Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes Forsteri) - mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya ma penguin a mamembala amoyo. Ma penguins ndi zolengedwa zoseketsa kwambiri, zomwe zimakhala ndi utoto womwe umawapangitsa kuti azioneka ngati amuna a tuxedos.
Amatha kulowa pansi mpaka pamtunda wamakilomita 550 ndikudzipumira mpaka mphindi 20! Ma penguins amakhala makamaka kum'mwera, kumphepete mwa nyanja ya Antarctica, nthawi zina amapezeka m'mphepete mwa New Zealand. Mtundu umodzi wokha umadzala kumpoto pang'ono kwa equator - ku zilumba za Galapagos, ndipo ndi penguin wotentha.
Emperor penguins
Mbalame zopanda mbalamezi, kuphatikizapo mitundu ikuluikulu ya ma penguin, ndizosambira kwambiri. Mapiko, omwe mkati mwa chisinthiko adasandutsira nkhumba zapadera, amathandizira mbalamezi, zosawoneka bwino pamtunda, kuti zizikhala mwachangu komanso zodikira pamadzi. Ma penguin ambiri amadya nsomba ndi squid, nthawi zina crustaceans.
Penguins, yamphongo imagwira dzira
Mikhalidwe Yamoyo Penguin
Ziwombankhanga zimakhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri, kumene chimphepo chamkuntho ndi namondwe zimalamulira. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale ali ndi maula ambiri, ambiri a iwo, kuphatikiza mitundu ikuluikulu ya ma penguins, nthawi zambiri amayenda pamagulu oyandikira. Amapanga zigawo zazikulu, zomwe zingaphatikizepo oposa 30,000. mbalame. Izi zimawathandiza kuti azitha kudzipatsa okha kutentha kokwanira. Zilumba zikuluzikulu kwambiri ndizoposa miliyoni.
Camp Yapamwamba Yomwe Yakhala
Camp Whoaway ndi amodzi mwamisasa yakutali kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ili ndi mahema asanu ndi limodzi ogawana ndi mahema akulu atatu, olumikizana, ndikupanga chipinda chochezera ndi chipinda chodyeramo.
Chipinda chilichonse chogona chimayatsidwa ndikusisitidwa ndi chimbudzi. Mutha kusamba m'chihema chopatula pafupi ndi dera wamba. Ma module ogona adapangidwa kuti azikhala ndi anthu awiri. Mutha kukhazikitsanso makamera, ma laputopu, ma iPads, ndi zina.
Chipinda chodyera wamba, laibulale ndi chipinda chochezera ndi chotseguka nthawi yonseyo. Zakumwa zotentha ndi zozizira, zopepuka zazing'ono zimapezeka maola 24 tsiku lililonse m'chipinda chodyeramo. Chakudya cham'mawa chomwe chidakonzedwa, nkhomaliro ndi chakudya chamadzulo zidzalandiridwa. Munthawi yanu yaulere, mutha kumvera zokambirana za atsogoleri athu.
Mverani mawu a ma penguin
Ma penguin amapanga zisa zawo m'ming'alu ndi m'miyala ya m'miyala kapena pamtunda. Anapiyewo amakhala odziimira okha ndipo pakatha miyezi iwiri limodzi ndi ana ena amadzisonkhana komwe amatchedwa kindergarten. Chifukwa cha bungwe loterolo, makolo amatha kupita kukasaka osadandaula za ana. Ma penguins ang'onoang'ono amitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya Emperor penguins amatha nthawi yawo yayitali, ndipo makolo amabwera kudzadyetsa anapiye awo. Thupi la penguin wachichepere ataphimbidwa ndi nthenga "wamkulu", amachoka pamalowo ndikupita kunyanja kukadzifunira chakudya.
Kodi mukudziwa kuti ...
- Mitundu ina ya ma penguins imatha kuthamanga pansi pa madzi mpaka 20 km / h.
- Penguin wamkulu kwambiri wamtundu wina wafika kutalika kwa 1.4 m ndikulemera 45 kg.
- Oyimira mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya penguin amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi 18 ndikupumira pansi mpaka pakuya mita 565.
- Zikamagwera pansi, mtima wawo umagunda pang'onopang'ono, motero magazi amayenderera m'thupi pang'onopang'ono, ndipo thupi limadya mpweya wochepa.
- Nthenga za penguin zimaphimba thupi ngati shingles. Khungu silimakumana ndi madzi komanso silizirala.
- Panthawi yakubereketsa ma Emperor penguin - mu Meyi, Antarctica amakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri Padziko lapansi.
- Wamphongo nthawi zambiri amabweretsa chisa, ndipo chachikazi chimafunafuna chakudya.
- Maso a penguin amatha kudziwa kwambiri mtundu wamtambo komanso wobiriwira. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awa, ma penguin amatha kuwona bwino ngakhale malo otsika kwambiri ndipo amatha kusaka bwino ngakhale kunyanja.
Kodi ma penguins ndi ndani, ndipo amapezeka kuti?
Chifukwa chake, tikudziwa kuti awa ndi mbalame zam'madzi, sizimawuluka, koma zimasambira mwangwiro ndipo mwina izi ndi chilichonse chomwe timadziwa chokhudza zinthu zopanda chidwi komanso zodabwitsa zomwe zili ndi mimba yoyera komanso msana wakuda.
Malinga ndi intaneti yayikulu, pali kale mitundu 3 yamomwe mayina a nyama zodabwitsazi:
- malinga ndi woyamba wa iwo, ma penguin ndi otsatira a chiwombankhanga choyera kwambiri, omwe amawoneka ofanana kwambiri ndi iye m'zaka za zana la 19, samadziwanso kuuluka, nawonso achinyengo pamtunda, anali iye omwe amatchedwa oyendetsa ma penguin,
- malinga ndi mtundu wachiwiri, dzina la mbalameyi limalumikizidwa ndi kumasulira kuchokera ku Chingerezi ngati phukusi la tsitsi, lomwe lidakhalanso lachiwonetsero cha wowombera woyera-wamphepo wakale,
- lachitatu limamasulira kuchokera ku Latin penguin kukhala "mafuta."
Zingakhale momwe ziliri, lero ndi liwu ili timalumikiza mbalame imodzi yokha, momwe asayansi ali ndi mitundu pafupifupi 18. Ndipo asanakhaleko osachepera 40! Kupatula apo, makolo a ma penguin zaka zopitilira 60 miliyoni zapitazo (kapena mwina onse miliyoni, sizikudziwikiratu) ankakhala munthawi yotentha panthawi yomwe kwawo ku Antarctica sikunakhalepo ndi ayezi wosazungulira.
Koma patadutsa zaka zambiri, nyengo idasintha, ndipo Antarctica idasunthira ku South Pole, ndikusandulika madzi akulu. Nyama zambiri zidachoka, zina zidasowa, ndipo ochepa okha ndi omwe adatha kuzolowera kuzizira kwamuyaya. Zina mwa izo ndi ma penguin.
Lero mutha kukumana ndi banja la anyani mdziko lonse la Antarctica, lomwe limafotokoza za Antarctica omwe tanena kale komanso madera oyandikana ndi zilumba za Atlantic, Indian ndi Pacific Oceans. Koma musasokoneze Antarctic ndi Arctic, yomwe imalumikizana ndi North Pole mbali inayo, molunjika mbali ina ya Dziko Lapansi.
Ma penguin sakhala m'madzi a ku Arctic Ocean, koma mumatha kupeza zisindikizo ndi ma walrus, maruwa a baleen ndi zimbalangondo.
Chifukwa chake, tidapeza mitengoyo: ma penguins amakhala kumwera, ku Antarctic, komwe kuli tsango lalikulu kwambiri. Mutha kuwaonanso othamanga omwe akuthamangathamanga ku New Zealand, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean, ali ndi "zipinda" ku Australia ndi ku South Africa, ku South America ndi Peru.
Koma izi sizitanthauza kuti ma penguin amakonda kusewera ndi dzuwa. Amakonda kuzizira, chifukwa kumalo otentha kuli kokha malo omwe kuli mafunde ozizira. Malo otentha kwambiri omwe adasankha pafupi ndi equator, ku zilumba za Galapagos ku Pacific Ocean.
Amakhala otani?
Oimira onse a banja la penguin amatha kusambira komanso kusambira, koma amakhala osiyana pang'ono mawonekedwe ndi malo omwe amakhala. Chifukwa chake
- Pali mitundu iwiri yokha yomwe yatsala ku Antarctica:
- Imperi, yayikulu kwambiri kuposa zonse, kufika kutalika kwa 1.22m ndi kulemera kwa 22-45kg, yokhala ndi masaya owala a lalanje. Amatchulidwanso mbalame ya Forster polemekeza yemwe adatulutsa - wolemba zachilengedwe kuchokera kuzungulira padziko lonse lapansi woyang'anira odziwika Cook.
