"Pali nsomba, akuti, ndani amene akuuluka!" ... Umu ndi momwe imodzi mwa ndakatulo yoyamba ya ndakatulo yoyamba. Dmitriev iyamba. Kodi kulidi zolengedwa monga izi padziko lapansi? Zidakwaniritsidwa - inde! Amatchedwa nsomba zouluka panyanja.
Koma zimatheka bwanji, chifukwa nsomba zilibe mapiko?! Zachidziwikire, tinsomba tating'onoting'ono timeneti sitimaperekedwa kuti tiwulukire m'mitambo, koma chifukwa cha kapangidwe kazinthupi kamtundu wawo, amatha "kuwuluka" pamwamba pamadzi, ndipo kwakanthawi. Nsomba zouluka zam'madzi ndizamgulu la garriform.
Kodi chodabwitsa ndi chiani ndi nsomba zouluka izi?
Mwambiri, poyang'ana koyamba - palibe chilichonse. Kuyang'ana nsomba zouluka, sizingatheke kupeza zida zilizonse zouluka "mpaka chinthuchi chitatulutsa zipsepete zake, zomwe nthawi yomweyo zimasanduka" mapiko "awiri. Mothandizidwa ndi iwo, nsomba zimadumphira pamwamba pamadzi.
Thupi la nsomba zouluka ndi utoto wa siliva wamtambo. Mbali yam'mimba imakhala yopepuka kuposa msana. Zipsepse zamtundu wina ("zouluka") zimakhala ndi mtundu wabuluu kapena wobiriwira, nthawi zina zimathandizidwa ndi "zokongoletsa" mwa mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono kapena mikwingwirima. Kutalika kwa nsombazi kumachokera masentimita 15 mpaka 40.
Kodi nsomba zouluka zimakhala kuti?
Zamoyo zam'madzi izi ndizolengedwa zamagetsi. Chifukwa chake, zimatha kupezeka m'malo oyenda okhaokha kapena malo okhala. Mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa kutentha kwa iwo ndi pafupifupi madigiri 20 kuposa ziro.
Malo omwe nsomba zouluka m'madzi zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi gawo la nyanja zamchere za Pacific ndi Atlantic. Amakhala m'madzi a Nyanja Yofiira, Nyanja ya Mediterranean, Peter the Great Bay (kumwera kwa Primorsky Territory), English Channel.
Njira Yamoyo Youluka Panyanja
Khalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha nsomba izi ndizosiyanasiyana: ena amakonda kukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso osaya madzi nthawi yonse yomwe ilipo, pomwe oimira ena amtunduwu amasankha nyanjayi, ndikumayenda pafupi ndi gombe kuti ingotuluka. Nsomba zouluka zimakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono - magulu. Kuwala kukalowa m'madzi usiku, tinsomba tating'onoting'ono timakhala pomwepo, "ndikumangodzazungulira" mozungulira, chifukwa chake imavuta kugwidwa.
Mwina chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri chazinthu zam'madzi izi ndi "kuthawa" kwawo. Kodi chiwonetserochi ndi chiyani, zimachitika bwanji?
Mwachindunji pansi pamadzi, nsomba zimayenda mwachangu kwambiri maulendo 70, ngati zikuthamanga. Kenako "imalumphira" kumadzi, ndikufalitsa zipsepse, "mapiko" ake, ndikuuluka mlengalenga. Amatha "kuuluka" pafupifupi theka la kilomita, ndipo nthawi zina kudumpha kwake kumafikira mita yoposa. Komabe, nsomba zouluka nthawi zina zimagunda pamadzi ndi mchira wawo, ngati kuti zikungotuluka, ndikuuluka. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kuthawa ziyenera kudziwidwa: nsomba siziwongolera, sizitsata malangizo aliwonse, chifukwa chake, pali zochitika zapafupipafupi pomwe, chifukwa cha "kudumphira" komweko, nsomba zouluka zimaponyedwa pamipanda yamadzi yam'nyanja.
Zakudya za nsomba zouluka
Chakudya cha nsomba zing'onozing'ono izi ndi plankton, maollamu osiyanasiyana ndi mphutsi za nsomba zina.
Kodi njira zoweta nsomba zowuluka, zimachitika bwanji?
