Zinadziwika kuti ku United States, ku Los Angeles, galu dzina lake Pavlov, mtundu wa Corgi, adamaliza maphunziro awo kuyunivesite ndipo adalandiranso dipuloma.
Malinga ndi Mashable, zonse zidayamba ndikuti Patlov adagwira ntchito ngati chiwongolero ku yunivesite, kuwonetsa alendo malo okongola kwambiri. Ndipo patapita nthawi anakula nakhala wophunzira.
Galgie Pavlov waku California adamaliza maphunziro awo kuyunivesite ndipo adalandira dipuloma.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Pavlov adadzakhala mwini dipuloma yapadera ya "galu".
Zowona, ziyenera kufotokozedwa kuti University of California sinazindikire zenizeni za dipuloma yomwe amalandila Pavlov, koma izi sizinaimitse eni agaluwo - Elaine ndi Anthony - kuti akonze mapulani awo a ziweto zawo.
Atsogoleri a Elaine ndi Anthony adachita chidwi chomaliza chiwetocho.
Mwa njira, Anthony mwiniyo wamaliza kale maphunziro apamwamba awa, ndipo Elaine akhale womaliza maphunziro chaka chino. Chifukwa chake dipuloma yaku yunivesite iyi, mwachiwonekere, ndi chikhalidwe cha banja, chomwe chimathandizidwa ngakhale ndi agalu.
Pavlov: zoyesa pa agalu
Wasayansiyo anabadwira ku Ryazan, komwe mpaka lero ndi nyumba yake yosungiramo zinthu zakale. Mapeto a zaka za zana la 19 adadziwika ndi kukula kwakutali kwa magawo osiyanasiyana azinthu zasayansi, koma si onsewo omwe adatsata njira yolondola kuyambira pomwe pakuwona anatomiki ndi physiology yazamoyo.
I.P. Paklov poyamba adayang'ana pa kafukufuku wazakudya zam'mimba, kupanga zoyeserera zingapo pa nyama. Pambuyo pake, zotsatizana zingapo zidamupangitsa kuti ayambe kufotokoza momwe chamoyo chilimbikitsidwire kunja (kapena mkati). Pavlov amatcha izi kuzimiririka, ndikuzigawa munthawi komanso osavomerezeka. Ichi chinali chiyambi pakuphunzira mozama kwamanjenje amunthu, kuphatikiza mawonekedwe athu amomwe timachitika m'maganizo.
Zambiri mwa zomwe asayansi adachita zidachitika ku St. Petersburg, ku Institute of Experimental Medicine. M'munsi mwake, Ivan Petrovich adakhala zaka zambiri akuchita kafukufuku komanso zoyesa zapadera nthawi imeneyo. Mu 1904, adakhala munthu woyamba ku Russia kulandira mphotho ya Nobel ndi kuvomerezedwa padziko lonse lapansi.
Agalu anali cholumikizira chachikulu pakuyesa konse komwe Ivan Petrovich ndi otsatira ake adachita. Nyamazo zimamugwirira ntchito ndipo kutali ndi onsewo anapulumuka. Ngakhale izi, Pavlov sanali munthu wankhanza ndipo anali ndi nkhawa kwambiri, kutaya chiweto chake chimodzi pa tebulo la opareshoni. Malinga ndi wophunzirayo, agalu anali odzipereka kwambiri kwa iye kotero kuti sanafunikire kukakamizidwa kupita ku chipinda chogwiririra: akuwoneka kuti akumvetsetsa kufunikira kwa ntchito yawo kwa sayansi ndipo sanaakane konse.
Institute of Experimental Medicine ili ndi nkhani yodziwika bwino yotchedwa Silence, yolemba nkhani zosasangalatsa. Mmenemo, Pavlov adayesa kuyesa konse, mikhalidwe yake yayikulu kwambiri, kotero kuti palibe zakunja zomwe zingasokoneze agalu pazizindikiro zomwe amapeza nthawi zonse zomwe wofufuzayo amafufuza. Nyamazo zinali zodzipatula kotheratu, ndipo kuunika m'chipindacho kunali kocheperako (komwe, kumatha kuyambitsa malingaliro amdima ndi okhumudwa mwa anthu angapo owoneka bwino).
Kodi mumakhala ndi nthawi yaulere?
Kenako gwiritsani ntchito! Pezani maphunziro owonjezera!
Galu adamuyika pamakina okhala ndi zida zapadera ndipo adawakonza bwino bwino ndi zingwe kuti asachoke. Pavlov iyemwini pokonzekera kuyesa anali m'chipinda chotsatira, adapereka zikwangwani, adadyetsa nyama ndikuyang'ana kudzera pa periscope. Zonse zomwe galu amayang'ana ziyenera kuyang'ana kokha pazizindikiro za woyesera: mothandizidwa ndi chida chapadera, babu la kuyatsa linayatsidwa, ndipo chakudya chimadyetsedwa ndikakanikizira peyala kapena pedal.
Mbiri Yakale
Ivan Petrovich adabadwa pa Seputembara 14 (26), 1849 mumzinda wa Ryazan. Akuluakulu a Pavlov pa makolo ndi amayi omwe anali abambo anali atsogoleri achipembedzo ku Russian Orthodox Church. Abambo a Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823-1899), amayi - Varvara Ivanovna (nee Uspenskaya) (1826-1890) [* 1].
