Caterpillar -Uyu ndiye mphutsi (mwana) wa gulugufe ndi njenjete. Pakadutsa milungu iwiri kapena itatu, mboziyi imakhala coco, ndipo imasandulika kukhala pupa pambuyo pa masabata awiri. Kenako mbozi yokhala ndi mapiko opitilira kukula. Mboziyi imadziwika kuti ndi tizilombo, makamaka makampani azovala zovala. Mtundu umodzi wa mbozi umawononga silika ku Far East, umadziwika kuti silkworm.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Pali mitundu yoposa 20,000 ya mbozi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo akuti pali mitundu ina yambiri yomwe sinapezeke ngati mitundu yatsopano ya agulugufe ndipo imapezeka pafupipafupi kumadera komwe kulibe anthu ambiri, ngati alipo. Monga lamulo, mitundu yambiri ya mbozi ndi tizirombo taulimi, chifukwa zimatha kudutsa m'minda, nthawi zambiri zimasiya maenje akuluakulu omwe amawononga mbewuzo.

Chochititsa chidwi: Mitundu ina ya mbozi ndi poizoni, makamaka yomwe imakhala m'malo a mvula. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi poizoni mwa mtundu wa mbozi, ndiye kuti ikasanduka gulugufe kapena njenjete, ilibenso poizoni.

Tsatani chakudya

Khwangwala amatuluka dzira lomwe limadya pambuyo pomenyera. Pambuyo pake, amapita kukapumira chakudya: masamba a mbewu, mitengo, maluwa kapena zipatso.

Mitundu yotsatira ya mbozi zimasiyanitsidwa:

• Polyphages - mbozi zamtunduwu zimadya "mosasamala," zomwe zimaphatikizapo mbozi za njenjete.
• Oligophagous amadya mbewu zamtundu umodzi.
• Monophages amamwa shrub limodzi, mwachitsanzo, mbozi ya silkw imadya masamba a mabulosi.
• Xylophages amakonda kudya mitengo.

Kuphatikiza apo, pali mitundu ina ya mbozi zomwe zimadya, mwachitsanzo, bowa, uchi, kapena mbali zakufa za nyama zazikulu (nyanga, khungu).

Tcherani khutu!

Tizilombo toyamwa timakonda kudya misuzi ya zipatso, timadzi tokoma tating'ono komanso tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono.

Mapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chimbudzi chimakhala ndi thunthu, mutu, pamimba, maso, miyendo ndi zida zopumira. Pamutu pali zida zapakamwa zokhala ndi zokutira zazing'ono zazing'ono zomwe zimakhudzidwa pakudya. Miyendo ya m'mabatani ali ndi zibano zapadera zomwe zimalumikizana ndi tsamba lomwe tsamba lidatsata njirayo.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtundu wa mphutsi: mwachitsanzo, mbozi zobiriwira, chikasu, pinki, beige ndi zina zotero zimasungidwa.

Momwe mungachotsere njanji

Pezani madzi apadera opangidwa ndi mabakiteriya (BTk). Mtundu wamagetsi amtunduwu umakonda kubereketsa zotsalira za nyama zakufa, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo m'munda kumathandizira kuti khungu la m'mimba liziwonongeka.

Chofunikira ndikutetezedwa kwa njanji kwa oweta zinyama ndi ziweto. Kufufuza kumachitika m'magawo awiri: gawo loyamba panthawi ya mazira, lachiwiri - pomwe mbozi zayamba kale kupanga momwe ziliri. Chida ichi chitha kugulidwa m'masitolo apadera mwanjira ya ufa womwe umasungunulidwa m'madzi kenako ndikuwazidwa ndi mbewu.

Khazikitsani odyetserawo m'mundamo kuti azikopa mbalame zomwe zimawononga tizirombo. Ngati muli ndi mwayi komanso kukhumba, ingakhale yankho labwino kupeza nkhuku - zikuthandizani kuti muchepetse mbozi zachikulire zomwe zimazinga mbewu.

Momwe mungathanirane ndi mayendedwe kabichi

Njira yayikulu idzathandizira kulimbana ndi mbozi pa kabichi: Sungunulani supuni imodzi ya viniga 9% m'malita khumi amadzi.

Kuphatikiza pa viniga wowona, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito supuni ziwiri za mandala khumi malita. Ndi yankho lanu muyenera kuthirira kabichi kuchokera kuthirira.

Pomaliza

Mapala ndi gawo lapakati pa njira ya gulugufe. Pambuyo pa gawo ili, tizilombo timene timasandulika kukhala cholengedwa chokongola chomwe chikuchita nawo mungu.

Komabe, kuyandikana ndi mphutsi m'dera lawo lakunja ndikosasangalatsa, chifukwa amadya mbewu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kudziwa malamulo oyambira amomwe mungatulutsire mayendedwe patsamba lanu.

Mimba ndi chifuwa

Thupi la mboziyo, lomwe limayenda movutikira kwambiri, limakhazikika pachikuto chofewa. Madera omwe ali ndi scermotised ndi tergites a prothorax ndi gawo la 10 la m'mimba. Gawo lililonse la mbozi limatha kugawidwa m'mphete zingapo zomwe zimasungidwa ndi ma geno omwe kunja kwake sikusiyana ndi malire enieni am magawo.

Defotum (antero-thoracic chishango) sichimakhala kwambiri mu tergite yonse, ndipo m'mazimba ambiri amapezeka kakhalidwe kakang'ono, komwe kali kutsogolo kwa spirement (stigma), komwe kumatchedwa chishango cha preigmal, pomwe bristles IV, V ndi VI amakhala. Mid- ndi metanotum sizimagawika konse, ndipo zigawo zawo zamtsogolo zimagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Ma Tergites a zigawo zam'mimba nthawi zonse amagawidwa m'magulu angapo a sclerites omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi setae yoyamba ndipo nthawi zambiri amafanana ndi kuchuluka kwawo.

The anus pa gawo lomaliza lazunguliridwa ndi ma lobes 4. Sikuti masamba awa onse amatha kupangidwa bwino nthawi imodzi. Wam'mwambamwamba, supu wamkulu, amakhala pamwamba pa anus. Malo ocheperako, ocheperako, amakonda kukhala ngati kanyama kakang'ono kwambiri, kamene kamakhala ndi zotsekemera kapena zotsekemera - mapangidwe ake - amapangidwa mwaluso pakati pa njenjete ndi omwe amatenthedwa ngati mabala akuluakulu.

Pafupifupi mbozi zonse zimakhala m'gulululi ndi chotsekera chimodzi chotsekeka pachifuwa. Kupatula ndizo mitundu ina yomwe imakhala moyo wam'madzi. Ma stigmas awo ali otsekedwa, ndipo amasinthidwa ndi ma gill trillal.

M'chifuwa mumakhala chinyengo chimodzi chokha chovomerezeka. Lachiwiri lachepetsedwa pakati lili pakati pa mid- ndi metothorax. Zowunikira pachifuwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zam'mimba. Mimba m'magawo 1-8 imanyamula magawo asanu ndi atatu a stigmas omwe amakhala pansi pazoyipa za thoracic ndi ochulukirapo pakati pa gawo kapena pafupi pang'ono m'mphepete mwake. Kusala kwa gawo la 8 kuli pamwamba pamimba ndipo ndikulirapo kuposa iwo, pomwe malingaliro onyansa 1, motsutsana, amakhala otsika pang'ono kuposa enawo. Kusala kumatha kukhala kozungulira kapena koyambira.

Nyali

Mbozi zambiri zimakhala ndi miyendo itatu yamiyendo (pawiri pa mbali iliyonse ya chifuwa) ndi awiriawiri amiyendo yam'mimba pamimba ya III - VI ndi X pamimba. Miyendo yam'mimba imakhala ndi zingwe zazing'ono zomwe zimapezeka m'magulu osiyanasiyana a Lepidoptera m'njira zosiyanasiyana - mawonekedwe a bwalo, mizere yayitali kapena yopingasa. Mwendo umakhala ndi magawo asanu: pelvis, trochanter, ntchafu, mwendo wotsika, ndi tarsus.