- Adele, wodziwika komanso wotchuka, wotchulidwa ndi wofufuza waku France kulemekeza mkazi wake. Palibe woimira wina ngati penguin m'chilengedwe ngati Adele.
- Achibale a Emperor penguin, ochepa kutalika ndi kulemera kwake komanso owala pang'ono, mfumu inkakhazikika kuzilumba zakumwera - Kerguelen ku Indian Ocean, South Georgia ku Atlantic, Tierra del Fuego, Macquarie ku Pacific Ocean.
- Malo okhala a Papuan, ofanana kwambiri ndi nyumba yachifumu, anali South Georgia ndi zisumbu za Kerguelen. Mtunduwu umasiyanitsidwa ndi lingwe loyera lomwe limadutsa pamutu yaying'ono kuchokera ku diso lina kupita kw lina. Dzinalo ndi chochitika chowona cha nyama, chifukwa ma penguin sakhala kwawo kwa dziko la Papuans ku New Guinea!
- Crested, kumpoto kwambiri, wokhala ndi nsidze zazifupi zachikasu, zokhala ndi malekezero kumapeto, adakonda a Tasmania ndi m'mphepete mwa South America. Amalumphira pamiyala pomwepo, ndikumalumikizana ndi kaphiniko komwe kali ndi miyendo yonse iwiri ndikugwera m'madzi ndi "msilikari". Khwalala lowoneka bwino limaperekedwa ndi nthenga zachikasu kuyambira mphuno ndikuyamba kutumphuka ndi fan kumbuyo kwa maso.
- Woyimilira wobiriwira, wotchedwanso Victoria penguin, wakunja wofanana ndi wakuthengo wobiriwira, ankakonda kumwera kwa New Zealand ndi zisumbu za Solander ndi Stewart.
- Ku Chile ndi Peru, kuli ma penguins a Humboldt, omwe adatchulidwa ndi geologist waku Germany yemwe adawapeza. Mtunduwu umawonekera m'malo ake oyera pansi pa maso mawonekedwe a chovala cha akavalo, kuthamangira kumbuyo kwa mutu mpaka pachifuwa.
- Kuti muwone woimirira ngati Humboldt, wodziwikanso kuti bulu chifukwa cha mawu ake osasangalatsa, muyenera kupita ku Namibia kapena ku South Africa.
- Pachilumba cha Juan Fernandez komanso pafupi ndi Rio de Janeiro wa ku Brazil, mutha kukumana ndi Magellans view, yemwenso ndi abale ake awiri - wamaso ndi Humboldt. Amangokhala ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda pachifuwa chake, ndipo palibe m'modzi.
- Lumikizanani ndi mitundu ya Galapagos, yotsika ku Magellan kokha kukula, zitheka kuzilumba za Galapagos za Fernandin ndi Isabela. Alipo yekha, palibe oimira ena pachilumbachi.
- Ku Australia ndi Msampha, mutha kukumana ndi penguin wamkulu wokhulupirira. Amadzifunsa nthawi zonse, popeza nsidze zake zimakula nthawi zonse.
- Mawonekedwe agolide, okhala ndi nthenga zachikasu zagolide atatsika kuyambira kumbuyo, adakhazikika ku zilumba za Falkland ndi kumwera kwa Chile.
- Penguin yaying'ono, yotsika kwambiri kuposa onse kutalika - pafupifupi 40 cm, imatchedwa buluu chifukwa cha buluu monophonic pamwamba. Itha kuwoneka pagombe la South Australia.
- Mtundu wokhala ndi mapiko oyera ulinso m'gulu lofunika kwambiri komanso losaoneka pang'ono, komanso laling'ono. Amakhala ku Canterbury komanso kumadzulo kwa New Zealand.
- Penguin wokongola, wotchedwanso chikasu, "adamanga nyumba" pachilumba cha Campbell ndi zisumbu za Macquarie ndi Bounty. Mzere wachikasu wotambalala kuchokera ku diso lina kupita kw lina.
Mitundu yonse pamwambapa ndiyotalika 65-75 masentimita, kupatula mwina achifumu komanso achifumu. Kulemera kwa mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, buluu yaying'ono, kumayambira 1 kg, mitundu yayikulu imalemera makilogalamu 3.5-4.
Kodi ma penguins amakhala bwanji?
Izi zopanda pake pazinyama zapamadzi pamadzi ndizofanana ndendende. Mawonekedwe awo olimbitsa thupi amapangika kuti azitha kupita pomwe amatha kuthamanga pafupifupi 10 km / h. Komabe, ngati ali othamanga, amatha kuthamangira ku 20-25 km / h, ndikuphwanya zolemba zonse za nthawi yomwe amakhala pansi pa madzi.
Chifukwa chake, nyumba yachifumuyo imatha kukhala mpaka mphindi 8-10, kutsamira mpaka pakuya kwa 530 metres!
Zowonjezera zomanga thupi zimathandizira zonsezi: minofu ya penguin imapangidwa bwino kwambiri kuti omanga aliwonse azichita kaduka, chifukwa kusambira m'malo otsutsana ndi mzere wamadzi kumafunikira zipsepse zolimba.
Nyama nazonso zimadumphira m'mwamba. Monga makandulo, adumphira m'madzi kupita kumtunda, mpaka mamita 1.8, wina pambuyo pa wina. Ndipo amene adati pamtunda pang'onopang'ono. Kuyambukira mbali ndi mbali, mbalamezi zimapulumutsa mphamvu, koma zikafunika kuthamanga kuchokera ku miyendo yonse, zimatha kuthana ndi 3-6 km pa ola limodzi! Ndipo amadziwanso momwe angasunthire mosavuta paulendo kuchokera pa ayezi, ngakhale kumbuyo, ngakhale atagona pamimba. Yesani, pezani!
Wosanjikiza wamafuta osunthika (masentimita 2-3), magawo atatu a nthenga zosamwetsa madzi, pakati pomwe mpweya wabwino umasungirabe kutentha, umathandiza ma penguin kuti asazizire. Amataya "bizinesi yathu" kamodzi pachaka, nthawi yachilimwe, amakonzanso suti yovala pang'ono.
Ndiponso, kuti asasungunuke, adayikidwa m'magulu, akumasonkhana m'magulu ang'ono: kumatentha limodzi! Mwakuti palibe amene wakhumudwitsidwa kuchokera m'mphepete, iwo omwe amasamba m'gulululi amakhala akusunthira pakati kuchokera kumphepete mpaka kumapeto. Mwathunthu, banja la ma penguin ochezeka amatha kuwerengeka kuchokera pa makumi masauzande mpaka mamiliyoni a mbalame mdera limodzi!
Pazakudya zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku mumakhala nsomba ndi ma crustaceans, omwe amawameza pansi pamadzi, osakwawa mpaka kumtunda, pomwe amapanga pansi pafupifupi 200 tsiku lililonse.
Ma penguin amakhala pafupifupi zaka 25, ngati anthu sakuwavutitsa.
Lero, pafupi pafupi kutha, mitundu itatu - yokhulika, yokongola ndi Galapagos.
Chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zosakira mbalamezi ndi mazira ndi mafuta othinana, omwe amachotsa mafuta. Anthu ena akuchepa chifukwa chosowa chakudya chifukwa cha kusintha kwanyengo.
Ndapeza vidiyo yosangalatsa yokhudza ma penguins. Onani, kumwetulira)
Ndi awa, ma penguin odabwitsa. Ndi zinthu zosangalatsa ziti zomwe mukudziwa za mbalamezi? Gawani zomwe mukudziwa mu ndemanga)
Mitundu ya penguin
Ngakhale ma penguins amatchuka kwambiri, mitundu yawo yambiri siyisiyanitsidwa ndi oyenda panyanja. Koma mwachilungamo, ziyenera kudziwika kuti iyi ndi nkhani yovuta kwambiri.
Penguin wamkulu kwambiri ndi mfumu, kapena Forster. Imangokhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Antarctica komanso madzi amayandikana nawo. Penguin uyu adatchedwa D. Forster, katswiri wazachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi woyendetsa D. Cook. M'malo otentha, amasinthidwa ndi penguin yachifumu yapafupi, yomwe imakhalira pazisumbu zomwe zimabalalika ku Pacific Ocean. Emperor penguin amafika masentimita 120, mfumu penguin ndi yochepera kuposa mita 1. mbali zonse ziwiri za khosi, mawanga a lalanje amawoneka ngati mitengo yayikulu. King penguin amakhalanso ndi lalanje kutsogolo kwa khosi.
