Pafupifupi zaka mamiliyoni 318 zapitazo, munthawi ya Permian, dziko lathuli linakhala ndi zolengedwa zam'mlengalenga. Zakale zakalezi sizinkasiyana ndi zapamadzi zamakono osati kukula kwake, komanso kapangidwe ka zida zamano. Kuphatikiza pazoyambitsa, adalinso ndi ma fang, zomwe zimatha kuwonetsa chibadidwe chawo. Asayansi anatha kunena molimba mtima motengera kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale zomwe zinasungidwa bwino pamipanda ya a Permian. Pambuyo pake, zolengedwa zoyambirira izi zimatchedwa dimethrodonts.
Anali azinyama olimba kwambiri, mpaka kutalika kwa mamitala 3.5. Kusiyanitsa kwawo kunali bwato lotchedwa dorsal. Icho chinali khola lalikuru lamiyendo lomwe limadutsa msana wonse. Zipatso za mtundu wofananazi zitha kuonedwa mwa mitundu ina yakale ya nyama zam'mlengalenga ndi nyama, zomwe zimaphatikizapo ma dinosaurs ndi pelicosaurs. Mwakuwoneka konse, ngalawa idatenga gawo limodzi pakupanga thupi la nyama izi. Ngati tingalingalire kuti kutentha kozungulira, masiku amenewo kunali kokulirapo, ndiye kuti dimetrodon wamagazi ozizira amatha kufa chifukwa chotentha kwambiri, ngati kulibe bwato. Kuphatikiza apo, khungu loyambirira lotere limatha kukhala ngati gawo lachiwerewere lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi dimethrodone panthawi yakukhwima, ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi iye pobisala pamene muli m'nkhalango zowirira. Malinga ndi malingaliro ena, ngwazi yathu imatha kugwiritsa ntchito khola la khungu ngati akusambira.
Ponena za moyo, ma dimethrodones ankakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Akuluakulu amakonda masisitere, ndi malo achinyamata omwe amakonda kukhala ndi nkhalango yamvula. Koma m'chipululu, dimetrodon sakanatha kukhala ndi moyo. Kutentha koteroko sikunamuyenerere.
Anali mdani woopsa komanso wankhanza yemwe adazunza oyimira mdziko lonse la nyama zomwe limatha kuthana nalo. Ndi mano ake akuthwa ndi nsagwada zamphamvu, anang'amba thupi la womenyedwayo.
M'mapangidwe ake komanso momwe adakhalira, adawoneka ngati zinyama kuposa zouluka. Asayansi adapita naye ku gulu la ma pelicosaurs, komwe anali woimira wamkulu kwambiri.
Pazifukwa zomwe dimethrodons adatha, asayansi sakudziwa kwenikweni. Mwina zayamba kusintha mwadzidzidzi kwakuti nyama zamagazi ozizira sizingakhale moyo. Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, zolengedwa zotsogola kwambiri zidazilowa m'malo.
Kuphunzira koyambirira
Zotsalira za Dimetrodon adafotokozedwa koyambirira ndi Edward Drinker Cope m'ma 1870s. Adawalandira limodzi ndi mndandanda wa ma tetrapod ena a Perm omwe adapangidwa kuchokera ku mapangidwe a Red Grads ku Texas. Collector Jacobs Mpira, wasayansi ya za chilengedwe W. F. Cummins ndi paleontologist Charles Sternberg adawapereka ku Cope. Ambiri mwa zitsanzozi tsopano ali ku American Museum of Natural History kapena ku Walker Museum of the University of Chicago.
Sternberg adatumiza zitsanzo zake zingapo kwa katswiri wa zamagetsi wa ku Germany a Ferdinand Broglie a ku University of Munich, koma sanawerenge monga momwe Cope anachitira. Omenyera a Edward, a Charles Marsh, nawonso adatenga mafupa angapo a dimetrodon, koma adawapereka ku Walker Museum.
Dzina loyamba Dimetrodon Cope ntchito mu 1878, ndikuwonetsa mitundu itatu - D. incisivus, D. rectiformis ndi D. gigas.
