Zoyenda pamadzi sizowoneka bwino. Osowa kwambiri Phale. Pafupi naye pamasamba a Buku Lofiyira ndikuwonongeka kaphokoso kakang'onopamapeto pake, mtundu wina - Far Eastern Curlew - akuti akuphatikizidwa pamndandanda wachisoni.
Choyamba, dzina la mbalame. "Curlew" potanthauzira kuchokera ku Germany amatanthauza "sandpiper-arc". Ndipo, mulomo wawo wawerama.
Curlew ndi khanda laling'ono lomwe lili ndi mitengo. Mpaka posachedwapa, palibe chomwe chadziwika pa biology yake. Curlew ndi mwana kumpoto kwa Krasnoyarsk Territory komanso ku Yakutia. Zoyala zake zosanja zili m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri omwe ali ndi mitengo yanthete yotsika ndi m'nkhalangozi za alder otsika ndi msondodzi, wolowedwa ndi miyala yaying'ono. Curlew mofunitsitsa amakhala m'malo opsa ndi zigawo za tundra. M'malo abwino kwambiri pali awiriawiri pa 3 km 2. Mtundu wamphesa uwu umabereka m'dziko lathu lokha, koma nthawi yozizira imawulukira kum'mwera - ku China, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, magulu zikwizikwi za ma curlews amapezeka ku Australia; mpaka pano, ziwerengero zawo zachepa kwambiri.
Posachedwa, wochita kafukufuku wa mawu a mbalame B.N. Veprintsev adazindikira kuti mwana-wamtoto amatha "kuyimba" ndi mchira wake ngati chinjoka. M'mawa opanda phokoso ndi madzulo, amphongo amakwera mpaka 200-300 m, ndikukonzekera pang'onopang'ono, kufotokoza zozungulira, ndikupanga nyimbo yabwino, yotuluka, yofanana ndi kufuula kwa mitundu ina ya ma curlews. Kenako mbalameyo, itakulungitsa mapiko ake, imathamangira pansi kwambiri. Pakadali pano, kumamveka phokoso lanjenjemera, lomwe limapangidwa ndi nthenga za mchira ndipo mapiko ake amatsika mokakamizika ndi mphepo ikubwera. Pamwambapa, mbalame imakwera, ndipo zonse zimayambiranso.
Chisa cha curlew khanda chimakhala pafupi ndi glades komanso m'malo akale otentha, pansi pa nthambi zamitengo yachilendo. M'malo oyambilira kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa June pali mazira anayi obiriwira opepuka okhala ndi ma burashi otuwa. Akazi amalowa m'madzi mwamphamvu kwambiri ndikuwuluka kuchokera kumapazi awo. Mbalame zowawa zimawuluka ndikufuula mozungulira chisa, nthawi zina zimakhala pamitengo yamitengo yowuma.
Curlew-khanda ndi mtundu wapafupi kwambiri ndi a Eskimo curlew, omwe amakhala ku North America. Mpaka pakati pa zaka zapitazi, mtunduwu unakhala chambiri mu tundra ndi madambo onyowa a madera akumpoto kwa USA ndi Canada. Chiwombankhanga cha Eskimo chinali chizolowezi chosaka nyama cha alenje aku America omwe amachiwombera nthawi yophukira komanso yophukira. Kusaka kosaloledwa ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zakufalikira kwamtunduwu kwamtunduwu. Kuphatikiza apo, ku Argentina nthawi yomweyo, kulima mwamphamvu maiko a namwali kunayambika - m'malo omwe nyengo yachisanu imakhala yozizira ya Eskimo. Kukhudzidwa kawiri konse kwa munthu pamtunduwu kunabweretsa tsoka - adasowa kwathunthu padziko lapansi.
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa mwana wakhanda
Miyeso yamthupi ya Curlew ndi yaying'ono 28 cm masentimita, mapiko amafika 57-63 cm, ndi kulemera - 150-175 magalamu.
