanso yokongola kwambiri yomwe imakhala ku Nyanja ya Baikal. Ndilo gulu lamchenga wamchenga. Mbali ina ya nsombayo ndi mlomo wake woongoka, womwe ndi waufupi kwambiri kuposa mbalame zina. Amasiyanitsidwanso kuchokera kwa ena ndi zala zazitali zazitali.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apadera a miyendo, mbalameyo imayenda pansi kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, alendo odzaona malo nthawi zambiri amatha kuwona malo oyenda pang'ono m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Baikal, yomwe amasokoneza ndi nyama.
Pansi pawo pali utoto woyera, kutsogolo - bulauni.M'nyengo yozizira, amayamba kuda. Ma sandpip amapanga zisa pamutu pamitengo, nthawi zambiri pamatchire. Kuti achite izi, amagwiritsa ntchito udzu womaliza kapena masamba a msondodzi.
Mowoneka, chisa cha mbalame yaying'ono iyi chimawonetsedwa mofooka. Ndege yokhala ndi zopumira zochepa. Sandpipers amaikira mazira kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, pambuyo pake pakati. Nthochi zimakutidwa ndi nthenga mkati mwa miyezi 1.5 zitadulidwa kuchokera dzira.
Hare hare
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwaminyama chofala kwambiri padziko lapansi. Chifukwa cha kubereka mwachangu, gulu la vag m'deralo likuwonjezeka chaka chilichonse. Ngakhale maonekedwe okongola, onse odyetsa Nyanja ya Baikal amadya.
Khola lamtunduwu ndi lalikulu kwambiri. Kulemera kwake kwamphongo wamwamuna ndi makilogalamu atatu, ndipo akazi ndi 2-2,5. Atakula, amafika mpaka 60 cm. Chinthu china chosiyanitsa ndi azungu a Baikal ndi ntchito yawo yowonjezera. Pafupifupi nthawi yonse yodzuka amakhala akuyenda.
Kalulu ndi wa gulu la nyama zodyetsa. M'nyengo yotentha, amadya mizu, zipatso ndi masamba, ndipo kuzizira - khungwa lamatanda. Aliyense amadziwa kuti nyamayi ndi yobereketsa mwachangu. Chaka chilichonse, kalulu wamkulu amapatsa ana awiri mpaka asanu, ndiye kuti akalulu pafupifupi 30.
Sturgeon waku Siberia
Chiwerengero cha nsomba za ku Baikal chikuchepera chaka chilichonse. Izi ndichifukwa cha kugwidwa pafupipafupi kwa sturgeon. Izi nsomba ndizofala m'magawo awa, zimapezeka m'madzi osaya komanso mozama mwa nyanja. Sturgeon waku Siberia ndi nsomba yayitali. Zaka zake zabwino amakhala zaka 50. Kutalika kwa munthu ndi 1.5 metres, kulemera - 120 kg.
Bakha Mallard
Cholengedwa chamoyo ichi, monga chosindikizira, ndicho "khadi loyitanitsa" la Nyanja ya Baikal. Mtengo waku bakiri wamalonda 1.5 nthawi zazikulu kuposa masiku onse. Nthawi zambiri imapezeka kunyanjayi. Mutu umakhala wobiriwira wowoneka bwino, mulomo ndi wachikasu, sternum ndi woderapo, kumbuyo kwake ndi lalanje. Kwa ambiri, mbalame yotere imawoneka ngati motley, koma kutentha kwa mpweya kumatsika, kumakhala koipa kwambiri.
Abakha a Mallard amakulira zisa zawo pafupi ndi madzi. Mapiri a Baikal alibe. Pafupifupi nyengo yachisanu, amasamukira kumwera, komwe madzi sazizira. Modabwitsa, mbalame yonga ngati bakha wam'madzi ndi wokoma mtima kwambiri kubera ana. Mayi wamkazi amakhala milungu itatu kapena inayi ndi anapiye ake, omwe sanakhale ndi nthawi yokwanira, ndipo amawaswa kawirikawiri. Kwa nthawi 1, amadzaza mazira 10.
Mallard Ducks Amuna ndi Akazi
Chibwana cha musk
Akakumana ndi nyama kwa nthawi yoyamba, asanamvepo chilichonse chokhudza iye, akhoza kukhala amantha. Inde, poyang'ana koyamba, ndi ngwazi yopanda nyanga, koma uyenera kuyang'anira pakamwa pake, posintha mwadzidzidzi kuti ikhale nthenga. Kukhalapo kwa mafangidwe akulu mu nyamayi kumalumikizidwa ndi kufunikira kwake kwa kudya zakumwa. Amakukhomera pamtengo, chifukwa cha mano.
Okhala m'derali ali ndi nthano kuti musk deer adabadwa chifukwa cha chikondi cha agwape komanso lynx. Zachidziwikire, palibe umboni wa sayansi wotsimikizira izi. Mpaka pano, chilombochi chikutha.
Cholinga chake ndi chisamaliro chachikulu cha osaka nyama zawo za musk, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophika, mankhwala, komanso zonunkhira. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamba ndi 90 cm, kulemera - 15 makilogalamu. Mbawala zazimuna zazimayi ndizitali komanso zazitali kuposa zazikazi.
Muzzle
Njoka yayikulu chotere siyitha kutchedwa. Kutalika kwakanthawi kwa thupi lake ndi masentimita 70. Mbali ina yamtunduwu ndi khosi lopangidwa bwino komanso lotchulika, komanso mutu waukulu komanso wozungulira, chifukwa chake dzinali - shchitomordnik.
Pali mitundu inayi ya njoka ku Baikal:
Thupi lonselo, mosasamala mtundu wake, limakutidwa ndi mawanga bulauni. Akuluakulu, alipo 40 mwa iwo.
Wolverine
Nyama yolusa iyi ndi m'gulu la ophedwa. Poyamba, zitha kuwoneka kuti Wolverine ndi nyama yoopsa komanso yochenjera kwambiri. Uku ndi malingaliro olakwika. M'malo mwake, iye ndi m'modzi mwa anthu olusa kwambiri padziko lapansi. M'mawonekedwe, chilombochi chimafanana ndi chimbalangondo chochepetsedwa. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi 90-100 cm.
Mbali ya Wolverine ndikuti amakonda kuyenda. Pa Baikal nthawi zambiri ndimatha kukumana mwamtendere, okoma, poyang'ana koyamba, nyama.Komabe, ndi nthawi yoyenda nyamayo yomwe imafunafuna nyama.
Amadyera makamaka makoswe. Ngati simupeza chithandizo chomwe mumakonda, Wolverine sanyansidwa ndi mazira a mbalame, omwe amapezeka mchisa, komanso mafuta. Osati kawirikawiri, nyama yamtunduwu imakumana ndi zitsamba zazikulu, monga, mwachitsanzo, mbawala. Koma samenya chilombo chovulala kapena kufa.
Chikhazikitso cha ku Mongolia
Chiwerengero cha chilombochi chimachepa chaka chilichonse. Kukula kwa chala cha ku Mongolia kuli pafupifupi - 6 cm - zazikazi ndi 8 cm - amuna. Chofunikira chake ndi mtundu wobiriwira yoyera. Chopanda cholanda chimakhala chamdima. Podziwa izi, munthu amatha kusiyanitsa mosavuta munthu wamkulu ndi wachichepere.
Mtunduwu umakhala mkamwa mwa kazitape wakomweko, makamaka m'malo onyowa. Alendo odzaona malo amakumana ndi zipatso zam'kati mwa Nyanja ya Baikal yamakono, modabwitsa.
Muskrat
Nyama yoseketsa iyi ndi ya gulu la makoswe am'madzi am'madzi. Muskrat ndi wocheperako kuposa nutria kapena beaver. Kulemera kwake pafupifupi 1.5 kg. Ngakhale kuti nyamayo yakhala m'madzi kwa nthawi yayitali, siikuzizira. Izi ndichifukwa cha ubweya wapadera womwe suyamba kunyowa.
Mimba ya muskrat ndiyopepuka kuposa msana wake. Mwendo uliwonse wa nyamayo uli ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri. Izi zimamupangitsa kuti azisambira bwino ndikuyenda mwachangu m'madzi. Mwa njira, mchira umagwira gawo lalikulu pakuyenda kwamadzi kwa muskrat, yomwe, monga ndodo zina zambiri, imagwiritsa ntchito ngati "chowongolera".