Chimodzi mwazithunzi zodziwika bwino ndi dimetrodon
Komabe, kufotokozera koyamba kwa zotsalira za dimethrodone kudali mu 1875, pomwe Cope adalongosola za clepsydrops C. limbatus. Nyama iyi idapezeka m'dera lomwelo la dimetrodon, ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za 19 ndi koyambira kwa zaka za zana la 20 zambiri zotsalira za ma pelicosaurs zimadziwika kuti dimetrodone kapena clepsidops. Mu 1940, adasindikiza buku lomwe linanena kuti C. limbatus ndi mtundu wa dimethrodone.
Chingwe choyamba chomwe chikufotokozedwa ndi ngalawa chinali clepsydrops. C. natalis, yowonetsedwanso ndi Cope. Anaona kuti ulendowu unali wowala ndipo anaufanizira ndi buluzi woyika pansi. Sail D. incisivus ndi D. gigas osasungidwa, komabe D. kukonza Anatalikirana timitsempha tating'ono. Komabe, Cope adanenanso mu 1886 kuti cholinga cha sitimayi sichovuta kulingalira. Malinga ndi iye, ngati nyamayo sikukhala moyo wam'madzi, ndiye kuti sitimayo kapena ndalama zake zingasokoneze mayendedwe, ndipo miyendo ndi zibangiri sizinali zokulirapo kuti zizitha kukhala ndi moyo wamakhalidwe oyipa, monga pachiwonetsero.
Zaka zana makumi awiri
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, E. Case adachita kafukufuku wakuya wa dimetrodon, ndikuwonetsa mitundu yatsopano yambiri. Adathandizidwa ndi Carnegie Institution ndi ndalama, ndikuperekanso zinthu kuchokera kuzosanja zakale ku America. Ambiri mwa zitsanzozo adafotokozedwa ndi Cope, yemwe adatchuka pofotokozera mtundu wonse wa zidutswa zokha, koma sanatchere chidwi ndi zotsalazo.
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1920, Alfred Romer adayang'ananso mitundu yambiri ya demithrodon, ndikuwonetsa mitundu inanso yambiri. Mu 1940, Romer ndi Llewellyn Price adachita Pelicosaurus Review, yomwe imayang'ana ambiri mwa ma synapsid ofotokozedwa ndi Cope. Zambiri mwazotsatira za kafukufukuyu ndizothandiza pano.
Kumangidwanso kwakale kwa mitundu ya Dimetrodon incisivus
Pambuyo pa kufalitsa kwa Romer ndi Price, kupezeka kwa zitsanzo zingapo za dimethrodone kunja kwa Oklahoma ndi Texas kunatsatiranso. Chifukwa chake, mu 1966, zidutswa zochepa zidapezeka ku Utah, ndipo mu 1969, zotsalira zidapezeka ku Arizona. Mu 1975, Olson adafotokoza za kupezedwa kwa dimetrodon ku Ohio. Mu 1977, Berman adalongosola za mitundu yochokera kuzinthu zaku New Mexico. D. occidentalis ("kumadzulo"), komwe kunaphatikizanso zotsalira za Utah ndi Arizona.
Izi zisanachitike, tinkakhulupirira kuti Texas ndi Oklahoma adalekanitsidwa ndi madera ena ndi Mid-Continental Sea Route, chifukwa chomwe sphenacodon yaying'ono idakhala kumadzulo kwa North America. Zotsatira zatsopano, ngakhale sizitsutsa kukhalapo kwa nyanja yam'madzi, koma zikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ake komanso kuti sizinali cholepheretsa mayendedwe a dimetrodon.
Kufotokozera
Dimetrodon anali ndi mutu waukulu m'malo wokhala ndi nsagwada zamphamvu wokhala ndi mano owala. Iye anali mlenje wokangalika: anali kusaka nyama zapamadzi zambiri, zokwawa ndi nsomba. Ndi mano ake akutsogolo, dimethrodon adagwira wovulalayo ndikulekanitsa. Mano akumbuyo adawerama kumbuyo, mothandizidwa ndi nyamayo idang'amba zidutswa zazing'onoting'ono ndikudya nyama yayikulu. Thupi la dimethrodone lidapangidwa ngati mbiya. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha dimetrodon ndi ngalawa yochokera pakhungu lotambasulidwa kunja kwa msana. Masoko ofananawo omwe amapangidwa mu nyama zingapo za prehistoric (ma pligistrix amphibians, edaphosaurus ndi secodontosaurus pelicosaurs, spinosaurus dinosaurs) ndikugwira monga olamulira kutentha. Malinga ndi matembenuzidwe ena, ngalawayo idkagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasewera aubwenzi, idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chobisika pakati pa zomera za mbewu kapena bwato lenileni mukayenda. "Sail" yomwe idapangidwa pang'onopang'ono m'moyo wonse, zopezeka za achinyamata a dimetrodon omwe ali ndi njira zotsika kwambiri zimadziwika. Achichepere, zikuwoneka kuti, amakhala m'matchire m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yamadzi, komanso akulu. Komabe, chithunzi cha dimetrodon m'mabuku odziwika motsutsana ndi chipululu chikuwoneka ngati chosatheka - popanda kukhala chokwawa, sakanatha kukhala malo otentha, owuma.
