Dzina lachi Latin: | Motacilla alba |
Gulu: | Odutsa |
Banja: | Wagtail |
Kuphatikiza: | Kufotokozera kwamitundu ya ku Europe |
Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Mbalame yodziwika bwino ngati kukula kwa mpheta, koma yopepuka, imadziwika mosavuta ndi mtundu wake wokhala ndi mtundu komanso mchira wautali. Miyendo ndi yayitali, yokhala ndi zala zazitali, koma zazifupi. Kutalika kwa thupi 18-20 masentimita, mapiko 25-25 cm, kulemera 17-27 g.
Kufotokozera. Mwa mbalame zazikuluzikulu zovala mating, msana ndi imvi, chisoti cha mutu, khosi ndi khosi zakuda, pamphumi ndi mmbali zimayera, khosi ndi chifuwa ndi zakuda, pansi pa thupi ndi choyera ndi zokutira chakumaso m'mbali. Nthenga za suprapole ndi zakuda zonyezimira, zokhala ndi zingwe zoyera zoyera za zitsamba zakunja. Mapikowo ndi akuda bii, okhala ndi malire oyera pazipiko ndi nthenga zapamwamba. Mchirawo ndi wakuda, awiriawiri owoneka ngati nthenga ali oyera ndi zoyenda zakuda pazovala zamkati. Miyendo ndi mlomo zakuda. Zachikazi sizimasiyana ndi zazimuna, kapena zokhala ndi imvi kapena zakuda pamutu pawo, zikuwoneka kuti ndizodziwika bwino kwambiri chaka choyamba. Mu kutulutsa kowonjezerako, mawonekedwe amtunduwo amapitilira, koma khosi ndi goiter zimayera, mitundu yakuda yamkati imangosungidwa kutsogolo kwa chifuwa, nthenga zakumaso kwakumaso zimakhala ndi zokutira imvi pamutu, chifukwa chomwe korona wakuda ndi mphumi zake zili zochulukirapo kapena zochepa chophimba ndi imvi.
Mbalame zachinyamata zimakhala ndi mutu wofiirira wamaso ndi kumbuyo, kumbuyo kwa nsidze yopyapyala, khosi loyera, imvi yotuwa (lalifupi kwambiri). Mimba yake ndi yoyera. Malire oyera pamapiko amaphiko ndi ochepa. Nthenga za digiri lachitatu ndi malire otuwa. Miyendo ndi mlomo wake ndi zofiirira. Mu zovala zoyambilira za nyundo, ana azaka zoyambira zakubadwa zonse zimawoneka ngati mbalame zachikulire, koma pamwamba pa mitu yawo imachita imvi popanda mdierekezi wakuda, ndipo kumbali yakumutu kwawo kumawonekeranso zodzikongoletsera za mandimu achikasu. Tilibe mitundu yofanana nayo. Mu nthenga za nyundo, ndizosiyana mosiyana ndi ngolo zina pamaso pa malo ena akuda pachifuwa. Chovala chovomerezeka cha ana, chimasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wonyezimira wamtambo wapamwamba komanso kusakhalapo kwa chikasu chamafuta.
Voterani - chochokera "chitukuko», «mabwalo», «mawu"Kapena monosyllabic"tsli», «mbalame". Nyimbo ndi kubwereza mwachangu komanso kosadziwika kwa mawu amodzimodzi awa.
Mkhalidwe Wogawa. Malo osungirako ziweto amakazungulira ku Europe konse komanso gawo lalikulu la Asia kumwera mpaka Asia Minor, Syria, kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan, Mongolia, komanso kum'mawa kwa China. Madera akuluakulu otentha nthawi yachisanu amakhala ku Iran, Afghanistan, India, Arabia ndi Africa. Mitundu yodziwika yosamukira. Mu zaka zina, pocheperako, kumatha kuzizira kumwera kwa Europe ku Russia, nthawi zina anthu osakwatiwa amakhalabe nthawi yozizira mkati mwa msewu wapakati, kumene, monga lamulo, iwo umasungidwa m'mphepete mwa malo osungirako kuzizira.
Moyo. Imafika pakati pa kumapeto kwa March kapena koyambirira kwa Epulo. Imakhazikika m'mphepete mwa malo osungira, kunja kwa minda ndi kumidzi. Amakhala nthawi yayitali pansi, samakhala pamitengo. Komwe zisa zake ndizosiyanasiyana: pakati pa miyala, m'miyala yosiyanasiyana ya nyumba za anthu, m'mabowo-theka, pansi pa mizu, pamulu wa burashi kapena zitsamba zowala.