Atamaliza maphunziro awo ku Ryazan Theological School mu 1864, Pavlov adalowa Ryazan Theological Seminary, yomwe pambuyo pake adakumbukira mwachikondi chachikulu. M'chaka chatha cha seminare, adawerenga buku laling'ono, "Reflexes of the brain," la Pulofesa I. M. Sechenov, lomwe linasinthiratu moyo wake. Mu 1870 adalowa mu Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University (omaliza maphunziro a seminare anali ochepa pazomwe anasankha zofunikira zamayunivesite), koma patadutsa masiku 17 ataloledwa adasamukira ku dipatimenti yachilengedwe ya dipatimenti ya Fizikia ndi Masamu ku Yunivesite ya St. Ziyoni ndi F.V. Ovsyannikov.
Pavlov, wotsatira wa chiphunzitso cha a Sechenov, anali ndi malingaliro amanjenje. Sechenov adasiyira sukulu, kenako adachoka ku Petersburg kupita ku Odessa, komwe adagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali ku Yunivesite ya Novorossiysk. Dipatimenti yake ku Medical and upasuaji Academy adatengedwa ndi aphunzitsi omwe amakonda Pavlova, wophunzira wa Karl Ludwig, Ilya Faddeevich Ziyoni. Pavlov sanangotengera luso lokhala ndi ntchito kuchokera ku Ziyoni, koma, atalandira ulemu wokhala woyimira masayansi achilengedwe ku yunivesiteyo, amapita kukapeza maphunziro ake azachipatala ndi ntchito mu labotale yaku Ziyoni ku Moscow Art Academy. Koma nthawi yomweyo Ziyoni idachoka ku Russia. Mu 1875, chifukwa cha maphunziro ku yunivesite, Pavlov adalowa chaka cha 3 cha Medical and upasuaji Academy (tsopano Military Medical Academy, Military Medical Academy), nthawi yomweyo (1876-1878) adagwira ntchito mu labotore yachipatala ya wophunzira wina wa Karl Ludwig - K. N. Ustimovich ku dipatimenti ya Zanyama Zakuthambo ya Unduna wa Zanyama za Medical and upasuaji. Povomerezedwa ndi Ustimovich, m'chilimwe cha 1877, Pavlov adapita ku Germany, komwe adagwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi katswiri wazakudya zam'madzi Rudolf Heidengain ku Breslau (komwe pano ndi Wroclaw, Poland). Kumapeto kwa maphunzirowa, mu 1878, adagwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi m'modzi mwa aphunzitsi ake, wophunzira wa Claude Bernard S.P. Botkin, mu labotale pachipatala chake ku Medical and upasuaji. Malinga ndi mbiri yakale ya Pavlov, mnzake wa Sechenov Botkin yekha anali katswiri wazabwino, ndipo Pavlov adamuwona ngati m'modzi wa aphunzitsi ake akuluakulu osati monga wazachipatala, komanso ngati wazachipatala. "Sergei Petrovich Botkin," adatero I.P. Pavlov, "ndiye munthu wabwino kwambiri wogwirizana mwalamulo komanso wopatsa thanzi wazachipatala ndi thupi, mitundu iwiri ya zochita za anthu zomwe zili pamaso pathu kumanga sayansi ya thupi ndikulonjeza kupatsa munthu chisangalalo chake mtsogolo. - thanzi ndi moyo. " Chifukwa cha ntchito yayikulu ya sayansi, adateteza malingaliro ake mchaka cha 1879, atamaliza maphunziro ake. Motsogozedwa ndi S.P. Botkin, Pavlov ndi Stolnikov, kuti aphunzire zamankhwala osokoneza bongo asanagwire ntchito ya Starling ndipo, chifukwa chake, kwa nthawi yoyamba padziko lapansi, njira yokhala ndi kuzungulira kwa magazi idapangidwa. Atateteza dissertation pamitsempha ya mtima komanso masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe ali ndi akatswiri azachipatala otchuka ku Germany, kuphatikiza Karl Ludwig iyemwini, adakhala wamkulu wa labotaleyi ku chipatala cha Botkin.
Pavlov anatha zaka zoposa 10 kuti atulutse fistula (kutsegulira) kwam'mimba. Zinali zovuta kwambiri kuchita opaleshoni yotere, popeza kuti madzi omwe amatsanulidwa kuchokera m'mimba amafinya matumbo ndi khoma lam'mimba. I.P. Pavlov anasoka khungu ndi mucous nembanemba mwanjira yotere, anaikapo machubu achitsulo ndikuwatsekera ndi zoletsa kuti pakhale kuti palibe kukokoloka, ndipo amatha kulandira madzi abwino akudya m'matumbo onse am'mimba, omwe anali kutulutsa tinthu tating'ono mpaka matumbo akulu opangidwa ndi iye pamazana a nyama zoyesera. Anayesa ndi kudyetsa m'maganizo (kudula esophagus kuti chakudya chisalowe m'mimba), ndikupanga zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapezeka m'dera la zinthu zam'mimbamo za madzi am'mimba. Kwa zaka 10, Pavlov, makamaka, adapanganso sayansi yamakono ya chimbudzi. Mu 1903, Pavlov wazaka 54 ananena lipoti ku XIV International Medical Congress ku Madrid. Ndipo chotsatira, mu 1904, Mphotho wa Nobel wophunzirira ntchito za m'matumbo akuluakulu adaperekedwa kwa I.P. Pavlov - adakhala wophunzira wa ku Britain Nobel.