Nthawi yophukira ikayamba, nsomba zouluka zimayamba kusambira mozungulira, m'malo omwe mwala zimamera. Chifukwa chake "kuwerengedwa" kwa mazira ndi mkaka. Panthawi imeneyi, madzi amatha kusintha utoto wonyezimira amatha kuonedwa.
Mazira a nsomba zouluka ndi lalanje amtundu, kutalika kwawo ndi mamilimita 0.5 - 0,8. Nsomba zouluka zimalumikiza "ana" awo amtsogolo pamasamba a zomera zamadzi pansi pamadzi, zinyalala zoyandama, nthenga zoyandama za mbalame. Chifukwa chake mazira amafalikira mtunda wawutali.
Maboti ambiri apamwamba kwambiri amafanana kwambiri ndi nsomba zouluka
Kodi nsomba zouluka ndizosangalatsa kwa anthu?
Anthu amagwiritsa ntchito nsombayi kuphika, makamaka zakudya za ku Japan ndi ku India. Caviar ya nsomba zouluka, yomwe imatchedwa "tobiko" mu zakudya zaku Japan, ndiyotchuka kwambiri. Imawonjezedwa ku sushi yotchuka komanso masikono.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Kuuluka nsomba mu chithunzi m'madzi ndi pamwamba amawoneka mosiyana. M'mlengalenga, nyamayo imatulutsa zipsepse zake. Kuchokera kutali, nsomba zimasokonezeka mosavuta ndi mbalame youluka pamadzi. Madzi, zipsepizo zimakanikizidwa kupita mthupi.
Izi zimapangitsa kuti zizilowa, zikulolani kuti muthe kuthamanga mpaka makilomita 60 pa ola limodzi, zofunika kukankhira mumlengalenga. Kuthamanga kumapereka ndi gawo lakuthwa, lakuthwa kolimba.
Khalidwe limangoyankha funsolo, nsomba zouluka zikuwoneka bwanji. Mitundu yamawonekedwe ndi motere:
- Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka masentimita 45.
- Kulemera kwa anthu akuluakulu kuli pafupifupi kilogalamu.
- Buluu kumbuyo. Zimapangitsa kuti nsomba zisaoneke kwa zilombo zomwe zikuuluka kuchokera kumwamba, mwachitsanzo, mbalame.
- Mimba yasiliva yophimba nyama kale ikawonedwa kuchokera pansi.
- Zipsepse zowala, zowoneka. Sikuti ndi kukula kwake komanso mtundu wake. Pali nsomba zam'maso, zamawangamawanga, zamtambo, zamtambo, zobiriwira komanso zofiirira.
- Mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi chithunzi cholakwika.
- Mapiko a zipsepse zamakutu ali mpaka masentimita 50.
- Mano amapezeka pa nsagwada zokha.
- Chikhodzodzo chachikulu chosambira chikutha mchira pawokha.
Ndege zouluka-mapiko anayi
Zimakhudza minofu yambiri ya ntchentche. Kulemera ndi ¼ kwa thupi. Kupanda kutero, musatseke ndi kuyambitsa "mapiko". Kudumphira m'madzi, nsomba singathe, ngati mbalame, kusintha njira yake. Izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu azisonkhanitsa mlengalenga. Kwambiri kuyamikiridwa nsomba zouluka. Koma, za izi, m'mutu wotsiriza. Pakadali pano, timaphunzira mitundu ya ntchentche.
Kodi nsomba zouluka zimawoneka bwanji?
M'madzi, nsomba zouluka sichinthu chachilendo. Izi ndi nsomba zamtundu wamtambo wamtambo wamtambo, nthawi zina wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Madzi akumtunda akuda kwambiri. Ziphuphu zimatha kukhala ndizosangalatsa. Mosiyana ndi subspecies, ndizowonekera, zowoneka bwino, zamtambo, zamtambo komanso zobiriwira.
Ndikufuna kudziwa chilichonse
Anthu ambiri okhala pansi pa pansi pamadzi amalumphira m'madzi kuthawa adani, kapena kuthamangitsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Ndipo omwe ali ndi luso lotereli amakhala angwiro, oyendetsa sitima amatcha nsomba zouluka. Ili ndi dzina la mitundu yosiyana kwambiri, yosalumikizana ndi nsomba iliyonse, ngakhale pali banja lapadera - nsomba zouluka. Oimira banja lino amakhala m'malo otentha a nyanja ndi nyanja zamchere.