Chibade
Chigoba cha dimetrodon ndi chokwera, pambuyo pake chokakamizidwa. Premaxilla amalekanitsidwa ndi nsagwada ndi diastema yakuya. Mbali yakumanzere imakhala yolimba kwambiri. Mphuno zazing'ono zimakhala kutsogolo kwa muzzle. Fupa lothothoka silimafika pamphuno. Zolemba zamaso zili kumbuyo kwa chigaza. Pali mano atatu pa premaxilla, dzino lachiwiri la nsagwada yapamwamba limapangidwa ndi canine, lakukulidwa, lopindika, lopindika. Mano ndi owonda kwambiri, ngati albertosaurus. M'munsi mwawo panali zopindika zazing'ono, kuchepetsa katunduyo m'mano, koma osawateteza ku kuwonongeka kwa mano. At D. teutonis kunalibe chipolopolo, komabe konse konse kunali kothina .. Canine m'munsi imalowa diastema pakati pa premaxilla ndi nsagwada. Mano a nsagwada zonse za kutsogolo kwa ma fangayo amachepetsedwa, kumbuyo kwawo pang'onopang'ono amachepa kukula. Mawonekedwe, mano a dimethrodone ndi abale ake amafanana ndi m'malovu, omwe amathandizira kusiyanitsa sphenacotamus kuchokera ku ma synapsid ena oyamba.
Kafukufuku wa 2014 adawonetsa kuti dimetrodons adayendetsa mtundu wamtondo wa mikono. Zochepa D. milleri analibe mano akuthyola, chifukwa amasaka nyama yaying'ono. Pamene kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu ndi kukula kwake, mano adasintha mawonekedwe awo. At D. limbatus mano anali ndi mawonekedwe odulira, ngati secodontosaurus. Zambiri D. gogo mano anali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi a shaki ndi theropods. Chifukwa chake, ma dimetrodons samangokulira kukula pomwe adasinthika, komanso adasintha zida zomwe zimakonda kusaka.
Dimethrodone amasiyana ndi zavropide pamaso pa fenestra wokhululuka. Zotentazo zinali ndi fenestra kawiri, kapena sizipezeka palimodzi, pomwe ma synapsid anali ndi bowo limodzi. Dimetrodon anali ndi zizindikiro zachilendo zakusintha kuchokera ku ma tetropod am'mbuyomu kupita ku zinyama, ngati zitunda kumbuyo kwa nsagwada yamkati komanso mkati mwamkati mwa mphuno.
Mkati mwamkati mwa m'mphuno panali zitunda zapadera, ma turbine. Amatha kuthandizira cartilage, ndikuwonjezera madera omwe amapezeka ndi epithelium. Izi zitunda ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa ndipo ma synapsid am'mbuyomu, momwe ma nasoturbines ndi chizindikiro cha magazi ofunda. Amatha kuyatsidwa ndi mucous membrane kutenthetsa ndi kunyowetsa mpweya womwe ukubwera. Chifukwa chake, dimetrodon anali nyama yokhala ndi magazi pang'ono.
Chinthu chinanso cha dimethrodone ndi kutulutsa kwamkati kwa nsagwada, kotchedwa mbale yowonetsedwa. Ili pa fupa la articular yolumikizidwa ndi fupa lalikulu, palimodzi ndikupanga nsagwada yolumikizana. Mu ma synapsid aposachedwa, mapangidwe a mafupa am'manja ndi apakati amasiya kulumikizana ndi nsagwada, ndikupanga fupa la khutu lapakati - malleus. Mbale yomwe idapangidwira pambuyo pake idasandulika kukhala mphete ya tympanic yothandizira ma eardrum a zolengedwa zamakono.