Mu lipoti la Madrid, lopangidwa ku Russia, I.P. Pavlov koyamba adapanga mfundo zamakhalidwe oyenera a mantha am'mimba, momwe adakhala zaka 35 zikubwerazi. Malingaliro monga kuphatikiza, osasunthika komanso okhathamiritsa (osamasuliridwa bwino mu Chingerezi kuti "osavomerezeka" ndi "mawonekedwe owongolera" m'malo mwa "zofunikira") adakhala lingaliro loyambirira la sayansi yamakhalidwe (wonaninso mawonekedwe akale) Chingerezi.) Russian.).
Mu Epulo-Meyi 1918, adakamba nkhani zitatu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizidwa ndi dzina loti "On the Mind in General, on the Russian Mind in Particular", lomwe lidawunikira kwambiri maupangiri a malingaliro aku Russia (makamaka kusowa kwa nzeru).
Amadziwika kuti panthawi ya Civil War and War Communism, Pavlov, akuvutika ndi umphawi, akusowa ndalama zofufuza zasayansi, adakana kuitana a Sweden Academy of Science kuti asamuke ku Sweden, komwe adalonjezedwa kuti atha kupanga malo abwino kwambiri pamoyo komanso kafukufuku wasayansi, ndipo adakonzekera kuti amange Cholinga cha Pavlov ndi malo omwe akufuna. Pavlov adayankha kuti sadzachoka kulikonse kuchokera ku Russia.
Kenako chigamulo chofananira cha boma la Soviet chikutsatira, ndipo Pavlov anamanga maziko ku Koltushi, kufupi ndi Leningrad, komwe anagwira ntchito mpaka 1936.
Mu 1920s, Pavlov adasungabe ubale wapamtima ndi wophunzira wake Gleb Vasilievich von Anrep (1889-1955), yemwe atasinthira ku UK. Pavlov adalemberana naye makalata ndikumakumana pafupipafupi kumisonkhano yapadziko lonse (makamaka, mu 1923 ku Edinburgh, mu 1929 ku Boston ndi New Haven), Anrep adamuthandiza pomasulira malipoti ku Chingerezi, ndipo mu 1927 adamasulira Anrep ku Oxford Buku la Pavlov "Zokhudza ntchito yamatumbo am'mimba" lidasindikizidwa.
Pokhala wokonda masewera olimbitsa thupi, adapanga bungwe la "Society of Doctors - Okonda Kuchita Zolimbitsa Thupi ndi Panjinga", pomwe anali wapampando.
Wophunzira maphunziro a Ivan Petrovich Pavlov adamwalira pa February 27, 1936 ku Leningrad. Chibayo chimawonetsedwa ngati chifukwa cha imfa. Malirowo malinga ndi mwambo wa Orthodox, malinga ndi zomwe amafuna, adachitidwa kutchalitchi cha St. John wa ku Kronstadt ku Koltushi, pambuyo pake mwambo wokomelera unachitikira ku Tauride Palace. Woyang'anira ulemu adayikidwa pa bokosilo kuchokera kwa akatswiri asayansi a ku mayunivesite, makoleji aluso, mabungwe asayansi, mamembala onse a Sukuluyi ndi ena. Ivan Petrovich adayikidwa m'manda achikumbutso Literary Bridges.
Mwana wamwamuna wa Pavlov anali katswiri wazachipatala mwaukadaulo, anaphunzitsa ku Dipatimenti ya Fizikia ya Leningrad State University (komwe tsopano ndi St. Petersburg State University).
Kupangidwa kwa banja
Abale ndi alongo
Tsiku lobadwa | Dzinalo | Ndemanga |
---|---|---|
Seputembara 14, 1849 | Ivan Petrovich | Dokotala wazamankhwala |
Marichi 29, 1851 | Dmitry Petrovich | Pulofesa pa chemistry, wophunzira wa D. I. Mendeleev, amakhala ku New Alexandria |
Januware 14, 1853 | Peter Petervich | Zoologist. Wophedwa pausaka ali ndi zaka 24 |
Juni 29, 1854 | Nikolay Petrovich | Adamwalira ali mwana |
Meyi 24, 1857 | Nikolay Petrovich | Adamwalira ali mwana |
Meyi 17, 1859 | Konstantin Petrovich | Adamwalira ali mwana |
Meyi 16, 1862 | Elena Petrovna | Adamwalira ali mwana |
Juni 1, 1864 | Sergey Petrovich | Wansembe |
Ogasiti 4, 1868 | Nikolay Petrovich | Adamwalira ali mwana |
Januware 22, 1874 | Lidia Petrovna | Muukwati wa Andreev. Mayi wa ana asanu, anamwalira mu 1946 |