Miyendo yoyenda bwino ya mboziyi imachepetsedwa pang'ono poyerekeza ndi miyendo yoyenda, ndipo miyendo yam'mimba makamaka imagwira ntchito yoyenda. Pamapeto pa pectoral paw pali chiwalo cholimba chosagwirizana ndi icho, chomwe chingakhale ndi kutalika ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Gawo lomaliza la mwendo wam'mimba ndi lokhalo, lomwe lingachotseredwe ndikuwoneka patali ndikumanyamula malembedwe ake a distal.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya kapangidwe kake:

1. m'mphepete mwake muli ndi mawonekedwe kapena ozungulirazungulira okhala ndi mphete zomwe zili pamphete ya mphete, minofu yolumikizira zinthu imalumikizidwa pakatikati pake,
2. gawo lakunja la dzanja limachepetsedwa, ndipo mbedza zimangokhala m'mphepete mwake chamkati, minofu imamangika pamphepete kunja kwa gawo, motere, m'mphepete lakunja kwa gawo, kutsutsana ndi m'mphepete yomwe imanyamula zibowo, nthawi zina imasemedwa.

M'magulu osiyanasiyana a agulugufe, kupatuka kuzomwe zafotokozedwera komwe miyendo ikufotokozedwa. Odziwika kwambiri ndi mbozi za nthiwu, zomwe zambiri zimakhala ndi miyendo iwiri yam'mimba (pazigawo za VI ndi X). Zotsatira zake, mbozi zamphongo zimayenda ngati "akuyenda". Dzina lachi Russia, komanso la Chijeremani (Chijeremani Spannern ) amachokera kufanana kwa kayendedwe ka mbozi ndi kayendedwe ka dzanja la munthu yemwe akuyeza kutalika kwakutalika. Dzinalo Latin kwa banja la njenjete ndi Geometridae (kuchokera kwa "woyeserera" Wachi Greek ") amapatsidwanso izi pokhudzana ndi izi. Sizikudziwika kuti miyendo yam'mimba imatha kuchepetsedwa pazigawo za III ndi IV pamimba pamayendedwe a scoops ena (Noctuidae).

Mbozi zina zafotokozanso mapira opitilira asanu amiyendo yam'mimba. Mano opindikaMicropterigidae) - eyiti, megalopygid (Megalopygidae) - zisanu ndi ziwiri (kuyambira II mpaka VII ndi X gawo), m'modzi mwa akadaulo opanga njenjete (Stigmella kuchokera kubanja Nepticulidae) - zisanu ndi chimodzi (kuyambira II mpaka VII) awiriawiri.

Kuphatikiza apo, miyendo (zonse mkati ndi pectoral) ikhoza kuchepetsedwa kwathunthu ku migodi yaying'ono ya Lepidoptera.

Kufotokozera, mawonekedwe

Khungubwi ndiye mphutsi ya tizilombo kapena matenda aliwonse kuchokera ku Lepidoptera. Kukula kwa njanji ndi kosiyanasiyana: ikhoza kukhala kuchokera mamilimita angapo mpaka 15cm. Kukhudza ena a iwo ndi moyo wowopsa. Amakhala ndi poizoni.

Thupi la mboziyo limakhala ndi mutu, chifuwa ndi m'mimba. Pali miyendo ingapo pachifuwa ndi pamimba. Thupi lonse limakhala ndi mphete zingapo zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi miyala. Kukokera mphetezo, mboziyo imayenda ndikusuntha miyendo

Khwangwala amapuma chifukwa chodana. Pali zingapo pa thupi. Mutu ndi chifuwa zimakhala ndi chipolopolo cholimba. Thupi lonse limakhala lofewa, lotayirira. Mutu umapangidwa ndi mphete zingapo zophatikizidwa palimodzi. Maonekedwe a mutu amatha kukhala ozungulira, amakona anayi, pakati. Magawo a parietal amatha kutuluka ndikuyamba kupanga "nyanga".

Kapangidwe ndi chithunzi cha mayendedwe - mitundu

Kutalika kwa thupi la mbozi, kutengera zamitundu, kumatha kukhala mamilimita angapo mpaka masentimita 12. Amakhala ndi thunthu, mutu, maso, milomo yazida komanso miyendo. Pa thunthu, zigawo za thoracic komanso zam'mimba ndizosiyanika bwino, ndipo pamiyendo yake pali miyendo ingapo.

Thupi la mbozi limakhala ndi zigawo zopatukana ndi mizere yopapatiza. The anus ili pa torso; pali chozungulira pa chifuwa.

Mitundu yambiri ya mbozi pachifuwa imakhala ndi miyendo itatu yamiyendo, iliyonse yomwe imakhala ndi dzanja ndi chida - kusuntha, mboziyo imakoka ndikuchotsa zikhadabo, ndi awiriawiri a miyendo yam'mimba yabodza, kumapeto kwake kuli zibowato zazing'ono.

Thupi "litavekedwa" m'chigoba chofewa, chophimbidwa, kutengera mitundu, tsitsi, kapena mawonekedwe: - cuticles mu mawonekedwe a nyenyezi, spikes kapena granules, ndipo tsitsi la mbozi limakula payekha kapena pamata. Akalabu amapira kangapo pamiyoyo yawo.

Mutu umakhala ndi magawo asanu ndi limodzi osakanikirana omwe amapanga kapisozi. Pansi pamutu pake pali maimidwe ogwirira ntchito, ooneka ngati mtima, ndipo mitundu ina ya mbozi zimagawana mbali zina za parietala ndipo zimapanga "nyanga". Antennae amakula m'mbali mwa mutu.

Diso la mbozi ndi awiriawiri a6-6 - maso angapo osavuta, omwe ali ndi mandala amodzi, omwe amapangidwira mbali imodzi kapena inzake kapena wolumikizidwa m'maso ovuta asanu.

Pakamwa pa mboziyo ndi zida zodulira, chibwano chapamwamba chimakhala champhamvu - pamakhala zovala zina zomwe kachilombo kapena kachakudya kamabowola chakudya.

Mkati mwa zida zapakamwa pamakhala ma tubercles omwe mboziyo imabzikiritsa zakudya, ndipo tiziwungu timene timatulutsa malovu ndi mtundu wa mphero - pomwepo mbozi ya silkworm imatulutsa ulusi.

Ziphuphu zamthupi ndi zowonjezera zawo

Thupi la mboziyo sikhala maliseche kwathunthu; limakutidwa ndimitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe itha kugawidwa, tsitsi komanso kutuluka kwa thupi.

Mitengo yodula ya cuticular ndi zinthu zokongola komanso zazing'ono zotuluka: ma spines, granules, mapangidwe a stellate, omwe amatha kuwoneka ngati tsitsi laling'ono - hetoid.

Tsitsi, bristles ndi zotumphukira zawo zimasiyana ndizinthu zosemasema pakulankhula kwawo ndi cuticle ndi chitukuko chifukwa cha maselo apadera a hypodermis. Pansi pa tsitsi limazunguliridwa ndi wodzigudubuza, kapena tsitsi limapuma. Misonkhano nthawi zonse, tsitsi limagawidwa tsitsi lenileni komanso lothinana, lotsirizira limakhala lamphamvu. Tsitsi ndilosiyana kwambiri mawonekedwe. Mwambiri, amaimiridwa ndi mafayilo amtundu kapena mawonekedwe a bristle.

Kutuluka kwa khungu la thupi ndi mawonekedwe omwe amapanga khungu ndipo amakhala ndi mkati mwake momwe amalumikizirana ndi mkati mwa thupi. Izi zimaphatikizapo ma tubercles - mitundu yosiyanasiyana yolumikizidwa ndi setae yoyamba. Chingwe ndimtambo wokutidwa ndi mtolo kapena tsitsi, zingwe ndi zozungulira kapena, mosiyana, zopindika komanso zowondera, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu, mwachitsanzo Lymantriidae. Makhalidwe okuluwo akuimira ma spine.

Nthawi zina, mbozi zomwe zimatsogolera moyo wam'madzi zimayamba kulimbitsa thupi. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka pamagawo onse a thupi (kupatula prothorax ndi gawo la 10 la pamimba) mwa mawonekedwe amtambo wachikopa ndi trachea ikulowa. Tsankho pama milandu awa latsekedwa.

Kugunda kofowoka kwa mbozi kumakulungika ndipo sikokwanira thupi, kotero kuti kumatha kumera pakati pa molts, koma pokhapokha pokhotakhota mutatambalala ndipo thupi la mboziyo limadzaza voliyumu yonse yakunja.

Ziwawa za poizoni

Kusiyanitsa mbozi zapoizoni ku "wamtendere" imodzi imaloleza utoto. Choyezimira utoto. Mwinanso kuti mboziyo ili ndi poizoni.

Kulumikizana ndi munthu kumatha kuyambitsa dzino, kufiira khungu, kufupika, kupweteka kwamitundu yambiri ndikupeza matenda.