Chidacho ndichachikulu ngati mawonekedwe ambale. Nkhani zake ndi nthambi zazing'ono, masamba a udzu, mizu, mbewa, ubweya, nthenga ndi zina zotero. Thirayi imakhala yaudongo, yopingika ndi zofewa, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi ubweya. Mu clutch 4-7, nthawi zambiri ma 5-6 mazira oyera kapena amtundu wonyezimira, nthawi zambiri samawoneka bwino ndi utoto kapena utoto wonyezimira, wokhala ndi timaso tating'ono tofiirira, tofiirira kapena tofiirira, nthawi zambiri timakhala timafupipafupi, koma nthawi zina timakhala titaphimba maziko. Chingwe pamwamba pamphweya wofewa wamaso, mkamwa kuchokera pa lalanje kupita kwa rasipiberi wofiira, wokhala ndi zotchinga milomo yachikasu. Amadyanso ndi ma invertebrates apadziko lapansi, nthawi zina mbewu ndi zomera. Kuchoka kumachitika pang'onopang'ono, kuyambira kumapeto kwa chilimwe mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira.
Ku Northern Urals adakwera ndege nsapato zophikaMotacillapersonatachofanana ndi ngolo yoyera mulifupi (kutalika 18 cm), mawonekedwe ndi chikhalidwe. Amasiyana ndi ngolo yoyera chifukwa cha kukula kwakuda pamutu (pamphumi, malo ozungulira maso amakhalabe oyera, m'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira - komanso chibwano, kumtunda kwa mmero). Munda wa zoyera pamapikowo ndi wamkulu. Achichepere amawoneka akuda kwambiri, ndi imvi, osati yoyera, pakhosi ndi chibwano. Mitundu ya zisa ku Siberia, Kazakhstan, ndi Central Asia; m'malire a malo ake, imakhazikika ndi ngolo yoyera (nthawi zambiri imawerengedwa kuti ndi masamba ake).
Kufotokozera
Kutalika kwa thupi - 180 mm, mapiko - 87-94 mm, mchira - 90-95 mm, metatarsus pafupifupi 22-24 mm. Chapakatikati, pamphumi, pakhosi ndi kumutu komanso kutsika kwa thupi kumbuyo kwa chifuwa ndi choyera, mbali zake ndi imvi, chisoti, kumbuyo kwa mutu, kumbuyo kwa khosi, chibwano, tsekwe, kumtunda kwa chifuwa ndi kwakuda, mapiko ndi ochepa, chinyemwerera ndi kumbuyo ndi imvi, chophimba mchira wakuda ndi wakuda, Ndipo yayitali kwambiri ndi yakuda ndi yopyapyala kumphepete, yapakati komanso yayikulu mapiko okutira ndi akuda bii okhala ndi matalala oyera, akuda bii bii, amtali okhala ndi malire azitsulo, zakuda zakuda, gulu lomaliza la helmsmen ndi loyera komanso lakuthwa kwamadontho, lachiwiri ndi m'mphepete mwa nthunzi - yoyera yokhala ndi nthenga yakuda komanso m'mphepete mwa chimakupiza chamkati. Chachikazi chimakhala chovunda chaching'ono, chisoti chachifumucho chimakhala chaimvi. Utawaleza ndi wakuda, mulomo ndi miyendo yakuda. Pambuyo pakuphukira kwa yophukira, khosi ndi tsekwe zimakhala zoyera, banga lakuda pachifuwa limachepetsedwa kukula.
Pafupifupi kuyambira pachiwopsezo kuyambira pamwamba pamakhala zakuda komanso pamphumi yakuda, ndipo m'munsi mwake mumakhala utoto, wokhala ndi timiyala tating'ono, mkati mwa thupi komanso “lamba” wofiirira pachifuwa.
Habitat
Ndizosangalatsa kwambiri m'chigawo cha Rtishchevsky: mumakhala mitsinje ya mitsinje yayikulu ndi yaying'ono, kufupi ndi malo osungirako zamtambo, malo okhala, kuphatikiza pafupi ndi mzinda wa Rtishchevo. Kukula kwatsopano kwa malo atsopano, kumanga misewu yatsopano ndi kumanga milatho, ndi zina zotere, ntchito za anthu zimapangitsa kuti mbalamezi zizikhalamo, ndipo njira yolumikizirana ngolo yoyera ikukulimbikitsidwa.
Kusamukira
Kusunthika kwa nyengo yamasika ndi yophukira kwa mbalamezi kumasiyana kwambiri. Mu kasupe (masiku khumi oyambirira a Epulo) ngolo zikuyenda chakumpoto awiriawiri, kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, pomwe nthawi yophukira (kumapeto kwa Ogasiti - theka loyamba la Seputembala) kusunthaku kukuwonetsedwa bwino ndikuchitika pagulu lalikulu. Kudera la Saratov, kuthamanga kwambiri kwamagalimoto oyera kumachitika masiku khumi oyambirira a Seputembala, munthawi yotsatira mpaka kumapeto kwa Okutobala, anthu ochepa okha ndi omwe amalemba.