Ku Baikal, nyama izi zimakhala zaka 3 mpaka 8. Amasankha malo okhala mosamala kwambiri. Mkhalidwe wofunikira kwa iye ndi unyinji wamasamba ndi kupezeka kwa madzi abwino. Muskrat amadya nsomba zazing'ono ndi zomwera.
Ichi ndi nyama yapadera, yomwe mwachilengedwe imachita mbali ya womanga weniweni. Muskrat akumanga nyumba zokhala ndi nthano ziwiri mwina madzi atakwera. Nthawi zambiri amamanga malo owonjezera, amawagwiritsa ntchito ngati penti posungira chakudya m'nyengo yachisanu. Kuti mulowe mu "nyumba" yotere, nyamayo imayenera kulowa pansi pamadzi.
Baikal muskrat
Chimbalangondo cha brown
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, zomwe zimapezekanso ku Nyanja ya Baikal. Apa ndi mafumu enieni achilengedwe. Nyama zina zimawopa kudyedwa ndi chimbalangondo, choncho sizifuna kukakumana nayo. Ndipo ngati, komabe, izi zikuchitika, palibe chomwe chatsala koma kuthawa.
Komabe, izi sizoyenera kuchita nthawi zonse, chifukwa, monga mukudziwa, chimbalangondo chofiirira sichingachite nkhondo ngati chili ndi njala. Choopsa chachikulu pamasewera ang'onoang'ono ndi chimbalangondo chachikazi, chomwe chimasamalira ana. Ngati aphunzira kuyenda mumayendedwe apafupi, adzawukira.
Kutalika kwa thupi la chirombo ichi ndi 1.5 metres ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 250 kg. Amuna ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa akazi. Chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi nyama. Amadyanso zipatso ndi mizu. Koma kukonda nsomba kumapangitsa kukhala nthawi yayitali chimbalangondo chofiirira. Zimakhazikika kumapanga.
Dropsy
Nyama yaying'onoyi ndi ya gulu la hamsters. Amatchedwa "dropsy" chifukwa chofuna kukhazikika pafupi ndi madzi: mitsinje, nyanja, mitsinje, etc. Pali ambiri ku Nyanja ya Baikal. Dropsy ndi amodzi mwa makoswe omwe ali ponseponse ku Russia, omwe amapezeka pafupifupi dera lililonse. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu mpaka 30. Mbali ya nyamayi ndi makutu ake ang'ono. Pokhala ndi ubweya wakhungu wokulirapo, ndizosatheka kuti titulutse.
Ngakhale mawonekedwe ake okongola komanso oseketsa, mamvekedwe amaoneka ngati tizilombo, chifukwa, nthawi yamvula, imakonda kukhazikika m'minda, ndikuboola mabowo akuya kumeneko.
Chakudya chake chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi nyongolotsi. Kuphatikiza pa iwo, dropsy amadya makungwa amitengo ndi mphukira zamitundu ina. Amavomereza udindo wa "tizilombo" podya mbewu zam'munda. Mmodzi mwa anthu oterewa mu 1 nyengo yaulimi atha kuwononga mbewu yopanda 50 metres.
Boar
Choyambirira chomwe chimasiyanitsa nkhumba zakutchire za Baikal kuchokera ku nkhumba wamba ndichachitali chotalika chophimba thupi lonse. Mwa njira, polankhula za thupi la nyama, ziyenera kudziwika kuti ili ndi mawonekedwe pang'ono komanso osalala.
Kusiyanitsa kwachiwiri pakati pa nkhumba ndi nkhumba ndi kupezeka kwa mano awiri olunjika kuchokera mkamwa. Amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zowirira. Koma nkhumba zamtchire nthawi zambiri zimapita kumapiri.
Zakudya zama boar a Baikal zimaphatikizapo: ma acorn, mtedza, mababu a maluwa ena, nyongolotsi, ma rhizomes ndi tizilombo tina. Nthawi zina safuna kudya mazira a mbalame kapena nyama zazing'ono.
Nguluwe zakutchire sizimawombera anthu. Kuti muyambitsa makina oteteza, muyenera kudutsa gawo lake. Mitundu yonse yomwe timaganizira lero, mophatikizana, imapanga chilengedwe chachilengedwe, chomwe chiri chofunikira kuteteza.
Amayi
Elk
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Wolverine
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Red Wolf
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Zimbalangondo
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Lynx
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Irbis
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Kalulu
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Nkhandwe
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Barguzinsky sable
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Kalulu
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Vole
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Altai pika
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Groundhog wakuda
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Boar
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Roe nswala
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Reindeer
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Mbalame
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Sandpiper
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Mallard
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Moto
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Golide wonyezimira
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Gule
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Chiwombankhanga chagolide
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Saker Falcon
Asia snipe godwit
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Great Grebe (Chomga)
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Cormorant
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Phale
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Luntha Yakum'mawa
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Phiri
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Daur crane
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Bokosi lamchenga lalitali
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Anthu okhala m'madzi
Chisindikizo cha Baikal
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Whitefish
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Lenok
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Taimen
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Davatchan
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Golomyanka
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Omul
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Baikal sturgeon
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Black Baikal imvi
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Lofiyira yotulutsa nkhope
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Goby wachikasu
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Chuma cha Arctic
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Pike
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Mkaka
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Malingaliro
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Ku Siberia
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Lake minnow
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Roach waku Siberia
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Gudgeon waku Siberia
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Goldfish
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Amur carp
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Tenchi
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Kudula kwa Siberia
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Amur catfish
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Burbot
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Rotan yaying'ono
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Zotulutsa
Zovala wamba
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Njoka yoyesedwa
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Mwachizolowezi
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Buluzi wa Viviparous
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Zopezekeratu
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Pomaliza
Zinyama za Nyanja ya Baikal sizokhala nyama zam'madzi zokha, nsomba ndi ma invertebrates, komanso nyama za m'mbali mwa nyanja. Nyanjayi yazunguliridwa ndi nkhalango za taiga zaku Siberian ndi mapiri ambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali nyama zachikhalidwe m'derali: chimbalangondo, nkhandwe, wolverine, musk deer ndi zina. Mwinanso woimilira komanso wopatsa chidwi kwambiri kwa anthu am'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Baikal ndi wobwezeretsa.
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Kubwerera kudziko lamadzi, ndikofunikira kuzindikira zam'mphepete - Baikal chisindikizo. Ndi mtundu wa chidindo ndipo wakhala m'madzi a Nyanja ya Baikal zaka masauzande angapo. Palibe paliponse padziko lapansi pamene pali chisindikizo chotere. Nyama iyi ndi chinthu chosambira amateur ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudya nthawi yonse ya kukhalapo kwa munthu m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Baikal. Chisindikizo cha Baikal sichinthu chokhala pangozi, koma kusaka kuli ndi malire kupewa.
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M'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Baikal, nyama yachilendo kwambiri yamphaka imakhala - kambuku la chipale chofewa kapena nyalugwe wa chipale chofewa. Chiwerengero cha anthu ochepa kwambiri ndi ochepa. Kunja, nyamayi imawoneka ngati lynx, koma ndi yayikulu kwambiri ndipo imakhala ndi ubweya wokongola, pafupifupi yoyera ndi ubweya wakuda.
Zisindikizo za Baikal
Anthu onse okhala m'chilengedwe chodabwitsachi amasungabe modekha kupezeka kwa munthu yemwe amamuzolowera chifukwa cha kutukuka kwa nyengo. Koma otchuka kwambiri Zinyama za Baikal chithunzi - ndi ma lens apakanema apaulendo, izi, zachidziwikire, zisindikizo.
M'malo mwake, zisindikizo za Baikal ndizisindikizo. Maiwe okongola awa ali pafupi kutha chifukwa cha ntchito yayitali ya ntchito zamakampani akutaya zinyalala munyanjayi, ndipo pakadali pano chisindikizo cha Baikal chimatetezedwa kwambiri, nyama iliyonse imakhala ndi chip chake ndi "owonera".
Asayansi akadali kukangana za momwe nyama zazing'ono zabwinozi zidathera m'madzi akutali a nyanjayo. Malingaliro pa kusuntha panthawi yanthawi yakuwala kuchokera ku mbali ya Nyanja ya Arctic akuwoneka kuti ndiwodalirika kwambiri.
