Nodule wofoka - dzina lodziwika bwino la banja la kachilomboka, momwe muli mitundu pafupifupi 100. Kumanani ndi tizilombo titha kukhala nyemba zokha. Mphutsi zazing'ono zimatulutsa timiyendo tating'ono ndi mizu yomera, pomwe kafadala wamkulu amatera masamba ndi masamba okula. Ngati simukuyesetsa kuthana ndi tizirombo, zokolola zobiriwira zochuluka ndi mbewu zimachepetsedwa kangapo.
Zachilengedwe za kachilomboka
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapezeka paliponse ku Europe komwe kumatentha. Mitundu yambiri ya nodule imakhala yozizira pachakudya chamagulu achikulire ndipo ndi mitundu yochepa chabe yomwe imakhala miyezi yozizira ikukula. Kukula kwa kafadala wamkulu kumasiyana 3 mpaka 8 mm. Nodule weevil ili ndi zinthu zingapo kusiyanitsa:
Nodule wofoka
- kakang'ono kakang'ono kakang'ono kwambiri pafupifupi mawonekedwe,
- elytra yokutidwa ndi masamba ndi mamba a mithunzi yakuwala,
- Maso akhungu ndi cilia yoyera kapena yakuda,
- nsapato zofiirira ndi zofunda
- Kuseri kwotsalira kumakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda kapena mawanga.
Palibe zosiyana zowonekera, kupatula mawonekedwe a ziwalo zoberekera, mwa akazi ndi amuna.
Nodule weevil ndi cholengedwa chamanyazi kwambiri. Pozindikira zowopsa, iye amatsanzirira tchire lakufa.
Ndi kuyambika kwa kasupe pa kutentha kwa + 5 ° C, kudzutsidwa kwa tizilombo kumayamba. Komabe, ntchito zawo zimawonekera pamawonekedwe otentha, pomwe matenthedwe amafika + 15 ° С. Nodule weevils amayamba kusuntha akusaka minda ya pea, minda yobzalidwa ndi nyemba, vetch, nyemba za impso, mphodza. Nthawi yokhazikika imatha masiku 5 mpaka 20 ndipo zimatengera nyengo. M'nthawi yamvula kapena yamvula, zofunda sizimawonedwa kwa zaka, komabe, pamasiku otentha, kukhazikika kwa mbewu kumachitika mwachangu. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatha kuyambitsa kwambiri mbande. Malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zachilengedwe apeza atakhazikitsidwa, tizilombo timakhala moyo wokhala tulo.
Pambuyo nthawi yozizira, kafadala wachikulire amafunika chakudya ndikudya masamba apamwamba a nyemba. Amachita izi mwapang'onopang'ono, mophiphiritsa kukuta mazira m'mphepete mwa masamba. Pali nthawi zina pamene zigawo zingapo za Weevils zidawonongeratu masamba pa mphukira za pea ndi mbewu zina zopangika.
Yaikazi imakhala yosusuka katatu kuposa yamphongo. Pafupifupi, iye amakata papepala la 10 mm², ndipo wamwamuna yekha ndi 3.3 mm². Munthu wanjala makamaka amatha kudya 16 mm ² patsiku.
Kubalanso ndi kukulira kwa zofunda
Mitundu ya Nodule ndiyotchuka osati kokha chifukwa cha kususuka, komanso chonde. Oviposition amayamba kumapeto kwa masika. Mkazi m'modzi amafikira mazira 30 patsiku; m'moyo wake wamfupi amatha kupanga mazira 30. Wamkazi samasankha malo apadera ndikumabalalitsa mazira mwachisawawa. Poyamba, mazira ndi opepuka komanso owoneka bwino komanso okutidwa ndi chipolopolo chomwe chimasunga mazira pamasamba ndi zimayambira. Pang'onopang'ono, zimagudubuzika pansi, zimayamba kuda bii ndikusakaniza ndi dothi nthawi yamvula.
Kutentha kwambiri kuposa 32 ° C ndi kusowa kwa mvula kumabweretsa kufa kwa mazira ambiri. Kutentha ndi chinyezi zimakhudzanso kukula kwa mazimba.