Penguan Penguin ali ndi magawo ofanana ndi mfumu penguin. Kuphatikiza apo, imakhala pachilumba cha Antarctic ndi zilumba zoyandikana nazo. Uku ndi penguin wamlingo wapakatikati, wamtali masentimita 75. Utha kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi mitundu ina ndi bulangeti loyera lomwe limayenda mumphepo ya mutu kuchokera kumaso kupita kumaso. M'mabuku athu, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa bulu. Koma dzina lenileni la Penguan Penguin ndi chochitika chanyama, chifukwa ma penguin sakhala ku New Guinea. Pansi pa dzinalo adafotokozedwanso yemweyo D. Forster, dzina lake ndi Emperor penguin.
M'mphepete mwa Antarctica komanso m'chigawo cha Antarctic Peninsula, zisa zodziwika bwino kwambiri za ma penguin - Adélie penguin, yemwe adadziwika ndi dzina loti mkazi wokongola wa mkulu wa gulu loyendetsa ndege la French Antarctic, yemwe adachita kafukufuku zaka 30 zapitazo, ku DʻUrville, komwe ulemu kumodzi mwa nyanja zomwe zikutsuka Antarctica. Adele ali ndi utoto wamba wa penguin: utoto wakuda ndi mutu, mimba yoyera ndi chifuwa. Kumaso konse kuli mphete yoyera yowoneka. Palibe ma penguin ena omwe amafanana ndi Adele.
Penguin ya Antarctic, yomwe imakhala pachilumba cha Antarctic komanso ku Antarctic Peninsula, imasiyananso ndi mitundu ina. Mosiyana ndi Adélie penguin, iye amangokhala ndi chipewa chakuda kumutu, chomwe chingwe "chamdima" chimapita pachimake.
Ma penguins a Galapagos, owoneka mochititsa chidwi, kapena abulu, Magellans ndi Humboldt, kapena ma penguins a Peru ndi ofanana kwambiri pamtundu. Humboldt Penguin, dzina lake wodziwika bwino kwambiri pankhani yodziwika bwino ku Germany, amadera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Peru mpaka kum'mwera pafupifupi 38 digiri yakumwera. Mtundu wa maula ake, mawanga oyera owoneka ngati mahatchi amawoneka omwe amadutsa kumbuyo kwa mutu kupita kuchifuwa chapamwamba, komanso chingwe chakuda chomwe chimagwira chifuwa choyera ndikupitilira mbali zamthupi. Ku gombe lakumwera kwa Pacific ku South America, adasinthidwa ndi Magellanic penguin. Koma pakati pa 32 ndi 38 digiri Yu. w. madera a mitundu iyi ikusefukira, i.e. mitundu yonseyi imapezeka limodzi. Magellanic penguin amakhalanso m'madzi otentha aku South America kuchokera ku mbali ya Atlantic komanso ku zilumba za Falkland (Malvinas). Kusinthana kwa mizere yoyera ndi yakuda mumtunduwu ndikotheka kuti mikwingwirima yamdima iwiri ikulowetsa pachifuwa, osati imodzi, monga Humboldt Penguin.
Humboldt Penguin ndi wofanana ndi penguin, yemwe amangokhala kugombe lakumwera kwa Africa. Palibe amene angamsokoneze pano, popeza mitundu ina ya ma penguin sapezeka m'madzi aku Africa. Ndipo adamuyitanira abulu chifukwa cha kulira kwakukulu ndi kosasangalatsa. Galapagos imafanana ndi pagein ya Magellanic, yomwe, komabe, siyotsika mtengo kukula kwake. Amakhala ku zilumba za Galapagos zokha, komwe kulibe mitundu ina ya penguin.
Gulu lotsatira la ma penguins lili ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi, ndipo yonseyo ili ndi nthenga zagolide pamitu pawo zomwe zimapangitsa ma penguin amenewa kuwoneka kwachilendo mbali imodzi ndikuwoneka mosamalitsa mbali inayo.wotchuka kwambiri wa iwo adagona, kapena "penguin akulumphira pamiyala." Imakhala pachilumba chachikulu m'malo otentha a Pacific Ocean. Nthenga zachikasu za penguin wokonzedwa samayamba kutalika ndi mphuno ndipo modabwitsa zimadzipendekera kumbuyo kwa maso. Mu dzina "kulumpha pamiyala" njira yake yosunthira imadziwika - kukankha ndi miyendo yonse nthawi imodzi. Amalumphira m'madzi kuchokera pagombe ngati "msilikari", ndipo samayenda ngati ma penguin ena.
Pazilumba zotentha za Atlantic ndi Indian Ocean kum'mwera kwa Pacific Ocean komanso m'chigawo cha Antarctic Peninsula pamakhala penguin wachikasu wamaso achikuda, kapena kuti, nthenga zazikuta zambiri pamutu pake kuposa penguin wopalasa. Magulu awo amayamba m'maso am'maso ndipo tsitsi likamatsikira kumbuyo kumaso.
Tsitsi lomwelo lokhala ndi tsitsi la Schlegel penguin, lomwe magawidwe ake amangokhala pachilumba cha Macquarie, chomwe chili kumwera pang'ono kwa mapiri a New Zealand. ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa mbali zoyera za mutu. Mitundu itatu yotsalira ya gululi imakhala ku New Zealand dera lakumwera kwa Cook Strait. Awa ndi Snare Crested Penguin, Thick-Command, kapena Victoria Penguin ndi Great Crested Penguin. Mitundu iwiri yoyambira patali ndiyosazindikirika. Nthenga zachikasu mkati mwake zimawoneka ngati nsidze wakuda, ndikutukuka pang'ono pakhosi, ndipo m'mphala lalikulu kwambiri, "nsidze" zikukulira m'mwamba.
Kummwera kwa dera la New Zealand kumakhala penguin wokongola, kapena wamaso achikasu. Pamutu pake kudutsa chisoti chakuona kuchokera kumaso mpaka kumaso. Mutu wonse ndi wachikasu.
Ma penguins onse omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, kupatula achifumu komanso achifumu, ali ndi kukula kwakukulu - pafupifupi 65-75 masentimita.Cocheperako - pafupifupi masentimita 50 - okha Penguin wa Galapagos. Koma iye si wocheperako. Palinso mitundu ina iwiri yomwe kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi 40. Awa ndi ma penguin abuluu, kapena ang'ono ndi mapiko oyera. Woyamba amakhala kuzilumba zikuluzikulu za New Zealand, ku zilumba za Chatham komanso gombe lakumwera kwa Australia, chachiwiri - chokhacho kum'mawa kwa New Zealand. Poyerekeza ndi ma penguin ena, amawonekera kunja - mawonekedwe oyera, pansi pamtunda. Mbalame zazing'ono zamitundu yonse ya penguin zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyana.
Pali zikhulupiriro zambiri zokhudzana ndi ma penguin: kuti amapanga maukwati okhulupilika "okwatirana", omwe amayenda mozungulira. Palinso kutsutsana kambiri komwe ma penguins amakhala: ku Arctic kapena Antarctic. Otsiriza amatha kuyankhidwa mosagwirizana - ma penguins amakhala ku Antarctica, ndendende - Antarctica.
Antarctica
Antarctica ndi gawo lakumwera kwa Dziko Lapansi. Ili ndi: mainland Antarctica, kum'mwera kwa nyanja zitatu:
Dera ladziko lino lapansi ndi ma kilomita 52,5 miliyoni. Nyanja zomwe zikupezeka pano ndi "namondwe" kwambiri, mafunde amatha mpaka 20 mita kutalika. Madzi m'nyengo yozizira amayamba kuzizira, kuzungulira Antarctica wokhala ndi ayezi wokulirapo, ndi makilomita 500 mpaka 2,000. Ndipo nthawi yotentha chilimwe chimasintha kwambiri, ayezi amapita kumpoto. Antarctica adatchulidwa koyamba mu 1502 pomwe Amerigo Vespucci adapeza zilumba zingapo.
Pakatikati pake, Antarctica ndiye gawo louma kumwera kwa Dziko lapansi. Mkati mwake, muli bara la ayezi, lomwe ndi lalikulu makilomita 14 miliyoni kukula kwake, mikono 2 miliyoni, koma zikadakhala kuti kulibe ayezi, malo ake sakanakhala kutalika kotere. Njira ya kuphulika kwa mapiri sinayimebe mpaka pano.
Madzi oundana omwe ali ndi madzi okwana mamiliyoni 24 miliyoni ndi 90% ya madzi abwino padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera koyipa, ngati madzi oundana onse atasungunuka, ndiye kuti mulingo wa Nyanja Yadziko Lonse ukwera ndi mamita 60.