Kwa nsomba “zoyenda bwino kwambiri”, kuuluka kumakhala kwa mphindi (ngakhale ambiri - masekondi awiri okha), munthawi imeneyi amawuluka mpaka 400. Akanyamuka, mchira wa nsomba umakhala ngati galimoto yaying'ono, yopanga mikwingwirima 60-70 pa sekondi imodzi . Panthawi yochotsera, kuthamanga kwa nsomba kumakwera mpaka mita 18 pa sekondi imodzi! Ndipo tsopano nsomba imasweka pamadzipo, imakwera mpaka kufika pamtunda wa 5-6 m, imatambasula "mapiko" ake (zipsepse zam'chifuwa), kufikira theka la mita, ndikutsika pang'ono, ndikukonzekera. Mphepo yamkuntho imathandizira kuwulutsa nsombazo, ndipo mphepo yabwino imaletsa. Ngati akufuna kubwezeretsa liwiro, amalira ndi mchira wogwira ntchito m'madzi ndikubwerera.
Chisonyezo champhamvu chimapangidwa ndikuwoneka ngati sukulu ya nsomba zouluka chikwi yomwe idakwera mlengalenga. Umu ndi momwe a Re Reid adalemba pankhaniyi mu buku lake lotayika Lost the Ocean: "Ndi zokongola bwanji! Palibe amene angayime kuti ayang'ane iwo mokwanira: ngakhale "nkhandwe yakale" yomuyang'ana siyenera kukhala nthawi yayikulu, kapena mnyamata yemwe adamuwona koyamba m'moyo wake. Komanso, wolemba uja anati: “Zikuwoneka kuti palibe cholengedwa padziko lapansi chomwe chitha kukhala ndi adani ambiri ngati nsomba yowuluka. Kupatula apo, amawukiranso mlengalenga kuti athawe omwe amamutsatira munyanja. Koma izi zimatchedwa "kutuluka kumoto ndi kulowa mumoto." Akuthawa pakamwa pa adani ake osalekeza - ma dolphin, tuna ndi maukazitape ena am'nyanja, iye amagwera pakamwa pa alubertosses, anthu opusa komanso ankhanza ena amlengalenga. "
Pafupifupi nsomba zonse zowuluka zimakhala ndi zouluka. Ndege yeniyeni yeniyeni - nsomba zamadzi oyera zokha kuchokera ku banja la Wedge-belled, okhala ku South America. Siziuluka, koma zimauluka ngati mbalame. Kutalika kwake kumakhala kwa masentimita 10. Pakakhala ngozi, malamba amtunduwu amatuluka m'madzi ndipo, ndikulira kwambiri, ndikutulutsa zipsepse zake, ndikuuluka mpaka mamita 5. Kulemera kwa minofu yomwe imakhazikitsa mapikowo ndi pafupifupi 1/4 ya kulemera konse kwa nsomba.
Mosiyana ndi mbalame youluka kapena kachilombo, nsomba youluka sitha, ikafika mlengalenga, imatha kusintha njira kuwuluka. Izi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo m'maiko ambiri nsomba zouluka zikugwidwa. Ku Oceania, amagwidwa ndi ukonde pamitengo ya mita atatu.
M'mbuyomu, mullet (yomwe, monga nsomba zouluka, imatha kudumphira m'madzi) idasambitsidwa mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean pomanga mphete zamiyala kuzungulira m'mphepete mwake. Kenako bwato linalowa pakatikati pa mphete, ndipo asodzi omwe anali mmenemo adapanga phokoso losaneneka. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mullet imayesetsa kuthana ndi zopinga pamwamba pa madzi, osayenda pansi pawo, koma kudumpha. Koma kulumpha kwakanthawi kochepa. Atachita mantha ndi phokosoli, nsomba ija inadumphira m'madzi ndipo, polephera kudumpha mavuwo, imagwera pa iwo.