Kusamuka kwa nyumbayi ndikupitilira kwachilengedwe kwa kusamuka kwa chilimwe kwa achinyamata ndi kubereka. Imayamba kuonekera kumapeto kwa zaka khumi zoyambirira za Ogasiti ndipo imayenda m'mphepete mwa m'mphepete mwa mizere yayikulu. Kutsatira maondo awo, mbalamezo pang'onopang'ono zimapita kumwera komanso kumwera chakumadzulo. Mu Seputembala, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimasefukira m'midzi - amakhala padenga la nyumba, amathamangira, minda, minda yabwino, pakati pa mbewu yozizira. Ngolo zoyera zimawuluka, nthawi zambiri masana. Kuyenda kwamphamvu kwa mbalame kumawonedwa m'maola ndi madzulo.
Kuswana
Kufika ku malo odyera m'mawa kwambiri. Pakati pa sabata yoyamba pambuyo pofika, mbalame zambiri zimagawidwa pawiri komanso malo okhala zisa. Kupanga kwa ma neti nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizidwa ndi zamakono. Kuphatikiza pa nyimbo yakale (yoyimba yayitali), yomwe imachitika nthawi yathawa, kayendedwe kosiyanasiyana kali ndi gawo lalikulu pakukula kwa anyamata a ngolo yoyera. Amuna amagwada, amagundana, natambalitsa mchira wawo, nthawi zina amatambasuka mapiko, koma nthawi zambiri amatsitsa imodzi ndiku "jambula "mozungulira mzimayi mkati mwa theka la mita, ngati tambala. Nthawi zina, mbalame yamakono imakweza mapiko ake otambasuka. Kwa chikazi chogwira ntchito wamwamuna, kupezeka kwa mkazi ndikofunikira. Nthawi yakudyaku, magaleta samalekerera kawirikawiri, ndipo amuna nthawi zambiri amayambitsa ndewu kuti agawanitse malo.
Ngolo zoyera zokhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo otsetsereka a m'mphepete mwa nyanja omwe amakhala ndi mizu yambiri yomwe imachepetsa magombe amchenga. Pamalo okhala ndi mitsinje yotsetsereka, ngolo yoyera nthawi zambiri imalowa mkatikati mwa nkhalango zomwe zikupitilirabe. Monga lamulo, zisa zimamangidwa pansi, ndikuziika pansi pa mitengo ndi zinyalala zina, pansi pa mitengo, pansi pamiyala komanso pakati pawo, pamiyala yamiyala, pamiyala yamchenga pansi pa chivundikiro cha mabango a chaka chatha, komanso pamiyala ndi pamiyendo pakati pamadzi. Masamba abwino a zogona nthawi zina amakhala m'zaka zambiri motsatizana.
Wagtail amakhazikikanso mofunitsitsa m'malo okhala m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi. Zisa zawo zidapezekanso m'midzi yosiyidwa. M'malo oterowo, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimapanga zisa m'miyala ndi m'makoma amiyala, kumbuyo kwa pulasitala ndikumata nyumba, pansi pa madenga, kumbuyo kwa mafelemu a zenera, m'makoma a cellars zowonongedwa ndi zitsime, mumiyala ndi ndodo zakale, m'matanda oyaka ndi nkhuni, magalimoto, ndi zina. Malo osungira magalimoto oyera mu malo anthropogenic alinso milatho ndi malo ena owoloka madzi ndi njira zammbali. Zisa za Wagtail ndizodziwika padera pakudula mitengo - m'malo ambiri a nkhalango m'malo osungiramo zinthu, mumulu wa mitengo ndi zitsa, m'matenje a mitengo yodontha, zina. Nthawi zina ngolo zoyera zimakhala paminda ndi m'malo odyetserako ziweto. M'mapaki ndi m'nkhalango zamtchire, mbalamezi zimakonda kukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana amwala ndi matabwa.
