Dzina lachi Latin: | Gypaetus barbatus |
Chizungu: | Lammergeier |
Gulu: | Mbalame Zodyera (Falconiformes) |
Banja: | Hawk (Accipitridae) |
Kutalika kwa thupi, masentimita: | 100–115 |
Wingspan, masentimita: | 266–282 |
Kulemera kwa thupi, kg: | 4,5–7,5 |
Zovuta: | silhouette kuthawa, kukongola kwamitundu, mitundu yazakudya |
Mkhalidwe Woyang'anira: | SPEC 3, CEE 1, BERNA 2, BONN 2, CITES 1, AEWA |
Ma Habitats: | Mawonekedwe akumapiri |
Chosankha: | Kufotokozera kwa Russia pamtunduwu |
Mbalameyi ndi yayikulu kukula, imasiyanitsidwa ndi mikwingwirima yina chifukwa chosakhalapo pamutu, khosi ndi chifuwa, mchira wakutsogolo wokhala ndi zala, mapiko ochepa komanso angono ndi mchira wautali wooneka ngati mkombero. Mtundu wam'munsi umachoka kuzungu mpaka utoto wofiirira, m'munsi mwa mulomo umakongoletsedwa ndi "ndevu" yaying'ono ya nthenga zolimba. Palibe zolaula, mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndimtambo wamtambo wakuda.
Kugawa. Mitundu yokhazikika, pali magulu atatu amafanidwa kum'mwera kwa Europe ndi Africa. Yofalikira kumadera ambiri ku Europe, yomwe ikupezeka ku Pyrenees, Corsica, Greece ndi Krete. Unakhazikika ku Italy pachilumba cha Sardinia mpaka nthawi yozizira ya 1968-1969, pomwe ku Western Alps zimadziwika kuti adasowa m'ma 1920s.
Habitat. Pamakhala malo opanda mapiri okhala ndi miyala yamiyala. Imasakanso malo osalalidwa.
Biology. Pakati pa nthawi yozizira, nthawi zambiri mazira 1-2 amayikidwa, omwe nthawi zambiri amawazidwa ndi mkazi kwa masiku 55-60. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mapiko 14-15 patatha sabata. Maboni amodzi pachaka. Ngakhale ali ndi thupi lalikulu, munthu wometa ndewe amatha kuchita bwino kuthawa ndipo amatha kuchita ziwonetsero mlengalenga zomwe sizingagundike ndi mimbulu. Nthawi yakukhwima, imakhala ndi mluzu woboola.
Chochititsa chidwi. Pokhala chofiyira, amadya makamaka mafupa akulu ndi mafupa a nyama zakufa. Mwamuna wometa ndevu amathyola mafupa kukhala zidutswa, kuzikanda kuchokera pathanthwe, ndipo amayesera kugwiritsa ntchito malo amodzi pazolinga izi.
Chitetezo. Poletsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo zokhala ndi ndevu m'malo ambiri ku Europe, njira zinatengedwa kuti zizitetezere: bungwe lodyetsa malo ndi nyama, kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa msipu, kuphatikizanso mbalame zaukapolo. Ntchito zofananira zomwe zikupitilira Alps zimapereka zotsatira zabwino, ngakhale kuti mabanja ena amanga chisa ku Savona ndi Stelvio Park.
Munthu wometa ndevu, kapena mwanawankhosa (Gypaetus barbatus)
Kodi amakhala kuti?
Munthu womangidwa ndevu ndi mbalame yokhala ndi mitundu yambiri. Chimakhala m'dera lochokera ku Mediterranean kupita ku Himalayas, imapezeka m'maiko ambiri ku Europe ndi Asia. Mitengoyi imayimiridwanso ku South ndi East Africa ndipo idapangidwanso ku Alps, komwe idayamba kuzika mizu ndikuyamba kubereketsa.
Imapezeka ku Russia ku Caucasus, ku Central ndi Southeast Altai, kumapiri komwe kuli nkhalango ndi mitengo. Zoyesa pano, m'miyala ndi m'miyala.
Zizindikiro zakunja
Mukawona munthu wokhala ndi ndevu, ngakhale pachithunzichi, simungamusokoneze ndi aliyense. Awa ndi mbalame zazikuluzikulu pafupifupi mita 1 ndikulemera mpaka 6.5 kg. Mutu, khosi komanso thupi lam'munsi mwa mbalame zachikulire zimapakidwa utoto wowala - kuchokera beige kupita ku red-buffy. Pafupi ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono takuda, ndipo pansi pa mulomo pali mtolo wa tsitsi lakuda lomwe likufanana ndi ndevu. Anali iye amene adatcha dzinali. Iris ya munthu wometa ndewe ndi yosangalatsa: monga lamulo, ndizowala ndi mkombero wakunja wofiira.