Mu nsomba zouluka, nsagwada ndizifupi, ndipo zipsepse zamtchire zimafikira zazikulu, mogwirizana ndi kutalika kwa thupi. Ngakhale zili choncho, ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mafuko awiri, ochokera kwa makolo awo omwe adachokera komwe adachokera. Kuyandikana uku kumawonekera, makamaka, potengera kuti mitundu ina yazambiri (mwachitsanzo, nsomba zouluka zazitali-Zoyenda zokhala ndi Fodiator acutus) zimakhala ndi nsagwada ya m'munsi ndipo ndizofanana kwambiri ndikuwoneka ngati mapiko. Titha kunena kuti nsomba zamtunduwu zimadutsa "gawo la nsomba" pakukonzekera payekha.
Oyimira banja lino sofika zazikulu. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri - nsomba yayikulu kwambiri ya Cheilopogon pennatibarbatus - imatha kutalika masentimita 50, ndipo yocheperako siyaposa masentimita 15. Utoto wa nsomba zouluka ndiwofalikira kwa anthu okhala mdera loyandikira la nyanja lotseguka: kumbuyo kwawo ndikuda bii ndipo kumunsi kwa thupi ndi siliva . Mtundu wa zipsepse zamakutu umakhala wosiyanasiyana, womwe umatha kukhala wa monophonic (wowonekera, wabuluu, wobiriwira kapena bulauni), kapena wopaka pakati (wowoneka kapena wamizere).
Nsomba zouluka zimakhala m'madzi am'nyanja onse ofunda, zomwe zimayimira malo am'madzi otentha. Banja ili ndi mitundu yopitilira 60, yolumikizidwa mu genera 7. Chosiyana kwambiri ndi nsomba zouluka ku dera la Indo-West Pacific, komwe kuli mitundu yopitilira 40 ya banja lino. Pafupifupi mitundu 20 ya nsomba zouluka yapezeka kum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean, mitundu 16 ya Nyanja ya Atlantic.
Malo omwe amagawikapo nsomba zouluka, polankhula mozungulira, amangokhala ndi madzi omwe amakhala ndi kutentha pamwamba pa 20 ° C. Komabe, mitundu yambiri imapezeka kokha m'malo otentha kwambiri am'nyanja omwe madzi ake amatentha kuposa 23 ° C. Kutumphuka kwa malo otentha, kutengera nyengo yozizira, kumadziwika ndi mitundu yochepa yokha ya nsomba zouluka zam'mlengalenga, zomwe nthawi zina zimapezeka ngakhale pa 16-18 ° C. M'nyengo yotentha, nsomba zosawerengeka zomwe nthawi zina zimakonda kulowa m'malo akutali kuchokera kumalo otentha. M'mphepete mwa Europe, amalembedwa mpaka ku English Channel ngakhale kumwera kwa Norway ndi Denmark, ndipo m'madzi aku Russia Far East amapezeka ku Gulf of Peter the Great, komwe adakapeza nsomba zouluka ku Japan (Cheilopogon doederleinii) kangapo.
Chodziwika kwambiri cha nsomba zouluka ndi kuthekera kwawo kuuluka, komwe kwakula, mwachidziwikire, monga chida chopulumutsira kwa adani. Kutha kumeneku kumawonetsedwa mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Kuuluka kwa nsomba zouluka ngati izi, zomwe zimakhala ndi zipsepse zazifupi (pakati pawo Fodiator wautali, ndi ena mwa zina), sizabwino kwenikweni kuposa mitundu yokhala ndi "mapiko" aatali. Kuphatikiza apo, chisinthiko chothawa m'banjamo chinachitika, mwachidziwikire, mbali ziwiri. Chimodzi mwazomwe zidatsogolera pakupanga "mbalame ziwiri zam'mapiko" zouluka ", ndikugwiritsa ntchito zipsepse zamtchire zokha pakuuluka, zomwe zimafikira zazikulu kwambiri. Woimira wamba wa "mapiko awiri" owuluka, nthawi zina kuyerekeza ndi ndege ya monoplane, ndi diptera wamba (Exocoetus volitans).