Utoto wa ma plumage umayang'aniridwa ndi ma toni akuda. Pamwamba pamutu pali zofiirira zakuda zokhala ndi chingwe chowongolera chapakati. Khosi ndi m'mimba zimayera. Chifuwa, mbali, ndi tsekwe zakutidwa ndi nthenga zaubweya wonyezimira zokhala ndi mikwingwirima yopakidwa mbali ndi mbali yayitali pachifuwa ndi chotupa.
Curlew mwana (Numenius minutus).
Misomaliyo ndi yakuda. Miyendo ndi imvi. Mlomo ndi waufupi komanso wopindika pang'ono wakuda. Nsidze ndi zopepuka.
Ma curlews a chakudya cha mwana pa maara, kafadala, mbozi, mbalame zimasinthanitsa zakudya ndi njere ndi zipatso za mbewu.
Kugawa kwama curlew
Mbalame yachilendo imakhala ndi malo odyera. Amapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Central Siberian Plateau: kumtunda kwa Upper Khatanga (kumtunda kwa Moyero River), m'malo apamwamba a Lower Tunguska (beseni la Mtsinje wa Kochechum), kumtunda kwa Upper Vilyui (Nyanja ya Suringde), kutsidya la Upper ndi Middle Vilyuykana ( kumtunda ndi pakati pa Mtsinje wa Markha), kumtunda ndi pakati pa Mtsinje wa Olenek.
Posachedwa, wofufuza mawu a mbalame B.N. Veprintsev adazindikira kuti khanda lakhosi limatha “kuimba” ndi mchira wake ngati chinjoka.
Malo akuluakulu okhala ndi malo okhala kumapeto kwa Adacha ndi Yana, ku Yakutia ku Verkhoyanie, kumtunda kwa Yana, komanso kumapiri a kumadzulo kwa chigwa cha Kharaulakh (pafupi ndi mudzi wa Kyusyur). Mbalameyi imapezeka pakatikati pa Indigirka. Mwina kugawa kwake kudera lonse la Yako-Oymyakonskoy kuchokera pagombe la Chersky kupita ku Verkhoyansk ridge.
Zolemba Zapang'ono za Curlew
Curlew-khanda amakhala m'nkhalango zowola komanso malo otenthedwa, omwe amakhala kumapiri otsetsereka. Imakonzekeretsa nthenga za msondodzi, mphutsi zazing'ono, milonga yazifupi. Imakhala m'zigwa za kumapiri am'mapiri ndipo imapezeka m'nkhalango za moss-lichen larch.
Chisa cha curlew khanda chimakhala pafupi ndi glades komanso m'malo akale otentha, pansi pa nthambi zamitengo yachilendo.
Kupukuta
Ma curlews amafika m'malo a nesting kumapeto kwa Meyi. Matani amachitika pamtunda wa 200-300 metres ndipo amafanana ndi ndege zamtopola. Mbalame zimayika zisa zawo pafupi ndi glade, m'mphepete ndi glade. Malo odyerawo ndi dzenje laling'ono pansi lomwe ladzadza ndi udzu wouma.
Curlew-khanda ndi mtundu wapafupi kwambiri ndi a Eskimo curlew, omwe amakhala ku North America.
Curlew - mwana nthawi zambiri amamanga chisa chake pamalo ouma ndi udzu wochepa, pamapampu, kuwotcha, pakati pa tchire lonyowa. Iliyonse imakhala ndi malo ake ogona. Nthawi zina awiriawiri a ma curlews amapezeka pafupi. Kuthawa mbalame yomwe imalowa mazira ndikovuta. Koma ma-curlews-makanda samayesa kuyesa kutsogolera zilombo kutali ndi chisa.
Kufotokozera
Mwana wotumphukira pang'ono amafikira kutalika kwa 28 mpaka 34 cm, mapiko ndi kuchokera ku 57 mpaka 63 masentimita, kulemera - kuchokera pa 150 mpaka 175 g.
Zowonjezerazo ndizambiri zofiirira, kuphatikiza mapiko ake. Mimba yake ndiyoyera, mulomo ndi waufupi, wopindika. Kujambula kwa mutu wa mwana wokhotakhota kuli kofanana ndi kakhalidwe komweko (Numenius phaeopus), wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka komanso yamdima pa chisoti cha mutu ndi nsidze. Kuyimbaku kumakhala kumangolankhula mokuwa nthawi zonse.