Malo okhala anyani
Nyengo ikusintha pafupipafupi padziko lapansi, ndipo posamuka ku Antarctica pafupi ndi mtengo wakum'mwera, zolengedwa zambiri zoyamwitsa zasiya mbali iyi ya dziko lapansi, kuphatikiza ma penguin ambiri.
Komabe, kodi ma penguins amakhala kuti - ku Arctic kapena Antarctic? Mpaka pano, ndi mitundu iwiri yokha ya zinyama yomwe imatsala ku Antarctica:
Mitundu yotsalayo pafupifupi yonse inasunthira kumwera. Mitundu yachifumuyi imakhala ku Southern Hemisphere, pafupi ndi Tierra del Fuego, ku South Georgia, Kerguelen, pa zilumba za Sandwich.
Mitundu yomwe yatenthedwa imapezeka pagombe la South America, ku Tasmania ndi kuzilumba za Subarctic. Ndipo ku gombe lakumwera kwa New Zealand kumakhala kanyumba kakang'ono kwambiri. Penguin wamkulu wakhazikika pa Zilumba za Snar.
Mu zilumba za Galapagos mumakhala 90% ya anthu omwe amapatsidwa dzina loti penguin. Penguin wokhala ndi mapiko oyera anali kudera lakum'mwera kwa Australia, ndipo amapezekanso ku New Zealand, kumwera.
Komwe kuli mvula yozizira, mitundu yoonerera imakhala ku Namibia ndi South Africa. Humbold penguin amakhala m'mphepete mwa Peru ndi Chile.
M'malo ena, nyama izi zimakhalanso, koma osati ku Arctic. Chifukwa chake, funso loti ma penguins amakhala kuti - ku Arctic kapena Antarctic angatchulidwe kuti ndi opangika. Kupatula apo, Arctic ndiye kumpoto kwenikweni kwa Dziko Lapansi, komwe kutentha kwa dzinja sikumakwera pamwamba +10 ° С.
Kodi ma penguins ndi ndani?
Ma penguu ndi am'banja la mbalame zam'madzi zopanda mbalame. Banja ili ndi mitundu 18 yomwe imasambira bwino ndikusambira.
Kapangidwe ka thupi lawo limasunthidwa kuti lisunthe mosavuta m'madzi, mapiko ang'onoang'ono amakhala ndi minofu kwambiri, pansi pa madzi omwe amagwira ntchito ngati zomangira. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi sternum, pomwe keel imawonekera bwino. Mapazi a penguin ali ndi ziwalo zosambira, ndipo kumtunda mchira umakhala thandizo lina.
Nthenga za nyamayo zimakhala ngati ubweya, ndipo m'mimba mwa pafupifupi anthu onse ndi oyera. Nyama ikawaza maula ake, singathe kusambira, choncho mbalamezo zimafa ndi njala mpaka zitakula.
Ngakhale kuyankha funso: "Kodi ma penguins amakhala kuti - ku Arctic kapena Antarctic?", Zikuwonekeranso kuti amakhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zimakhala ndi wandiweyani wamafuta (2-3 cm), ndipo pamwamba pake pali magawo atatu enanso opanda madzi. Ma penguins amatha kuwona bwino m'madzi, koma kumtunda pang'ono. Makutu a nyama sawonekera kwenikweni, monga mbalame zambiri, ndipo pakumizidwa m'madzi amatseka ndi nthenga zowala.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Ndizosangalatsa osati komwe ma penguin amakhala - ku Arctic kapena Antarctic, ndi zomwe nyama izi zimadya. Mwachilengedwe, zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi anthu okhala kunyanja yayikulu. Choyamba, ndi nsomba, pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chimapezeka kumalo okhala (sardines, Antarctic silverfish, anchovies).
Kudziwa yankho la funso: "Kodi ma penguins amakhala kuti - ku Arctic kapena Antarctic?", Nanga amadya chiyani, titha kuganiziranso kuti nyama zokhala ngati crustace zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya zawo. Koma mitundu iyi imayenera kudya pafupipafupi, koma mphamvu zochepa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza, kubuditsa ndikudya nyama zing'onozing'ono.
Pomaliza
Ngati mutayang'ana chithunzi komwe ma penguin amakhala - ku Arctic kapena Antarctic, simukumvetsetsa nthawi yomweyo. M'malo mwake, nyama izi zimakonda nyengo yotentha kapena yotentha. Kuphatikiza apo, sakhala okwatirana okhulupilika kwambiri, amathanso kuba ana kwa wina ndi mnzake. Ma penguin omwe amasiyidwa opanda makolo nthawi zambiri samalandiridwa ndi ma penguin ena.
Antarctica ndi dziko lomwe lili ndi nyengo yovuta kwambiri. Kutentha kambiri kumtunda konseko sikumakwiririka ndi kuzizira, ndipo kontinenti yonse imakutidwa ndi ayezi. Komabe, Nyanja Yakumwera yozungulira Antarctica ndi imodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe zodabwitsa kwambiri padziko lapansi ndipo ndi zolengedwa zambiri zodabwitsa.
Nyama zambiri zimasamukira, chifukwa nyengo yam'makonoyi ndiyovuta kwambiri kuti munthu azikhalamo nthawi yachisanu komanso nthawi yozizira.
Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu yambiri imapezeka ku Antarctica kokha (nyama zomwe zimangokhala m'dera limodzi zimangotchedwa endemic) ndipo zimatha kuzolowera malo okhala ovuta aja. Popeza ku Antarctica adapezeka zaka 200 zokha zapitazo, mitundu yam'deralo sigwiritsidwa ntchito pagulu la anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri mu nyama zamtchire ku Antarctica: anthu azisangalatsidwa nazo momwe zimakhalira kwa anthu. Kwa alendo, izi zikutanthauza kuti nyama zambiri zitha kufikiridwa, ndipo sizithawa, ndipo kwa ofufuza - mwayi wophunzirira bwino zanyama za Antarctica. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti Antarctic Treaties amaletsa kukhudza nyama zamtchire!
Munkhaniyi, taphatikiza mndandanda ndi malongosoledwe achidule komanso zithunzi za ena oimilira odziimira ku zilumba zozizira kwambiri padziko lapansi - Antarctica.
Amayi
Anangumi ndi amodzi mwa zolengedwa zodabwitsa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Nyama yabuluu ndi nyama yayikulu kwambiri yomwe inakhalako padziko lapansi, yolemera matani opitilira 100, imaposa ma dinosaurs olemera kwambiri. Ngakhale mbawala “wamba” ndi yayikulu ndipo imatengedwa kuti ndi chilengedwe. Nyama zazikulu kwambiri, koma zolengedwa zoyamwitsa, ndipo ndizovuta kuziwerenga. Iwo ndi anzeru kwambiri, okhala ndi moyo wovuta komanso ufulu wambiri woyenda.
Makamaka ali m'gulu la zolengedwa zoyamwitsa, zotchedwa, pamodzi ndi ma dolphin ndi porpoises. Ndizilombo zomwezo monga anthu, agalu, amphaka, njovu ndi ena. Ndiye kuti, sangatchedwa nsomba. Makungu amapuma mpweya choncho ayenera kukwera pamwamba nthawi zonse kuti apumire. Amabereka ana amoyo omwe amakhalabe ndi mayi wawo kwa chaka chathunthu ndikudya mkaka wake. Anangumiwo amakhala ndi magazi ofunda ndipo amakhala ndi mafupa ngati a munthu (ngakhale anali osinthika kwambiri).
Nyama za ku Antarctica zimatchedwa zinsomba zonse zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali pachaka pafupi ndi gombe la kontinenti. Izi zikuphatikiza:
- Nyangumi wabuluu (Kutalika kwamphongo wamwamuna wamkulu ndi 25 m, chachikazi - 26.2 m. Walemera kwambiri wamunthu wamkulu ndi matani 100 - 120),
- Whale yosalala (Pakati kutalika 20 m ndi kulemera kwa 96 t),
- (Kutalika kwa thupi 18 m, kulemera - 80 t),
- (Kutalika kuyambira 18 mpaka 27 m, kulemera kwa 40-70 t),
- Sperm whale (average urefu 17 m, average 35 35),
- Humpback whale (Kutalika kwa 14 m, kulemera 30 t),
- (Kutalika - 9 m, kulemera - 7 t),
- Killer whale (Kutalika kwa thupi kuchokera pa 8.7 mpaka 10 m, kulemera mpaka 8 t).