Chitsogozo china chikuyimiriridwa ndi "mbalame zamphongo zinayi" zouluka (mitundu 4 ndi mitundu pafupifupi 50), yomwe ikufanizidwa ndi ma biplanes. Kuuluka kwa nsomba izi kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ndege ziwiri: popeza zachulukirapo osati ngongole, komanso zipsepse zamkati, mopitilira muyeso wachinyamata, zipsepse zonsezi zili ndi gawo limodzi. Mbali zonse ziwiri posunthira kwa ndege zidayenda zinapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana yozama yam'nyanja. Kuphatikiza apo, kuphatikiza "mapiko", kusintha kwa kuwuluka kunawonekera ndikuwuluka kwa nsomba mumapangidwe a mtengo wopendekera, makulidwe omwe amakhala olumikizana molimbika ndipo lobe laling'ono ndilokulira kwambiri poyerekeza ndi chapamwamba, pakukula kwachilendo kwa chikhodzodzo chachikulu, ndikupita pansi pa msana mpaka mchira. , ndi zina.
Kuuluka kwa "mbalame zokhala ndi mapiko anayi" kumakhala kwakukulu komanso kotalika. Atapanga liwiro lalikulu m'madzi, nsomba yotere imalumphira kumtunda ndipo kwakanthawi (nthawi zina osatalikirana) imayenda pomwepo ndikufinya zipsepse, ndikufulumizitsa mayendedwewo mwa kusunthasuntha kwa lobe yotsika yam'madzi yoyesedwa m'madzi. Adakali m'madzi, nsomba zouluka zimafulumira ngati 30 km / h, ndipo pamwamba zimawonjezera mpaka 60-65 km / h. Kenako nsombayo imachoka pamadzipo, ndikutsegula zipsepse zamkati, ndikuganiza pamwamba pake.
Nthawi zina, nsomba zouluka nthawi zina zimawuluka ndi mchira wake polumikizana ndi madzi ndipo, poyigwedeza, zimathandizidwanso. Kuchuluka kwa kukhudza kotereku kumatha kufika atatu kapena anayi, ndipo motere, nthawi yothawa, kumene, imachuluka. Nthawi zambiri, nsomba zouluka sizuluka kuposa ma 10 s ndipo zimawuluka mamitala angapo nthawi iyi, koma nthawi zina nthawi yothawa imakwera mpaka 30 s, ndipo masamba ake amafika 200 komanso mpaka 400. Mwachionekere, nthawi yothawa imakhala yamtundu wina. digiri imadalira mlengalenga, popeza pamaso pa mphepo yofowoka kapena kukwera kwa mafunde akuuluka nsomba zikuuluka mtunda wautali ndikukhalabe nthawi yayitali pothawa.
Oyendetsa sitima ambiri komanso oyenda omwe adawona nsomba zouluka kuchokera pa sitimayo sitimayo akuti "adawona kuti nsombayo ikuphukira mapiko ake monga momwe chinjoka kapena mbalame imachitira." M'malo mwake, "mapiko" a nsomba zouluka pakuuluka akuuluka osasunthika ndipo sachita mafunde kapena kusinthasintha. Mphamvu yokhayo yokhala ndi zipsepse imatha kusintha, ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti nsomba zisinthe pang'ono pang'ono komwe zikuuluka. Kugwedezeka kwa zipsepse, zomwe zimawona, sikuti ndikuchititsa kuthawa, koma zotsatira zake. Zimafotokozedwa ndi kusinthasintha kwamphamvu kwa zipse zowongoka, zolimba makamaka munthawi zomwe nsomba, yomwe ili kale mlengalenga, ikupitilizabe kugwira ntchito m'madzi ndi mchira wake.
Nsomba zouluka nthawi zambiri zimasunga timagulu tating'ono, kubisalira, monga lamulo, kwa anthu angapo. Nkhosazi zimakhala ndi nsomba zokulirapo za mtundu womwewo. Gulu la anthu pawokha nthawi zambiri limagawika m'masukulu akulu, ndipo m'malo opeza chakudya nthawi zina mumapangidwa masukulu ambiri, okhala ndi masukulu ambiri.
Kuyankha bwino pakuwala kumakhala kofanana kwambiri ndi nsomba zowuluka (komanso zamitundu ina).Usiku, nsomba zouluka zimakopeka ndi magetsi owunikira (mwachitsanzo, nyali za sitima, komanso zounikira zapadera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa nsomba). Nthawi zambiri zimawulukira ndikuuluka pamwamba pa madzi, nthawi zambiri zimamenya mbali ya chotchingira, kapena zimasambira pang'onopang'ono mpaka nyali yokhala ndi zipsepse zolunjika.