Curlew yopepuka
Pafupifupi nthawi yovuta yofananayo, nthawi yozizira ikuchitika, mwina kaamba kakang'ono kwambiri. Mbalameyi imakhala nyengo yozizira kwambiri ku Morocco ndi Tunisia. Pakadali pano, pali kutukuka kwambiri pamtunda, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya nyama kukuchepa. Mu 1964, anthu 800 anawerengedwa, mu 1975 - 123.
Potani zisa m'malo osatheka kufikako. Mpaka pano mtundu uwu sunaphunziridwe bwino, chakuti mpaka 1951 ndi chisa chimodzi chokha chomwe chimadziwika. Unali ndi mazira anayi amtundu wa maolivi wotuwa, wokhala ndi maonekedwe ofiira komanso otuwa. Chisa chopangidwa ndi udzu wouma chidayikidwa munkhokwe ya chimbudzi. Madambo akuluakulu oterewa, osakanikirana ndi malo ouma okhala ndi talnik komanso malo otsika, ndi malo okhala a Curlew m'malo ake onse kumpoto kwa dera la taiga kuchokera ku Ural Range kupita ku Chigwa cha Ob. Ku Kazakhstan, zisa 14 za mbalame zamtunduwu zapezeka posachedwa. Anapezeka mgulu laling'ono, mamita 2-3 kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake.
Nyama zamtunduwu zimakonda kwambiri tizilombo, ma invertebrates ndi maollusks, ndipo zimagwiritsanso ntchito zakudya zamasamba ndege.
Ntchito ya ofufuzawo tsopano ndikuzindikira malo onse odziwika a mbalame zocheperako, zomwe zatsala pang'ono, kudziwa nthawi komanso njira zomwe zikuuluka komanso kuchita chilichonse chotheka kuti pasapezeke tsoka ndi Curlew, Curlew yaying'ono, yomwe idakumana ndi nthawi ya wachibale wawo waku America.
Curlew Migrations
Ma curlew-ana samamveka bwino. M'dzinja, panthawi yosamukira, mbalameyi imawonedwa mu Lena River Valley, m'chigawo cha Baikal, pa Bratsk Reservoir, Eastern Mongolia, Transbaikalia, East ndi North-East China. Kusamukira kumachitika m'mbali mwa gombe la Asia. Magulu osiyana a mbalame adalembedwa ku Japan, ku Peninsula ya Korea, Western Sakhalin, kumwera kwa Primorye, ndi chilumba cha Taiwan. Ma curlews-makanda odutsa ku Tasmania, East Australia, New Zealand.
Mwana wakhola ndi mbalame yosowa, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumayambitsa nkhawa. Kudera la Middle and Upper Vilyuykan, kupezeka kwake kumakhala kofala, koma osati chaka chilichonse kumakhala zisautso pamtsinje wa Olenyok. Ku Verkhoyanie, mumtsinje wa Bytantay kupita kumtunda kwa Fr. Tara Sala ndi mbalame yachilendo kwambiri yomwe imapezeka kumadera akutali. M'malo okhala ndi moyo wabwino m'derali, kuchuluka kwa mbalame pamalo odyerako ndikokwera pang'ono. Mukatikati mwa Mtsinje wa Oyun-Uryakh, magulu awiriawiri pa 3 km iliyonse adapezeka, ndipo ana 10 kumapeto kumtunda kwa Nyanja ya Tara-Sala.
Mpaka pakati pa zaka zapitazi, mtunduwu unakhala chambiri mu tundra ndi madambo onyowa a madera akumpoto kwa USA ndi Canada.