Mchira
Kwa nthawi yayitali, dimetrodone idaperekedwa ngati nyama yokhala ndi mchira wamfupi, popeza 11 vertebrae yokhala pafupi ndi thupi idadziwika, yomwe idasunthika mwamphamvu pomwe ikusunthira kutali ndi pelvis, ndipo koyambirira kotsalira kumatsalira kuti mchira wake sunalipo kwenikweni kapena sunali wabwino kwambiri. Mu 1927 kokha, mchira wathunthu wa dimetrodon, wopangidwa ndi ma vertebrae 50, unapezeka. Anawerengera kutalika kwakuthupi ndipo amagwira ntchito ngati mbewa poyenda.
Sail
Skeleton D. loomisi
Chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa komanso zodziwika bwino za dimethrodone ndi njira yapamwamba kwambiri ya dorsal ndi cervical vertebrae. Kuyambira nthawi yomwe amapeza mtunduwu, adawonetsedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana: kumangodzilemba zokhazokha, komanso "sekepe" yokutidwa kwathunthu ndi zikopa, kapena ngakhale chitunda. Sitimayo inkafika mpaka mita imodzi. Nsonga za neural spines zidakutidwa ndi zokutira za nyanga. Chovala chilichonse cha neural chili ndi mawonekedwe apadera, kusiyanaku kumatchedwa "dimetrodontovaya". Ma spikes ali ndi mawonekedwe amakumbidwe pafupi ndi thupi la vertebral, amatenga mawonekedwe a asanu ndi atatu pamene akutalikirana nawo. Amakhulupirira kuti mawonekedwe awa adalimbitsa njirazo ndikusokoneza ma fractures. Munthu m'modzi amadziwika D. giganhomogene okhala ndi ma rectangular neural spines, komabe, pafupi ndi pakati pakadali pano pali umboni wa "kutalika". Mwambiri, kusintha kumeneku kumalumikizidwa ndi zaka za munthu. Microanatomy ya kangaude aliyense imakupatsani mwayi kuti muwone malo omwe angagwirizaniridwe ndi minofu ndi malo omwe angasinthidwe kuti ayende. Gawo lam'munsi, loyandikana ndi spike lili ndi mawonekedwe oyipa. Mwinanso, minyewa ya epaxial ndi hypaxial adalumikizika nayo, komanso maukonde a minyewa yolumikizana, yotchedwa sharpy fibers. Gawo laling'ono la spines ndi losalala, koma periosteum imalowetsedwa ndi ma sapulo angapo, mwina nthawi yonse ya moyo wawo panali mitsempha yamagazi. Ma multilayer lamoned fupa, omwe amapanga gawo lalikulu la mitsempha yamitsempha, imakhala ndi mizere yambiri yakukula momwe mungadziwire zaka za munthu aliyense panthawi yamwalira.
Golosilo lachilendo limadutsa ma vertebrae onse. M'mbuyomu, amakhulupirira kuti m'mitsempha yamagazi mudali momwemo, koma popeza mulibe zomwe zimapezeka mkati mwa mafupa, ndizotheka kuti poyambira adapangira china, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zombo zoyendetsera sitimayo kunali kocheperako koposa momwe amaganizira.
Kukonzanso kwamakono kwa mafupa a dimetrodon. Wolemba Scott Hartman
Kafukufuku wa pathologies adawonetsa kuti ma neural ena a neural adasweka ndikuchira. Izi zikusonyeza kuti gawo limodzi la njirazo lidakutidwa ndi boti (kapena minofu yofananira), yomwe idawasunga m'malo mwake kuwonongeka, chifukwa chomwe amakhoza kuchira. Koma adazindikiranso kuti nsonga za malovuwo nthawi zambiri zimawombedwa, nthawi zina mwamphamvu kwambiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti pamwamba pa malovu sikunalowe ngalawa. Chitsimikizo china chowonjezera cha "kutuluka kwa sitimayo" chimachokera pamawonekedwe a njirazo. Amakhala okhwima m'malo omwe adalumikizidwa ndi minofu ya kumbuyo, kenako ndikuwonjezereka, komwe amatha kwambiri ndikutuluka mchombo. Fupa la cortical lomwe limakhazikika pamalo ophulika amamasuka kwambiri, zomwe zimawonetsa kukhalapo kwa ziwalo zingapo zofewa ndi mitsempha yamagazi pa bwato.
