Mkuyu. 15. Chithunzithunzi cha kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa chinthu chamoyo china, pogawa maola anayi aliwonse.
Kuti kuchulukana kwa anthu kugwirizane ndi fanizoli, coefferate r iyenera kukhala yokhazikika, i.e. kuchuluka kwa ana pa munthu aliyense payenera kukhala kosalekeza (ngati r = 0, i.e., kubereka kuli kofanana ndi kufa, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu sikukwera).
Kutengera ndi phindu la r, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumatha kukhala kwachangu komanso m'malo modekha. C. Darwin adawerengera mwayi womwe ungakhalepo wamagulu azinthu zosiyanasiyana akakhazikitsa fanizo. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwake, kuchuluka kwa mbadwa imodzi ya njovu - kuweta nyama pang'onopang'ono - kudzafika mamiliyoni 19 pazaka 750. Ngati titatembenukira kuzamoyo zomwe sizikhala motalika motere komanso kubereka mwachangu, manambalawo adzasangalatsa kwambiri. Mu mabakiteriya amene agawa mphindi 20 zilizonse, biomass imatha kupanga selo imodzi yama bakiteriya pambuyo pa maola 36, yomwe imakuta dziko lonse lapansi ndi cm 30 wandiweyani, ndipo pambuyo maola 2 ena ndi wosanjikiza 2 m.
"Popeza mabakiteriya kapena njovu sizikuta dziko lapansi mosalekeza, ndizodziwikiratu kuti m'chilengedwe kukula kwakukulu kwa zinthu zachilengedwe sikungachitike konse, kapena kumachitika, koma kwakanthawi kochepa, kutsatiridwa ndi kuchepa kwa ziwerengero kapena kufikira malo osasunthika. "(Gilyarov, 1990, p. 77).
Mu chilengedwe, kuchulukitsa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumawonedwa munthawi yochepa kwambiri ya moyo wawo m'malo abwino, pamene ntchito zimapangidwanso. Chifukwa chake mumadziwe am'madzi am'madzi otentha kwambiri mu nthawi yachisanu pambuyo poti madzi oundana asungunuka pamadzi ena ali ndi michere yambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, mutatha kuwotcha madzi pamakhala kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa diatoms ndi algae wobiriwira. Komabe, imathetsanso mwachangu zinthuzi zikagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso, zooplankton zimayamba kudya mwachangu zipatso zamtchire (ndiye kuti, kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa anthu "kuchokera pansi" ndi "kuchokera kumwamba").
Chitsanzo cha kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa anthu ndi mbiri yakuyambitsanso kwa zisumbu. Chifukwa chake kuchokera kwa anthu 25 (amuna 4 ndi akazi 21) adabweretsa ku 1911 ku chisumbu cha St. Paul (Nyanja ya Bering), pofika 1938 anthu 2000 agwada adakhazikitsidwa. Komabe, kuchepa kwa ziwonetsero kunatsata, ndipo pofika 1950 panali anthu 8 okha omwe anapulumuka. Chomwe chikuwonongeka cha kuchuluka kwa anthu ndikuphwanya chomera - ubale wa phytophage (onani 8.3) chifukwa chosowa kulumikizana kwachitatu mgulu la chakudya - wolusa.
Kuchulukitsa kwa anthu, ofotokozedwa ndi S-mawonekedwe oombedwa (kukula pang'onopang'ono - kukula msanga - kukula pang'onopang'ono, mkuyu. 16), adakonzedwanso kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 18 ndi katswiri wa masamu ku Belgian P.F. Verhulstom, kenako mu 20s. za zaka zana zapitazo zopezedwa ndi asayansi aku America R. Perle ndi L. Reed. P.V. Turchin amalingalira mtunduwu monga chiwonetsero cha lamulo la "kudziletsa pakukula kwa anthu aliwonse."
Mkuyu. 16. Zitsanzo za kuchuluka kwa anthu. K - chiwerengero cha malire
Zomwe zikuchepa kwambiri pakukula kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu zimatha kukhala zosiyana kwambiri: zofunikira pakudya, mphamvu ya kuterera (m'makedzana, kuchuluka kwa njira zolera zimachepera), poyizoni wa malowa ndi zobisika zam'kati, kudya kuchuluka kwa olandirira, etc.
Komabe, kupindika kumeneku kumakhalanso kothekera, chifukwa sikawonekera kwambiri mwachilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa anthu kukafika paphiri (kufikira malire K wolingana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu), kuchepa kwadzidzidzi kwa chiwerengero chake kumachitika, kenako chiwerengerocho chikukula msanga. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu zake zimapangidwa mobwerezabwereza.
Mphamvu zoyenda mozungulira choterezi zimawonedwa, mwachitsanzo, m'malo ochulukirapo a maundmings a tundra omwe amakhala ndi mbewa ndi ma lichens. Amapitiliza moyo wawo wogwira pansi pa chipale chofewa ndikudya zakudya zawo kwambiri mpaka amasiya kubereka, kenako nkuyamba kufa ndi munthu wopanda chakudya. Moss atatha kubwerera, chiwonetsero chatsopano chayamba kuchuluka.
Kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumatheka chifukwa cha nyengo, nyengo komanso majeremusi.
Pali njira yapadera yosinthira kuchuluka kwa anthu, komwe kumatchedwa "mwayi", i.e. zomwe sizigwirizana ndi malamulo oyenera omwe amafotokozedwa ndi kakhalidwe kofikira kapena kokhazikika.
Ofufuza (r-Strategists) akukumana ndi zotuluka mwadzidzidzi zomwe zimapezeka zambiri. Komanso, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumachitika mwina chifukwa choti anthu ena opuma ma diasporas (nkuti, banki yambewu) ayamba kukulira, kapena chifukwa cha "kutchera" kwakukulu pagawo la mazira (kunena, ntchentche zomwe zakhala zikugwera mtembo wa nyama). Popeza mpikisano chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi zofooka, atawononga kuchuluka kwawo, anthu akumwalira kwathunthu.
Ndi kuchulukana kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, zomwe zimapezeka ndikukula zimachulukitsa mpikisano, koma kudzipatula sikumachitika (monga mitengo ya violet), ndipo kukula kwa anthu kumatsika ndi makumi ndi mazana maulendo. Nthawi yomweyo, mbewu zimadutsa m'moyo wonse ndipo zimatha kubereka.
J. Harper (Harper, 1977) adatcha mtundu uwu wa malamulo apachulukidwe azomera pachaka "plasticity" ndikuusiyanitsa ndikudziletsa. Mitundu iwiriyi ya kukhwimitsa mphamvu kumachulukidwe azomera yolumikizidwa ndi kusintha: mitundu yambiri yokhala ndi njira yachiwiri, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, kukula kwa anthu komanso kudziwononga panthawi yomweyo kumachepa.
Kutengera kuzidziwitsidwa kwa mapangidwe awa, malingaliro pazomwe amafesa mbewu zobzalidwa amamangidwa. Poyamba, pakukula kwa mbeu, mbewuzo zimamera, koma kenako zimayamba kuchepa. Mulingo wofesa mbewu womwe umapereka zokolola zochuluka amasankhidwa. Komabe, nthawi zina imakhala yodziwika bwino kwambiri kuti mbewu zobzalidwa zitha kupondereza namsongole. Ndi chiwongolero chowonjezeka cha herbicidal, izi sizofunikira.
Mkuyu. 17. Kudalirika kwa zokolola za tirigu pakufesa paliponse pazoyenera chilengedwe.
1. Fotokozani fanizo la kuchuluka kwa anthu.
2. Kodi nchifukwa ninji fanizo lakulitsa lofananira silimawonedwa mwachilengedwe?
3. Kodi magawo a mtundu wanthawi yayitali wokulirapo kwa anthu ndi otani?
4. Kodi chimayambitsa kusuntha kwa anthu ndi chiyani?
5. Ndi anthu ati omwe amatchedwa mwayi?
7.4. Zomwe zikuchokera zaka
Kupulumuka kwamavuto kumatha kuchitika pokhapokha ngati mphamvu za anthu zikusiyana: ndi "nthawi" yomweyo yamagulu omwe amakhala m'malo aufulu, kapena ndi "kuchuluka" kwa anthu pomwe anthu ena afa ndipo ena atenga malo opanda kanthu (momwe anthu akutsikira) apaulendo amakhala amalipidwa pafupipafupi ndi ofika atsopano). Zotsatira zake, m'magulu osiyanasiyana okhala ndi kuwerengera nthawi imodzi, kupezeka kwa mibadwo yosiyanasiyana kumawululidwa.
Sizingatheke kudziwa zaka zonse za munthu m'mitundu yonse. Sikovuta kuchita izi pamtengo, pogwiritsa ntchito kubowola kwapadera, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa nkhuni - pakati ndi kuwerengetsa mphete zamitengo. Mu mtengo wamtundu winawake pamitundu inayake (i.e., yokhala ndi bonitet imodzi), ndizotheka kudziwa zaka zake molondola kwa zaka 5 malinga ndi thunthu. Conifers, zaka zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa whorls of mphukira pa thunthu. Komabe, mu zitsamba, kudziwa zaka zonse ndizovuta, chifukwa chake "zaka" (gawo) zimayesedwa.
M'minda yapamwamba ya spore (ma ferns, mahatchi, korona), magawo a spores, kukula kwa gametophyte, sporophytes achinyamata ndi achikulire a sporophytes amawonekera.
Zowonjezera pakuzindikira zaka zokhudzana ndi nyengo yazomera zakhala zikuphatikizidwa ndi demographic botanists (LB Zagolugova, OV Smirnova, LI Zhukova ndi ena, tebulo 7).
Gawo 7 Kusinthika kwa mankhwala a maluwa obwera (monga Zhukova, 1987)
Kuwerenga kovuta
Malinga ndi a Mizin, zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, panalifanso 2-2,2 miliyoni, ndipo kale m'mbuyomu panali ena ochulukirapo. Tsopano maumboni awiri a osachita izi adalembedwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation, ena owerengeka - mu Mabuku Ofunika a 23 a Russia. Mu buku latsopano la Russian Red Book, mndandanda wamasamba omwe amafunikira chitetezo chapadera udzakulitsidwa.