Zisindikizo zimatha pafupifupi nthawi yawo yonse m'madzi, zikuyandama kuti zilowe mpweya m'mapapu awo. Pamasiku abwino, otentha, makamaka kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, amasintha chizolowezi chawo ndikupita kugombe kapena m'matanthwe kuti agwe ndikudziyatsa dzuwa.
Zimakhala pagombe, m'malo otentha, pansi pa chipale chofewa, pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yachisanu pakupanga. Zachikazi za Baikal zisindikizo zoyambirira kuposa abambo, zomwe zimatha msinkhu wazaka 4-5.5, pomwe "anyamata" amayamba kuchita nawo chidwi ali ndi zaka 5-6 zokha.
Akazi oyembekezera amakhala ndi miyezi 11, ndipo makanda nthawi zambiri amabadwa kuyambira pa Okutobala mpaka pakati pa Epulo. Kuphatikiza apo, zazikazi zimatha kubereka mpaka zaka 40-45, ngakhale zisindikizo zimakhala m'malo abwino zaka pafupifupi 50. Ana aang'ono amabadwa, nthawi zambiri amakhala kamwana kamodzi, kawiri kawiri. Zisindikizo zongobadwa kumene zimalemera makilogalamu 3.5-4 ndipo zimakutidwa ndi ubweya woyera.
Kulemera kwa chiweto chazinyama kumasiyana kuchokera pa 50 mpaka 150 makilogalamu, chisindikizo chimasunga moyo wake wonse, kudya nsomba, makamaka mtundu wa golomyanko-goby, kudya 4-5 kg za nsomba patsiku.
Kwa chaka chimodzi, ndalamazi zimatha kudya pafupifupi tani nsomba, pomwe chisindikizo chimakhalabe chosambira kwambiri, ndikupanga liwiro la 20-25 km / h ngati kuli kofunikira.
Ma Sahats amakhala ku Europe konse, koma awa nyama ku Baikal – osowa, popeza amasiyana mitundu ina yonse, makamaka kukula kwake. Pafupifupi, kulemera kwa munthu wokhala m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi ndi 400, koma amuna ambiri amaposa 500 kg.
Kutalika kwa izi kukongola pakufota kumalire awo otsika ndi mamitala 2.5, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi mamitala atatu. Mnyamata wazaka 15 zakubadwa ali ndi nyanga zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zokongola, ndipo amakhala m'malo abwino zaka 25-30.
Nyanga zimagwa mu Januwale, kukula kwa "mwatsopano" kumayamba kumayambiriro kwa Marichi. Gon agwa pa Seputembara-Okutobala, ndipo mu Meyi-Juni amphongo ang'ono abuluwa amabadwa. Zouma amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu a 4-8, kudya zitsamba ndi mphukira, komanso kudya makungwa nthawi yachisanu.
Zimbalangondo
Ngakhale zimbalangondo zofiirira, zokhala ngati ma elks, zimakhala ku Eurasia konse, m'malo osungirako nyanjawo ndi mafumu enieni achilengedwe. Kutalika kwa thupi la anthu okongola omwe amakhala pafupi ndi madzi a Nyanja ya Baikal ndi mamilimita awiri ndi awiri, ndipo kutalika kwa kufota ndi mita imodzi ndi theka. Chilombocho ndichofunikira, chokhazikika, chosasunthika. Komabe, ngati zingafunike, zimadutsa mpaka 300 km kukafunafuna chakudya, ndikubwerera.
Zimbalangondo za Baikal ndizopatsa chidwi, monga wina aliyense, koma zimakonda nsomba kuposa chakudya china chilichonse. Ngakhale uchi umakhala wochepa kuposa nsomba yaying'ono yatsopano, zimbalangondo chifukwa chao zimatha kukhala kunja kwa madzi kwa theka la tsiku. Kutetemera pamphepete mwa nyanjayi kumatha kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, zovala zonyamula zimbalangondo zimamangidwa bwino kwambiri kuposa abale awo aku Europe.
Alibe nthawi yoberekera, munthawi imodzi kuchokera kwa khanda lobadwa mpaka anayi, omwe amakhala kubisalira kwawo ndi dipper. Ndipo zimbalangondo zimakhala m'malo osungirako zaka 20-25.
Lynx ndi khadi yoyendera yosungirako.Mphaka wokoma wachisomo, chifukwa chokumana nacho chomwe muyenera kuyesetsa kwambiri. Kodi lynx imawatenga bwanji alendo mopepuka, osaganizira zobisala kapena kuthawa. Amangokhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri kusungirako.
Mphaka ndi mphaka, ngakhale mphaka uyu ndi Baikal lynx. Chilombo ichi ndi choperewera. Lynxes amaberekera kutali kwambiri ndi nyengo iliyonse, ma kittens nthawi zambiri amakhala 3-5, ndipo abambo sasamala banja.
Nyalugwe umasaka chilichonse, chakudya chake ndi nsapato, gwape, nkhandwe. Chilichonse chomwe akuwona ndikutha kuchigwira. Samadutsa chisa ndi mazira, koma nthawi zambiri samadya, koma amangowonjezera ndi thukuta lake.
Phokoso lankhondo limakhala likuwombera, kubzala mwachangu pomwepo, komanso kukwera kwambiri. Koma tsopano, pali mwayi wambiri wothawa nyama, chifukwa mphaka watha kale kuthamangitsa 70 metres.
Komabe, ngati lynx itachita bwino, ndipo nthawi yomweyo adalumphira nyama yomwe, ngakhale moosewo alibe mwayi wopulumuka. Lynx salemekeza chilichonse Nyama zakuthengo za Baikalkoma, chodabwitsa chokwanira, sichimalowerera ndale zokhudzana ndi Wolverines.
Irbis
Chilombo chodziwika bwino, chomwe chimakhala chokongola kwambiri - kambuku wa chipale chofewa, kambuku wa chisanu cha Nyanja ya Baikal. Chilombochi sichiri pakati chabe nyama za Buku Lofiyira la Baikal, ali ndi maudindo apadera - amakhala wosagonjetseka munthawi iliyonse, kuphatikiza pangozi ya moyo.
Ngati nyalugwe itagunda, alendo amabwera amangogwiritsa ntchito mapiritsi okhala ndi mapiritsi ogona, molingana ndi malamulo aboma pachitetezo cha mitundu yachilendo ya ziphuphu.
Mwambiri, m'mbiri yonse ya nkhokwe. Kuyambira mu 1969, palibe milandu yokhudzana ndi kambuku yomwe idalembedwa pa anthu. Zidyerazi zimakhala m'malo onse osungirako nyama, zimadyedwa ndi anthu osakonda ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati amphaka akuluakulu. Chilombo chilichonse choterechi chimangokhala chodabwitsa. Masiku ano, nyalugwe 49 amakhala m nkhokwe.
Kulemera kwa amuna okongola awa kumachokera pa 55 mpaka 65 kg, kutalika kwa thupi lamphamvu lodzazidwa ndi minofu yachitsulo kumayambira 1.05 mpaka 1.1 metres. Leopards amakonda kukwatirana kuyambira Januware mpaka kumapeto kwa Marichi, ndipo patatha masiku 100, ana amphaka oyera awiri kapena anayi abadwa.
Posaka, nyalugwe wa chipale chofewa nthawi zonse amayamba ndi osachita nawo chidwi, komabe, chifukwa nyalugwe amakhala nthawi yayitali, osangoyenda pakubisala, khwangwala nthawi zambiri amadumphira pafupi. Mwakutero, khola lopusa limagundidwa ndi kugunda kwa dzanja, komwe kumachitika mwachangu kwambiri kotero kuti munthu samangozindikira.
Kusaka kumatha apa, nyalambuyo amadya mtembo wa kalulu modekha, ndipo ngati panthawiyo nkhosa yamphongo, yaikazi kapena mbuzi ikawonekera, siziwopsezedwa konse kufikira pomwe nyalugwe wachisanu adzakhalanso ndi njala. Mphaka wamkuluyu amafunikira 3 mpaka 5 kg nyama nthawi.
Akamakambirana Nyama za Baikal, choyambirira, amakumbukira zilombo, mitundu yawo yosowa komanso yokhala pangozi, kuyiwala za kalulu. Kalulu ndi nyama yaing'ono, pomwe ambiri mwa "nyama zodyera komanso zokongola" sangaimirire chifukwa cha njala. Akalulu amakhala m'malo onse osungiramo nyama ndipo amakhala chakudya cha pafupifupi adani onse.