• Coquette wamphaka. Amakhala ku Mexico. Zofanana kwambiri ndi hamster. Kukongola kwa bulauni kwamtundu wa 2-3cm kutalika. Kulumikizana kumatha kupweteka pachifuwa, kufupika.
• Mchizi wachisoni. Imakhala ndi mtundu wowala: kumbuyo ndikobiriwira poizoni ndipo ndili ndi malo akulu abulauni pakati. Mutu ndi kumapeto kwa m'mimba ndi zofiirira ndi nyanga zakuda. Pali tsitsi lalitali pathupi. Kumapeto kwa tsitsili kumakhala poyizoni wamphamvu.
• Wochenjera mosamala. Amakhala ku Uruguay ndi Mozambique. Tizilombo tating'ono tating'ono ta masentimita 3-4. Timakhala ndi mtundu wakuda ndi loyera komanso wokhala ndi masamba obiriwira amtundu wolimba wamitundu yobiriwira. Poizoni wake amatha kusokoneza dongosolo lamanjenje, amachititsa magazi a ziwalo zamkati.
• Kuyaka kwanyamuka. Mtundu waukulu ndi wachikaso, wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yofiyira komanso yamtambo. Nyanga zanthete zimakhala ndi poizoni. Mukakumana, zimakhazikika zimasweka, ndipo zotupa zimatuluka pakhungu.

Kukula kwa zisoti

Kukula kwake kumatha kupitilira mwachangu, ndipo kukhoza kupitilira kwa zaka makumi angapo. Khungubwe imakumana ndi dzira, mbozi imadutsa pang'ono. Ena mwa iwo amatsatiridwa ndi kusintha kwakukulu, molting ndi ma metamorphoses ena. Mboziyo imakula komanso imakula.

Mitundu ina imapanga maulalo angapo ndikusintha mtundu. Izi ndizofala ku mbozi za silkworm. Kumapeto kwa nthawi yawo, akuyang'ana malo oti agwiritse ntchito ndikukonzekera nyumba yawo.

Mapala amphaka; Kutengera mtundu wa mbozi, imatha kusungunuka kuyambira 2 mpaka 40. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi ya moyo wawo, mbozi zimasungunuka nthawi 4-5. Wogwirizira zolembera nambala ya maulalo ndiamu. Imatha kusungunuka mpaka maulendo 40, ndipo zazikazi imazichita mobwerezabwereza.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Kodi mbozi zimawoneka bwanji?

Mbozi zodziwika bwino ndi izi:

• mbozi yayikulu yoyera (Pierisonze), yomwe akulu ake amatchedwa agulugufe oyera a kabichi. Amphaka amadzaza mafuta ambiri a mpiru m'zakudya, ndipo thupi lawo lowala, lowala, limachenjeza anthu omwe angadyeko zomwe zingawakhumudwitse,
• mbozi zing'onozing'ono zazingwe (Aglais urticae). Kukhala limodzi kumapindulitsa mbozi, chifukwa zimatha kuphatikiza matupi awo mogwirizana, zimagwirizana ngati chinthu chimodzi chachikulu, kuyesa kuwopseza olusa. Mapeto ake, mbozi zimasambira zokha kuti zisambe. Mbozi zamtchire zimatha kuwonekera kuyambira Meyi mpaka Juni, ndipo akuluakulu azitha kugwira ntchito pachaka chonse,
• mbozi wa mbozi (Polygonia c-albhamu). Amphaka amasintha utoto m'malo mwamlingo wawo wonse, koma mbozi zakale ndizodziwika bwino. Ana amphongo akuda a lalanje amakhala ndi "chishalo" choyera, zokumbutsa ndikuponya mbalame, yomwe imawopseza adani
• Magazi a Bear Caterpillar (Tyria jacobaeae).Kukula mpaka 28 mm, mbozi zakuda izi ndi zachikaso ndizodziwika komanso zosavuta kuzizindikira, chifukwa zimawoneka ngati zili ndi malaya a rugby.
• mbozi yasiliva (Phalera bucephala). Kambuku wakuda uyu ndi wachikasu amatha kutalika kwa 70 mm ndipo ali ndi tsitsi lomwe limayambitsa mkwiyo mwa anthu ndikuchita ntchito yabwino yoteteza kwa adani.
• mbozi ya njenjete yotuwa (Calliteara pudibunda). Mapira amatha kukula mpaka 45 mm ndikufika kwathunthu pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Zingwe zam'mimba za mbozi zimadziwika kuti zimayambitsa khungu kwa anthu. Akuluakulu ndi njenjete yokongola yokhathamira ndi tinyanga tating'ono,
• maple lancet mbozi (Acronicta aceris). Uku ndikuwona kwamatawuni, kodziwika ndi tsitsi lowala lalanje ndi mitundu yakuda ndi yoyera ya rhomboid kumbuyo,
• lancet-psi mbozi (Acronicta psi). Atatuluka mazira, omwe amangotenga sabata limodzi kuti awaswa, mbozi zimakula mpaka 40 mm patatha masiku makumi atatu. Tizilombo taimvi titha kupezeka kuyambira Julayi mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala. Akuluakulu oyera mtima ndi akhama kuyambira pakati pa Meyi mpaka Ogasiti. Mizere yawo yachikasu imakhala ngati chobisalira pazomera.

Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mboziyo imawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone komwe kachilombo kameneka kamapezeka.

Kodi mbozi imakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Makungu pazachilengedwe

Kambuku yoyera yoyera imangokhala mamilimita 45 okha ndipo imadyera kabichi, letesi ndi nasturtium kwa milungu inayi - ndichifukwa chake alimi ndi olima mundawo amawawona ngati tizirombo. Mazira obiriwira a mbozi yaying'ono amaikidwa m'timagulu tambiri touluka, ndipo mbozi zokhala ndi mbewa zachikasu zimakhalira limodzi, zimapanga masamba amtundu wa silika ndikudya masamba oyandikira kuti akule mpaka 30 mm kutalika. Pamene zimakula, zimasinthana kukhala mbewu zatsopano ndikupanga maukonde atsopano, zikusiya zikopa zakale, zodzaza matupi,

Khoma la mbozi limakula mpaka 35 mm ndipo limakhala pachimodzimodzi ndi khwangwala. Izi mbozi zimatha kupezeka kumapeto kwa Epulo mpaka pakati pa Seputembala, koma agulugufe amagwira ntchito chaka chonse. Mu 1800s, adakumana ndi kuchepa kwakukulu, mwina chifukwa chakuchepetsa kubzala kwa zakudya zomwe amakonda, kadumphidwe, koma adakhalako ndi chitsitsimutso. Makwati a chimbalangondo chamagazi amachokera pansi, osati m chrysalis pamtengo, ngati mbozi zina. Akuluakulu amawuluka kuyambira Meyi mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti. Pali kusinthasintha mu kuchuluka kwa "kuchuluka ndi kuchepa" pamlingo wapafupi.

Agalu achilitsitsi amakula bwino m'masiku 30 ndikugonera pansi nthawi yachisanu. Ziwawa za mbewa zokhala ndi nsonga ya chulu zimapezeka kuyambira Julayi mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala. Akuluakulu amagwira ntchito kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi mpaka Julayi, ndipo zolemba zawo zimapangidwa ngati mapiko awo adasweka. Mitengo yokhala ndi njenjete zamiyala yopyapyala yapezeka pamitengo ndi zitsamba zingapo zophatikizika, kuphatikiza birch ndi anakweranso. Amatha kuwoneka kuyambira kumapeto kwa Juni mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala, koma m'dzinja amatha kuwoneka pafupipafupi akakwawa posaka malo oti awoneke. Akuluakulu amawuluka kuyambira Julayi mpaka Ogasiti.

Mchira wa mapulo a lancet amakhala pamtengo wa ndege, mgoza wa mahatchi, komanso pamapu olimidwa ndi minda. Mapaki amapezeka kuyambira Julayi mpaka Seputembara. M'nyengo yozizira, amasenda pansi, m'zinyalala zofanana ndi khungwa ndi masamba agwa. Akuluakulu amagwira ntchito kuyambira m'ma Juni mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti.

Kodi mbozi imadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Red Caterpillar

Khwangwala ndi herbivore, koma zakudya za mbozi ndi gulugufe ndi zosiyana. Gulugufe amagwiritsa ntchito malilime onga ngati udzu kuti amwe timadzi tokongola tating'onoting'ono tokhala maluwa, chomwe ndi chipangizo chomwe chimachitika pang'onopang'ono mboziyo ikasandulika kukhala gulugufe. Ana agalu amadya masamba, masamba, ndi maluwa, ndipo mabowo akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amapezeka masamba omwe akuwonetsa kupezeka kwa mbozi.