Pavlov sanaganizire kwambiri za kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi ndipo sanasamale za zovuta zamasiku onse asanakwatirane. Umphawi unayamba kumuvutitsa pokhapokha, mu 1881, adakwatirana ndi Rostovite Serafima Vasilievna Karchevskaya. Anakumana ku St. Petersburg kumapeto kwa m'ma 1870. Serafima Karchevskaya anabadwira m'banja la dokotala wankhondo Vasily Avdeevich Karchevsky, yemwe amagwira ntchito mu Black Sea Fleet. Amayi a mkazi wamtsogolo wa Ivan Petrovich, a Serafima Andreevna Karchevskaya, nee Cosmin, anali ochokera ku banja lakale koma losauka. Anatha maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri. M'moyo wake wonse, amayi a Serafima Vasilievna omwe amaphunzitsa kumalo olimbitsa thupi, pambuyo pake kukhala wotsogolera, adalera okha ana asanu, popeza Vasily Avdeevich anamwalira molawirira, ndikumusiya mkazi wake ali wopanda ndalama. Mwana wamkazi wa Serafim (kunyumba, kenako Pavlov, kuti asasokoneze ndi amayi ake, anamutcha kuti Sarah) adasankha kutsatira mayendedwe a amayi ake ndipo adapita ku St. Petersburg kukalembetsa ku Maphunziro Akuluakulu a Anzeru a Azimayi, omwe anamaliza, kukhala mphunzitsi wa masamu. Serafima Vasilievna anaphunzitsa kusukulu yakumidzi kokha chaka chimodzi chamaphunziro, atakwatira I.P. Pavlova mu 1881, atapereka moyo wake kusamalira nyumba ndikulera ana anayi: Vladimir (1884-1954), Vera (1890-1964) ), Victor (1892-1919) ndi Vsevolod (1893-1935). Makolo a Pavlov sanavomereze zaukwatiwu, popeza banja la Serafima Vasilievna linali losauka, ndipo pofika nthawi imeneyi anali atasankhira mwana wawo wamkazi mwana wamkazi - mwana wamkazi wachuma waku Petersburg. Koma Ivan adalimbikira yekha ndipo, osalandira chilolezo cha makolo, adapita ndi Seraphim kukakwatirana ku Rostov-on-Don, komwe mlongo wake amakhala. Ndalama zaukwati wawo zidaperekedwa ndi abale a mkaziyo. Zaka khumi zotsatira, a Pavlov adakhala ovuta kwambiri. Mchimwene wachinyamata wa Ivan Petrovich, Dmitry, yemwe amagwira ntchito yothandizira Mendeleev komanso anali ndi nyumba yaboma, amalola omwe angolowa kumenewo abwere kwa iye.
Malingaliro achi Soviet
Pambuyo pa kumwalira kwake, Pavlov adasandulika kukhala chizindikiro cha sayansi ya Soviet, mawonekedwe ake asayansi adawonedwanso ngati lingaliro lamalingaliro (mwanjira zina, sukulu ya Pavlov (kapena chiphunzitso cha Pavlov) idakhala chinthu chodabwitsa). Pansi pa mawu akuti "kuteteza cholowa cha Pavlovia", omwe amatchedwa "Pavlovian Session" a USSR Academy of Sciences ndi USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (okonza - K. M. Bykov, A. G. Ivanov-Smolensky) anachitika mu 1950, pomwe akatswiri azachipatala a dzikolo adazunzidwa. Ndondomeko yotere, komabe, inali yosemphana kwambiri ndi malingaliro ake a Pavlov (onani, mwachitsanzo, mawu ake m'munsimu).
Magawo a moyo
Pavlov adapita ku Rostov-on-Don ndipo adakhala zaka ziwiri: mu 1881 atakwatirana mu 1887 ndi mkazi wake komanso mwana wake wamwamuna. Nthawi zonse Pavlov amakhala m'nyumba imodzi, adilesi: st. Bolshaya Sadovaya, 97. Nyumbayo yasungidwa mpaka pano. Chikwangwani cha chikumbutso chimayikidwa pazithunzi.
Mu 1883, Pavlov adateteza dissertation yake yachipatala "Pamitsempha yama mtima yayikulu."
Mu 1884-1886, Pavlov adatumizidwa kuti akathandize kudziwa zambiri ku Breslau ndi Leipzig, komwe amagwira ntchito m'malo antchito a W. Wundt, R. Heidengain ndi K. Ludwig.
Mu 1890, Pavlov adasankhidwa kukhala pulofesa komanso wamkulu wa dipatimenti yopanga zamankhwala ku Military Medical Academy, ndipo mu 1896 - wamkulu wa dipatimenti yokhudza zaumoyo, yomwe adalunjika mpaka 1924. Nthawi yomweyo (kuyambira 1890) Pavlov - wamkulu wa malo ogwirira ntchito zolimbitsa thupi opangidwa ndi Prince A.P. Oldenburg Institute of Experimental Medicine.
Wasayansiyo ankakonda kumasuka ndi mkazi wake mu tawuni ya Sillamae (komwe tsopano ndi ku Estonia), komwe kuyambira 1891 mpaka pomwe amasinthidwe adachita lendi nyumba yayikulu kwambiri yotentha nthawi yonse yachilimwe, kwa miyezi itatu - Juni, Julayi, Ogasiti. Adali m'tauni ya Türsamäe yomwe A. Valdmann anali nayo. M'mawa, Ivan Petrovich amagwira ntchito m'munda wamaluwa. Amabzala dothi m'mabedi a maluwa, kubzala ndi kuthirira maluwa, amasintha mchenga panjira. Masana, banjali limanyamuka kuti akapatse zipatso kapena bowa, nthawi yamadzulo njinga zimafunika. Pofika 11 koloko masana Pavlov asonkhanitsa kampani yake ya gorodoshny kuti ikasewera m'matawuni. Gulu lalikulu limaphatikizapo Pavlov iyemwini, pulofesa waukadaulo D. S. Zernov, akatswiri ojambula R. A. Berggolz ndi N. N. Dubovskoy.