Agologolo okha, nyama zazikulu. Zimalemera kuchokera ku 2.5 mpaka 5 kg, ndipo zimatha kutalika masentimita 50. Zimavomerezedwa kuti mawaya amagwira ntchito madzulo ndi usiku, koma ma hares nthawi zonse amagwira ntchito pa Nyanja ya Baikal.
Amakumba mink yakuya, kuyambira 8-9 m, izi ndichifukwa choti ma Hres samakondabe kuti asakhale olanda nzika za Book of Red. Azungu amadyera mbewu zonse mwamtheradi, masamba, zipatso ndi maluwa, ndi mizu. M'nyengo yozizira, amadya makungwa ndi nthambi.
Akalulu amakonda kuswana, mchaka, kalulu amatulutsa timiyala tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'ono: Mahara amakhala m'malo osungirako ndi "mabanja" akulu, ndipo amakhala ochezeka ndipo nthawi zambiri "amathandizana".
Zosadabwitsa kuti, nkhandwe zomwe zimakhala padziko lonse lapansi, m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndizopadera. Apa pokha, nkhandwe zofiira zimakhala zodekha za anthu, ndipo akaona gulu la akatswiri olimbikitsa zachilengedwe, samangotuluka, koma akungovomerezedwa, akumwetulira ndi zopukutira mtima zawo zonse.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti njira zoterezi zabala zipatso ndipo kutchuka kwa kochenjera pakati pa alendo kwadutsa njira zosowa kwambiri, malawi, komanso nyalugwe za chipale chofewa.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, Nkhandwe okha, ndithudi, sindikusamala za kufunika okha alendo nthawi kusiya chinthu chokoma Mwachitsanzo, makeke, amene chanterelles kudya ndi chimwene. Atsogoleri amayang'ana zinthu zotere kudzera zala zawo, chifukwa ndemanga zachangu za "kucheza" ndi nkhandwe zimakopa alendo atsopano kumalo osungira.
Nkhandwe ndi nyama yabwino. Anthu okhala m'bali mwa nyanja ndi wosiyana pang'ono kwa anthu okhala mu nkhalango European. Kulemera kwa chanterelle yakomweko kumasunthira mozungulira makilogalamu 10-15, ndipo kutalika kumafika masentimita 80-90, kupatula mchira. Mchira - kuchokera 60 cm, pomwe nkhandwe zake sizikulira malaya aumunthu, koma ngati "okhazikika" pakuthamanga.
42 dzino red-tsitsi kukongola zambiri kukhala moyo usiku, osati Baikal. Amalumikizidwa ndi alendo kapena ntchito ya nthawi yonseyi ya nkhandwe yayikulu - ma hres, sizodziwika.
Chanterelles amakhala padziko lonse lapansi kuyambira zaka zitatu mpaka 10, pomwe moyo wawo wosungirako ndiwotalikirapo; malinga ndi ziwerengero zomwe azisonkhana mothandizidwa ndi alenje, nkhandwe zakomwe zimayamba kumwalira zili ndi zaka 15-17.
Fox mabowo akugwiritsidwa kokha malo ogona ndi ngozi kapena nyengo yoipa ndi kuswana nkhandwe. Ngati nyengo ili yabwino, palibe adani kuzungulira ndipo nkhandweyo sidzabereka - iye azingogona pansi pa chitsamba, lopindika.
Ankhandwe ndiwosaka bwino, koma pa Nyanja ya Baikal nawonso ndi oyenda bwino kwambiri, ndipo okonda kudya amadya mphutsi ndi mitengo. Kodi inunso chimasiyanitsa m'dera "ofiira" kwa aliyense.
Sakhala ndi nthawi yochezerana, koma amakonda kubereka nkhandwe kumayambiriro kwamasika. Milandu idalembedwa pomwe wamkazi yemwe anali wankhanza amathamangitsa mwamunayo, ndipo nkhandweyo itapambana, nkhandwe zikadawonekera "m'nyengo yozizira".
Bakha zimakhudzidwa angamulerere ana. Kodi banja la nkhandwe lili ndi chiyani moyo, monga mimbulu. Banja lililonse lili ndi gawo lawo. Komabe, ngati pali chakudya chokwanira, nkhandwe modekha ikukhudzana kwa "alendo".
Nthawi zambiri, Nyama za Baikal, monga mbalame ndi nsomba, zonse zimapanga dziko lawo lapadera, lapadera. Onse kwambiri cholukanalukana, onse ndi mzake ndi nyanja yokha.
Izi zitha kuwoneka mwachidule, popanda chifukwa, ngakhale mitengo yayitali kwambiri, alendo owerenga zachilengedwe akukhala akuchulukirachulukira, ndipo omwe adakhalapo kale adzasunganso malo.
Chisindikizo cha Baikal
Chizindikiro chenicheni cha nyanja lodziwika bwino. Chisindikizo chimapezeka kokha pa Nyanja ya Baikal. Chifukwa cha ozunza, nyamayi ili pachiwopsezo cha kutha. The ubweya, nyama ndi mafuta a nyama chikuzika, koma kusaka si chilango mwa lamulo. Nerpa, monga zisindikizo, amakonda kusambira m'madzi ndikupita kumtunda kuti apumule.
Omul
Omul ndi ambiri mitundu yosiyanasiyana malonda (whitefish mtundu) mitundu yonse Baikal. Makamaka, gulu la Baikal subspecies (endemic) limakhala munyanjayi, anthu ake anayi: Selenginsky, Severobaikalsky, Ambassadorial, Chivyrkuisky. Mwa anthu, ambiri ndi a Selenginsky. zotsalira zazomera okwana matani 25-30 zikwi The Baikal omul si nsomba yaikulu -. akafika munthu pazipita masentimita 50 m'litali ndi munthu pazipita makilogalamu 5 kulemera.
Golomyanka
Golomyanka ndiye nsomba yayikulu kwambiri mu Nyanja ya Baikal, yolumikizana ndi chakudya munyanjayi. Pali kansomba chachikulu ndi wina waung'ono. Yaikazi yayikulu imafika kutalika kwa 25 cm, ndipo yamphongo - masentimita 16. Imodzi ndi yaimuna ya golomyanka yaying'ono imafikira 15 ndi 12 cm, motsatana.
Biomass ya Comephorasi ndiyo yamtundu wa nsomba zamtundu wina uliwonse wa Baikal. Kansomba ndi chidwi kwambiri nsomba: zopanda mamba, popanda chikhodzodzo kusambira, viviparous (izo sizitero zimaswana), translucent, moyo pa akuya yake yonse (padziko pansi, kukamaomba madzi mavuto 125 bala) ndipo ndi chakudya chachikulu kwa Baikal chisindikizo ndi nsomba zina . Zokha zimadyedwa ndi plankton ndi tinthu tina ting'onoting'ono (golomyanka lalikulu limatha kudya yaying'ono). Kansomba 35% (m'minofu - oposa 40%) Amakhala ndi mafuta. Kudzera mchira wake, mutha kuwerenga malembawo. "Kukula" kakang'ono kumangowonjezeredwa ndi zipsepse zazikulu za pectoral, mpaka 200% yolingana ndi kukula kwa thupi.
Barguzinsky sable
Sable ndi nyama yodziwika yoperekedwa osati ku Nyanja ya Baikal: imapezeka kudera lonse la taiga ku Russia, kwawo ndi nkhalango ndi mapiri a Eastern Siberia. Ubweya wosalala ndi golide wofewa. Ndiwokongola, wolimba, motero. Mlingo wa ubweya umadalira utoto - umakhala bwino koposa. Barguzinsky sable ndiye wakuda kwambiri.
Ku USSR, kuchuluka kwa zinyama pa Nyanja ya Baikal kunali kutatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa, chifukwa kunalibe mtengo wowedza. Kenako adazindikira ndikubwezeretsanso gawo lawo lakale (XVII century), kenako adapita patali kwambiri, ndipo sable idakulitsa kwambiri, zomwe zidakhumudwitsa mzere wosaka. Dongosolo lokwanira kuderali silikuwoneka kuti lakhazikitsidwa mpaka pano.
Sable imafika kutalika kwa masentimita 56, kuphatikiza 20 cm ya mchira (osati nyama yayikulu). M'mawa ndi madzulo ndizogwira ntchito kwambiri. Amakonda kukhala m'misedari, ngakhale kuti samakonda kukwera kumiyala ya mitengo.
Kumayambiriro kwa 90s, khungu lowoneka bwino pamsika wa ubweya ku St.