Chochititsa chidwi: Chimbudzi ndi makina enieni azakudya - chikwama chacylindrical chogaya mbewu. Pakupita masiku kapena milungu ingapo itayamba kugwira ntchito, mboziyi imadziyamwa kwambiri nthawi zambiri, chilichonse chomwe chakudya chingasankhepo.

Mwachitsanzo, mbozi ya mbozi zakale imadya masamba a masamba, koma imayamba kudyera kumtunda pomwe imakula. Njira yodyera ya mbozi yamagaziyi ndiyosiyana, zomwe zikuwapatsa mwayi wowonekera pobera njira zomwe amaphera nthawi yomweyo. Izi mbozi zimadya m'magulu, makamaka masana, kuyambira Julayi mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala. Masamba a chomera akamwalira, nthawi zina amapangiranso zachilengedwe.

Chimbudzi cha dzenje la silvery chimadyera masamba a oak. Pambuyo pa kuwaswa kuchokera ku tsinde la mazira, mphutsi zimadyera limodzi, ndikusiya lokha pakamakula kukula kwakukulu. Maphungwa a maple lancet, omwe kutalika kwake kumakhala 40 mm, nthawi zina amagwa pamitengo yomwe amadya. Mbawala za psi mphutsi za psi zimadya pamitengo ndi zitsamba zotambalala monga hawthorn, apulo, ndi birch.

Amadziwika kuti mitundu yambiri ya mbozi ndizosangalatsa komanso imadyetsa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Mbozi zambiri ndi herbivores ndipo amadyetsa makamaka masamba, ngakhale mitundu ina amadya mbali zonse za chomera, bowa ndi nyama zakufa, kuphatikizapo mbozi zina.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Wakhungu Wamphaka

Mapira amatha kukhala osinthika oyambira yoyamba, chifukwa amasintha kuchoka ku mphutsi za wavy kukhala agulugufe okongola, koma sindiye okhawo omwe amawasintha. Nthawi zambiri, mapira amadzibisika pakati pa mbewu chifukwa cha mtundu wake, ndipo khungu lawo lotuwa nthawi zambiri limawoneka ngati zonyoza panthambi. Kutha kwaphokoso kumeneku kumathandiza mbozi kuti zikhale ndi moyo mpaka zitakhwima kwathunthu ndikuyamba kuyambira - zimatembenuka kuchokera ku pupa kukhala gulugufe.

Gawoli limayamba ndi mbozi wamkulu yomwe imakafika pakhungwa la mtengo kapena chinthu china cholimba, kenako ikalowera khungu kuti liwulule. Kusinthaku kumachitika mkati mwa chrysalis pomwe mboziyo ikayamba kuwola kukhala madzi, ndipo maselo ochepa okha otsala amasintha kukhala gulugufe wamkulu.

Chingwe chikamaliza metamorphosis kukhala gulugufe, chimatseguka ndikuwonekera gulugufe. Izi sizikuwononga nthawi ndikukhwimitsa mazira, popeza agulugufe ambiri amakhala ndi nthawi yochepa ya masabata angapo. Mazira agulugufe amatambasulira nyongayo, ndipo kuzungulira kumayambanso.

Nthawi zambiri, masinthidwe asanu ndi amodzi a metamorphic amapezeka panjira ya kukula kwa gulugufe, iliyonse yomwe imalimbikitsidwa ndikumasulidwa kwa mahomoni molt ecdysone kuchokera pachifuwa. Homoni wachinyamata yemwe amapangidwa ndi endocrine gland amachedwetsa kupita patsogolo atakula: ngakhale kuchuluka kwa mahomoni kuli kokweza, kumapangitsa mboziyo kuti ikhale ndi mphutsi.

Komabe, katulutsidwe ka timadzi tating'onoting'ono timayamba kuchepa pakapita nthawi. Pokhapokha m'munsi mwa gawo lovuta kwambiri kusungunuka kumabweretsa pupa ndi kuseweretsa. Pakadali pano, kugawanika kwakukulu kwa michere kumachitika, ndipo mwa akulu, mawonekedwe amatha kuonekera. Ndi dontho pamlingo wa mahomoni achinyamata mpaka pafupifupi zero, molt womaliza amapezeka mwa munthu wamkulu.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Ma track awiri

Amphaka okonzeka kukhala agulugufe kuyambira pakubadwa. Ngakhale mbozi yaying'ono kwambiri yomwe yayamba kuswa kuchokera pa dzira laling'ono kwambiri, mitolo ya maselo a ziwalo monga anangula, mapiko, zipsera ndi maliseche zimakonzedwa kale kuti zikhale akulu. Amadziwika kuti ma disc a m'maganizo (kukhala athanzi komanso ozungulira), sangathe kukula chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito timadzi tambiri totchedwa ana.

Mphutsi zikamadya, m'matumbo mwake, m'mimba ndi ziwalo zina zamkati zimakula ndikukula, koma ma disc amaganiza amakanikizidwa kwakanthawi ndipo amakhalabe matalala. Khwangwala imakhala ngati yopanda ufulu, kudyetsa, kukulitsa, koma yotaya mtima pakukula kwakhanda.

Ikafika kukula kovuta, mahomoni osungunula, ecdysone, amasulidwa. Amawonetsa khungu lake kangapo poyang'ana ecdysone, nthawi iliyonse ndikupanga msinkhu watsopano (gawo), koma mahomoni achichepere amawasunga mu mboziyo, amateteza kupitilirabe mpaka chiwopsezo chake chikufika kukula kwake kwathunthu ndikuyandikira kutsika kwake.

Pa m'badwo wachisanu ndi womaliza wa mbozi, ma disc a kulingalira ayamba kale kutuluka pakupuma mokakamiza ndikukula. Madzi a achinyamata tsopano agwera pansi, ndipo kukonzekera kwotsatira kwa ecdysone kumapangitsa kusinthika kukhala chrysalis. Ma discontened amayerekeza amayamba kukhala osasinthika. Chogoba chilichonse chimakhala chopendekera, kenako chimakhala chofanana ndi sock. Pakatikati pa diski iliyonse mumapangidwa kuti mukhale miyendo - nsonga ya phazi kapena kumapeto kwa phiko.

Unyinji wamtundu wa mbozi umapangidwa kuti ukhale wa anthu akuluakulu omwe amaphatikizana ndi chigoba chamkati mwa pupa. Pakadali pano, mkati mwake mumakhala msuzi wopatsa thanzi womwe umadyetsa maimidwe oyerekeza a m'maganizo akamaliza kuchedwa. Kuphulika komaliza kwa ecdysone kumachitika pakati pa achinyamata pafupifupi zero - ndipo kumathandizanso kuoneka ngati gulugufe wachikulire chifukwa chokhadzula, kubalalitsa ndi kuyikira mazira.

Adani achilengedwe a mbozi

Chithunzi: Kodi mbozi zimawoneka bwanji?

Chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kocheperako komanso maonekedwe ofanana ndi nyongolotsi, mitundu yambiri ya nyama imadyera mbozi, koma mbalame ndi tizilombo ndi adani akuluakulu a mbozi. Nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono ndi zokwawa nthawi zambiri zimasaka mbozi.

Ziphuphu sizitha kuthawa mosavuta nyama zomwe zimadya chifukwa zimayenda pang'onopang'ono ndipo zilibe mapiko. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mwina amadalira zobisika kuti adani asazizindikire (zomwe zimatipatsa mbozi zomwe zimawoneka ngati masamba, masamba oyambira, ndi zina), kapena zinachita kukhala zowala komanso zowala, ndiye, amene angafune kudya iwowa akudziwa kuti awa ndi malingaliro oyipa.

Amphaka amapezeka pafupifupi nyengo zonse padziko lapansi, chifukwa cha zomwe amadyera ambiri.