Nsomba zonse zouluka zimadyetsa nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala pansi, makamaka zocheperako komanso mapiko am'madzi, komanso mphutsi za nsomba. Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba zouluka zokha zimakhala chakudya chofunikira kwambiri kwa nsomba zambiri zam'madzi otentha (coryphene, tuna, ndi zina), komanso squid ndi mbalame za m'madzi.
Mitundu ya nsomba zouluka imasiyanasiyana kwambiri m'malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Pali mitundu yomwe imapezeka komwe imapezeka kufupi ndi malirewo, ina imatha kupita kunyanja, koma ikasunthika imabwereranso kugombe, pomwe ina imakhala munyanja nthawi zonse. Cholinga chachikulu cha kupatukana ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana pakukula kwa zinthu. Mitundu yobereketsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja imayikira mazira ake, okhala ndi zomatira zowoneka ngati zomatira, pazomera zolumikizidwa pansi kapena zoyandama pafupi ndi pamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, kugombe la Kyushu, kuwonekera kwa nsomba zouluka ku Japan kumachitika koyambirira kwa chilimwe. Pakadali pano, masukulu akulu a nsomba zouluka amabwera ku gombe nthawi yamadzulo m'malo omwe kuli kachulukidwe kachilengedwe, ndipo amasonkhana usiku pansi pamtunda wa mamita 10. Pakutuluka, nsomba zouluka zimayenda mozungulira pamtunda ndikutsegula zipsepse zake, kutulutsa mazira ndi mkaka. Nthawi yomweyo, madzi amatha kupaka utoto wamkaka wobiriwira kwa mamiliyoni angapo mita.
Nsomba zouluka zam'madzi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito kunyanja zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zonse munyanja: “ndalama” zosiyanasiyana zoyambira m'mphepete mwa nyanja (nthambi zoyenda pansi, nthambi ndi zipatso zamtunda, coconuts), nthenga za mbalame komanso siphonophores-sefish (Velella ) kukhala pamadzi. Ntchentche "zoyaka" zokha (genus Exocoetus) zomwe zimakhala ndi mazira oyandama omwe ataya zojambula zakutchire.
Nsomba zouluka zimakhala ndi nyama yokoma ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu m'malo ena otentha komanso ozungulira. Pazakudya zakomweko, nsomba izi zimagwidwa pafupifupi m'maiko onse otentha, ndipo m'malo ena mumakhala nsomba zapadera, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitidwa ndi njira zaluso.
Pazilumba za Polynesia, nsomba zouluka zimagwidwa ndi zida zokutira, zidutswa zopindika, komanso maukonde ndikukoka, kukopa nsomba kumaboti usiku ndi nyali kapena ma nyali. Munjira yotsirizayi, nsomba zouluka zimawulukira mu ukonde wazomwe zimayambitsa zokha. Mu zilumba za Philippinespine, misampha yosiyanasiyana yamadzi, maukonde ndi matumba amagwiritsa ntchito nsomba zouluka, ndipo nthawi zambiri kuwedza kumachitika ndi "cholembera", pamene maboti angapo apadera amawopsyeza nsomba ndikuyiyendetsa ku maukonde. Pali nsomba yayikulu kwambiri ku India. Kumeneko amapangika makamaka pakuwola kwa nsomba zouluka pogwiritsa ntchito malo okumbika osafunikira (m'njira zamitengo yamagawo omwe amakokedwa kumbuyo kwa boti), komwe amatsitsa nsomba zamtengo wapatali, zomwe kenako amazigwiritsa maukonde.
Nsomba zouluka zimagwiridwanso ku China, Vietnam, Indonesia (komwe, kuwonjezera pa kusodza nsomba zomwe, zimatulutsanso mazira omwe amaikidwa pamasamba azomera), kuzilumba za Caribbean ndi madera ena. Usodzi wofunika kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zam'madzi (maukonde oyendetsa, ma purse chikwama, etc.) ulipo ku Japan. Kugwidwa kwa nsomba zotsogola mdziko muno ndi zoposa theka la nsomba zawo zapadziko lonse lapansi.
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