Chovala cha ndevu wachikulire chimavala pokhapokha atakwanitsa zaka zisanu. Ndipo zisanachitike, amakakamizidwa kuti azikhala okhutira ndi ma phukusi oyera a bulauni. Mapiko a munthu wometa ndeu yayitali komanso yopapatiza - mpaka 80 masentimita, kotero kuti kuthawa mbalame yaying'onoyo imalakwitsa mosavuta ngati falcon.
Munthu wometa ndevu, koma wazakale. Mosiyana ndi nthumwi zambiri zamtundu wamtchire, nyamayi imakhala ndi khosi lopaka bwino, mapiko akuthwa komanso lalitali, komanso mchira wokhotakhota komanso wopindika. Ndipo miyendo ndi zikhadabo zimapangidwa bwino kwambiri kuposa mimbulu yeniyeni.
Moyo
Ndevu zimakhala chete kwambiri ndipo nthawi zina zimangoliza mluzu pang'ono komanso kumveka kaphokoso kwambiri.
Mbalame zimakonzera chisa chawo chachikulu m'mapanga am'mapiri, m'miyala yamiyala, pamiyala yamiyala. Kuchokera panthambi ndi mafupa a nyama zazikulu amapanga malo okhalamo opitilira 2 m.
Dzina lina la mbalameyi ndi mwanawankhosa. Amakhulupirira kuti amuna ometa amenya nkhosa zapakhomo, koma sizili choncho. Amuna okhala ndi ndevu ndi mbalame zovomerezeka, ndipo ngakhale amadya zomwe miimba, mimbulu ndi manyala samanyalanyaza. Munthu wometa ndevu amadya nyama yowuma, ma tendon, khungu, ndipo ngakhale mafupa ndi ziboda. Wina dzina lake ndi munthu wometa ndevu - crusher. Mbalameyi imatenga mafupa akulu a zinyama m'miyendo yake, kenako imakwera m'mwamba ndikuyiponyera pamiyalayo. Mafupawo amasweka, ndipo munthu wometa ndevu amawameza ziwalo. Mwamuna wometa ndevu amachitiranso nkhanga.
Pofunafuna chakudya, nyama zakutchirezi zokhala ndi mapiko ataliatali zimagwiritsa ntchito mwaluso kuwombera kwamphepo, kuwuluka mtunda wawutali.
Oyimira zamtunduwu ndi otonza. Mimba ya munthu wometa imatha kutambasulidwa kwambiri. Asayansi adapeza mafupa ataliatali 30 cm.Amadziwika kuti m'ndende, amuna ometa amakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 40.
Mwamuna wokhala ndi ndevu kwakhala nthawi yayitali akukambirana. Aliyense anali kuyesera kuti amvetsetse ngati amatchulira mimbulu kapena mphungu. Ndipo atafufuza kwakutali, adazindikira kuti mtunduwu uyenera kutchulidwa kuti ndiwosankhika. Ponena za biology yamtunduwu, zidapezeka kuti anthu ometa ndewe amadya kwambiri ndi zovunda, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amatha kukhala manyala.
Kuswana
Beers amayamba kusowa poyambira kwambiri: kuyikira mazira (1-2) kumachitika mu Disembala - Januware. Mazira ndi odalirana, akulu (zazikulu-tsezikulu), oyera ndi oyera ndi mawanga bulauni. Yaikazi imawalowetsa kwa pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, ndipo nthawi yonseyi yamphongo imamudyetsa. Makolo onsewa amadyetsa anapiye. Mnyamata wachichepere amakhala ndi pang'onopang'ono pokhapokha masiku 100-110 atachoka pachisa.
Mu Buku Lofiyira
Mitundu yamakono ya amuna omangidwa ndevu ndi yotakata, kotero mawonekedwe amaphatikizidwa m'gulu lotetezedwa ili. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa anthu kukuchepa. Masiku ano mdziko lapansi, molingana ndi kuyerekezera kwakukulu, pali amuna 10,000 ometa. Maphunziro owonjezera amafunikira kuti agawire mitundu iyi ngati gulu lina lotetezeka lomwe lili pachiwopsezo chachikulu. M'mayiko ena, monga Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Serbia, Syria, mitunduyi imawonedwa kuti yatha.