Kuphatikiza pa mbalame, mbozi zimadyanso:

• anthu - mbozi ndizakudya zabwino kwa anthu omwe ali m'maiko ena monga Botswana kumwera kwa Africa, komanso kumayiko a East Asia monga China. M'malo mwake, mbozi zimasonkhana tsiku lililonse m'malo awa chifukwa cha thanzi lawo labwino. Poyerekeza ng'ombe, mphodza ndi nsomba, mbozi zimakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri komanso mafuta,
• Mavu amadziwika kuti amanyamula mbozi kupita nazo zisa zawo ngati chakudya cha ana awo. Ma udzu ndi othandiza pamundawo, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakola mbozi pafupifupi chilichonse, motero amazisunga. Komabe, mavu amadya mbozi makamaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Nyengo ikamakula, anthu ake amakhala acidic, ndipo zakudya zawo zimasinthidwa kukhala zina zomwe zimakhala ndi shuga,
• ma ladybugs ndi ang'ono, m'malo ozungulira, akhungu owoneka bwino komanso owoneka bwino omwe amadya nsabwe za m'masamba. Ladybugs amatha kudya tizilombo tina, makamaka mbozi. Popeza nsabwe za m'masamba ndi mbozi ndizovulaza mbewu, wamaluwa amagwiritsa ntchito ma ladybugs kuwongolera. Amphaka okhala ndi matupi zofewa ndipo ma ladybugs amawapeza azokoma kwambiri, makamaka ang'ono.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Pafupifupi zaka 10 zilizonse pali kuwonjezeka kwa mbozi za m'nkhalango. Mitengo yamapira yomwe imawonekera kumapeto kwa June komanso koyambirira kwa Julayi imadya masamba ochulukirapo akamakula. Mitundu ya mbozi imakonda masamba a mitengo yolimba, makamaka kuchokera ku mapulo a shuga. Kuphulika kwaposachedwa kunayamba chilimwe chatha, pamene magulu ankhandwe ankhandwe amakhala kudzera m'nkhalango zambiri. Ngati mungatsatire zomwe zidachitika kale, izi zikuyenera kutha mchaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, koma osakula.

Ana agalu a m'nkhalangoyi amasakidwa ndi mtundu wa ntchentche, womwe umadziwika kuti "ntchentche yabwino," ndipo anthu ake amakula chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mbozi zitachedwa pang'ono. Kuchuluka kwa mbozi zamtchire kumawongoleredwanso ndi kachilombo ndi fungus. Ma virus amenewa amabwera mu ma protein a protein omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe pansi komanso masamba. Zimakhudza mbozi zokha ndipo zimatha kupha anthu ambiri pakugwa.

Kuchotsa masamba ndi mbozi ndi imodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe. Palinso umboni kuti kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mapangidwe apamwamba opangidwa ndi mbozi kumapereka mitengo yotere ya feteleza wa nayitrogeni kuti amakula bwino kwambiri pachaka pambuyo pa defoliation poyerekeza ndi zaka zopanda defoliation. Ngakhale palibe umboni wa sayansi kapena deta yayitali yomwe idapezedwa kudzera pachitsanzo cha pachaka, zikuwoneka kuti masiku ano kuchuluka kwa mbozi ndizochepera zaka zingapo zapitazo.

Caterpillar - Ichi ndi nyama yaying'ono yooneka ngati nyongolotsi yomwe ingamange coco kenako ndikupanga gulugufe kapena njenjete. Mapira ali ndi magawo khumi ndi atatu, okhala ndi zigawo zitatu zazifupi pachifuwa ndi awiriawiri pamimba, maso asanu ndi limodzi mbali ya mutu ndi tinyanga tfupi. Amphaka amadya makamaka masamba ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala owala.

Kabichi

p, blockquote 3,0,0,0,0,0,0 ->

Khwangwala wamtunduwu ndiofala kwambiri. Amapezeka ku Europe ku Russia. Maonekedwe amayimiriridwa ndi thupi lobiriwira lomwe limatalika pafupifupi masentimita 3-4. Tsitsi lakuda ndi ma tubercles amapezeka pamwamba pa thupi. Dzinali ndi chifukwa choti mutha kukumana ndi mboziyi ku kabichi. Komabe, amatha kudya ma radish, turnips, turnips ndi zikhalidwe zina. Pazifukwa izi, ntchentche kabichi ndi tizirombo. Gawo la mbozi pamtunduwu limatenga pafupifupi 2-5 milungu. Zimadziwika ndi nyengo.

p, blockquote 4,0,0,0,0,0,0 ->

Moth

p, blockquote 5,0,0,0,0 ->

Mwanjira ina, njenjete zimatchedwa oyesa. Dzinali ndi chifukwa chakuti adakulitsa miyendo yabodza yakutsogolo, motero amasuntha mwanjira yachindunji. Choyimira ichi chimasiyanitsidwa ndi maonekedwe a bulauni a thupi, chifukwa chake amatha kubisala pakati pamasamba. Komanso njenjete imakhala ndi minyewa yolimba chifukwa imatha kukhala nthawi yayitali. Thanzi la moths limangokhala ndi ma conifers, ma hazel ndi masamba a currant. Thupi lamtunduwu limakhala lotalikirapo ndipo limapaka utoto wosalala.

p, blockquote 6.0,0,0,0,0 ->

Kutsatsa

p, blockquote 7,0,1,0,0 ->

Imapezeka ku nkhalango yotsata mitengo. Malo ogulitsa makamaka amadya masamba a zitsamba. Thupi la woimira limakutidwa ndi tsitsi laimvi. Pamapeto a thupi pali malo opakidwa utoto wofiira kwambiri. Chizindikiro ichi chikuwonetsa kuti mboziyo ndi ya poizoni, kotero kuyanjana nayo kumatha kuyambitsa mavuto. Palinso tizilombo, chifukwa amawononga mitengo ya zipatso. Nthawi yotentha ya Redtail imatha kuyambira Meyi mpaka Juni.

p, blockquote 8,0,0,0,0 ->

Swallowtail

p, blockquote 9,0,0,0,0 ->

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbozi zolimitsa ndi zokulirapo. Amafalikira ku Europe, North America ndi Asia. Amapezekanso ku Africa. Mbozi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wake wodabwitsa, womwe umatha kusintha. Pachifukwa ichi, sichimatengedwa ngati chokongola kuposa gulugufe. Poyamba, swallowtail imakutidwa ndi ma spikes ofiira owala, pambuyo pake imasanduka yobiriwira ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ndi mawanga akuda. Chakudya chachikulu ndi kaloti, parsley, udzu winawake ndi chowawa.

p, blockquote 10,0,0,0,0 ->

Wakhungu Wakhungu

p, blockquote 11,0,0,0,0 ->

Imapezeka pakati pa Russia, kudera la Siberia ndi Far East. Amamadya masamba a birch, popula ndi msondodzi. Thupi limapakidwa wobiriwira, motero silingawoneke kumbuyo kwa masamba. Pamwamba pa thupi palinso mikwingwirima yopyapyala yamtambo wobiriwira wakuda, ndipo njirayo yaying'ono imawonekera mchira.

p, blockquote 12,0,0,0,0 ->

Diso la peacock

p, blockquote 13,0,0,0,0 ->

Chimbudzi cha mtunduwu chimafika kutalika kwa masentimita 10. Pazonse, mitundu iwiri ya oimira awa amadziwika: masana ndi nthawi yausiku. Amadyetsa makamaka pamitengo ya zipatso monga mapeyala, walnuts, plums, maapulo ndi yamatcheri.

p, blockquote 14,0,0,0,0 ->

Admiral

p, blockquote 15,1,0,0,0 ->

Idafalikira madera osiyanasiyana a Russia.Maonekedwe awo amafanana ndi agulugufe. Thupi la mboziyo limapakidwa wakuda ndi mikwaso yachikasu mbali. Zimapezeka nthawi zambiri mu Meyi. Woyimbira amapanga masamba obisalira mozungulira, pomwe amakhala nthawi yambiri mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe, kenako nkuchoka ndikusintha kukhala gulugufe.

p, blockquote 16,0,0,0,0 ->

Kuphatikiza pa mbozi zomwe zili pamwambazi, zomwe sizowopsa, palinso mitundu yambiri ya oimira poizoni. Mitu ikuluikulu ndi:

p, blockquote 17,0,0,0,0 - ->

Poiz mbozi coquette

p, blockquote 18,0,0,0,0 ->

Tizilombo timawoneka chimodzimodzi ndi nyama yophimbidwa ndi ubweya. Iye ndi mmodzi mwa oopsa kwambiri. Mutha kukumana naye ku Mexico. Pansi pa mtundu wa ubweya, ma spikes akapoizoni ndi akuthwa amapezeka, omwe amatha kukhala otuwa kapena amtundu wakhungu. Khwangwala sapitilira masentimita awiri kutalika. Kulumikizana ndi nthumwi imeneyi kumapangitsa kuti khungu lizipundika, khungu limakulitsidwa, kupweteka pachifuwa, komanso kupuma movutikira.