Oyandikana nawo nthawi zambiri adalumikizana ndi ogwira ntchito mumzinda - wophunzira A. S. Famitsin, Pulofesa V. I. Palladin, Pulofesa A. A. Yakovkin, bambo ndi mwana wamwamuna wa Stroganovs, Ophunzira a Pavlov - ophunzira amtsogolo L. A. Orbeli, V.I. Voyachek ndi ophunzira ena, ana a Ivan Petrovich ndi anzawo. Zokambirana zomwe akuluakulu opita kumzinda wakale anali zachikhalidwe cha ophunzira ku yunivesite.
Mu 1904, Pavlov adalandira mphotho ya Nobel mu zamankhwala ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi chifukwa cha "zosangalatsa" za chidziwitso chokwanira cha chimbudzi.
Mu 1935, ku 15 International International of Physiologists, Ivan Petrovich adavekedwa korona waulemu wa "Mkulu wa Othandizira Padziko Lapansi." Palibe pomwepo kapena pambuyo poti wasayansi wina aliyense adalandirepo ulemu wotere.
Adilesi ku St. Petersburg (Petrograd, Leningrad)
Madeti | Kufotokozera | Adilesi |
---|---|---|
Seputembara 01, 1870 - Epulo 13, 1871 | Chipinda chamangidwe cha Baroness Rall | Sredny treekt, 7 |
Ogasiti 1872 | Kupanduka Kwanyumba | Msewu wa Millionnaya, 26 |
Novembala 1872 - Januware 1873 | Mzere wa 5, 40 | |
Januware - Seputembala 1873 | Nyumba yazipinda A. I. Likhacheva | Sredny treekt, 28 |
Seputembala 1873 - Januware 1875 | Mzere wa 4, 55 | |
1876-1886 | Nyumba yomanga ya University of St. | Embankment University, 7 |
1886-1887 | Yard outhouse ya nyumba ya Kutuzovs | Gagarinskaya emb 30, 30 |
1887-1888 | N.P. Simanovsky chipinda chanyumba cha Strakhov | Msewu wa Furshtatskaya, 41 |
1888 - Autumn 1889 | Nyumba ya Kutuzov | Gagarinskaya emb 30, 30 |
Autumn 1889 - 1918 | Nyumba yomanga | Bolshaya Pushkarskaya msewu, 18, apt. 2 |
1918 - February 27, 1936 | Embola wa Nikolaevskaya, 1, apt. khumi ndi imodzi |
Udindo wapagulu
Quotes of I.P. Pavlov:
- "... ndinali, ndipo ndikhalabe bambo waku Russia, mwana wa Amayi, ndimakondwera kwambiri ndi moyo wake, ndimakhala mokomera iye, ndimalimbitsa ulemu wanga ndi ulemu wake"
- "Takhala ndi moyo pansi paulamuliro wosagawanika wazachiwawa komanso zachiwawa. Kwambiri ndikuwona kufanana kwa moyo wathu ndi moyo wa akatswiri akale aku Asia. Chitirani chifundo dziko lathu ndi ife ”
- "Sayansi imayenda mosiyanasiyana, kutengera kuthekera kochita bwino ndi njira imeneyi"
- Kuchokera pamawu omwe adanenedwa ndi I.P. Pavlov mu Disembala 1929 ku Medical Institute yoyamba ku Leningrad pamwambo wokumbukira zaka 100 kubadwa kwa I.M.Sechenov:
Ndime yatulutsidwa mu Statute of the Academy [of Science] kuti ntchito yonse iyenera kuchitika papulatifomu ya ziphunzitso za Marx ndi Engels - kodi ichi sindiye chiwawa chachikulu koposa malingaliro aku sayansi? Kodi izi zimasiyana bwanji ndi kufunsira zakale? Timalamulidwa (!) Kwa mamembala a Sukulu Yopamwamba Kwasayansi kuti tisankhe anthu omwe sitingawadziwe ngati asayansi. Ophunzira anzeru zakale amawonongedwa, mwanjira inayake ndi kuwonongeka. "Tikukhala m'dera lomwe boma ndi chilichonse, ndipo munthu si kanthu, gulu lotere lilibe tsogolo, ngakhale Volkhovstroi ndi Dneproges aliyense." |
- Kuchokera pa kalata yomwe a minister of Health a RSFSR G. N. Kaminsky adalemba pa Okutobala 10, 1934:
Tsoka ilo, ndikumva kuti ndikugwirizana ndi kusinthaku kwanu kofanana kwenikweni ndi inu. Amandidetsa nkhawa kwambiri ... Zaka za mantha komanso kudziyesa pawokha kwa mphamvu zimasinthira chikhalidwe chathu cha Asia kukhala akapolo onyansa. Koma zochuluka zomwe zingachitike bwino ndi akapolo? Mapiramidi? Inde, koma osati chisangalalo chenicheni cha anthu. Kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi komanso kubwerezeredwa ndi njala mobwerezabwereza ndi anthu ambiri osawadziwa - miliri yofalikira imachepetsa mphamvu za anthu. Chonde ndikhululukireni ... Ndinalemba moona mtima kuti ndinali ndi nkhawa. |
- Kuchokera pa kalata yopita ku SNK ya pa Disembala 21, 1934:
Mukukhulupirira pachabe kuti dziko lisintha. Simukufesa kusintha pamakhalidwe azikhalidwe, koma fascism ndi kupambana kwakukulu. Panalibe chosangalatsa musanasinthe. Zowonadi, zolimbitsa thupi ziwiri zokha zomwe kupambana kwanu chisanakwane Okutobala sizinali zokwanira kwa ana andale a Boma la Providence. Maboma ena onse safuna kuwona kunyumba zomwe tinali nazo komanso zomwe tili nazo, ndipo, mwachiwonekere, akuganiza munthawi yake kuti mugwiritse ntchito zomwe mwakhala mukugwiritsa ntchito poletsa izi - mantha ndi ziwawa. Koma ndizovuta kwa ine kuchoka ku mfundo yoti dziko lingasunthire kupita patsogolo kwa anthu kwakanthawi kwakanthawi, koma kuchokera kuzomwe zikuchitika mdziko lathu zomwe, poganiza kuti, ndizowopsa kudziko langa |
- About vivisection (kuchokera m'buku la A. D. Popovsky):
Ndikayamba kuyesera komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kufa kwa nyamayo, ndimakhala ndi chisoni chachikulu kuti ndimasokoneza moyo wosangalala, kuti ndine wopereka chamoyo. Ndikadula, ndikuwononga nyama yamoyo, ndimadziunjikira zonyoza ndekha kuti ndimatha kugwiritsa ntchito mwaluso mwaluso ndi zopanda nzeru. Koma ndimapilira pazokonda choonadi, kuti athandize anthu. Ndipo amadzipereka kuti andiyike, ntchito yanga yanyenyezi yoyang'aniridwa ndi winawake. Nthawi yomweyo, kuchotsedwa, komanso, kuzunzidwa kwa nyama chifukwa chosangalatsidwa ndi kukondweretsedwa kwa whims ambiri opanda kanthu kumakhalabe popanda chidwi. Ndiye mokwiya komanso motsimikiza ndimadziuza ndikulola ena kuti anene: ichi, sichimodzimodzi chisoni ndikumvera chisoni kuvutika kwa onse amoyo komanso omvera, ndichimodzi mwazomwe sizinawonekere bwino kwa udani wamuyaya komanso kulimbana kwaumbuli kutsutsana ndi sayansi, mdimawu polimbana ndi kuwala ! |
- Za chipembedzo:
Malingaliro aumunthu amafunafuna chomwe chimapangitsa chilichonse chomwe chimachitika, ndipo zikafika pa chifukwa chomaliza, ndiye Mulungu. Pofunafuna iye yemwe amayambitsa chilichonse, amafika kwa Mulungu. Koma inenso sindimakhulupirira Mulungu, sindine wosakhulupirira. |
Ine ... ndinadziyesa ndekha kumapeto kwa mafupa ndipo ndinamaliza chipembedzo ... Ndine mwana wa wansembe, ndinakulira mkhalidwe wachipembedzo, komabe, nditayamba kuwerenga mabuku osiyanasiyana ndili ndi zaka 15-16 ndipo nditakumana ndi funso ili, ndidasintha ndipo zidali zosavuta kwa ine ... Man iyenso ayenera kutaya lingaliro la Mulungu. |
... Ponena za chipembedzo changa, chikhulupiriro mwa Mulungu, kupita ku tchalitchi, zonsezo ndi zabodza, zopeka. Ndine maseminare, ndipo, monga maseminare ambiri, kuchokera kusukulu ndidayamba kusakhulupirira Mulungu, osakhulupirira Mulungu. Sindikufuna Mulungu ... Chifukwa chiyani anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti ndine wokhulupirira, wokhulupirira zachipembedzo? Chifukwa ndimatsutsana ndi kuzunzidwa kwa mpingo, zachipembedzo ... Chikhulupiriro china chimabweretsedwa kwa anthu powunikira, maphunziro, chikhulupiriro mwa Mulungu chimakhala chosafunikira. Ndi anthu angati ophunzira kwambiri amakhulupirira Mulungu? (Ngakhale alipobe okhulupirira ambiri pakati pawo). Ndikofunikira kuwunikira anthu kale, kuwapatsa kuwerenga, maphunziro, komanso chikhulupiriro chokha chidzafooka. Koma ndizosatheka kuwononga chikhulupiriro mwa Mulungu popanda kusintha china chilichonse. Pamenepo mukupita, mnyamata. Koma sindimapita kutchalitchi ndipo sindimakhulupirira Mulungu. |
Kusunga
I.P. Pavlov anasonkhanitsa kafadala ndi agulugufe, mbewu, mabuku, masitampu ndi ntchito za utoto waku Russia. I.S. Rosenthal adakumbukira nkhani ya Pavlov pa Marichi 31, 1928:
Kutola kwanga koyamba kunayamba ndi agulugufe ndi zomera. Chotsatira chinali kutolera masitampu ndi utoto. Ndipo pamapeto pake, kulimba mtima konse kudapitilira sayansi ... Ndipo tsopano sindingathe kudutsa chomera kapena gulugufe, mopanda chidwi, makamaka omwe ndimawadziwa bwino, kuti asayigwire m'manja mwanga, osayipima, osayang'ana mbali zonse, osatinso kugunda. Ndipo zonsezi zimandichititsa chidwi.