Kupindika kumapeto, Baikal, Bratsk Reservoir, Vitim Upland, ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Transbaikalia sikawoneka kawirikawiri. Zaka zina, zoweta zambirimbiri nthawi yakusamukira ku mtsinje wa Argun, pama Nyanja a Torean, m'chigwa cha Onon. Mu Ogasiti ndi Seputembala, muli magulu a 10-50, ndipo nthawi zina anthu 100-150 kum'mawa kwa Mongolia. Zambiri pazomwe zimatha kuzimiririka kuyambira nthawi yachisanu ku Australia zikuwonetsa mbalame zambirimbiri kuposa 100,000.
Phale
- Pogwiritsa ntchito kulemera kwa thupi, mbalame zimatha kufika 0,9-1.1 kg. Zina zimakula mpaka kutalika kwa 65 cm, ndipo mapiko ake amasiyanasiyana mkati mwa mita 1. Zanena kale kuti mawonekedwe apadera a mbalame za banja lino amawonedwa ngati mlomo wokhotakhota komanso wotalika. Kuphatikiza apo, mwa akazi, imakhota mwamphamvu kuposa oyimira amuna.
- Ma curlews nthawi zambiri amapezeka zachilengedwe, zofiirira zokhala ndi imvi komanso ma buffy. Komabe, maula amatha kukhala ndi mthunzi wosiyana, mwachitsanzo, imvi, yoyera kapena beige yofiirira. Mbalame zimapezeka kumayiko aku Asia, komanso kumpoto ndi pakati Europe.
- Mwachilengedwe, anthuwa amakonda marshland. Chifukwa chake, mbalame zikagona, zimasankha malo oterowo pomanga nyumba yokhalamo ana mtsogolo. Amafuna madzi, ma silika, mabango kapena masamba ena m'mphepete mwa gwero. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka pa peatlands.
Phale
Phale
- Amasiyana ndi abale ake akulu ndi ang'ono. Ponena ndi mapiko, mapiko amafikira chizindikiro cha 80 cm, kutalika kwa khungwalo kumasiyana mkati mwa theka la mita, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 0,5 kg. (amuna) ndi 0,6 kg. (akazi).
- Chachilendo cha mitundu iyi ndi mtundu wa mlanduwo. Dera la parietal limakhala lofiirira ndi mitengo yamtundu wakuda, lolekanitsidwa ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu oyera. Mlomo sutali kwambiri, ndipo zipilalazo pamwamba pa maso ndi kuwala kwamtambo.
- Monga mbalame zina zonse kuchokera ku banja ili, anthu amakhala m'malo otetezeka a ku Europe. Koma amakonda kumanga nyumba yokhazikika osati poyera, koma m'malo amtchire, kotero kuti pali kasupe wamadzi pafupi.
Curly Curlew
- Mwa mawonekedwe ake akunja, sizimasiyana kwenikweni ndi anthu akuluakulu. Kupatula kuti kukula kwake kumasiyana, ndizocheperako pang'ono. Mlomo mulinso wofupikitsidwa ndipo sugwada kwambiri.
- Amakonzekera kukhazikika m'malo oyamba ndi dothi louma. Mutha kupeza anthu pa peatlands, komanso m'nkhalango za birch kapena aspen. Ikakwana nthawi yoti mupite nthawi yachisanu, lowani ku Morocco kapena madera oyandikana nawo.
- Lero, ndi ma curlews osiyanasiyana awa omwe amawonedwa kuti ndi osowa kwambiri, omwe ali pangozi, chifukwa chake amatetezedwa kwambiri. Chodziwika ndi chakuti zolengedwa zakuda zimapezeka thupi la mbalame.
Phale
- Monga momwe dzinalo likunenera, anthu payekhapayekha amakhala mokulira kwawoko lathu. Ponena ndi mapiko a mapiko, zizindikirazo zili mpaka masentimita 100. Miyendo yolumikizidwa ndi kumbuyo kwa kamvekedwe ka bulauni kumawoneka ngati gawo lodziwika. Mimba ya mbalamezo ndi yopepuka, yoyera.
- Mlomo, mwa kufanizira ndi anthu amtundu waukulu, umaweruzidwa mwamphamvu. Popeza anthu amakhala ku Russia, amakonda kukhala chisa pano. Koma nthawi zina amatha kuwuluka kupita ku Korea kapena China.