p, blockquote 19,0,0,0,0 ->

Msizi wachisoni

p, blockquote 20,0,0,0,0 ->

Thupi lamtunduwu limapaka utoto wowala ndi mawanga a bulauni pamunsi. Pakatikati pali malo a bulauni, omwe amakonzedwa ndi zoyera. Afalikira ku America. Pathupi pali awiriawiri a nyanga omwe ali ndi yankho la poizoni. Kuchokera pa jakisoni wokhala ndi nyanga izi mutha kumva kupweteka kwambiri, nseru ndi zotupa. Zizindikiro zimatha kukhala masiku angapo.

p, blockquote 21,0,0,0,0 ->

Woseketsa

p, blockquote 22,0,0,0,0 ->

Nthawi zambiri, kachilombo kameneka kamapezeka ku Mozambique ndi Uruguay. Imakhala makamaka pamthunzi pansi pa masamba a mitengo. Chingalawachi chimadziwika chifukwa cha poizoni woopsa kwambiri yemwe amaphatikizika munjira zake zokhala ngati za spruce. Zoyimira zamtunduwu zimafikira kutalika kwa masentimita 7 ndi mtundu wa bulauni. Kupha poizoni wa mbozi imeneyi kumatha kubweretsa kukokomeza kwa malo kuluma, matenda am'mimba, komanso m'mapapo edema komanso zovuta zamatsenga.

p, blockquote 23,0,0,1,0 ->

Gulu

Gulugufe aliyense anali mbawala, ndipo mtundu wa mbozi umatha kusiyana ndi mtundu wa gulugufe. Nthawi zambiri, mbozi ndi tizilombo touluka, koma zilombo zomwe zimadya zimapezekanso zachilengedwe. Kutengera ndi chakudya, mbozizo zimagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

p, blockquote 24,0,0,0,0 ->

Polyphages. Khungubwi zamtunduwu zimadya pafupifupi chomera chilichonse. Zikuyimira mitundu ya agulugufe monga barragen wavinyo, khungubwi wakhungu, kabwibwi wam'mimba, thumba la pikoko ndi tizilombo tina.

p, blockquote 25,0,0,0,0 ->

Ziphuphu. Izi mbozi zimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yokha yazomera, kuchokera pomwe mayina awo adachokera. Monga zitsanzo za ma monophages ndi kabichi, njenjete za apulo, ma silkworm ndi mitundu ina.

p, blockquote 26,0,0,0,0 ->

Oligophagous. Chakudya cha tizilombo timeneti chimakhala ndi mtundu umodzi wa mbewu yomwe ndi ya banja kapena mtundu winawake. Monga lamulo, iyi ndi gulugufe wa paini, swallowtail, polyxena.

p, blockquote 27,0,0,0,0 ->

Xylophages. Zakudya zamakalasi ano ndizosiyanasiyana pamakungwa a mitengo osiyanasiyana. Zimbale zotere ndi masamba a masamba, masamba a mitengo, ndi zina zotero.

p, blockquote 28,0,0,0,0 ->

Mapaki amasiyana pamadera ogawa. Mitundu ingapo imakhala m'matawuni, ndipo ena - zigawo za kumpoto. Pakati pa mbozi zochulukirapo, palinso nthumwi zabwino kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, zitsamba za silc. Zingwe za silika zimapezeka kuchokera ku coco lawo.

p, blockquote 29,0,0,0,0 ->

Habitat

Nthawi zambiri, mbozi imatha kupezeka pansi, koma ambiri oimira adayamba kupanga pansi pamadzi. Mwachitsanzo, mbozi ya ku Hawaii yafalikira pamadzi ndi pamadzi.

Mpheta zimagawidwanso m'mitundu iwiri, malinga ndi zomwe amatsogolera kukhala moyo wobisalira kapena waulere. Zimbalangondo zomwe zimatsogolera moyo waulere zimakhala pazomera zamasamba ndipo ndizokulira. Mbolera zachinsinsi zimaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo:

1. Mndandanda. Amabisala masamba opindika a mitengo yosiyanasiyana.
2. Zabwino. Malo awo amakhala zipatso za mitengo,
3. Woyendetsa. Mutha kuwapeza mkati mwa mitengo ndi mphukira,
4. Ogwira ntchito. Mitundu iyi imayenda mosiyanasiyana mu impso, masamba ndi petioles,
5. Ma ndulu akhungu. Amatchuka chifukwa chakuyambitsa matenda mu kukula kwa mbali zowonongeka zamera.

Kodi mbozi zimakhala kuti?

Kuyenda kocheperako kwa mbozi sikukuwalola kuyenda mwachangu ndikusintha malo okhala. Nthawi zambiri, mbozi zimakhala pansi, timapepala, mbewu. Mitundu ina imakhala pansi pamadzi.

Zimbudzi zachinsinsi komanso zoyenda poyera zimasungidwa mwachinsinsi malinga ndi moyo. Mitundu yobisika imaphatikizapo iwo omwe samawoneka padziko lapansi, koma amapezeka kutumphuka, mobisa.

Agawidwa oimira awa:

• Mndandanda. Amakhala m'masamba amitengo, ndikupanga nyumba yaumbanda.
• Karpofagi. Amakhala zipatso zamitengo, zipatso.
• Xylophages. Amakhala mkati mwa mitengo.
• Mphutsi zapansi panthaka zimakhala pansi panthaka
• Mbawala zam'madzi zimakhala m'matupi amadzi.
• Ogwira ntchito. Amakhala m'mizu, masamba, masamba.
• Gulugufe wamtsogolo amayenda bwino. Amakhala komwe amadya: pamasamba a maluwa, mbewu.

Kodi mbozi zimadya chiyani?

Mbozi zambiri ndi masamba. Amakonda masamba obzala, mizu, maluwa. Ena amapita kumayiko awo kukaikira mazira pamenepo. Tizilombo tofanizira monga njenjete. Amakonda uchi. Usiku, mole imalowera mumng'oma ndipo imayikira mazira mu chisa. Mphutsi zosamwa kudya sera ndi uchi.

Mwambiri, mbozi ndizosusuka kwambiri. Kuti akhale chidole, ayenera kukula. Chingwe cha njenjete ya apulo chimatha kudya masamba onse omwe amakhala pamtengo wa apulo osadya ". Ngati kulibe mitengo ina pafupi, amasilira ngakhale ali ndi "njala."

Palinso chakudya chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku onse kutengera mtundu:

• Chingwe cha nkhumba chimadya algae ndi bowa m'miphika yavinyo ndi akasinja amowa,
• Ana amphaka a ognevka amakhala pamimba la sloth ndikudya algae yake, yomwe imamera ubweya,
• Ognevki adya zomangira nyerere - pepala,
• Mbozi za scoop ndi Lycaenidae zimadya nyerere, pomwe nyerere zimakonda msuzi womwe umatulutsa, ndimakhala limodzi,
• Tizilombo tina touluka timadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi mbozi zina.

Kulimbana ndi mbozi: njira ndi njira

Ziphuphu zimatha kuvulaza mbewu ya munthu ndikuwononga minda yake. Kupulumutsa zokolola, njira zina zolimbirana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Nthawi zina imagwiritsa ntchito chilichonse:

• Kusonkhanitsa nyimbo. Tsiku lililonse, sonkhanitsani mbozi, kuwononga pupae ndi mazira.
• Mankhwala Zogulitsa ndi botani zimapanga mitundu yambiri yosungira mbewu ndikuchotsa alendo osafunikira. Njira imeneyi ndi yabwino pachiyambi. Pambuyo pake mbozi zizolowera kukonzekera.
• M'minda ndi malo akuluakulu, mbalame zimagwira ntchitoyo. Amakonda kudya mbozi. Pomanga nyumba zopangira mbalame, mutha kuthana ndi zopanda mabwanawe.
• Zovuta za zitsamba ndi masamba. Pamtunda pali phwetekere, fodya, chamomile, chitsamba chowawa, zitsamba zonunkhira, mbatata.