Khungu la dimethrodone silikudziwika, chifukwa chake nkovuta kulankhula za mawonekedwe aliwonse. Pambuyo pake ma synapsid, monga estemmenozuh, anali ndi khungu losalala lokhala ndi tiziwalo tambiri. Komabe, mu zoyambirira zam'mbuyo kwambiri za varanopeids, monga Ascendonan, zinali zotheka kudziwa masikelo. Ndizotheka kuti dimetrodon anali ndi maonekedwe owoneka bwino kunsi kwa thupi, ndipo m'mbali ndi pamwamba khungu lake linali losalala, lofanana ndi la othandizira.
Gait
Dimetrodon mwamwambo akuwonetsedwa ndi "buluzi" wowoneka bwino wokhala ndi mimba ndikukoka pansi, komabe, ma track apezeka posachedwa omwe ali ndi dimetrodone kapena synapsid pafupi nawo, akuwonetsa nyama ikuyenda ndi miyendo yowongoka kwambiri, kusunga m'mimba ndi mchira wake wopanda nthaka.
Zachidziwikire, dimetrodon amatha kusangalala akafuna kutero. Komabe, akuyenda ndikuthamanga, miyendo yake idalinso ndi mbali yowongoka pang'ono, chifukwa chomwe dimetrodon imatha kuthamanga kuposa omwe amamuvutikira (amphibians ndi ma synapsid ang'ono).
Mitundu yodziwika bwino
- D. teutonis Reisz & Berman, 2001. Magawo a m'munsi mwa kama ofiira (wolfcamp), Germany, Bromaker ndi Russia. Sitetrodon yaying'ono kwambiri, yolemera pafupifupi 24 kg. Mitundu yokhayo yodziwika kunja kwa North America. Kuthira sitima yapamwamba. Idali yolumikizidwa kumtunda wa biota.
Skeleton Dimetrodon milleri
- D. milleri Romer 1937. Sakmara Stage, kutalika mpaka 174 cm, Putnam Fform, Texas. Amadziwika ndi mafupa awiri: pafupi kwathunthu MCZ 1365 komanso yayikulu, koma siosungidwa bwino kwambiri ndi MCZ 1367. Mtundu woyambirira kwambiri wa dimetrodon ku Texas. Amasiyana ndi mitundu ina pamapangidwe a neural spines: D. milleri ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, pomwe mitundu ina imafanana ndi eyiti. Vertebra iyi ndiyifupi kwambiri kuposa ena onse. Chigoba ndi chokwera, kupukutira kufupika. Kapangidwe kameneka kamaonso D. booneorum, D. limbatus ndi D. gogomwina kuti D. milleri anali kholo lawo. Pafupi ndi D. occidentalis. Syn:Clepsydrops natalis Cope, 1887.
- D. natalis Cope 1877. Sakmara tier, mtundu wawung'ono kwambiri waku America. Chowonetsedwa ndi sitima yotsika ya trapezoidal, komabe, mawonekedwe apano sakudziwika. Chigoba chimakhala cha 14 cm ndipo chimalemera mpaka 37 kg. Texas. Chigoba chimakhala chotsika, ndipo mano ake ali pachiwono. Zopezedwa pafupi ndi thupi la lalikulu D. limbatus.
Skeleton D. incisivus
- D. limbatus Cope 1877. Mabulowa a Sakmara ndi Artinsky - aatali mpaka 40cm, kutalika konse mpaka 2.6 m, kuchokera pama fomu a Admiral ndi Bell Plains ku Texas. Ma synapsid oyamba koyamba omwe amakhala ndi boti. Nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa m'mabuku. Poyamba anali monga Clepsydrops limbatus, adamunyamula kupita ku dimetrodon ndi Romer ndi Price mu 1940. Syn:Clepsydrops limbatus Cope, 1877,? Dimetrodon incisivus Cope, 1878, Dimetrodon rectiformis Cope, 1878, Dimetrodon semiradicatus Cope, 1881.
- D. incisivus Cope, 1878 - imodzi mwa mitundu yoyamba, nthawi zina imayesedwa yofanana. Kutanthauzira kofananira D. limbatus.
- D. booneorum Romer 1937 - Artinsky Stage - kutalika kwake mpaka mita 2.2, Texas. Yofotokozedwa ndi Romer mu 1937.