Pakati pa 1890s, m'chipinda chake chodyera, munthu ankatha kuwona mashelufu angapo atapachikidwa pakhoma ndi zitsanzo za agulugufe zomwe adawagwira. Kufika ku Ryazan kwa abambo ake, adakhala nthawi yayitali kusaka tizilombo. Kuphatikiza apo, pempho lake, agulugufe ena am'mayiko osiyanasiyana amabwera naye kuchokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana. Gulugufe waku Madagascar wopezeka patsiku lake lobadwa, adayikiratu pakatikati pa zosunga zake. Posakhutira ndi njira izi zobwezeretsazo, iye mwiniyo adakulitsa gulugufe kuchokera ku mbozi zomwe adasonkhanitsa mothandizidwa ndi anyamata.
Ngati Pavlov adayamba kutolera agulugufe ndi mbewu adakali mwana, ndiye kuti zoyambira kusonkhanitsa sitampu sizikudziwika. Komabe, mwanjira yabwino, sanakhalenso wokonda, kamodzi, ngakhale m'masiku asanatembenuke, m'mene anali kuchezera ku Institute of Experimental Medicine ndi kalonga wa Siamese, adadandaula kuti kutulutsa kwake mtundu sikusowa masitampu a Siamese ndipo patatha masiku ochepa kusonkhetsa kwa I.P. Pavlov adakongoletsedwa kale ndi masitampu angapo a Siamese. boma. Anthu onse omwe adalandira makalata ochokera kumayiko ena adachita nawo ntchito yomasulira.
Kusonkhanitsa mabuku kunali kwachilendo: patsiku lobadwa la aliyense m'mabanja asanu ndi m'modzi, adagula ngati mphatso ndalama za zolemba za wolemba.
Zojambula zojambulidwa ndi I.P. Pavlov zinayamba mu 1898 pamene anagula chithunzi cha mwana wake wamwamuna wazaka zisanu, Volodya Pavlov, kuchokera kwa wamasiye wa N. A. Yaroshenko. Nthawi ina, wojambulayo adakhudzidwa ndi nkhope ya mnyamatayo ndipo ananyengerera makolo ake kuti amulole. Chithunzi chojambula chachiwiri, cholembedwa ndi N. N. Dubovsky, chomwe chikuwonetsa nyanja yamadzulo ku Sillamyagi ndi moto woyaka, adaperekedwa ndi wolemba, ndipo chifukwa cha iye, Pavlov adakondwera kupaka utoto. Komabe, zosonkhanirazi sizinabwererenso kwa nthawi yayitali, kokha munthawi zosintha mu 1917, pamene osonkhetsa ena adayamba kugulitsa zojambula zawo, Pavlov adasonkhanitsa chopereka chabwino kwambiri. Zinajambulidwa ndi I. E. Repin, Surikov, Levitan, Viktor Vasnetsov, Semiradsky ndi ena. Malinga ndi nkhani ya a M.V. Nesterov, omwe Pavlov adakumana naye mu 1931, zojambula za Pavlov zidaphatikizidwa ndi Lebedev, Makovsky, Berggoltz, Sergeyev. Pakadali pano, zosungirazi zikuwonetsedwa pang'ono mu Museum ya Apulovu ya Pavlov ku St. Petersburg, pachilumba cha Vasilyevsky. Pavlov adamvetsa kujambula mwa njira yake, ndikumalimbikitsa wolemba pikiroli ndi malingaliro ndi zolinga zomwe sakanakhala nazo, nthawi zambiri, kutengeka, amayamba kuyankhula zomwe akadakhala atayikamo, osati kuti iyemwini adaona.
Galu wa Pavlov: Kufotokozera kwa kuyesera
Poyeserera kupenda momwe chimbudzi chilili mu nyama mwatsatanetsatane momwe zingathere, Pavlov poyamba adapereka chounikira komanso chakudya nthawi yomweyo, ndipo zitatha izi adadziletsa kuti angopereka chizindikiro chokha. Zinadziwika kuti pakapita nthawi, malovu amayamba kutulutsidwa mu galu ngakhale asalandire chakudya pambuyo poyatsira mbendera. Kudzera mu dzenje la nyama (fistula), madzi am'mimbamo otulutsidwa ndimakonzedwe otengedwa, amatengedwa, osungidwa mumtsuko ndipo kuchuluka kwake akuti.
Lingaliro la fistula silinazindikiridwe mwachangu. Madzi am'mimbamo a nyamayo panthawi ya chimbudzi, ndipo nyamayo imafa chifukwa imagwidwa kwambiri. Fistula yakhala njira yotetezera kwambiri zinthu, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ziwunike ntchito yam'mimba yanyama komanso momwe zimalumikizirana ndi ma neuropsychic zimapangitsa kuwala, kuwoneka, kukhalapo kapena kusowa kwa chakudya.
Chifukwa chake, kutulutsidwa kwa malovu ndi madzi am'mimba ndikuwonetsera kwa Reflex kapena zochita za wakwiya wina wochokera kunja. Pazinthu zina, momwe amagwirira ntchito "amagwira ntchito" ngakhale pakalibe chakudya, popeza zimakhudza ziwalo zamaganizidwe, kuphatikiza ndi kufunitsitsa kwa nyama kuti ilandire chakudya.