Zochititsa Chidwi Zosangalatsa

1. Nthawi zambiri, mbozi zimakonda kudya zakudya zamasamba, masamba, maluwa ndi zipatso. Komabe, palinso mitundu ina, mbozi, kusankha zakudya za sera, ubweya kapena horny zinthu.
2. Mu chilengedwe, pali mbozi zolusa zomwe zimadya tizilombo tina, nsabwe za m'masamba, mphutsi ndi pupae wa nyerere.
3. Khungubwi imadya chipolopolo cha dzira lake ikangoyamba kuswa, kenako mazira ena onse omwe amapunthwa.
4. Pafupifupi, pafupifupi minofu 4000 imakhala m'thupi la mboziyo, yomwe imakhala yotentha pafupifupi 7,000 kuposa thupi la munthu.
5. Makungu, ngati akangaude, amatha kusiyanitsa ulusi wa silika. Kuchokera pamenepo adaluka coco (yosangalatsa yokhudza akangaude).
6. Popupilimba, mbozi ya silika idalira coco, chigamba chake chomwe chimakhala ndi ulusi wopitilira wa silika mpaka mita 1,500 mu cocoons zazikulu. Ndi cocoon awa omwe amakolola kuti apange silika wachilengedwe.
7. Mapira agulugufe ambiri omwe amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa alibe nthawi yoti atembenuke kukhala chrysalis nthawi ina yotentha, chifukwa chake amakakamizidwa kuti azizisala mpaka chilimwe chotsatira.
8. Ku Canada ndi Greenland, kuli mbozi zomwe zimakhala mpaka zikafika agulugufe zisanakwanitse zaka 14, chifukwa alibe nthawi yopanga nyengo yachilimwe, ndipo amayenera kubisala nthawi yachisanu. Komanso, amalimbana ndi kutentha mpaka madigiri-70.
9. Mitengo yamtundu wamtundu wina imakhala m'magulu a anthill, chifukwa imayanjana ndi nyerere. Amatsata chiberekero cha nyerere, kubisalira enzyme yapadera kapena kupanga mawu ndi sonyezo la sonic cilia. Nyerere zimadyetsa komanso kuteteza mboziyo
10. Tizilombo tina timakhala poizoni chifukwa cha zomera zomwe timadya. Chifukwa chake, mbalame sizimadya, podziwa kuti ndi zapoizoni.
11. Akangolimbana ndi dzira, mbozi imayamba kulemera mwa kudya chilichonse chomwe chikuyenera kudya, ndipo m'masiku ochepa kulemera kwake kumachulukitsa kakhumi.
12. Ku Peru, mbozi zapaderadera zimakhala, zimakonda kukumbukira nkhanu. Amapeza zinthu zoyenera, ngati pepala louma lomwe limapinda mu chubu, ndipo amazigwiritsa ntchito ngati chipolopolo kuti aziwateteza.
13. Mitundu ya mbozi zazing'ono kwambiri sizidutsa 2 mm, ndipo zazikulukulu zimafika 12 cm.
14. Mbozi zikamakula, zimasungunula nthawi zingapo, ndikuponyera yakale, yomwe yakhala chipolopolo cholimba ndikulira yatsopano.
15. Amphaka ali ndi maso 6, ndipo m'mitundu yambiri, asanu mwaiwo amakhala m'mizere, ndipo wachisanu ndi chimodzi amakula pamwamba pawo, pakati.
16. Mu mbozi zonse, mutu umakhala ndi magawo asanu ndi limodzi, ophatikizika pamodzi.
17. Pansi pa mutu pali ma occipital foramen, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a mtima.
18. Mitundu yonse ya mbozi imadutsa gawo la zisudzo asanasanduke gulugufe.
19. Mbozi zambiri zimakhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali kuposa gulugufe, zomwe zimasandulika.
20. Minofu ya mbozi, mosiyana ndi anthu, imagwira ntchito ngati mafupa a matupi awo. Amawoneka ngati timipira tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mpweya, kudzera momwe magazi amayenderera kudzera pakatikati pa minofu.

Makina opindika

Chida chogulitsira chimakhala ndi papilla yozungulira komanso chofera chake. Papilla woluka ndi chubu, khoma lakumwamba lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala lalifupi kuposa lam'munsi, m'mphepete mwake mulibe malire. M'mphepete mwa papilla yozungulira nthawi zina imakonzedwa ndi mphonje. Ulusi wa silika wopyola pakati pa pepilla lomwe limaphulika umatseguka kumapeto kwake. Nthawi zina, monga Microplerygidae ndipo anthu ogwira ntchito m'migodi, papilla yemwe amalizungulira akuoneka kuti akusowa.

Papilla yozungulira imasinthasintha kwambiri mawonekedwe ndi kutalika kwa oimira magulu osiyanasiyana. Pali mgwirizano wapakati pa kapangidwe kazimba ka papilla wopopera ndi ntchito yopanga silika ya mbozi. Makwati oyenda amayenda, mwachitsanzo Hepialidae ndi ambiri Microfrenataokhala ndi papilla wautali, wowonda komanso wamanjenje. Mosiyana ndi izi, papilla wamfupi komanso wosachedwa kupindika amapezeka kokha mwa mbozi zomwe sizimakola ma cocoon kapena zomwe ntchito zake za silika ndizochepa, mwachitsanzo ku brazhniki, scoops ambiri ndi ogwira ntchito.

Pokonza tiziwalo tosiyanasiyana ta mbozi, zinthu zina zimawonedwa. M'masiku anayi omalizira a moyo wa mboziyo, ikadyetsa, gland imakula msanga ndipo imafikira kulemera kwakanthawi kwakanthawi. Patatha tsiku limodzi kuluka kwa cocoon, kulemera kwa nduluyo kumachepa kwambiri, kenako ndikupitilizabe kuchepa, mpaka kumapeto kwa cocoon yolumidwa ndi mboziyo. Maselo omwe amapanga silika amapanga, mwachidziwikire chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zasonkhana. M'makungwa otumbwa, kuluka kwa coco kumadalira chinyezi cha mpweya wozungulira - choncho mumlengalenga momwe mumakhala chinyezi chambiri, mbozi sizimakhazikika kokosi.

Kupanga kwamapangidwe amakanidwe ndi silika

Silika amapangidwa ndi mapuloteni - fibroin (75%) ndi sericin, omwe amapanga mawonekedwe a silika. Fibroin amabisidwa kumbuyo, ndipo sericin ndi pakatikati pa gland. Mapuloteni awa ndi osiyana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake pakupanga kwawo amino acid. Sericin imasiyana ndi fibroin pazomwe zili m'munsi mwa glycocol, alanine ndi tyrosine mu kapangidwe kake komanso zambiri zapamwamba za serine ndi diamino acid. Ulusi wa silika pamwamba umakutidwa ndi pellicle ya sera, mu kapangidwe ka mankhwala ofanana ndi cuticulin.

Ulusi wa silika wopangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kansaluwu umadziwika ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala. Ulusi wa silika Antheraea mylitta ndi Samia cynthia Muli glycocol yocheperako kuposa ulusi wa silkworm. Ulusi wa silika wa Oeceticus platensis mussel mulibe tyrosine.

Asidi acid (40%) ndi gawo limodzi mwabisala wa zotumphukira zotumphukira za mbozi wamkulu hulekuchokera pomwe adaluka ndi coco yolimba, yovomerezeka.

Kapangidwe ka CHIKWANGWANI

Ulusi wa silika umasiya kutsegulidwa kwa gawo limodzi mwa tinthu timeneti. Pambuyo pake, imadutsa "zida zowonjezera", zomwe zimakanikiza ndikupereka mawonekedwe a tepi. Zingwe ziwiri zomwe zatulutsidwa ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timadutsa pamtunda wamba, timinsempha tija timatulutsa chinthu chomatira chomwe chimamatirana. Kupanga silika sikumveka bwino. Zimadziwika kuti njirayi sichita poyanika, popeza njira yolimbitsira imachitika ngakhale m'madzi. M'makungwa a mboziyo, silika amakhala ndi madzi ndipo amapanga kuyimitsidwa. Kusintha kwake kukhala mzere wokhala ndi ma molekyulu ozungulira kumachitika ndikusokonezeka komwe kumayambira kutsogolo kwa mbali yolimbirana ndi kukakamizidwa kwazomwe zimayendetsedwa mosalekeza.

Moyo

Mbozi zambiri zimakhala ndi moyo wapadziko lapansi, koma mbozi za mitundu yambiri ya banjali ndizoyimitsa kwamapikoPyraustidaekhalani pansi pamadzi, komanso pamoto wamadzi Acentria ephemerella akazi achikulire opanda mapiko amakhala pansi pa madzi. Mitundu ingapo ya mbozi zamtundu wa ku Hawaii Hyposmocoma ndiam'madzi ndipo amatha kukhala pansi pa madzi ndi pamtunda. Malinga ndi njira ya moyo, mbozizo zimagawika m'magulu awiri akulu:

• mbozi zokhala ndi moyo waulere, kudya chakudya chamasamba poyera,
• mbozi zokhala ndi moyo wobisika.