Woimira wina wa nyama za Baikal ndi sokhaty. Nyama zimakhala ku Eurasia konse, koma kunyanjaku ndizosooka ndipo ndizosiyana ndi zina zazikulu monga poyambira. Pakatikati kulemera kwa boti wokhala kunyanja ndiko 400 kgKomabe, kulemera kwa amuna ambiri kumaposa theka la ton. Kukula m'malire a kufota ndi 2,5 m, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi 3 m. Nyanga zokongola kwambiri komanso zamphamvu zili ndi mbewa yazaka 15. M'malo abwino, moyo wa mphalapakati ndi zaka 25-30. Zimataya nyanga mu Januwale, ndipo zatsopano zimayamba kumera kumayambiriro kwa Marichi. Nyengo ya kubzala ndi Seputembara-Okutobala, ndipo ana amphongo amphongo amabadwa mu Meyi-June. Moose amakhala m'magulu a anthu a 4-8, amadya udzu ndi mphukira, ndipo nthawi yozizira - makungwa.
Kalulu
Tsoka la nyamayi siophweka, chifukwa kalulu amakhala chakudya cha nyama zambiri zomwe zimadya Nyanja ya Baikal. Kulemera kwa chilombo ndi 2.5-5 kg, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi kumafika ku 0.5 m. Amakumba mabowo akuya - 8-9 m. Amadyera mbewu, kudya makungwa ndi nthambi nthawi yozizira. M'chaka, hare limapatsa marita atatu a kalulu 2-6. White hare amakhala "mabanja" akulu. Nthawi zambiri amabwera kudzapulumutsa mtundu wawo.
Ankhandwe apadera amakhala m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Baikal. Apa pali nkhandwe zofiira zokha Yankhani modekha anthu. Ataona gulu la alendo, samachoka, koma kuyamba "kuwonetsa", ndikutambasula nkhope zawo akumwetulira. Pobwerera, alendo amabasiyira chakudya, chifukwa chake phindu la kujambula ndi nkhandwe ndizowonekera.
Chilombo chokongola ichi ndi chosiyana ndi achibale a kunkhalango zaku Europe. Nkhandweyo imalemera makilogalamu 10-15, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi 80-90 cm (popanda mchira). Kutalika kwa mchirawu kumachokera pa 60 cm; kumakhala ngati "chokhazikika" pakuthamanga. Ankhandwe amakhala ku Nyanja ya Baikal kwa zaka 15-17, ngakhale m'malo ena moyo wawo ndi zaka 3-10. Ankhandwe amafunika malamba pokhapokha kuti atetezedwe ku nyengo yoipa kapena pangozi komanso pakubereka. Nkhandwe imatha kugona modekha pansi pa chitsamba. Ku Baikal, mwa zina, nkhandwe zimadya nsomba, mphutsi ndi mphutsi. Palibe nthawi yotsatizana, koma amakonda kubereka kumayambiriro kwamasika. Makolo onse awiri amabereka ana. Zosamveka. Banja lililonse limakhala m'gawo lawo. Ngati pali chakudya chokwanira, "alendowo" amathandizidwa modekha.
Mallard
Bakha waku mallard ndi bakha wamkulu wamtsinje, kukula kwake ngati bakha. Mutu wachimuna ndi wakuda ndi utoto wobiriwira, chotupa cha pachifuwa, mulomo ndi wachikasu ndipo miyendo ndi lalanje. Bakha zazikazi zazikazi ndizopakidwa utoto, wokhala ndi utoto wakuda, "kalirole" wamtambo pansi pa mchira, mlomo wapinki wokhala ndi pakati pakuda.
Mallard wamba ku Europe ndi North America ndiofala kwambiri. Chimakhala m'malo osungira okhala ndi madzi abwino komanso masamba abwino, imakonda malo okhala ndi mabango, malo ogulitsa, mabango ndi malo okhala, koma yokhala ndi malo ochepa ndi madzi oyera. Mallard yozizira imawulukira kumadera otentha komwe matupi amadzi samazizira.
Kumayambiriro koyambira, imawulukira kumadera akumidzi. Amamanga zisa pafupi ndi madzi, m'malo otetezeka ndi kamphepo kamtengo, mtengo wakugwa, pansi pa chitsamba kapena mtengo wa Khrisimasi.
Yaikazi imayikira mazira 8 mpaka 16 obiriwira obiriwira ndipo imayamwa kwa masabata atatu. Ana oyamwa amatha kusambira chibadwire, amangodzikakamiza kuchokera ku dzira ndipo ataphwa, amatsatira amayi awo kumadzi. Ana agalu amadya makamaka ndi tizilombo komanso nyongolotsi, zomwe zimagwidwa munyengo zam'mera zam'mera, momwe ana onse osungirako mitengo amasungidwa.
Kuchokera madera akumpoto ndi apakati a dziko lathu kupita kumadera otentha, bakha wam'madzi amawuluka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira. Sizachilendo kukumana ndi abakha nthawi yozizira, mu mzinda momwe, mwachitsanzo, pamasamba akuluakulu opanga mafakitale, pomwe palibe ngozi kwa iwo ngati nyama zina. Pa nthawi yozizira yotere, bakha wamtchire nthawi zonse amadyetsedwa ndi antchito, ndipo miyala yopanda kuzizira yochotsa zinyalala m'mabizinesi amagwira ntchito ngati chotsekeramo. Ndipo ndizodabwitsa kuti madzi akuda ndi oyenereradi.
Moto
Chizindikiro cha mbalameyi ndizowoneka bwino za lalanje-bulauni m'chigawo chachikulu cha thupi ndikuyera-khosi m'khosi ndi pamutu. Mchira wakuda ndi chovala chamtundu wakuda. Mlomo, utawaleza ndi miyendo imakhalanso yakuda, ngati mapiko akuuluka pamapiko oyera. Mano ochepa ndi owonda amapezeka m'mphepete mwa mlomo ndi mulomo. Mu mbalame, ndikuuluka, malo oyera oyera owoneka bwino amatha kuwoneka mosavuta m'munsi mwa mapiko (pazophimba).
Bakha wamkulu uyu pamiyendo yayitali wokhala ndi mlomo wamfupi, khosi lalitali komanso mawonekedwe onyada akuwoneka ngati tsekwe yaying'ono. Mu nyengo yakukhwima, yamphongo imadziwika ndi mphete yakuda pakhosi, yomwe imasowa mkati mwa kusintha kwanyengo, ndipo wamkazi - wokhala ndi nthenga zowoneka bwino m'mbali mwa mutu.
Chizindikiro china cha moto ndi mawu akulu, osakumbukira kuyandikira kwa bulu. Pothawa, amaponya phokoso lalikulu "gulu", nkusandulika cholembera. Akazi amakhala ndi liwu lakuthwa komanso lokwera kwambiri.
Bakha moto amapeza chakudya chake m'madzi komanso pamtunda. Choyambitsidwa kubzala zakudya: Mbeu ndi mphukira zobiriwira za herbaceous zomera ndi chimanga. Koma sichinyansa tizilombo: dzombe, zanyansi, ndi zina zambiri. M'madzi amafufuza timakhola, nkhanu, nsomba zazing'ono komanso achule.
Pakumapeto kwa chilimwe, m'minda yokolola, oiryo amatola mbewu zofesedwa nthawi yachisanu kapena kusaka m'misewu, kwinaku akutula tirigu wokhathamirayo. Mbidzi zimakonda kusaka chakudya usiku kapena madzulo, ndikupumula masana. Ngakhale ma ogars amamasulidwa kuchokera ku chisamaliro cha makolo patatha miyezi iwiri atabadwa, amakhala okhwima mwakugonana ndipo amatha kukhala ndi ana okha kuchokera chaka chachiwiri cha moyo.
Golide wonyezimira
Chachikulu, champhamvu chokhala ndi mutu wopanda mutu wokhala ndi "angular" wamutu. Mbalame zachikulire zimakhala ndi nkhope “yopanda chinyengo” nkhope. Mlomo wake ndi wamphamvu, womwe umakhala wovomerezeka. Imakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, nyanja ndi dambo. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'mizinda komanso mapepala okhala ndi malo. Kutalika kwa thupi 55-67 cm, mapiko 133-150 masentimita, kulemera kwa 717-1525 g.