Mchira wa ubweya wa Kerguelen
Chisindikizo cha ubweya wa Kerguelen ndi cha banja lotchedwa zisindikizo zared. (Otariidae) zomwe zimaphatikizapo zisindikizo za ubweya ndi mikango yam'nyanja.
Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe, zolengedwa izi zimafanana ndi galu wamkulu. Amatha kukoka zikopa zakumbuyo pansi pa thupi ndikukweza zolemetsa ndi zomata zam'manja, ndichifukwa chake amasinthasintha pamtunda poyerekeza ndi ma pinnipeds ena.
Amuna ambiri amakhala ndi makilogalamu 200 ndipo nthawi zinayi kuposa akazi. Amangokhala pazilumba zochepa, pomwe 95% ya anthu ku South Georgia Island.
Nyalugwe wanyanja
Imatchedwa nyalugwe wanyanja chifukwa cha madontho m'thupi, ndi imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri ku Antarctica. Kulemera kwa amuna kumakhala 300 kg, ndipo akazi - 260-500 kg. Kutalika kwa amuna amuna kumasiyana kuchokera pa 2.8-3.3 m, ndipo chachikazi 2.9-3.8 m.
Thanzi la nyalugwe zam'madzi ndizosiyanasiyana. Amatha kudya nyama iliyonse yomwe angaphe. Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi nsomba, nyamayi, ma penguins, mbalame ndi zisindikizo zazing'ono.
Nyalugwe zaunyanja sizolankhula zamtundu uliwonse poyerekeza ndi zinyama zina zam'madzi. Kudumphira kwakutali sikuti kupitirira mphindi 15, nyamazo zimangokhala pafupi ndi madzi otseguka, ndipo sizimayenda mtunda wautali pansi pa ayezi wosalekeza. Amatha kusambira mwachangu mpaka 40 km / h.
Chisindikizo cha Crabeater
Zisindikizo za crabeater zimakhulupirira kuti ndi zolengedwa zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Akuluakulu amalemera makilogalamu 200 mpaka 200 ndipo amakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi mamitala 2.6. Izi ndi nyama zokhazokha, komabe, zimatha kugona m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti banja likhale losangalatsa. Kulumikizana kwenikweni ndikotheka pakati pa amayi ndi ana awo.
Samadya nkhanu, ngakhale ali ndi dzina. Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi 95% Antarctic krill, zina zonse ndi squid ndi nsomba. Amakhala bwino kuti azigwira mano awo, omwe amapanga chigamba chogwira madzi.
Popeza zisindikizo za crabeater zimadya kwambiri krill, sizifunikira kuyenda mwamphamvu komanso kwanthawi yayitali. Kubwera mwamphamvu mpaka akuya kwa 20-30 m, kumatenga pafupifupi mphindi 11, koma iwo anali olembedwa pakuya kwa 430 m.
Chisindikizo cha Weddell
Zisindikizo zaukwati ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimakhala pachisanu. Kulemera kwa akuluakulu kumasiyana pakati pa 400-450 kg, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi 2.9 m (mwa abambo) ndi 3.3 m (mwa akazi).
Amadyetsa nsomba, komanso squid ndi ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono. Zisindikizo za Weddell ndizosiyanasiyana, zimatha kulowa pansi mpaka pansi mpaka mamita 600 ndipo zimakhala pansi pa madzi mpaka mphindi 82.
Kukula kwa nyama zamtunduwu ndizovuta kuziyerekeza, chifukwa amakhala pafupi ndi Arctic Circle komanso poterera madzi oundana.
Njovu yakumwera
Zisindikizo za njovu zakumwera ndiye zazikulu kwambiri paz zisindikizo zonse ndipo zikuwonetsa chizindikiro chakugonana. Kulemera kwa amuna kumakhala kosiyanasiyana monga 1500-3700 kg, ndipo akazi - 350-800 kg. Kutalika kwa amuna amuna ndi 4.5-5.8 m, ndi akazi - 2.8 m.
Zakudyazo zimakhala ndi nyamayi yambiri, koma nsomba ilinso (pafupifupi 75% squid ndi 25% ya nsomba). Amuna, monga lamulo, amapita kumwera, kuthamangitsa nyama zawo.
Njovu zakum'mwera - mitundu yosiyanasiyana, imadumphira pansi mpaka 300-500 mamita kwa mphindi 20-30. Zimapezeka kudera lonse la Antarctica, pansi mpaka kumwera.
Antarctic tern
Antarctic tern ndi membala wamba wabanja la tern. Iyi ndi mbalame yaying'ono 31 cm cm, kulemera kwa 95-120 g, ndi mapiko a masentimita 66-77. Mlomo wake umakonda kukhala wofiirira kapena wakuda. Zowonjezerazo ndizambiri zopanda imvi kapena zoyera, pamakhala “chipewa” chakuda pamutu. Malangizo a mapiko amtunduwu ndi amtambo wakuda.
Amadyetsa nsomba ndi krill, makamaka akakhala ku Antarctica. Krachki adazindikira kuthamangitsidwa kwawo kuchokera kumlengalenga, kenako ndikubwera m'madzi pambuyo pake.
Antarctic buluu wamaso akhungu
Bungwe lowoneka bwino lomwe limatchedwa Antarctic ndi lokhalo lomwe limapezeka ku Antarctica. Amakhala m'mphepete mwa kumwera kwa Antilles komanso ku Antarctic Peninsula, mpaka kumwera. Ma cormorants awa amadziwika ndi mtundu wowala bwino wamaso ndi kukula kwamaso achikasu a lalanje m'munsi mwa mulomo, womwe umakhala waukulu kwambiri komanso wowala nthawi yakuswana. Kulemera kwa thupi ndi 1.8-3,5 kg, pomwe amuna ndi olemera pang'ono kuposa akazi. Kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyana kuchoka pa 68 mpaka 76 cm, ndipo mapiko ndi pafupi 1.1 m.
Amadyetsa nsomba kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amapanga "msampha" wamakumi kapena mbalame zambiri zomwe zimalowa mumadzi mobwerezabwereza ndikuthandizana wina ndi mnzake kugwira nsomba. Ma cormorantwa amatha kudumphira m'madzi akuya mpaka mamita 11. Pakusambira, amalimba mapiko awo mthupi ndikugwiritsa ntchito mapazi awo opindika.
Chovala choyera
White Plover ndi amodzi mwa mitundu iwiri yamtunduwu Chionidae . Amakonda moyo wokhalitsa pansi. Akamayenda, amagwedeza mutu ngati nkhunda. Kulemera kwa thupi kumasiyana kuchokera 460 mpaka 780 g, kutalika kwa thupi ndi 34-41 cm, ndi mapiko - 75-80 cm.
Cape Dove
Cape Dove ndi wa banja la abulu. Kulemera kwake mpaka 430 g, kutalika kwa thupi - 39 cm, ndipo mapiko akufikira masentimita 86. Utoto wa nthenga za mbalameyi ndi wakuda komanso yoyera.
Cape Pigeon imadyera krill, nsomba, squid, carrion ndikuchotsa zinyalala, ngati zingatero. Nthawi zambiri amagwira nyama pamwamba pa madzi, koma nthawi zina amakhala osambira.
Chipale chofewa
Mitengo ya chipale chofewa ndi mbalame zoyera zokhala ndi milomo yakuda ndi maso. Ndiwo kukula kwa nkhunda, ndipo mwachiwonekere ndiye mbalame zokongola kwambiri kuposa mbalame zonse za ku Antarctic. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 30-40 cm, mapiko - 75-95 masentimita, ndi kulemera - 240-460 g.
Amadyera makamaka ku kirimu ndipo ayenera kukhala pafupi ndi nyanja kuti azitha kupeza chakudya. Zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Antarctica, ndipo, monga mukudziwa, chisa kutali kwambiri ndi konkire (mpaka 325 km kuchokera pagombe), m'mapiri omwe amatuluka ayezi wozungulira.
Kuyenda albatross
Albatross yoyendayenda ndi mbalame yomwe imakhala ndi mapiko atali kwambiri (kuyambira 3.1 mpaka 3.5 m). Mbalameyi imatha kupanga maulendo ataliatali kwa masiku 10-20, pamtunda wamtunda wopitilira 10,000, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa kuposa momwe ikakhalira chisa.
Kulemera kwakukulu kumayambira pa 5.9 mpaka 12,7 kg; amuna amakhala wolemera 20% kuposa akazi. Kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyana kuchokera ku 107 mpaka 135 cm.
Maziko a chakudya ndi nsomba, squid ndi crustaceans. Mbalameyi imasaka usiku pamwamba pamadzi kapena kusambira mosadziponya. Ma albatrosses oyendayenda amatsatira mabwato ndi zombo zamtundu uliwonse pomwe chakudya chimalowetsedwa. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka kwa zombo zophera nsomba zomwe zimaponya nsomba munyanja.