Mwa zina zazikulu zomwe zikuwopseza kuti zizitchedwa kuti poaching, kusintha kwa malo okhala mitundu, nkhawa panthawi yakubzala. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwachilendo pakubzala kwa ng'ombe ndi kusapezeka kwa manda a ng'ombe, abambo ometa amakhala opanda chakudya ndipo ena mwa iwo amafa ndi njala. Kwa zaka mazana angapo, munthu wopanda ndevu wazunza ndi kuwononga munthu. M'mayiko ambiri, panali chikhulupiriro chabodza choti mbalamezi zimanyamula ana ndi ziweto. Komanso, munthu wokhala ndi ndevu ndi mbalame yam'madzi, yomwe kuwombera nthawi yosaka kumatanthauza kupeza dzina la ace. Tsoka ilo, ngakhale masiku ano, kutetezedwa kwamtundu wamtunduwu sikuthandiza nthawi zonse kuziteteza m'manja mwa osaka ndi osaka.
Maonekedwe a munthu wometa ndevu
Kutalika kwa munthu wometa kumakhala sentimita 95-125, mapiko a mapiko awo amasiyanasiyana kuyambira 2.3 mpaka 2.8 metres. Zoyang'anira zimalemera ma kilogalamu 4.5 mpaka 7.5.
Oimira wamkulu kwambiri amtunduwu amakhala pafupi ndi Himalayas. Amuna ndi ocheperako pang'ono kuposa zazikazi. Kulemera kwambiri kwa mbalame zomwe zimakhala ku Africa ndi kilogalamu 5.7, ndipo kulemera kwa amuna ometa ku Asia ndi ma kilogalamu 6.2.
Mwamuna wokhala ndi ndevu amakhala ndi mchira wozungulira komanso wotalika masentimita 45-50 ndi mapiko opapatiza okhala ndi masentimita 70-90.
Munthu wometa ndewe ndi m'bale wachifwamba.
Zowonjezereka pakhosi, pamimba ndi pamutu ndizopepuka kapena zoyera, pomwe thupi lamtunda limakhala lofiirira. Mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi imvi. Kuchokera pamilomo mpaka kumaso kumatambasulira mzere wakuda. Pansi pa mulomo, nthenga zakuda zimamera m'gulu. Nthengazi ndizochepa thupi ndipo zimafanana ndi ndevu zazowoneka bwino. Chifukwa cha iwo, nyama zodyerazo zidadziwika.
Maso ake adapangidwa ndi mtanda wofiirira, iris ndi wotumbulika chikasu. Mlomo ndi imvi. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi maulawuni akuda, omwe amasintha ali ndi zaka zisanu kukhala achikulire.
Mafupa a nyama zakufa - chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi ng'ombe.
Khalidwe la mbalame, zakudya komanso moyo
Malo omwe amakhala ndi mapiri omwe ali ndi zigwa zambiri, m'matanthwe ndi m'mipata.
Mbalamezi ndi za abowa, koma samakonda nyama zowola, koma zatsopano. Munthu wometa ndevu amadya mafupa, ma tendon ngakhale zikopa za nyama zakufa posachedwa. Nthawi zina, nyama yolusa imagwiritsa ntchito mbalame mbalame, koma izi sizomwe zimachitika, koma sizachilendo.
Mbalameyi idatchedwa dzina chifukwa cha maula, ofanana ndi ndevu.
Munthu wometa ndevu amataya mafupa akulu kuchokera kutalika mpaka pansi, pomwe amathyoka pamiyala, kenako wolimayo amangowameza. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi mphamvu yokumba m'mimba kwambiri. Chimodzi mwazomwe ndimakonda ndi mafupa a muubongo.
Odyerawa amasakanso akambuku, nawonso amawakweza, kuwaponyera pamiyala, ndipo nkhomayo ikasweka, amadya nyama yofewa.
Chiwerengero cha amuna omwe ali ndi ndevu padziko lapansi
Masiku ano, anthu ometa ndevu ndi otsika - pafupifupi 10,000 10,000 a mbalamezi amakhala padziko lapansi. Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu kudachititsidwa ndi ntchito zaulimi za anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu adawombera izi, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti amapha ziweto, koma lingaliro ndilolakwika.
Ngakhale zinthu zomwe zikuwombedwa ndi amuna omwe ali ndi ndevu zabwerera mwakale, mankhwala ophera tizirombo, omwe amalowa m'mimba mwa madongosolo a mitembo ya nyama zakufa, zikuyipitsa anthu ambiri.
Madera okhala ndi mbalame zocheperako amathanso kuchepa. Ndevu zimatha kufa chifukwa cha kugunda kwamagetsi ndi waya wamagetsi. Masiku ano, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumawoneka kuti ndikokhazikika, koma palibe kupita mtsogolo.
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