Mbalame yachikulire, mutu ndi pansi pa thupi zimakhala zoyera nthawi yotentha, nthawi yozizira mutu ndi khosi zimakhala ndi timiyala tating'ono tofiirira. Chovala chake ndi cha imvi chofewa, chofanana ndi chiwonetsero cha imvi. Mtundu wakuda wosinthika kumapeto kwa mapiko umafikira nthenga zantchito za 5-6. Nthenga zopyapyala (khumi) nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mathero oyera kokwanira, ndipo nthenga zoyandikana (zisanu ndi zinayi) zokhala ndi malo akulu akulu apical oyera. M'm mbalame zambiri, "malirime" oyera pamaluso amanjenje akumanja nthawi zina amalumikizidwa ndi nsonga yoyera ya penis (penini). Mzere wakuda womwe ukuuluka nthenga zachisanu ndi zabwinobwino nthawi zambiri umakhalapo kwathunthu kapena pang'ono pokha. Utawaleza ndi wachikasu. Ma eyoni ndi achikaso, pinki kapena ofiira. Mlomo wake ndi wachikasu, wokhala ndi malalanje polojekeka yovomerezeka ndi lingaliro loyera. Miyendo ndi yapinki, wachikasu kapena imvi.
Kubwerera ku malo odyera (pagombe la Murmansk) mu Marichi. Zoweta makamaka m'malire, nthawi zina pamadenga a nyumba. Zachikazi ndi zazimuna zimamanga chisa kuchokera ku mbewa, masamba, zitsamba kapena nthambi zomwe zimapeza pafupi ndi chisa. Kugona kwa mazira kumayamba m'masiku khumi oyambirira a Meyi.Munthawi zonse, 2-3, mazira 1 kapena 4, pomwe mitundu yake imakhala yosalala, yofiirira kapena yobiriwira. Makolo onse awiriwa amalimbitsa thupi kwa masiku 26-32. Nthochi zimayamba kuwuluka kuyambira masiku 38 mpaka 45.
Amadyapo nsomba, nyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame, anapiye ndi mazira, ma bollus, zipatso, zinyalala zamitundu mitundu. Nthawi zambiri pamawombera.
Gule
Hazel grouse mbalame - wokhala m'nkhalango za Russia. Hazel grouse ndi mbalame kukula, poyerekeza ndi mbalame zina, za khwangwala. Mtundu wa nthenga zake ndi imvi ndipo imakhala ndi mizere yopingasa, chifukwa chomwe nthochi zake zimadutsa nthenga zonse.
Chifukwa cha nthamboyi, adadzipatsa dzina. Wamphongo amakhala ndi mutu kumutu, ndi banga lakuda pakhosi pake. Mapiko a Grouse ndi odabwitsa komanso amafupikitsa. Imawulukira pamtunda waufupi, ndikupanga phokoso pakuuluka, ikuwulutsa mapiko ake.
Gawo logawidwa kwa nkhalango ku Eurasia ndi Asia. Hazel grouse ndi mbalame yomwe imakhala m'magulu awiriawiri, yosankha nkhalango zosakanizika ndi zonunkhira. Kumakhala moyo wongokhala, koma kufunafuna chakudya kumatha kuyendayenda kwakanthawi. Mbalame ya Grouse, yomwe imakhala m'nkhalango, imakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri padziko lapansi, imatha kuthamanga kwambiri. Ndipo pokhapokha mutawopseza galu, amawulukira mitengo, nadzakhala ndekha korona kwa nthawi yayitali.
Fritillas amakonza zisa pansi, pakati pa mitengo yakufa ndi yakuwonongeka kwamphepo, m'nkhalango zomwe sizingatheke. Mkazi wa agalu amayikira mazira 6-10, ndikuwaswa kwa pafupifupi milungu itatu. Amuna samatenga nawo mbali pomenyera mazira ndipo samawonetsa nkhuku. Mkazi m'modzi amasamalira anapiye. Amawateteza ku zilombo komanso nyengo zoyipa.
Tizilombo toyamwa ndi mphutsi ndi chakudya cha anapiye, ndipo timadyanso akangaude. Anapiye okhwima, ngati mbalame zachikulire, amadya zakudya zopangidwa ndi mbewu - mbewu za udzu, zipatso, masamba, etc.
Zima ndiye zovuta kwambiri pa grouse. Kuti athawe chisanu oundana, mbalame zimapinda chisanu, kutuluka mwa apo ndi apo, kuti akwere mitengo, kuti apeze chakudya. M'nyengo yozizira, ma hazel a grisi amadyera pakatikati.
Chiwombankhanga chagolide
Chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi choimira chachikulu kwambiri pabanja lawo: kutalika kwa thupi ndi 76-93 masentimita, ndipo mapikowo amayambira 180 mpaka 240 cm. Akazi, monga ziwombankhanga zambiri, ndiakulu kuposa amuna. Unyinji wodziwika kwambiri wamkazi ndi 6.7 makilogalamu, ndipo wamwamuna ndi 4.6 kg. Ikamagwedezeka, mbali yakumbuyo ya mapiko a chiwombankhanga chagolide imafanana ndi chilembo cha Chingerezi S.. Mchirawo umakhala wozungulira komanso wautali kuposa wa chiwombankhanga china, kuthawa umayamba ndi fan. Zowonjezerazo zimatha kukhala zofiirira kapena zofiirira zakuda ndi nthenga zagolide zolowera kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi khosi.
Kwambiri kumpoto kwa Nyengo. Imapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse ku Russia, kupatula dera la Amur. Amakhala m'malo akumapiri, nkhalango, ndipo nthawi zina imatha kukhazikika m'chipululu. Zomera pazilumba zamtchire ozungidwa ndi madambo.
Ziwombankhanga zagolide zimadya kwambiri. Ziwombankhanga zagolide zimasaka mahatchi, nkhandwe, ana achichepere, makoswe osiyanasiyana ndi mbalame. Zida zoyipitsitsa kwambiri ndi zida zamphamvu. Khungu pazala zoyambirira za nyama yolusa imeneyi imafika masentimita 7 kutalika, ndi mbalameyo kuti imawombera nyama yake. Ndipo chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi ngwazi zenizeni: zimatha kukweza mapangidwe a ma kilogalamu 15 mpaka 20 m'mlengalenga!
Golden Eagles akuwuluka modekha m'miyamba, kufunafuna nyama ndi maso awo owoneka bwino. Atazindikira kuti angathe kudya nyama, adaniwo nthawi yomweyo amathawa kuthawa, kenako nkugwera pansi ndi mapiko. Zimagwira zinyama pansi, ndipo mbalame zimatha kupitilira. Nthawi zambiri, chiwombankhanga chagolide chomwe chimakhazikika m'mutu chimagwira wozungulirayo kumbuyo kwa mutu, ndipo chachiwiri chakumbuyo chakumbuyo chimathyola msana. Palibe adani.
Njoka yoyesedwa
Chifukwa cha kusinthika kwambiri kwachilengedwe, ndizofala kumadera ambiri padziko lapansi. Zinyama zachilengedwe zamtchirezi zimapezeka ku nkhalango za ku Siberian ndi malo otsetsereka a Kazakhstan, komanso m'malo opezeka Iran ndi Afghanistan. M'madera akumapiri omwe anali oyang'anira mabungwe a Armenia, Azerbaijan ndi Georgia. Komanso amakhala m'minda ya mpunga ku China.Chochititsa chidwi ndi mawonekedwe okongola ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mithunzi yamtundu wamtundu wamtunduwu.
Maziko onse ndi imvi ndi mawanga akuda. Thupi limakhala locheperako ndipo limakhala losalala kuti ligwire, lomwe limayamba chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka mamba pakhungu lake. Izi ndizodziwikiratu zapadera za munthu wokalamba uyu kuchokera ku njoka zina. Kutalika kwa thupi njoka 1.5 - mamita 1.8. Siwopanda poizoni komanso wopanda vuto lililonse kwa anthu.
Imamveka bwino m'malo a madzi komanso pamitengo yamitengo. Wakonda kuthetsa akubisala m'dzenje la mitengo, Matani miyala ndi minks mobisa. Amasambira komanso kutsamira bwino. Zimatenga dzuwa dzuwa likazizira, kulandira mphamvu ndi kutentha kofunikira. Pamene kukutentha kubisala.
Zimatsogolera makamaka moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndipo, monga zonse zapamwamba nthawi yachisanu, zimabisala, izi zimachitika mu Seputembara - Novembala, kutengera malo ndi nyengo.