South Polar Skuas
South polar skuas ndi mbalame zazikulu. Kulemera kwapakati kwa amuna ndi 900-1600 g, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako komanso opepuka kuposa zazikazi. Kutalika kotalika: 50-55 cm, ndi mapiko a 130-140 masentimita 130. Amakhala ku Antarctica ndipo amapitilira kum'mwera. Mbalame izi zalembedwa ku South Pole.
Amadyetsa makamaka nsomba ndi krill, ngakhale mazira a penguin, anapiye ndi carrion amathanso kuphatikizidwa muzakudya, kutengera malo omwe amakhala. Ma polar skuas awoneka kuti akubera nsomba kuchokera ku mitundu ina ya mbalame.
Chimphona chakum'mwera
Mbulu yayikulu yakum'mwera ndi mbalame yomwe imadyedwa ndi banja la abulu. Kulemera kwawo ndi makilogalamu 5 ndipo kutalika kwa thupi lawo ndi masentimita 87. Mapikowo amasiyana kuchokera pa 180 mpaka 205 cm.
Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi mitembo yakufa ya zisindikizo ndi ma penguin, zonyamula, squid, krill, crustaceans, ndi zinyalala zochokera ku zombo kapena mabwato.
Nthawi zambiri, mbalamezi zimapezeka kuzilumba za Antarctic komanso subantarctic. Zimakhala m'malo otseguka ku zilumba za Falkland.
Emperor penguin
Ma penguins ama Emperor ndiwo zikuluzikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zolemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 30 (koma zimatha kufikira 40 kg), ndipo kutalika kwa 1.15 m. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi mtundu wofanana ndi kukula kwa thupi. Kumbuyo ndi mutu zakuda, m'mimba mwayera, chifuwa ndi chikasu, m'malo mwa makutu pali malo amtundu wachikaso chowala. Monga ma penguin onse, ndi opanda mapiko, ali ndi thupi lopendekeka, ndipo mapiko ake amayatsidwa kukhala zipupa zogona m'madzi.
Zakudya zake zimakhala ndi nsomba, komanso monga crustaceans ndi cephalopods. Popita kusaka, mbalamezi zimatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi 18 ndikutsamira mpaka pansi pa 535. Zimasinthika pazinthu izi, kuphatikiza hemoglobin yopangidwa mwaluso, mafupa olimba komanso kuthekera kuchepa kwa kagayidwe.
Emperor penguin zisa m'malo ozizira. Malingalirowo adasinthidwa m'njira zingapo kuti athane ndi kutayika kwa kutentha: nthenga zimapereka kutchingira kwa 80-90%, ndipo imakhala ndi mafuta osakanikira omwe amakhala 3 cm, lowy undercoat, kuphatikizapo plumage, amatenga gawo lofunikira pakusunga mbalame kuti ikhale yotentha, nthenga zanthete. Ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kudzipatula ndikusunga masanjidwe amitundu yolimba komanso yotsatsira madzi.
King penguin
King Penguin ndi mtundu wachiwiri waukulu kwambiri wa penguin pambuyo pa mfumu. Kutalika kumayambira 70 mpaka 100 cm, ndipo kulemera kumayambira 9.3 mpaka 18 kg. Amuna ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa zazikazi. Zowanda za ma penguin amfumu ndizowala kwambiri kuposa zomwezo za abale awo apamtundu wazandalama, koma mwanjira ina nzofanana.
Ma penguins amfumu amadya nsomba zazing'ono ndi squid. Zimatha kulowa pansi mpaka kufika pa 100 m, koma zawonedwanso mozama kupitirira 300. nsomba zimapanga 80-100% yazakudya zawo, kupatula miyezi yozizira yachaka.
King penguins amabala kuzilumba zapansi, kumpoto kwa Antarctica, komanso ku Tierra del Fuego, Zilumba za Falkland ndi zilumba zina zotentha.
Subantarctic Penguin
Pantin ya Subantarctic, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti papuan penguin. Imadziwika mosavuta ndi chingwe choyera chambiri chomwe chimayenda pamutu pake komanso mulomo wake wofiirira. Mtunduwu uli ndi miyendo yotuwa, ndipo mchira wautali kwambiri ndiwodziwika kwambiri pakati pa ma penguin onse.
Penguin papuan amafikira kutalika kwa 51 mpaka 90 cm, kuwapanga kukhala mtundu wachitatu waukulu kwambiri wa penguin, pambuyo pa mitundu iwiri yayikulu: Empering ndi king penguins. Amuna amakhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu pafupifupi makilogalamu 8.5, musanayambe kusungunuka, komanso kulemera kochepa pafupifupi makilogalamu 4.9, musanayambe kukhwima. Mwa akazi, kulemera kwake kumachokera ku 4.5 mpaka 8.2 kg. Mtunduwu ndiwothamanga kwambiri pansi pa madzi, ndikupanga kuthamanga mpaka 36 km / h. Amatha kuzolowera nyengo yovuta kwambiri.
Ma penguins a Subantarctic amadya makamaka ndi crustaceans, ndipo nsomba zimangokhala pafupifupi 15% ya zakudya.
Antarctic krill
Antarctic krill ndi nthumwi ya dongosolo la Ephausian, lomwe limapezeka kumadzi a Antarctic ku South Ocean. Iyi ndi khungubwe yaying'ono yomwe imakhala m'magulu akulu, nthawi zina imafikira anthu 10,000-30000 pa mita ya cubic. Krill amadya phytoplankton. Amakula kutalika kwa 6 cm, kulemera mpaka 2 g, ndipo amatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Krill ndi amodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri m'chilengedwe cha Antarctic ndipo, mwatchutchutchu, mwina ndizinyama zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri padziko lapansi (pafupifupi matani 500 miliyoni, omwe amafanana ndi anthu 300-400 thililiyoni).
Belgica antarctica
Belgica antarctica ndi dzina Lachilatini la mitundu yokhayo yosawuluka ya tizilombo kupita ku Antarctica. Kutalika kwake ndi 2-6 mm.
Tizilomboti tili ndi mtundu wakuda, chifukwa umatha kutenthetsa kutentha kuti upulumuke. Itha kusinthanso kusintha kwa mchere ndi pH, ndikukhala opanda mpweya kwa masabata 2-4. Kutentha kotsika - 15 ° C, Belgica antarctica imamwalira.
Ma penguins (Sphenisciformes) ndi mbalame zotchuka kwambiri komanso zochuluka kwambiri kuposa mbalame zonse zomwe zimakhala ku Antarctica. Chiwerengero chawo ndi pafupifupi 85% cha mbalame zonse za ku Antarctic, ndipo ma penguins ambiri ndi ma penguin a Adelie. Zikopa ndi mbalame zam'madzi, zamapiko zochepetsedwa kukhala zipsepse, chifukwa chake zimayenda m'madzi. Pamtunda, amayenda molunjika ndi kanyimbo koseketsa. Kutalika kwa ma penguin ambiri ndi 60-70 cm, koma alipo enanso. Penguin wamkulu kwambiri ndi Emperor Penguin, wamtali pafupifupi mita imodzi ndipo wolemera mpaka 41 kg. Ma penguins amabzala m'mizere yambiri, yopanga mbalame 80,000. Kuyang'ana, kununkhiza komanso phokoso lochokera kumadera awa sizidzaiwalika. Mbalame zambiri zimamanga zisa kuchokera pamiyala pomwe zimayikira dzira limodzi kapena awiri.
Zodziwika bwino za ma penguin
Popeza ndizosatheka kupeza chakudya ku Antarctica wokutidwa ndi ayezi, ma penguu amakakamizidwa kuti apeze chakudya munyanja, chifukwa chofufuza komwe amakhala nthawi yawo yambiri. Mbalame zonse ndizosambira bwino kwambiri ndipo zimatha kulowa m'madzi akuya kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, Emperor Penguin amawira mpaka pansi pakuya mita 250. Miyendo yawo ndi mchira wake umagwira ngati mkondo, ndipo zipsepse ngati opaka. Amadyetsa nsomba zochepa komanso krill, chilichonse chimadzisambira payekha. Chakudya chochuluka chimadyedwa ndi njuchi zam'madzi pa nthawi yakukhwima. Pofufuza ma penguins a Adélie, zidapezeka kuti mbalame zazikulu zimayimba maulendo 40 tsiku lililonse panyanja podyetsa anapiye, ndipo nthawi iliyonse amabwera ndi theka la kilogalamu ya chakudya. Mwachitsanzo, ku Cape Crozero, dera la ma penguin 175,000 lidabweretsa nsomba zamtundu pafupifupi 3,500 kumtunda kwa anapiye. Ndipo zoyenda zazikulu kwambiri pa Cape Adar zimakhala ndi mbalame 250,000.