- D. gigashomogene Mlanduwu 1907. Kungursky wosanjikiza. Kufikira kutalika kwamamita 3.3. Chigoba chimakhala chachifupi komanso chachitali. Mmodzi wa makolo D. angelensis. Yopezeka mu Arroyo Fform.Yoyitanidwa ndi Case kumbuyo mu 1907, idagwirabe ntchito.
Skeleton D. grandis Case, 1907
- D. gogo Mlandu, 1907. Gawo la Kungursky koyambirira. Imafikira kutalika kwa mamita 3.2. Chigoba chimakhala chotsika, 50 cm. chinali ndi mano anayi okha olimba. Kupezeka pakupanga kwa Arroyo Fform, Texas. Syn: Theropleura grandis Mlandu, 1907, Bathyglyptus theodori Mlandu, 1911,? Dimetrodon gigas Cope, 1878, Dimetrodon maximus Romer, 1936,? Dimetrodon cf. gigas grandis Sternberg, 1942.
- D. loomisi Romer 1937. Kungur tier. Anakwera mpaka mamita 2.5. Apezeka mu Arroyo Fform, Texas. Imakhala ndi chigaza chotsika komanso mawonekedwe oyenda panyanja.
- D. angelensis Olson 1962. Nthawi ya Ufa koyambirira (mochedwa Kungur). Mtundu wotsiriza komanso waukulu kwambiri. Pakati pa moyo, adakula mpaka 4-5,5 metres. Zopezeka mu San Angelo Fform ku Texas. Chigoba chimakhala chachitali, mpaka 50cm, ndipo chotsika, mafangansi kumtunda ndi oonda kwambiri. Ma sampuli onse sanasungidwe bwino. Tchimo:? Eosyodon hudsoni Olson, 1962 (nomen dubium),? Khomali Olson & Beerbower, 1953.
- D. borealis Leidy, zaka 1854.270 miliyoni zapitazo, Prince Edward Island. Mtundu wothekera, womwe umatchulidwanso kuti. Zaka za zotsalira m'derali zidatsimikizika pambuyo pofufuza zinyalala za mbewu. Pambuyo pake, mutu wonse wa theatre udapezeka. Kutalika kwa chigaza ndi masentimita 40-45 okha.
Dimetrodon phazi
- D. occidentalis Berman 1977 ndiye dimethrodone yekhayo wochokera ku Abo / Cutler Fform ku New Mexico. Imayenera kufika kutalika kwa 1.5 metres. Dzinali limatanthawuza "Western Dimethrodon." Amadziwika ndi chigoba chimodzi chaching'ono. Zogwirizana D. milleri.
- D. gigas Cope, 1878. Artinsky ndi tingursky tiers a Perm. Poyamba anali monga Clepsydrops gigaskomabe, adasinthidwanso monga dimethrodone. Mitundu ingapo yosungidwa bwino ndi yamtunduwu. Komanso imafanana D. gogo.
- D. macrospondylus Mlanduwu, 1907 --ofotokozedwa ndi Cope monga Clepsydrops macrospondylus, kuti dimetrodon imatsimikiza ndi mlandu.
Zomwe zidadyetsa
Ngakhale kuti mafupa a chigaza cha dimethrodone anali ochepa thupi, ndi nsagwada zake zamphamvu zokhala ndi mano akuthwa, adaluma mwamphamvu wolimbana naye. Mano anali osiyanasiyana akulu, ma molars anali odukaduka. Ndi mano ake aatali akutsogolo, amaluma wozunzidwa, monga momwe mikango yamakono imachitira. Dimetrodon adagwira nyama. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti nyama yolusa imeneyi imasaka nyama zapam'madzi, zopatsa komanso nsomba. Ndi mano ake akutsogolo, dimethrodon adagwira wovulalayo ndi kumang'amba pakati. Mano akumbuyo anali atawerama kumbuyo, mothandizidwa ndi nyamayo inkang'amba anthu wamba ndikutsafuna nyama zazikulu.
LIFESTYLE
Dimetrodon anali m'modzi mwa anthu olusa komanso oopsa kwambiri omwe adalipo kale mu nthawi ya Perm. Nyama izi zidasowa pankhope ya dziko lapansi ngakhale asanalenso oyamba asanawonekere.