Kukula kwa mazira kumatenga masiku 6 mpaka 30, ndiye mphutsi yopanda miyendo yokhala ndi mutu wochepa komanso wopanda maso imawonekera kuchokera pamenepo. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakwera pansi pa dothi, pomwe amapeza timabowo ta mbewu. Mutha kudziwa komwe kumalowera mphutsizo ndi chidutswa chamdima. Atalowetsa nodule, imayamba kuyamwa zonse zomwe zilimo. Pakakhala nkhono imodzi kuchokera ku tuber, mphutsi zimapita kwinanso. Mu gawo lazousira, kachilombo kamodzi kamawononga maina 5.6.
Pambuyo podya ma nodules angapo, mphutsi zimakula kukula ndipo sizigwirizana ndi tubers, motero zimayamba kudya tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono ta mizu. Pa chomera chimodzi cha pea, nthawi yomweyo pamatha kukhala achinyamata 20. Kukula kwa mphutsi kumatha masiku 25 mpaka 40, kutengera nyengo komanso malo okhala. Mphutsi zakucha zimayikidwa m'nthaka mpaka akuya masentimita 10 mpaka 15 ndipo zimadzikwaniritsa ndi msana kuti zisambe. Pakatha masiku 9-14, kachilomboka kakang'ono kamatuluka pachimbudzi. Vuto latsopanoli lomwe langobadwa kumene limayamba kudya kwambiri ndikudya masamba amphaka amphaka, alfalfa vetch. Mukatha kukolola pachaka, tizilombo timawulukira ku udzu wokhazikika, komwe timakhalabe nthawi yachisanu.
Mitundu yodziwika ya nodule weevils
Mitundu yambiri komanso yofala kwambiri pamtunduwu ndi mitambo yopingasa. Kugawidwa ku Europe ndi Asia. Kutalika kwa kachilomboka sikupitilira 6 mm, ndipo kumatha kusiyanitsidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zina mwa kusowa kwa cilia. Pali mutu wotsekemera pa nandolo, mphodza, kawirikawiri pa alfa ndi pavalidwe.
Nodule bristly weevil nthawi zambiri samakula kuposa 4.5 mm. Ma cilia oyera amaikidwa pamwamba pa maso a bulging. Elytra wokutidwa ndi tinsalu tatifupi tating'ono ndi tsitsi lalitali loyera. Zokonzekera zimakhazikika pa nandolo, pavalidwe ndi zopanga pachaka.
Thungwe ta miyendo yachikasu timakutidwa ndimitundu yambiri ndipo imadziwika ndi maso. Kugawidwa m'chigawo cha ku Europe cha dziko komanso ku North Caucasus. Clover ndi nyemba zimakonda.
Clover nodule weevils
Clover nodule weevil ndiye woyimira zazing'ono kwambiri pabanja lalikulu la tizirombo. Mitundu yake imafika mpaka 3 mm. Prothorax imafotokozedwa ndi mizere itatu yakuwala, thupi lopanda tsitsi ndi bristles. Imadyera pa clover, pomwe idatchedwa dzina.
Nodule pea weevil ndi dzina lotchuka lopezeka tizirombo ta mitengo ya pea. Izi zikuphatikiza ndi kachikumbu kolumikizira.
Khalidwe Loyipa ndi Kuyendetsa Tizilombo
Kuwonongeka kwa mbewu zaulimi kumabwera ndi nsikidzi zonse zazikulu ndi mphutsi zazing'ono. Zimavulaza mbewu zazing'ono, zimawononga mizu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbewu zizifa kapena kuchepa kwa zokolola, masamba obiriwira. Njira zothanirana ndi vuto la nodule zimaphatikizira miyeso ndi njira za mankhwala:
- kuyeretsa bwino zinyalala za mbewu ndi kulima dothi.
- Chithandizo cha nthaka ndi mbewu ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo,
- Kubzala mbewu pachaka kumayambiriro,
- Udzu wokhazikika ndi kumasula kwa dothi,
- kuwonongeka kwa kafadala pazomera ndi njira ya barium chloride,
- kuyimitsa dothi lamasamba.
M'minda yomwe mwakolola chaka chilichonse, nyambo zapoizoni zatsala.