Ma penguin a Adelie amatha kusambira mofulumira kwambiri mpaka makilomita 15 pa ola limodzi. Izi zimawapatsa mwayi kuti atuluke kuchokera kumadzi molunjika kumtunda kapena pagombe. Ndi kulumpha uku, zikuwoneka kuti zikuuluka. Kudumpha mpaka mamita awiri kumathandizanso kuti athawe mbawala za nyalugwe wambiri. Adani ena owopsa a ma penguin ndi anamgumi ophera nsomba mu nyanja ndi skuas, omwe amadya mazira awo.
Ma penguins ama Emperor ndi okulirapo kuposa ma penguin onse kukula kwake. Amakhala pafupifupi mita imodzi ndipo amalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 30 mpaka 40. Amakhala ndi mutu wakuda, khosi lamtambo wamtambo wokhala ndi malo owala a lalanje pafupi ndi makutu, ndi chifuwa chachikasu chikutuluka choyera. Amasamalira anapiye awo motalikirapo poyerekeza ndi ma penguins a Adelie. Amaziikira mazira kale kwambiri, kuti pofika nthawi yotentha, chakudya chochuluka, anapiye amatha kudzilimira okha. M'dzinja lalitali (Epulo-Meyi), ma penguin amasonkhana m'miyala yambiri pa ayezi munyanja m'malo otetezedwa. Dzira lokhalo lomwe linayikidwa ndi mkazi mu Meyi kapena kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa June amphongo limalowa m'miyezi iwiri yozizira kwambiri. Amawotha dzira ndi thumba pansi pamimba pakati pa miyendo, malowa ali ndi khungu ndipo nthenga amatha kutentha dzira mpaka +50 ° C. Pamalo odyera, amuna amakhala ndi chakudya chokwanira, chokhala ndi mafuta ambiri, omwe amapangika makamaka pamimba. Koma nthawi ya "makulidwe" mafuta onse omwe amapezeka (pafupifupi 5-6 kg) amadyedwa. Ma penguins amataya mpaka 40% ya kulemera kwawo, amachepetsa thupi, ma plamu awo amakhala opanda uve, kutaya kwathunthu kuwala kwawo koyambira komanso silika. Akazi m'miyezi iwiriyi amadyetsedwa kunyanja, kenako amabwerera kumalo osinthika ndi mnzake. Amuna atanenepa kale abwerera kwa mkaziyo ndipo makolo onse awiri amatengapo gawo podyetsa anapiyewo limodzi. Pakutha kwa Januware, kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa February, anapiyewo amakhala osakonzeka kuyesa kulowa m'nyanja. Amakhala zaka zawo ziwiri zoyambirira ali kunyanja kapena Ice.
Emperor penguin ndi wosiyana ndi mbalame za ku Antarctica. Amaswana nthawi yozizira, pa ayezi m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'chigawo chimodzi chovuta kwambiri ku Antarctica, pafupifupi nthawi yamdima. Nthawi yozizira kwambiri, mbalame zimakumana m'magulu owunda kuti zizitentha. Monga ma petrel akuluakulu, ma penguin amatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka 30 mpaka 40.
Adelie ndiye penguin wamkulu kwambiri ku Antarctica. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi 60-70 cm, kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 5.5 kg. Akazi ndi amuna sasiyana mtundu, amakhala ndi mutu wakuda, khosi ndi msana, pamimba choyera ndi mkombero woyera kuzungulira maso. Amakhala nthawi yozizira panyanja, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa masika amafika pansi kuti aberekane.
Amabwereranso kumalo amodzimodzi chaka chilichonse ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala mdera lomwelo. Choyamba, amphongo amafika ndi kukonzekeretsa zisa, atakhwimira kumayambiriro kwa Novembala, mbalameyi imayikira mazira awiri ndi kubwerera kunyanja kwa masiku 8-15, pomwe anyani amaswa mazira. Kwa milungu inayi, anyani amphaka, asamadya mazira, osamadya, ndipo kumapeto kwa nthawi azimayiwo akadzabweranso, amachepetsa mpaka hafu ya thupi lawo.
M'miyezi yotsatila nyengo ya makulidwewo ndipo anapiyewo atamaliza, amapambana wina ndi mnzake kuti apite kunyanja kukafunafuna nyama. Amabwerako ndi nsomba kapena kudzikongoletsa ndi milomo yawo ndikudyetsa anapiye.
Zolemba Penguin
Mbalamezi zimadalira anthu, chifukwa sizinakhalepo ndi adani owerengeka ku Antarctica kwa zaka chikwi. Inde, inde. Ndi za ma penguin . Ndiwo mbalame zokha zomwe zimasambira koma osawuluka.
ZOPHUNZITSA NDIPONSO Ophunzirira
Woyamba wa ku Europe kuti awaone anali Vasco da Gama wodziwika bwino ku Portugal komanso oyendetsa sitima ake mu 1499. Osati ku Antarctica: dziko ili lisanapezeke, ndidali kutali ndi gombe la South Africa - ma penguin owoneka bwino ndikukhalabe kumeneko. Zowona, m'modzi wa gulu lalikulu la Chipwitikizi adawafotokozera mokweza mawu ake: "Tidawona mbalamezo, zazikulu ngati atsekwe, ndipo kulira kwawo kumafanana ndi kulira kwa abulu."
Ma penguins ama Emperor ndiwoakulu kwambiri
Umboni wotsatirawu wotsalira udasiyidwa mu 1520 ndi Antonio Pigafetta, yemwe adatsagana ndi Fernand Magellan paulendo wake padziko lonse lapansi. Anayerekezeranso ma penguins, omwe nthawi ino amawoneka pagombe la South America, ndi mbalame zapakhomo: "Atsekwe achilendo amakhala owongoka osadziwa kuuluka."
Mwa njira, anali Pigafetta yemwe adawonetsa kuti mbalame zoyenda bwino ndizodyetsedwa bwino, ndipo izi zidakonzeratu dzina lawo: m'Chilatini, "mafuta" - pinguis (penguis), motero ma penguins.
Pazonse, pali mitundu 18 ya mbalame zomwe zimagona m'ming'alu ya penguin, koma tizingoyang'ana awiri okha - omwe amakhala ku Antarctica. Ndi Emperor penguins ndi Adelie penguins .
Achibale awo ena onse adakhazikika m'mphepete mwa South Africa ndi South America, komanso ku New Zealand ndi Australia. Amakhala pafupi ndi equator ku zilumba za Galapagos. Koma mwamwambo ma penguin "amadziwika" ku Antarctica, ngakhale alipo awiri okha.
Adelie Penguin Colony
Kuphatikiza kunenepa, kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kumadziwika ngati chizindikiro cha Emperor penguins. Palibe chodabwitsa: kutalika kwawo kumafika masentimita 120, ndipo kulemera kwawo ndi ma kilogalamu 45. Pamtunda, ma penguin amasuntha kwambiri, osasamala mothandizidwa ndi ziphuphu zazifupi.
Mwa njira, iwo, osati paws, ngati pakufunika, amakhala injini yayikulu. Mukafuna kuthamanga, mbalamezo zimagona pamimba yosazizira ndipo mwachangu komanso mwachangu kuthana ndi chisanu kapena pansi. Awa ndimayendedwe akuda ndi oyera!
Koma m'madzi, ma penguin ndi achikulire kwambiri - ndi osambira komanso osiyanasiyana. Mafunde adadula pamtunda wothamanga makilomita 35 pa ola limodzi, ndipo "atawotcha", poyesera kugwira nsomba mwachangu, adaponya onse 50! Kuphatikiza apo, ma penguins amatha kulowa m'madzi akuya mpaka 20 mita ndikukhala pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi 10.
Adelie penguins amalowerera pansi pamadzi
Kukhala kwakanthawi kochulukira munyanja sikuti chakudya chokha - ndi chipinda chotenthetsera. Mu nyengo yachisanu yozizira ya Antarctic, kutsika madigiri 50-60 ndi magalasi olimba, madzi amphamvu kwa iwo ali ngati sopo lotentha kwa munthu: sangathe kuzizira kuposa madigiri zero.
LEMBANI MOTO
Chifukwa chiyani ma penguin amapita pamtunda? Ofufuzawo a Polar afunsa funso limeneli mobwerezabwereza akakumana ndi mbalame kutali ndi gombe la nyanja. Kuyenda kotalika koyamba kudalembedwa ndi katswiri wazowona zanyama ku Britain, Edward Wilson mu 1911: adawona penguin pathanthwe la Ross, makilomita 110 kuchokera pagombe.