Pambuyo pake, wasayansiyo adawona zochita zofanana ndi zomwe ziweto zake zimachita posangopeka pazizindikiro zowunikira, komanso pamayendedwe ake. Agalu anali kudikirira chakudya chomwe angalandire kwa mwini wawo ndipo adasiyira zikwangwani zosiyanasiyana. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zidapangitsa kuti Patlov aphunzire kwambiri osati kungotaya chakudya, komanso ntchito zamanjenje. Pambuyo pake, malingaliro opita patsogolo a nthawi imeneyo, mosiyana ndi malingaliro a psychoanalysts ndi ma romantics achijeremani, adakhazikitsa ubale wosasinthika pakati pama psychic and zokhudza thupi mthupi la chamoyo chilichonse - kuphatikiza anthu.
Mutha kuyesa kufotokozera mosavuta za kuyesera kwa Ivan Petrovich, popanda kupita mwakuzama kwa sayansi. Ingoganizirani za Pavlov ataimirira kutsogolo kwa galu ndikuyamba kulira. Pambuyo pa chizindikirochi, amadyetsa chiwetocho ndi kubwereza kuyesaku kangapo, kukonza maluso. Koma tsiku limodzi labwino belu litalira, galu samalandira chakudya. Komabe, malovu ndi madzi a m'mimba zimabisidwanso mwa iye, ndipo chiweto, chimadzimata, mwakudzipereka chimawonetsa kukonzeka kudya.
Kodi mumakhala ndi nthawi yaulere?
Kenako gwiritsani ntchito! Pezani maphunziro owonjezera!
Zotsatira za galu wa Pavlov
Chifukwa chake, Reflex (kapena "Gallov's mbwa") imagwira ntchito ngati chothandizira kuti chiphunzitsochi chizitcha kuti chizolowere. Mwanjira ina, chizindikiro chomwe sichinali chosagwirizana ndi ubongo wamunthu ndipo sichikugwirizana ndi machitidwe ake a psychophysiological, pambuyo poyeserera zingapo, chimatha kukhala cholimbikitsa chomwe chimakhudza molunjika mawonekedwe amachitidwe ena. Mwachangu, mtundu wa "kumangiriza" kwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zichitike, ndipo njira yonse imapangidwira mu chingwe chovuta kuyerekeza chowonetsedwa ndi nyama (kapena munthu).
Iko kunali kusinthika kwa koyamba komwe sikunasunthidwe kukhala chisonyezo chofunikira ndikutuluka kwa kuyankha kokhazikika ku chosangalatsa ichi chomwe chidayala maziko a kukula kwa psychology ngati sayansi yayikulu.
Galu wa Pavlov: zikutanthauza chiyani?
Kwa anthu omwe sakonda sayansi komanso alibe chidwi ndi kufunikira kwake m'miyoyo ya anthu, kuyesa kwa Pavlov ndi ophunzira ake pa agalu kumatanthauza nkhanza, kukayikira, komanso kuwonetsa kuzunza. Ngati mungatembenukire ku magwero a pa intaneti ndikuwerenga ndemanga za ogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zalembedwa pansi pa Ivan Petrovich, pamakhala zonena zambiri zankhanza. Mbali imodzi, munthu sanganyalanyaze mfundo yoti nyama zimafa pazoyeserera zasayansi. Komabe, zidanenedwapo kale kuti wophunzirayo amadziwa zowawa za imfa ya mnzake wa miyendo inayi ndikuyesetsa kuchita zonse zotheka kuti agalu omwe amakhala naye amakhala athanzi, opatsa thanzi komanso othandizidwa ku matenda onse omwe angakhalepo.
Popita nthawi, Ivan Petrovich atabwera ndi lingaliro la fistula, nyama zambiri zoyesera zidapulumuka bwino mu labotore. Agalu ambiri amakhala pafupi ndi Pavlov mpaka kukalamba kwambiri, akugwiritsa ntchito sayansi mokhulupirika komanso modzipereka, ndipo zotsatira za kafukufuku zomwe anthu apanga tsopano kuti cholinga chawo zitheke.
Ku Ryazan kuli agalu otchuka a Pavlov, opangidwa ngati chikumbutso cha abwenzi athu a miyendo inayi. Komanso kudera la Institute of Experimental Medicine, lomwe lili pa chilumba cha Pharmaceutical Island ku St. Petersburg, palinso mawu ena osangalatsa. Pansi pake amapangidwa ndi agalu awiri akuluakulu a mongrel osemedwa pamwala. Mmodzi wa iwo anaweramitsa mutu wawo pamwambowo - zikuwoneka kuti akufuna kuyesa kutonthoza “mnzake” pambuyo poyesereranso wina.
Sizowopsa kuti mawuwa ndi otchuka pakati pa akatswiri azamisala komanso madokotala ena: "Mphekesera za kuzunzika kosaganizira kwa Pavlov ndizokokomeza, chifukwa mazana amnyumba zopanda anthu ku St. Petersburg amatha kuchitira nsanje miyoyo ya agalu ake." Ndi chifukwa chake kuti udindo wa nyama popanga sayansi uyenera kuunikiridwa bwino, mosasamala kanthu za kuzunzidwa koopsa kwa anthu omwe maphunziro awo amasiyidwa kwambiri.
Kodi mumakhala ndi nthawi yaulere?
Kenako gwiritsani ntchito! Pezani maphunziro owonjezera!