Magawo obala
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timazizira m'minda, timadzuka pomwe kutentha kwa mpweya kumafikira kutentha kwa magawo atatu kapena anayi. Mphepo ikayamba kutentha + 13 ... + 17 ° C, kafadala amatenga mapiko ndikuyamba kupita kosuntha kukafufuza nthangala, zokhala masiku pafupifupi khumi ndi khumi.
Kudyetsa pambuyo pa nthawi yozizira, mu Meyi, zazikazi zimayamba kuyikira mazira ndikupitilira izi mpaka Julayi, pambuyo pake zimafa chifukwa chotopa. Mkazi m'modzi pa nyengo amatha kuikira mazira 90 mpaka 900 (kuchuluka zimatengera nyengo nyengo ndi zakudya).
Mazira amaikidwa mwachisawawa, osakonzekera mwa njira yokhazikitsira nthaka. Dzira lolimbikira lomwe limawoneka pa tsinde kapena tsamba mutayanika limangolowa pansi, pomwe limasakanikirana ndi mvula. Ngati kutentha kwa mpweya kupitirira makumi atatu ndipo kulibe mvula, mluza umafa.
Kukhazikika kwa mluza womwe umapezeka moyenera kutentha kwa 25 ° C kumapitilira pafupifupi sabata, pambuyo pake mphutsi zomwe zimatuluka zimapuma. Pambuyo pa ma tubers angapo, mphutsi zimakula, zimadya kunja, ndikudya mizu yazomera. Kukula kumakhala kwa mwezi umodzi, kenako mphutsi zomwe zapeza kuchuluka kofunikira kukumba zokha pansi, makhoma ake omwe ndi simata ndi nthaka. Chimbudzi chimawonongeka mosavuta pakufukula, koma m'malo osavomerezeka, chimalola kuti chimapuma chiphuphu chofewa kukhala chophukira m'masiku ochepa.
Nodule weevil - tizilombo
Kuyambira m'masiku oyamba a kasupe, kafadala timayamba kudyetsa, kuyesera kuti tipeze miyezi yachisanu yozizira. Maonekedwe a kachilomboka m'munda angatsatidwe ndi ofooka woyamba, kenako mawonekedwe akuwoneka ngati masamba onyansa am'magazi.
Mu nyengo yabwino yofunda, kafadala amatha kuwononga masamba a mmera pamalo akulu, chifukwa kusuntha kwamtunduwu sikuchoka m'malo odyetsa ndipo osakuimitsa ngakhale usiku.
Patsiku limodzi, kachilomboka kamodzi kamatha kudya mpaka ma mraba awiri. masamba a masamba, pomwe akazi amadya katatu amuna ambiri.
Pambuyo pake, mphutsi zimalumikizana ndi kafadala, kudya nyama kuchokera pansi, ndikuwonjezera kuthekera kwa kachilombo pakuwonongeka kwamakina.
Zonsezi zimabweretsa kufooka kwamphamvu komanso ngakhale kufa kwa mbewu, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri zokolola. Chifukwa chake, zokolola za nandolo pambuyo poti waukira ndi kachilomboka zimachepetsedwa ndi 70%.
Sikuti mafuta onse ochokera pakumwa tizirombo ndi oyenera ana. Dziwani ndalama zomwe zili zotetezeka kwa mwana wanu pa ulalo wa https://stopvreditel.ru/parazity/zashhita/mazi.html.
Sitona crinitus
Gray bristle weevil, Monkey bristle elephant, Pea bristle elephant, Sitones crinitus, Spotted nyemba weevil
Wala spa weevil
Coleoptera (Beetles) - Coleoptera
Bristle nodule weevil - tizilombo ta nandolo, vesi, nyemba, mphodza, nyemba, sainfoin ndi mbewu zina zopangidwira. Chikumbu ndi mphutsi ndizovulaza. Beetles amakhala ochulukirapo. Kubereka bisexual. Kukula kwatha. Mimbulu nthawi zambiri imakhala yozizira, nthawi zambiri mphutsi. Mbadwo umodzi ukukula mchaka chimodzi. Ndi m'gulu lazachuma la nodule weevils.
Dinani pa chithunzi kuti mukulitse
Njira zolimbana
Nyama zikuluzikulu zimasungidwa bwino ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, monga chisanu mochedwa kapena, koteronso, nyengo yotentha ndi yotentha. Mu nyengo zoterezi, kuchuluka kwa mazira komwe kumayamwa akazi kumatsika, ndipo mazira nawonso amafera ambiri.