Njoka, monga njoka zonse, ndi zilombo. Iwo amapha makoswe ang'ono, njoka ndi mbalame. Osakhala poizoni, amawapha asanameze pogwiritsa ntchito strang. Njoka ndi msodzi wabwino kwambiri ndipo amaphatikiza mbale za nsomba menyu.
Komanso sangaone kunyozeka tizilombo. Mwakusangalatsidwa amadya mazira a mbalame, kuwameza onse. Pali kawirikawiri milandu ya cannibalism (kudya mtundu wako).
Madzi vole
Minda yamadzi ndi ya banja la hamster. Ili ndi dzina lake chifukwa imakhala pafupi ndi magwero amadzi - m'mitsinje, m'madzi ndi m'madziwe. Pa kusefukira kwa madzi, nyama zimenezi amapewa mitsinje, m'malo kukhala meadows ndi minda masamba.
Makoswewa amakhala pafupifupi gawo lonse la Russia - kusiyanasiyana ndi Far East, Far North ndi Eastern Siberia. Ku gawo la Eurasia kumagawidwa m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Dongosolo la nyumba, izo mwachangu digs mabowo, potero owononga minda ndi minda masamba.
Kutalika kwa thupi ndi mchira kuli mpaka masentimita 25, mchirawo umatha kupitilira theka la kutalika kwake. Makoswewo amakhala ndi thupi lalikulu komanso chida chazifupi. ubweya ndi wakuda ndi wandiweyani kuti makutu n'kondivuta kuonedwa pansi. Mphepete yamadzi imakhala ndi imvi. Mchira wa nyama umakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi komanso lolimba.
A madzi vole wakudya mphukira yowutsa mudyo zomera, makungwa,, nyongolotsi, ndi mbewu m'munda - mzinda waukulu wa makoswe awa akhoza kuwononga mbewu yonse, monga makoswe awa kudya ndalama yaikulu chakudya. Amawononganso mitengo, chifukwa amadya khungubwi m'munsi mwa mtengo. Makoko awa, akuwononga kwambiri malo olimapo, akulimbana. Ziphe si otchuka kwambiri, monga iwo akhoza kuwononga zomera. M'makola akuluakulu, ogulitsa makoswe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito amapangidwa nthawi zambiri, misampha yamitundu yonse imayikidwa. Anthu omwe ali ndi minda ing'onoing'ono payokha nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito misampha ya rat.
Altai pika
Vibrissas ku Altai pikas ya sing'anga (50-65 mm). Mitundu imasiyanasiyana kwambiri pamtundu ndi kukula kwake. Chilimwe ubweya kumbuyo kwa mithunzi zosiyanasiyana malankhulidwe utoto ndi zofiirira, yozizira - kuchokera bulauni kuti grayish, toyesa zina wakuda akupezeka. Mimba imakhala yakuda kwambiri ndi zokutira ndi dzimbiri. Zitsulo zovalidwa ndi ubweya wakuda woderapo. Kutalika thupi 170-250 mm, kutalika kwa phazi kumbuyo 24-35 mm. Kutalika konse kwa chigaza kumasintha kuchokera 39 mpaka 58 mm.
Kutsogolo kwa chigaza ndi kochepa. Danga interorbital a Chigaza ndi athyathyathya ndipo lonse (4.2-6.0 mm, avareji 12% wa kutalika a Chigaza cha). Bokosi laubongo limakutidwa. Mizere ya molars ndiyifupi. kutsegula aphimbidwa ndi m'mbali mwa mafupa intermaxillary, ndi Palatine ndi mipata incisal ali sakukhudzidwa.
Zotsalira za pikha zoyambira kumpoto zimadziwika kuchokera kuphanga "Mwala wa Hole" pamtsinje. Chusovoy, i.e., kumwera kwenikweni kwa magawidwe amakono amtunduwu pa Ural Range.
The pika kumpoto amapezeka makamaka m'mapiri, pa gale- ndi mu zone nayonso, makamaka pamaso pa talus ku miyala ikuluikulu. Kumpoto kwa Siberia, malo okhala ma pikas nthawi zina samagwirizanitsidwa ndi malo amwala.Imachitika nthawi zina magulu akuluakulu. Monga mitundu ina, imasunga udzu nthawi yachisanu, ndikuyiyika pansi pa miyala kapena m'miyala yosweka. Mawu ndi phokoso lakuthwa poyerekeza ndi ena owona ndi kulira kwa nkhuni. Palibe pafupifupi deta yakukula.
Groundhog wakuda
Mbawala yakuda-yakuthengo ndiyam'madzi kuchokera ku banja la agologolo la makoswe. Nyamayi imatchulidwanso kuti Oriental kapena Kamchatka marmot.
Kutalika kwa marmot akuda mpaka kufika 540 mm. Monga lamulo, kutalika kwa mchira wakuthengo ndi 28% ya kutalika kwa thupi lake.
M'mafilimu aku Russia, iyi ndi mtundu waukulu kwambiri wa marmot. Chovala chimakhala chofewa, chodera komanso chachitali. Mtundu wa thupi lakumwamba ndi wakuda chifukwa cha nsonga zakuda zofiirira zakunja. Pansi pa thupi amapaka utoto wonenepa kapena dzimbiri.
Ubweya wambiri m'mbali mwake umakhala ndi utoto wowala bwino. Ubweya kumbuyo kumbuyo kumakonda kupakidwa utoto wofiirira. Pamwamba pamutu palijambulidwa zofiirira zakuda kapena zakuda. Dera loyambira la vibrissae ndi masaya ndi opepuka, nthawi zina amakhala ndi tinge ofiira. Makutu ndi ofiira owala, malo amdima amapangika pansi pamaso, m'mphepete mwa milomo mumakhala mdima. Mchirawo ndi wakuda pansi, ndipo pamwamba uli ndi mtundu wakumbuyo.
M'malo okhala marmot, nthawi zambiri 4-5 wazaka burr, pafupifupi mafuta 10 (osakhalitsa) burrows, ndipo burling imodzi yozizira nthawi zambiri imakhalapo. Zipinda zopezeka kum'mwera chakumadzulo komanso kumwera kwa chipale chofewa kumapiri, nthawi zambiri zimakhala pamtunda wamamita 4200 pamwamba pa nyanja. Zipinda ndi malekezero a dzenje la nthawi yozizira zimakhala pakuya kwa dothi lomwe limazizira. Kutentha kwa nthaka m'nthawi yachisanu kumatsika mpaka -16 ° C, ndipo nthawi yotentha imangotentha mpaka 2 ° C. M'chilimwe, kutentha kwanyengo kwambiri kumayendetsedwa ndi kukula kwawo kwakukulu komanso kutuluka ambiri kuchokera ku dzenje. Pafupi ndi maphunzirowo dothi limazika masentimita 40-50 kuya kuposa malo ena. Maluwa amakongoletsa mkati mwa makoma amchipinda chocheperako pogwiritsa ntchito udzu wowuma ndi nthaka.
Roe nswala
Roe deer ndi wachibale wang'ono wa agwape okhala ndi thupi labwino, nkhope yokongola komanso makutu aatali. Nthawi zambiri pachaka, agwape amasungidwa kamodzi kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Pamasewera akukhwima, yamphongo imachita miyambo, kutsatira wamkazi, yomwe imayenda mozungulira.
Mbawala za Roe zimasungidwa limodzi kapena m'magulu a nyama khumi. Amakhala otakataka m'mamawa komanso madzulo - panthawi imeneyi amatha kuwonedwa osati m'nkhalango zowuma komanso mosakanika, komanso m'minda, m'madambo, m'mapiri, m'nkhalango.
Pangozi yoopsa, buluzi wakhandayo amatukula mutu wake ndikuyang'ana mosamala komwe kumamveka phokoso lokayikitsa, pomwe makutu ake amatumizidwamo. Amuna a roe okha ndi nyanga. Nyanga zamtundu wokhala ndi njira zitatu zimawonekera mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo wa amuna. Komabe, mchaka chachitatu cha moyo wa nyamayo ndi pomwe amakula bwino.