Mtunda wojambulidwa ndi omwe azikafufuza zandale ku America dzulo la 1958: anapeza mawonekedwe a penguin makilomita 400 kuchokera kunyanja! Zinanditengera milungu ingapo paulendowu pa liwiro la makilomita 5 mpaka 10 pa ola limodzi.
Zachidziwikire, njira zazitali zoterezi ndizosowa. Koma kuyenda maola ambiri kwa Emperor penguin kwa mtunda wautali m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikuyandikira kumtunda ndi chinthu wamba. Amachita masewera olimbitsa thupi limodzi kapena awiriawiri.
Ma penguu ali achidwi kwambiri
Nthawi yomweyo, ali ofanana kwambiri ndi anthu omwe amakambirana nkhani zina poyenda - zimawoneka zachidwi. Mwa njira, zopinga panjira yomwe zakonzedwa kuti ma penguin sichingakhale chopinga: ngakhale ali akunja kwambiri, iwo amawombera mobwereza bwereza ndi luso lawo lokwezeka kukwera miyala kapena kuthana ndi madzi oundana.
Ochenjera, ndinganene chiyani. Koma nthawi zina amachita zopanda pake: chilimwe chotentha chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyanja, ndipo nyengo yam'mwera-polar nyengo yozizira imagwira pagombe. Komanso, nthawi imeneyi ikuoneka kuti sioyenera kuti akwatiwe ndi kubereka ana.
Ma penguin ama Emperor ndi oopsa: atapeza wokwatirana naye, samayang'ana wina aliyense. Amayang'ana mkwatibwi pamene m'mwezi wa Epulo kuyambira mbalame 5 mpaka 10,000 zimasonkhana pamadzi oundana. Penguin wachichepere, akuyenda m'mphepete mwa gombe, amapitiliza kulira mokweza momwe mayiyo amayankhira. Nthawi zina mkwati amatenga maola angapo kuti akafufuze, koma banja limamupeza. Ngati penguin m'mbuyomu anali ndi chibwenzi, amamuyitana ndikupeza iye yekha.
Kusamalira ana ndi nkhani yanokha, yophunzitsa kwambiri. Pakupita mwezi pambuyo paukwati, Emperor wachimayi amaikira dzira limodzi (lolemera 500 magalamu kutalika kwa masentimita 12!), Kenako okwatirana ake sawatsitsa pamadzi oundana - nthawi zonse amakhala osasamala (pambuyo pake, samapeza zisa za banja).
Kuphatikiza apo, miyezi iwiri yoyambirira yozizira kwambiri dzira limakhazikika, kapena,, penguin imakanikizira pachifuwa. Nthawi yonseyi samadya - amakhala ndi mafuta odzikundikira pachilimwe ndipo amachepera hafu ya kulemera kwake.
Kenako amasinthidwa ndi wamkazi, yemwe adayenda mafuta m'miyezi iwiri. Zowona, samadandaula ndi dzira lalitali kwambiri: mwana wakhanda amabadwa, yemwe amayi ake amadyetsa kwa pafupifupi mwezi. Pambuyo pake pamabwera bambo wopumula, kumasamalira mwana nthawi yonse yotsala mpaka atakula.
Mitundu yachiwiri ya Antarctic, ma penguins a Adélie (ndiocheperako: mpaka masentimita 80), ili ndi njira ina. Samayang'ana mkwatibwi ndi kulira, koma kupereka wokondedwa kwa wosankhidwa.Ngati samupatsa chilolezo, amachoka, ndipo mkwati wopanda vutoyo amasaka mkwatibwi wina.
Atalenga banja, ma penguin amamanga chisa - mwala womwewo umakhala chida chomanga choyamba. Awiriwa alibe imodzi, koma mazira awiri. Amangidwidwa mosinthana - milungu iwiri iliyonse.
Anapiyewo amadyetsedwanso limodzi - pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, ndipo ma penguin amatumizidwa ku nazale: ana onse obadwa koloni amatengedwa papulogalamu. Chifukwa chake amagwirira limodzi, ndipo makolo awo amawabweretsa chakudya. Nyama imasungunuka pomwe ma penguins achichepere amatha kupeza chakudya chawo.
Ma penguin a Adelie ndi ochulukirapo kuposa amfumu. Amachita chidwi ndi anthu komanso ochezeka. Nthawi ina, pamasewera a mpira pakati pa akatswiri ofufuza polar ku station ya Mirny, penguin m'modzi adathamangira kumunda ndikuyamba kuthamangira mpira - zidali zovuta kuletsa wosewera mpira wosadziwika bwino. Mchimwene wake adadzipatula mosiyana: adapanga zoyenda padenga la thirakitara ndipo sanafune kusiya chilichonse.
Pempho la HUNT
Pang'ono pang'ono pazachisoni. Ena amafunsa kuti: bwanji ku ma penguin ambiri ku Antarctica, ndipo palibe china chofanana ndi nyengo yofananayo ya Arctic? Zowonadi, kodi chilengedwe chimaperekadi "zoyandama, koma chosawuluka" kokha ku Chigawo Chakumwera?
Nthawi inayake, mbalame yayikulu koma yokhala ndi mapiko owala bwino idayendayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikusambira mosazindikira m'madzi a Arctic. Ngakhale utoto wofanana ndi penguin ndi wakuda ndi woyera, kupatula kuti mulomo wopitilira kutsogolo unali wamphamvu kwambiri. Mbalameyi - lopanda zingwe .
Kufika zaka za zana la 17, kuweruza ndi zolembedwa zakale za oyendetsa sitimayo, kumpoto kwanyengo inali imodzi yodziwika bwino - mamiliyoni aanthu. Koma pofika pakati pa zaka za zana la 19, palibe mbalame imodzi yomwe idatsala: yotsalazo idawonedwa pafupi ndi Great Newfoundland Bank mu 1852.
Ndizosavuta kulingalira kuti ndi ntchito yanji: nyama yokoma ndiofatsa kwambiri padziko lapansi yapangitsa kuti eelless wopanda zingwe agwiritse ntchito yosaka kwa osaka. Koma ngati munthu wakaleyo anali wocheperako ndi chiwerengero chofunikira kwambiri cha mbalame, ndiye kuti asodzi aku Europe omwe adafika ku North North adathetsa mbiri ya kumpoto kwa ma penguins.
Zotsirizirazi zinali zabwino: Antarctic idapezeka ndi anthu otukuka kwambiri omwe adatsimikiza mwanzeru zomvetsa chisoni za wopanda pake. Pang'onopang'ono tikuphunzira kuteteza chilengedwe. Komabe, mitundu itatu yomwe imakhala kutali ndi kontinenti yachisanu ndi chimodzi (zowoneka bwino, zazikulu ndi ma penguins aku Galapagos) idadziwika kuti ili pangozi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 21, ndipo ina isanu ndi iwiri imayesedwa kuti ili pachiwopsezo.
Pokumbukira za wopanda mawondo - woyamba wa mbalame zaku Europe ndi America zomwe zidawonongedwa ndi munthu - mtolankhani wa American Society of Ornithologists adatchedwa The Auk - "The Eider".
Kuyesa kutchukitsa North Pole ndi ma penguin
Mu 1936, munthu wina wofufuza malo ku Norway, Lars Christensen, adagwira ma penguin amfumu 9 pagombe la South Georgia ndikuwatumiza kumpoto.
Ma penguin adakhala pamphepete mwa Norway, otetezeka ku zilombo zam'dziko lapansi, komwe adayamba moyo watsopano. Zaka khumi zotsatira, mitundu ina ya penguin idayambitsidwa, kuphatikiza yokhala ndi tsitsi lagolide.
Koma malo okhala ma penguin ku Arctic anali osakhalitsa ndipo otsiriza adawonedwa mu 1949. Palibe amene akudziwa kumene adapita ndipo ngati adakwanitsa kuchulukana.
Mwachidule, yankho ku funso "Chifukwa chiyani kulibe ma penguins ku North Pole?" m'modzi yekhayo - samangotuluka.
Antarctica, monga mukudziwa, m'mbuyomu linali dziko lotukuka, ndipo ma penguin chisa ndipo zimaswana pamtunda wokhazikika komanso wopambana ku Southern Hemisphere, komwe kulibe adani ambiri padziko lapansi.
Mwina kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe za arctic, nkhandwe ndi zimbalangondo kumpoto, osanenapo za anthu onsewa, kungapangitse kuti kusinthaku kusakhale kotheka.