Koma, zowona, kuyembekezera nyengo yokha ndikopusa, kotero pali zochitika zingapo zomwe zimayang'ana kuwonongedwa kwa kachilomboka pamenyedwe.
Zosankha pakuwononga kachikumbu:
- Kulima mozama minda mutakolola m'mbuyomu, yomwe idzagwetse mphutsi ndi mapira,
- kubzala mbewu kumayambiriro, kuti pofika nthawi ya kachilomboka kusiya nthaka, mbewuzo zimatha kutaya mtima ndikulephera kudyedwa ndi kafadala,
- kupopera mbewu kumunda posachedwa ndi mankhwala a organophosphorous, ma pyrethroid ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo, omwe amatha poizoni kachilombo ka kachilomboka ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe ayikidwa,
- kupopera mbewu m'mphepete mwa mbewu ndi mafunde a metaphos kapena hexachloran, omwe amawononga kachikumbu koyambira posamuka.
Morphology
Imago. Chikumbu 2.8-5,5 mm kutalika. Elytra, makamaka chakumapeto chakumapeto, komwe kumayambira. Maso ndi olimba komanso ogwirizana. Pronotum yokhala ndi mikwingwirima itatu yopyapyala yayitali. Masikelo pa elytra ndi ozungulira, amtundu wama grey komanso oyera, akulu, monga lamulo, popanda zitsulo zachitsulo. Gawo lachitatu, lonse lachisanu, m'munsi mwa chisanu ndi chimodzi komanso chachisanu ndi chitatu, komanso loyera, limakhala loyera, lokhala ndi mawanga amdima komanso mikwingwirima yachikasu. Matope ndi miyendo yotsika.
Kugonana kwamanyazi. Amuna ndi akazi am'banja la zofukiza amasiyana mosiyanasiyana pakapangidwe ka maliseche.
Dzira yaying'ono, yopanda pake.
Larva, monga nthumwi zonse za banja la zofukiza, zokhala ndi miyendo ndi maso, zowongoka kapena zowongoka, zili ndi mutu wawung'ono.
Poll, ngati nthumwi zonse za banja la zofukiza, mawonekedwe ake amafanana ndi kachilomboka kokhala ndi miyendo, miyendo ndi mapiko.
Phenology ya chitukuko (m'masiku)
Kukula
Imago. Tizilomboti tambiri timakula m'malo odyetsa, m'minda ya nyemba. Pakatikati, kudzutsidwa kumachitika pamtunda wa kutentha kwa 3-4 ° C. Ntchito yofunikira kwambiri ya tizilombo imayambitsa pa + 12-14 ° C, kuuluka pa + 13-17 ° C. Panthawi yosamukira, mphukira zamitundu yambiri ya nthangala zimapezeka. Kutengera nyengo nyengo, nthawi yakukhazikika imatha kupitilira masiku 5 mpaka 20.
Beetles amafunikira zakudya zowonjezera, motero, kudya masamba a nyemba zimawonedwa kale masiku oyamba amasamba. Poyamba, zakudya sizabwino, ndipo masamba akukulidwa pamakhala mawonekedwe amomwe amachokera, m'mbali mwake. Kukhazikika kwa nyengo yotentha ya dzuwa kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kumadera okhala. Pali zochitika zowononga kwathunthu masamba pamizere ya nandolo, vetch ndi nyemba zina.
Nthawi yakukalamba. Oviposition amachitika mu Epulo - Meyi, kutengera nyengo ndi malo okhala. Chiwerengero chonse cha mazira omwe amayambitsidwa ndi akazi chimachokera ku 82 mpaka 860. Mu tsiku limodzi, 27 amaikidwa. Akazi amaikira mazira obalalika panthaka, zimayambira ndi masamba a zakudya zam'mera. Malo apadera sanasankhidwe. Mazira amauma ndikugudubuzika pansi, pomwe nthawi yamvula imasakanikirana ndi nthaka.