Nyanga zazing'ono zimakhala ndi khungu losalala lopyozedwa ndi mitsempha yamagazi. Chapakatikati, nyanga zimasokosera, ndipo yamphongo imayesa kuyeretsa khungu, ndikuigwedeza pamiyendo ndi nthambi zamitengo. Mbawala za Roe nthawi zambiri zimatha kudya m'mawa kwambiri ndi madzulo. Amadya udzu mwachangu, masamba aang'ono pamasamba a mitengo. Nyamayi imatenga chakudya chokhala ndi zitsulo zam'munsi komanso chingwe cholimba kumtunda (mumiyala, zitsulo zam'mwamba sizikupezeka), ndikuluma.
Mu nthawi yophukira, udzu ukakhala wocheperako, nguluwezo zimadya mtedza wochulukirapo ndi zipatso zina zamtchire (ma acorn, chestnuts, blueberries, sea buckthorn, zipatso za beech). Kuphatikiza apo, menyu ake a nyengo yozizira imaphatikizapo ma acorns, komanso rutabaga ndi mbewu zina zomwe zimamera m'minda - mpaka udzu wachinyamata woyamba ukawonekera pansi mu kasupe. Pakazizira kwambiri, agwape amaluma nthambi zazing'ono pamitengo.
Ku Europe, anthu okhala ndi nkhokwe amapezeka pokhapokha amangosintha msipu. M'nyengo yozizira, amasankha madera ocheperako, omwe amakhala ndi tchire kwambiri. Zamoyo zomwe zimakhala m'mapiri zimasunthira nyengo zosiyanasiyana. M'nyengo yozizira, amatsikira kumapiri a kumapiri, komwe amapeza zakudya zambiri.
Zoyenera
Sable ndi nyama yodya nyama yokhala ndi ubweya wokongola, chinthu chofunikira kusaka. Nyama iyi ndi imodzi mwachibale "chapafupi kwambiri" cha ma pine marten - mawonekedwe omwe amawoneka ngati, mawonekedwe, zina mwazomwe amachita. Mchira, womwe umawoneka bwino kwambiri m'nkhalangomo kapena pamiyala yamiyala, pamtengowo umangokhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwa thupi. Koma izi, monga moyo zawonetsera, kwa anthu sizinakhalepo zofunikira, popeza kuti sable imakhala yamtengo wapatali.
Sable si nyama yayikulu kwambiri yotsika. Mawonekedwe ake ndi awa:
- Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi 40-58 masentimita, pomwe chachikazi chimakhala chocheperako poyerekeza ndi chachimuna.
- Kulemera kwa nyama ndi pafupifupi 2 kg,
- Mutu wa sable ndi woboola m'maso, wowoneka bwino kwambiri, maliseche akuwongoka, makutu ndi akulu, okhala ndi mbali yayikulu, yopingasa,
- Matupi a nyamayo ndi afupiafupi, ndipo chifukwa cha izi msana wake umakhala ndi mawonekedwe,
- miyendo ndi yotakata bwino, yopindika kwambiri (makamaka nthawi yozizira, ubweya ukakhala ndi mathonje ndi zibwano), zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi moyo wabwino.
Ubweya wa nyamayo ndi wofewa, wowoneka bwino, wakuda. Mtundu wake umakhala wowoneka bwino - wofiirira pakhungu, wakuda bii m'miyendo ndi mchira, nthawi zambiri wowala pang'ono kumutu kuposa thupi. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya umakhala wopepuka pang'ono, nthawi yotentha kumakhala kowonda, kotero, kamvekedwe kake kamkulu kamasiyana kuchokera ku mchenga wachikasu ndimtundu wakuda. Palibe mawonekedwe otchulidwa pakhosi, mwa anthu ena okha omwe alipo ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, owoneka bwino ndi mtundu wopepuka poyerekeza ndi mtundu waukulu wa ubweya.
Palibe nyama kapena mbalame yosakira nyama. Koma ali ndi awiri omwe akupikisana nawo pakusaka - mzati ndi mzake. Ndi iwo, magawo amagawana makoswe onga mbewa okoma kwambiri kwa iye. Chifukwa chake, akapezeka kuti akumana ndi chimodzi mwa zilombozi, kuti aphe "mnansi" wosafunikirayo, msambowo umasiya ngakhale nyama yomwe idadikirira ndikuyang'ana kwa mdani.
Sig ndi nsomba ya banja la a Salmon. Mabuku awiri amakhala ku Baikal - Sig-pyzhyan ndi Baikal whitefish. Amasiyana mu chiwerengero cha masitimu gill komanso kuchuluka kwa masikelo mzere wotsatira. Sig-pyzhyan ndi mtundu wa mtsinje wam'madzi ndipo amawononga moyo posunthira mosalekeza. Amakhala mu mitsinje, ndikuyenda munyanjayo. Baikal whitefish - mawonekedwe a nyanja, oyenda ndi otumphuka mu Nyanja ya Baikal.
Whitefish imagawidwa ku Nyanja yonse ya Baikal, koma nsomba zochulukitsitsa zimakhala m'malo otetezedwa a Barguzinsky, Chivyrkuisky, m'madzi osaya a Selenginsky komanso Nyanja yaying'ono.
Kulemera kwa nsomba zoyera kumafika pa 10 kg. Kutha msambo mu mtundu wamtsinje wamtsinje kumachitika mosiyanasiyana, amuna amakhala okhwima pofika chachisanu mpaka chisanu ndi chimodzi, ndipo chachikazi mchaka chachisanu ndi chiwiri mpaka chachisanu ndi chitatu cha moyo. Fomu ya nyanjayi imayamba kukhwima pazaka zisanu ndi zitatu za moyo. Chonde chimachokera ku mazira 35 mpaka 55,000.
Sig-pyzhyan amasuntha mosadukiza kumitsinje kuyambira mu Ogasiti mpaka Okutobala, nsombayo ya Baikal kupita kumalo otsetsereka a Chivyrkuisky komanso kulowa Mukhor Bay mu Seputembala. Kutulutsa kumatha miyezi iwiri.
Nsomba zazikulu zadyera zimadyera m'madzi am'madzi, pansi pa gammarids, crustaceans, mphutsi zazing'ono, ndi nsomba zazing'ono zazikazi.
Lenok
Lenok ndi nsomba za banja la nsomba. Imagawidwa ku Nyanja yonse ya Baikal ndi m'milandu yake.
Pofika zaka khumi, unyinji wa nsomba umafika 2 kg, ndi fifitini - 5-6 kg. Chachikulu kwambiri pa onse omwe anagwidwa chinali chachikulu kuposa 8 kg ndi mita kutalika. Lenok amafika kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka zisanu ndi chiwiri zokhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 43-46, kulemera kwa 700-1000 g.Ukubereka kumadalira msinkhu komanso kukula kwa mkazi ndipo umachokera mazira 3 mpaka 12,000. Lenk yakukutira imakwera m'mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda ku Nyanja ya Baikal. Kubzala kumachitika m'mwezi wa Meyi-Juni m'malo okhala ndi dothi lonyowa, pamtunda wa madzi a 2-9-9 ° C. pakuya kwa 0,5-1,5 m. Chakudya cha nsomba zazikuluzikulu chimakhala ndi tizilombo, ma gammarid, mazira ndi tizinthu tating'onoting'ono, nthawi zina ma lenok amadya madzi am'madzi ang'onoang'ono ndi mbewa zomwe zimagwidwa mwangozi.
Taimen
Ma taimen wamba, kapena Siberian - nsomba zamtundu wa Taimen wa banja la Salmon. Kugawidwa kunyanja yonse. Kutalika kwa nsombazi kumafikira 2 metres, lolemera kuposa 80 kg. Taimen ndimtundu wankhanza wamba. Imadyanso nsomba, komanso nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimagwidwa mwangozi m'madzi. Imafika pa msinkhu wazaka zapakati pa 6 ndi 6. Chapakatikati, nsomba zimayamba kukafika kumitsinje yomwe imalowa mu Nyanja ya Baikal, zazikazi zimayikira mazira mumizimba yowala. Chonde chachimuna chachikazi chimakhala ndi mazira 30,000.
Davatchan
Davatchan ndi mtundu wa nsomba zam'banja la Salmonidae. Amakhala kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Baikal, makamaka mdera la Frolikha Bay komanso m'malo a m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Totma mpaka Upper Angara, komanso ku Nyanja. Frolikha, pomwe mtsinje wosadziwika bwino umayenda mu Nyanja ya Baikal. Ndi subspec of a Arctic char. Nsomba imafika kutalika kwa masentimita 45. Kulemera mpaka 1 kg. Kutha msinkhu kumayamba ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Chonde chachikazi kuchokera ku mazira 350 - 1300.