Maonekedwe ndi kukula kwa zisa za ngolo yoyera ndizosiyana kwambiri. Ngati chisa chili pabowo pansi, ndiye kuti bowo ndi lodzala ndi masamba achikale, osinthika komanso masamba osalala a mbewu. Zingwe zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zomangira njerwa, pansi pa thanthwe, zimakhala ndi makoma owonda, omasuka komanso osasamalidwa bwino kuchokera ku zomwezo zowola ndi zotumphukira ndi masamba a masamba a herbaceous, nthawi zina zimasakanizidwa ndi ulusi wopota komanso woluka. Chisa chopangidwa kuseri kwa khungu la nyumba kapena mu phomalo pali mulu wa udzu, nthenga, ubweya ndi zida zina, wokhala ndi thireyi yokonzedwa pamwamba pamuluwu. Koma nthawi zonse, chisa cha ngolo yoyera chimawoneka ngati mbale yaying'ono, makoma ake amakhala osasamala komanso opangidwa mosavuta ndi mitengo yovunda kapena yonyowa komanso masamba azomera. Zinyalala mu chisa nazonso ndizosasintha: zimakhala ndi tsitsi la nyama (ng'ombe, nkhosa, ndi zina) ndi tsitsi lahatchi. Kutalika kwa chisa: mainchesi - 10-14 masentimita, kutalika - 6-8 masentimita, matayala mainchesi 5.5-8 cm, thireyi lakuya 2.5-5,5 cm.
Kupanga chisa kumatenga masiku 6-12, koma masiku enanso awiri, chisa sichitha kupanda kanthu. Mazira a Wagtail amaikidwa m'masiku khumi oyambirira a Meyi, ndipo pofika pakati pa mwezi uno, ndulu zonse zimalembedwa zisa zambiri. Komabe, nthawi yotsatira, misonkhano ya mabanja omwe angoyamba kumene kubereka ndiyotheka. Nthawi zambiri, kumanga kwathunthu kumakhala ndi mazira oyera a 5-6 okhala ndi mawanga amvi, osachepera 4 kapena 7. Kukula kwa Dzira: 18-21 × 13 mm. Makolo onse awiri amatenga nawo mbali pazokakamira za ndewu. Kutentha mazira nthawi zonse kumayamba pambuyo pa kuyikidwa. Usiku, chachikazi chokha chimakhala chisa mchisa. Masana, mazira amatenthetsedwa ndi anzawo mosiyana. Poganizira kuti zamphongo sizikhala malo, zitha kulingaliridwa kuti gawo lake limachepetsedwa makamaka pakusunga kutentha mu chisa nthawi yaikazi isanachitike. Nthochi zimakhala pachisa pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Amasiya chisa chitha kuuluka, ngakhale chovala cha ana panthawiyi sichinasinthidwe.
Zoyala zangolo zoyera zimadyetsedwa ndi zachimuna ndi zazikazi. Pofika anapiye amasiku 7-8, mbalame zachikulire zimawuluka ndi chakudya pafupifupi nthawi 15 pa ola limodzi, ndipo nthawi ino zazikazi zimadyetsa anapiye nthawi zambiri. Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi ma dipterans. Kudyetsa anapiye kumatenga masiku 7-8. Nthawi zina ana amasokonekera - anapiye awiri kapena atatu amadyeredwa ndi mkazi, enawo ndi amuna. Mwambiri, m'chigawo cha banki kumanja kwa Saratov, nthawi yodyetsa anapiye imagwera masiku omaliza a Meyi - khumi oyamba a Juni. Mawonekedwe ambiri a mbalame zazing'ono zouluka zikugwa mchaka chachiwiri cha Juni. Ngolo yoyera imadziwika ndi kuwuluka kwa achichepere kuwola kwa ana. Kukumana ndi mbalame zazing'ono pamalo odyera zaka zotsatira ndikosavuta.
Mtunduwu umakhala ndi zomanga ziwiri pachaka, koma gawo la awiriwo, mwachiwonekere, ndilo lachitatu, popeza kuthawa kumatha kuwonedwa ngakhale kumapeto kwa Ogasiti.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Chakudya cha ngolo zoyera chimayang'aniridwa ndi akangaude, tizilombo timapezeka mchishango, lepidopterans, kachilomboka pansi, nsikidzi, ma ndende, kafadala, kafadala wakuda ndi njovu, kuchokera ku hymenopterans pali okwera ndi nyerere, ma dipterans amaimiridwa ndi udzudzu weniweni ndi ntchentche zenizeni.
Nthawi zina magaleta amagwira mayina ambiri a mayonesi ndi chinjoka. Njira yosakira pankhaniyi ndi yachindunji: mbalamezo zimathamanga mwachangu pansi kapena masamba oyandama a zomera zam'madzi, kapena, mutazindikira kuti kachilombo kouluka, nikuwuluka ndikugwira ntchentche. Modzipereka, mbalame zimathamanga m'mphepete mwa madzi. Momwe mafunde amatembenukira kumtunda, atachoka, ngolo zimayendanso, zikuluma panjira ya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana ndi nyama zina zazing'ono zomwe zatsala ndi funde.