Phenology
Phenology ya chitukuko cha Weevil nodule. Zofanana ndi zigawo zakumwera kwa Russian Federation, Moldova, Ukraine, etc. Malinga ndi:
Dzira. Kukula kwa mluza pa kutentha kwa + 28 ° C kumatenga masiku 7, pa + 12 ° C - mpaka masiku 29. Kutentha kwenikweni ndi 21-25 ° C. Pansi pa + 8 ° C ndi kuposa + 32 ° C, kukulitsa kwa mluza kumachitika.
Larva. Kubwezeretsa kwakukulu kumawonedwa mu Meyi-Juni ndikumagwa mvula yokwanira. Kusowa kwa mvula kumabweretsa kufa kwa gawo lalikulu la mazira. Mphutsi zodzutsa mkondo zimadutsa timabowo ta zakudya. Atawononga zomwe zili mumutu umodzi, mphutsi zimadutsa ina. Powononga ma nodule awiriwo, mbozi imakula kukula ndikukudya kunja kwa mabowo, kuwononga osati kokha mabowo okha, komanso timinofu tam'kati pamizu ya mbewuzo. Mphutsi imodzi imawononga kuchokera kumtundu 3 mpaka 8, kutengera kukula kwawo. Kukula kwa mphutsi kumatenga masiku 30- 40.
Poll. Kupukuta kumachitika m'nthaka ndikuyamba gawo loyambirira la June m'nkhalango-steppe zone ya Ukraine. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha pupae chimakhala pakuya kwa masentimita 10 mpaka 20. Kuchulukitsa kwa ana kumasiyanasiyana kuyambira masentimita 5 mpaka 30. Gawo la ana limatenga masiku 9 mpaka 13.
Imago. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timatuluka m'nthaka m'chilimwe timafunikira zakudya. Chifukwa chake, pakhala pali milandu yosamukira ana achichepere kupita ku mbewu yokhala ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira. Kuyambira nandolo, amawulukira nyemba zam'madzi, vetch, mphodza, lupins ndi zina monga njere, kenako masamba azaka zamiyendo. Pano akupitilizabe kudya mpaka atanyamula nyengo yachisanu.
Mitundu yoyandikira
Malinga ndi morphology (mawonekedwe), imago ili pafupi ndi mitundu yafotokozedwayo Sainfoin nodule weevil (Sitona callosus) Kusiyana kwakukulu ndikupezeka kwa elytra kutsogolo kwa gawo lachisanu la tubercle, yophimbidwa kutsogolo ndi mamba owala, pafupifupi cylindrical expressionot, mutu lonse, wokhala ndi ma tempulo apafupi, kukula kwakakulu (4-7 mm).
Kuphatikiza pa mitundu yomwe yatchulidwa imapezeka nthawi zambiri Udzu udzu nodule weevil (Sitona cylindricollis) ndi moth nodule weevil (Sitona flavescens), chimodzimodzi mu morphology kuti imago ndi setae nodule weevil (Sitona crinitus).
Kugawa malo
Bristle nodule weevil imagawidwa ku Europe konseko kwa Russia komanso gawo lina la Siberia, kupatula kumpoto kwa taiga strip ndi tundra. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo imakhala ku Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asia (kupatula zipululu), Western Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor ndi Western Asia, Mongolia, komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China.
Nkhaniyi idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito izi:
Vasiliev V.P. Tizirombo tating'onoting'ono ta mbewu ndi nkhalango: 3 matani- T. 2. Ma arthropods ovulaza, ma vertebrates. - 2nd ed., Chiv. ndi kuwonjezera. / Pansi pa zonse. ed. V.P. Vasiliev, Akonzi a voliyumu V.G. Dolin, V.N. Stovbchatyy .-- K: Kututa, 1988 576., kudwala. Chabwino
Verderevsky D.D. Handbook of a ukatswiri wazomera zoteteza chomera. Gulu la olemba omwe adasinthidwa ndi Verderevsky D.D., Polevoy T.N., Shapa V.A. - Chisinau: "Cartya Moldovenienasca", 1968. - 724 p.
Ndondomeko ya boma ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi agrochemicals zovomerezeka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pagawo la Russian Federation, 2013. Ministry of Agriculture of Russian Federation (Ministry of Agriculture of Russia)
Kryzhanovsky OL, Tizilombo ndi nkhupakupa - tizirombo toyesa mbewu. Gawo II Coleoptera. L: Kusindikiza nyumba "Science", 1974 - 336 p.