Makabati a diurnal, kapena mutu-wamagulu, agulugufe, komanso ena ambiri a Lepidoptera amakhala poyera pazomera zam'madzi. Makwati a mabanja ambiri a Lepidoptera Lepidoptera amakhala ndi moyo wobisalira: m'nthaka, zinyalala, kapena matope a chimanga (nthawi zambiri m'matauni osalala), mkati mwa zakudya zam'madzi, masamba amigodi, mphukira ndi zipatso, ndikupanga zofunda zosiyanasiyana zomwe mbozi zimakwawa pamodzi ndi iye (zotchuka kwambiri omasulira awa (Psychidae,, koma kuvala zophimba ndizambiri). Makungu amitundu yochepa kwambiri amakhala m'madzi, akudya nyama zam'madzi.

Mbozi zonse zimatha kupanga silika. Ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kuti agwirizane ndi gawo lapansi mukamasuntha. Khungubwe ikukwawa chomera kapena dothi imasiyira njira ina yopyapyala kumbuyo. Ngati igwa kuchokera kunthambi, imangokhala yopindika. Makasitomala am mabanja ena amanjenjete ndi mothenjoka amapanga tinthu tating'ono (silika) kuchokera ku silika. Aliyense amene wawona kuwonongeka chifukwa cha njenjete zenizeni ku ubweya kapena ubweya waubweya wazomwe amayang'ana pa silika mu undercoat kapena pansi pa zinthu zokuluka. Ma bagging ndi ena ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa silika ngati maziko opangira nkhani yonyamula. Phula zamtundu wa ermine ndi ma corydalis ena amapanga zisa za silika pazomera zam'madzi. M'mabanja ena, mwachitsanzo, mu cocoonworms, peacockworms and real silworm, mbozi imamanga silika cocoko musanalowe pa pupa.

Kusamukira

Khalidwe la mbozi zosamukira komwe limadziwika nthawi zambiri kuposa agulugufe, ndipo limapezeka ndi kuchuluka kwambiri, kusowa kwa chakudya, etc. Makonde amtundu wamitundu ingapo, mwachitsanzo kabichi, amatha kusamukira kutali kukafunafuna chakudya, kupezeka malo oyandikana nawo. Kusamukira kwa ana ang'onoang'ono kumathandizira kuti gawo lina la anthu lipulumuke ngakhale chifukwa cha zovuta komanso zovuta zamtundu wina. Zodziwika kwambiri, zomwe zimakonda kusamukira kudziko lina, ndi mbozi zamtundu woyenda (Thaumetopoeidae), okhala ndi malingaliro osamukira kumadera atsopano odyetsa, kusonkhana m'magulu a mizati yayitali kapena magawo, ndichifukwa chake adapeza dzinali.

Tizilombo toyambitsa majeremusi ndi parasitoids

Pakati pa majeremusi awa, ndikofunikira kuzindikira mitundu ina ya bowa, mwachitsanzo, Cordyceps sinensis ndi ena oimira genus Cordyceps, komanso unicellular, mwachitsanzo, micosporidia ya genera Thelohania ndi Plistophora. Pali zolengedwa zambiri zomwe zimayambika chifukwa cha mbozi, koma siziri zowona, chifukwa chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yofunika kwambiri chamoyo chokhala nacho chimafa kapena kutaya kubereka. Dzinalo lomwe limavomerezedwa mu sayansi kwa oimira gulu lomwe lili ndi mafotokozedwe achikhalidwe chachilengedwe ndi parasitoids. Ana agalu ogwidwa amatha kugwidwa ndi mphutsi, zigwiriro zamphongo.

Oimira ambiri a braconids (Braconidae), m'modzi wa mabanja okwera, amadzala mbozi. Monga okwera pamahatchi ena, osaka nthawi zambiri amaikira mazira ake pachimphangu chomayenda, ena amasenzetsa wopundukayo, pang'ono kapena kwathunthu. Zotsirizirazi ndi zikhalidwe za mitundu yobisalira alendo obisala, okakamizidwa kuti apeze ndi kutenganso mbozi ndi ovipositor wawo wautali, mwachitsanzo, pansi pa mitengo. Kuuma kwa nthawi yayitali kapena kosasinthika kumachitika, monga lamulo, kuchokera ku zochulukirapo za poizoni zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi wokwera kulowa nalo mu gulu lothandizira.

Mwa ma braconids, ofunika kwambiri ku Russia ndi Apanteles glomeratus - wankhondo wamkulu wa azungu, Habrobracon juglandis - tiziromboti Apanteles solitarius ndi Meteorous multicolor - majeremusi a msondodzi wa msondodzi. Braconids a mtundu Microgaster amalowetsa mbozi zamabichi (a Pierisonze), omwe, atalowa gawo laubwana, amakhudzidwa ndi am'banja lina - pteromalidae (Pteromalidae) - Pteromalus puparum.

Wamkazi ichneumonids (Ichneumonidae) kuchokera ku dongosolo la Hymenoptera, wokhala ndi tizilomboti tambiri tomwe timakhala ndi mazira, amaikira mazira pansi pa cuticle ya mbozi kapena mwachindunji. Zikatere, mphutsi zosaka zija zimalowa mkatimu. Nthawi zambiri achinyamata a mphutsi amadya hemolymph, ndipo pamapeto pa kukula kwawo amasintha ndikudya minofu ndi ziwalo zamkati mwa mbozi. Ziphuphu zimachitika mthupi la mbozi kapena kunja kwake.

Diptera, makamaka ma tachins, kapena ma hedgehogs (Tachinidae) amathandizanso mbozi. Akazi amayikira mazira kapena mphutsi, pakabadwa moyo, mwachindunji pa mbozi. Mitundu ina ya ma hedgehogs ikhoza kuyikira mazira pa masamba achikhalidwe cha chakudya cha mbozi. M'mimba zomwe zimadya pamodzi ndi masamba, mphutsizo zimatuluka mgawo lazakudya zomwe zimachokera, komwe zimalowa mkati mwa thupi. Ziphuphu zimapezeka mkati mwa chrysalide, kapena, pankhani ya kufa kwa mbozi, m'nthaka.

Zizindikiro

M'mitundu yambiri, mbozi zimakhala m'magulu a anthill, chifukwa zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nyerere, mwachitsanzo, ndi mtundu Myrmica .

Mapira pafupifupi theka la mitundu yonse ya Lycaenidae (Lida) Zolumikizidwa mwanjira inayake yakukula kwawo ndi nyerere.

Maubwenzi apakati pa nyerere ndi mbozi za ku Lycaenidae mumtundu wawo zimasiyana kuchokera pakukakamiza mpaka pakakamizidwa, komanso kuyambira pakusinthana kwa parasitism. Chungubwe za ku Lycaenidae zimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya masinthidwe amomwe amachititsa kuti pakhale zochita za nyerere. Amasunganso madzi okoma kuchokera ku chithokomiro cha dorsal nectariferous chomwe chimakopa nyerere. Nyerere, ikamamva chiwalochi ndi tinyanga yake, imapangitsa mbozi kutulutsa madzimadzi, yomwe mwina ili ndi ma pheromones, lichnevmona, yomwe imafotokozera machitidwe a nyerere. Mitundu ina ya lycaenidae ndi riodinide imakhalanso ndi ziwalo zotulutsa bwino zomwe zimakhudza machitidwe a nyerere - mitundu ina imangokhala ndi mbali zokulira pakhungu la mboziyo, ina - limodzi ndi cilium wa sonic, pakalibe gland yabwino. Mitundu yonse ya myrmecophilic lycaenidae imangokhala ndi anthill. Chimodzi mwa mitunduyi ndi Lycaenidae alcone (Maculinea alcon), zazikazi zomwe zimayikira mazira pamaluwa azomera zamitundu yonse (Wamitundu) Mitundu yambiri ya lycaenidae imapanga zisa za mtundu umodzi wa nyerere, koma mbozi za Lycaena lycaenidae zimakhala zisa za nyerere zamitundu mitundu, m'malo osiyanasiyana.

Makola amtundu wamtchire Phyllonorycter blancardella amakhala ndi matenda opatsirana ndi mabakiteriya omwe amateteza ma cytokines, ma mahormonewa amalimbikitsa kugawa kwa maselo, kukulitsa photosynthesis, ndipo "zilumba zobiriwira" zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo tithandizire kupulumuka nyengo yozizira.