Akatswiri a Paleontologists omwe adaphunzira zotsalira za ma dimethrodons adazindikira kuti anali odala zida komanso oopsa. Dimetrodon anali kukula kwagalimoto yamakono. Anali ndi miyendo yayifupi yamphamvu, motero asayansi amakhulupirira kuti dimetrodon imasunthira pansi ngati abuluzi amakono.
Iye mwina anali nyama yosachedwa. Palibe chidziwitso chambiri chokhudza kulemera kwa dimetrodon, koma amakhulupirira kuti kuchuluka kwake kunali kofunika kwambiri. Kukula kwakukulu, kokhala ngati bwato kumbuyo kwakupatsa mawonekedwe owopsa. Amakhulupirira kuti mothandizidwa ndi "seweroli" nyamayo imatha kusintha kutentha kwa thupi lake.
M'mawa, dimetrodon yadzaza ndi dzuwa, kutentha kudasunthidwa kudutsa paulendo kupita ziwalo zina za thupi la dinosaur iyi, kotero limatenthetsedwa m'malo ndi omwe akuvutika omwe angakhudzidwe. Kuti kuziziritsa, dimetrodon inali yokwanira kumiza mafunde ake m'madzi. Asayansi sakudziwa chifukwa chake ma dimethrodones anasowa.
MALANGIZO OGULITSIRA. KULAMBIRA
Chilolezo, zaka 280 miliyoni zapitazo
kumpoto kwa Amerika
Kutalika 3,5 m
Ichi ndi chodziwika bwino kwambiri cha abuluzi, abuluzi wakale kwambiri. Thupi lake linali lamphamvu, miyendo yake inali yochepa, nsagwada zamphamvu, ndi mano akuthwa. Kumbuyo kuli bwato lamkaka lalikuru, lomwe limachirikizidwa ndi njira zopindika za ma vertebrae. Ntchito zake sizikudziwika ndendende. Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti "bwatolo" linathandizira kuti thupi lisamatenthe kwambiri: padzuwa, magazi omwe amakhala m'mitsempha yamagalimoto amatenthetsedwa, ndipo mumtengowo anali utakhazikika. Ngakhale, mwina, chinali chisa chowala kwambiri kuti chikope anthu omwe amagonana nawo.
ZOPHUNZITSIRA ZOSANGALALA MUKUDZIWA KUTI.
- Dimethrodone ndi wochokera ku Greek. Muli mawu awiri "dimitro" - "omwe amapezeka mbali ziwiri", ndi "don", ndiye "dzino".
- Akatswiri a Paleontologists anachita kafukufuku wautali kwambiri wa zotsalira za dimethrodon, pamwambapa pomwe amati sitimayo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kutentha kwa nyama yatsopanoyi.
- Khungu la "bwalo" lomwe linali kumbuyo kwa dimetrodon mwina linali lopanda madzi, monga zokwawa zamakono.
NKHANI ZOCHULUKA ZA DIMETRODON
Sitima: Kukula konga sitima kunali kumbuyo kwa dimetrodon kuchokera pakhosi kupita ku pelvis Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti sitimayo inali mtundu wamachitidwe oyang'anira kutentha. M'mawa, dimetrodon inali ikusenda ndi dzuwa, kunyezimira kwa dzuwa kumatenthetsera sitimayo, ndipo kudzera mwa iyo, kutentha umasinthidwa kupita ziwalo zina za thupi. Mwinanso, kupewa kuthamanga, dimetrodon amiza ngalawa m'madzi. Malinga ndi mtundu wina, ngalawa imatha kukhala ndi ntchito ina, mwachitsanzo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kugonana - amuna amatha kukhala ndi sitima yayikulu komanso yowala kuposa zazikazi.
Mano: Mano aatali, amaso olimba adagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwira nyama ndi kuwang'amba. Maubweya achidule ankawerama kumbuyo, mothandizidwa ndi dimetrodon amagwiritsitsa nyama komanso kutafuna.
Chibade: mutuwo unali waukulu kwambiri. Dzenje lomwe linali kuseri kwa njira lidachepetsa unyinji wa chigaza. Minofu yolimba idalumikizidwa kumbuyo kwa chigaza.
Miyendo: kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo kwa nyama iyi zinali zazifupi komanso zazikulu. Anafunikira kuchirikiza kulemera kwa thupi la chimolin chachikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, minofu yolimba ya kumbuyo kwake imakhala ndi mchira wautali.