- Chifukwa chakuti mtunduwu kale unkachita nawo ntchito yomanga nyumba ya ana m'malo otsegulira, osaka, nkhandwe, ndi agalu adayamba kuwononga.
Wotchok
- Mitundu yomwe yakhala ikuyimilidwa kwa nthawi yayitali idawonedwa kuti ndiyochulukirachulukira malinga ndi malo okhala ndi kuchuluka kwake. Ndizofala ku United States of America, komanso ku Canada.
- Koma popeza ma splews nthawi zonse amakhala agwiridwe alenje, adathamangitsidwa. Kwa zaka zoposa 50, nthumwi za Eskimo sizigwira munthu.
Moyo
- Anthu omwe amaimiridwa ndi mbalame amakhalanso moyo wabwino. Pafupifupi ndege zonse zopangidwa ndi mbalame zimachitika usiku. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu omwe adalankhulidwawo amakhala magulu akuluakulu okhaokha.
- M'malo achisanu, mbalame zotere zimadziunjikira zochuluka. Nthawi zambiri masana mbalame zikafuna chakudya, zitha kutha m'malo mwakuti anthu oterowo akuyenda mosawonekera. Mbalame nthawi ndi nthawi zimatsitsa mulomo wawo m'matanthwe kapena mumchenga.
- Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mtundu wa moyo wa ma Curlews umatengera mwachindunji ma ebbs ndikuyenda, osati usana ndi usiku, ngati mbalame zambiri. Madzi akangotuluka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, anthu omwe amapezekawa amafunafuna zakudya.
- Madziwo akangobwera, mbalame izi zimapita kutchuthi. Pakadali pano, mbalame zimayamba kupanga phokoso lokongola kwambiri komanso lachilendo. Kuyimba kwawo kungafanane ndi kusewera chitoliro. Kukazizira nyengo yachisanu, anthu amapita kumayiko otentha. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala nyengo ya Mediterranean.
- Pa gawo la Russia, anthu awa amatha kuwoneka koyambirira kapena pakati pa masika. M'modzi mwa ma curlews akaona vuto lomwe lili pafupi ndi nyama yakutchire, mbalameyo imachenjeza abalewo mofuula. Nthawi zina phokoso limakhala longa phwete.
- Kuti apumule usiku, anthu oganiziridwawo amapita kumalo obisika. Nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa munkhokwe zamtchire ndi udzu wandiweyani. M'malo oterowo, mbalame sizitha kufikira nyama kapena nyama. Oimira ena amakonda kutsatira kusamuka kwakanthawi. Chifukwa chake, samakhala moyo wongokhala.
Kuswana
Anthu am'banja'li ali ndi mawonekedwe omwe amawasiyanitsa ndi mbalame zina zonse. Choyimira chachikulu, ndichachidziwikire, ndi mulomo wokhota komanso wautali.
Zifukwa zakuchepa kwa chiwerengero ndi kutetezedwa kwa mwana wakhanda
Malo ochepa kwambiri, kutalikirana kwa malo okhala malo abwino, mazira ochepa mu clutch - 3-4 ndizifukwa zazikulu zomwe kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya chilengedwe mumakhala ochepa.
Curlew mofunitsitsa amakhala m'malo opsa ndi zigawo za tundra.
Kusaka mbalame ndi koletsedwa kulikonse. Kapangidwe kakang'ono kakuphatikizidwa ndi Red Book of the Russian Federation, Yakutia, ndipo akuphatikizidwa ndi Zakumapeto II ku CITES Convention. Mtundu wachilendo umatetezedwa ndi malamulo a Republic of Sakha. M'deralo, malo otetezedwa adazindikirika momwe zofunikira zachitetezo cha mitundu yachilengedwe zimakwaniritsidwira.
Zambiri pazachulukidwe, magawidwe, ndi zachilengedwe zamtunduwu ziyenera kuchepetsedwa ndikuthandizidwa. Pazomwezi, kafukufuku owonjezera amafunikira. Kubadwanso kwa mbalame zachilendo kumathandizidwa ndi malo amtchire.
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