- Ikupeza zofukula za Archeopteryx
KAPENA NDI PAMENE ANAKHALA
Pakadali pano, zakale 6 za zinthu zakale zakale zapezeka. Chilichonse chili ku Bavaria. M'masiku omwe Archeopteryx ankakhala, gawo la Germany linali gawo la kontinenti yomwe inkawoneka yosiyana kwambiri ndipo inali m'malo otentha. Kutengera kutsimikiza kwa zaka zam'magawo momwe malembawo adapezekera, zinadziwika kuti Archeopteryx adakhala mu nthawi ya Upper Jurassic, ndiye kuti, pafupifupi zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo.
Habitat
Zambiri mwa zinthu zakale zomwe zimapezeka ku United States, zimapezekanso ku Germany (koyambirira kwa nthawi ya Permian madera awa adalumikizidwa kukhala kontrakitala). Dimetrodons adakhazikika pafupi ndi madzi am'madzi, koma malo awo adasinthika monga anthu okhwima: nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimakonda madera achidwi okhala ndi masamba obiriwira, mbadwo wachinyamatawo udasankha m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo anthu odziwika bwino amasankha zigwa zingapo. Mwina dimetrodons anali ndi moyo wamadzi komanso amasambira bwino.
Mawonekedwe
Dzinalo "dimetrodon" limatanthawuza "mitundu iwiri ya mano." Kuphatikiza pa mano ang'onoang'ono, ma fangs ndi ma incisors anali m'mazaya a nyamayo (kusiyanitsa kwake ndi kwachilengedwe mwa anyani). Kuchokera pamankhwala obwezeretsera, dimetrodon amatenga mbali za miyendo, zomwe zinali zazifupi kwambiri mbali zonse, osati motsitsa thupi, komanso magazi ozizira. Kutentha kwake kunadalira chilengedwe. Kuphatikiza pa ulendowo, mawonekedwe a nyamayo anali mchira wautali kwambiri, wokhala ndi ma vertebrae osachepera 50. Makulidwe a ma dimetrodons, kutengera mtundu wawo, amatha kusiyanasiyana - kubalalitsa komwe kumakhala kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira pa 0.6 mpaka 4,6 m.
Chigoba cha synapsid chimadziwika chifukwa cha kanthawi. Zinali chimodzi mbali mbali zonse, kumbuyo ndi panjirazo. Zofunsirazo zidateteza minofu ya nsagwada. Kupezeka kwawo kunapangitsa kuluma kwa ma synapsid kukhala ogwira ntchito kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mphamvu za amphibians, momwe mawonekedwe amtundu wa chigawocho sanali.
Zojambula
Dimetrodon anali ndi dorsal bwato, yopangidwa ndi mafupa aatali a vertebrae, yokutidwa ndi khungu. Amatha kugwira ntchito yopanga kutentha, kutentha mwachangu padzuwa. Asayansi akuyerekezera kuti popanda kuyenda, kutentha kwa thupi kwa munthu wamkulu dimetrodon kukwera ndi 6 ° mu maola atatu mphindi 40, ndipo nawo - mu ola limodzi mphindi 20. M'mithunzi, miyala yamtengo wapatali yachikopa idatentha pang'ono, kupulumutsa nyamayo kuti isamatenthe. Kuphatikiza apo, ngalawa imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamasewera okoka kukopa zazikazi (zimaganiziridwa kuti mwa amuna amuna oterewa amapangidwa bwino). Idapangidwa pang'onopang'ono, monga dimetrodon kukhwima.
Wotsogola kwambiri
Dimetrodon amadziwika kuti ndi woyamba kwambiri wolima m'nthawi yake. Amatha kusaka nyama iliyonse yomwe amakhala naye pafupi. Dimethrodone akuti akuyamba kukhala ndi fungo. Nyama zoterezi, zithunzi zakugonana zimafotokozedwa, ndiye kuti, akazi akunja ndi amuna amakhala ndi kusiyana komwe sikunali kokhudzana ndi machitidwe oyamba ogonana (mwachitsanzo, akazi amatha kukhala ochepa). Sizikudziwika ndendende momwe ma dimethrodones ankakhalira: m'magulu kapena m'modzi. Ndizotheka kuti amuna amatha kuwonetsa chiwawa pothandizana.