Mizin adazindikira kuti kafukufuku waposachedwa wa ndege sakuchitika, womwe, ngati nthawi za Soviet, ukadalanda zigawo zonse. "Pali nkhawa kuti kuchuluka kwa nyama zakutchire zomwe takhala nazo zachuluka kwambiri. Sitilandira zambiri zachiwerengero chake," adafotokoza.
Chifukwa chake, mdera la Murmansk adabweranso kukakhala ndi mapulani a ndege pakadali pano, zitatha zaka 15 zosokoneza. Monga TASS idadziwitsidwa ndi a Dmitry Kask, mtsogoleri wa nthambi yowerengera ndalama komanso kuyang'anira zinthu zakuthengo za Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ku Murmansk Region, ntchitozi zichitike mwadongosolo mu Marichi chaka cha 2017. "Kuyang'anira ndege kumapereka chithunzi chonse cha gulu la agwape, koma kuyambira 2001, chifukwa chosowa ndalama, sizinachitike," adatero Kask.
Ku Taimyr kokha, komwe chiwerengero choyambirira cha mlengalenga chinachitika mu 1959, kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa nyama kuchokera mlengalenga kunachitidwa ndi Harvest Service, Wild Reindeer Migration Alert Service, Northern Detachment, Gosokhotnadzor ndi malo osungira zachilengedwe. Tsopano kufufuzidwa kwa mlengalenga ku peninsula sikuchitika chifukwa cha mtengo wokwera kwambiri - ola limodzi la ndege ya Mi-8 helikopita limawononga ma ruble 200,000.
"Ku mbali ya ku Europe ya dzikolo, zinthu zakhala zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri chifukwa chokhala m'nkhalangozi. Kukhala kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kupha anthu osawerengeka zachititsa kuti chiwerengero cha nyama chisachepe kasanu mpaka khumi," atero a Mizin.
Kupitilira pa Urals, gulu lalikulu kwambiri la nyama zakutchire limakhala ku Krasnoyarsk Territory - ku Taimyr.
"Tsopano tikuyerekeza kuti ziwetozo zikwana mitu 400-500, mu 2000 anthu okhala ngati nyama zakutchire zafika pamiliyoni 1 miliyoni.Nthawi imeneyi, izi zatha. achepetse mpaka anthu 150-200,000. Komanso, tsogolo lina la wolumikizirali lidzakhala losautsa, "atero a Leonid Kolpashchikov, wamkulu wa dipatimenti ya sayansi ya Taimyr Reservation.
Deer amafa pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana: mwachitsanzo, m'zaka zaposachedwa chiwerengero cha mimbulu mu tundra chakwera kwambiri, koma chachikulu ndikubera. Oyesera osaka 800 okha ndi omwe amakhala ma Taquir 800 km. "Ogwira ntchito zochepa zofufuza asodzi sanathe kuwongolera usodzi wamtchire, zomwe zimachitika ndikuphwanya nthawi, kuchuluka ndi njira zopangira. Pazonsezi, mkhalidwe wasodzi unayamba kuwongolera nthawi yomweyo ndikuwonjezeka kwa kusaka kosalamulirika kudera lonse la nyama zamtchire zochokera ku Yakutia mpaka Yamal" - adafotokozera Kolpashchikov.
"Ku Yakutia, chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha Yango-Indigirian m'ma 80s chinatsika kangapo kwa nyama 2,000," atero a Innokenty Okhlopkov, mlembi wa sayansi wa Institute of Biological Mavuto a permafrost zone.
Shotgun ndi nkhwangwa
Malinga ndi Kolpashchikov, agulu amatuta ku Taimyr ndi alimi ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawo zoyandikana za Yakutia, kuchokera kubanki lakumanzere kwa Yenisei, ku Evenkia. Kudera la mafayilo la Norilsk lokha, mphepete mwa dzanja la Yenisei ndi m'mapiri a Putorana Plateau, osaka oposa chikwi amapita kukasaka kugwa.
Mu 1971-1990, pomwe panali dongosolo lamalonda lolinganizidwa kuti apange reindeer, mwa olosera a Taimyr amapanga nyama zokwana 10,000 pachaka. Tsopano - ngwazi 45-50 zikwizikwi (theka la chiwerengero chonse cha nyama zomwe zinagwidwa ndikufa pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana). "Gawo lomwe limatulutsa bwino kwambiri limatulutsidwanso, chifukwa chake, matupi amtundu wa abambo ndiosintha, ng'ombe zochepa zimapezeka," adatero Kolpashchikov.
"Chiwerengero cha Taimyr chikuwonongedwa chisanachitikepo, kuchokera pachiwonekero chathu. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali ndi zida ndi magalimoto ankhondo chakwera kwambiri. Pazaka zingapo zapitazi, mchitidwe wokolotsa antlered ndi agwape akutchire wawonekera," a Mizin adatero.
Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika pakuwoloka mitsinje, m'madzi nguluzi siziteteza. Achifwamba amafika kwa nyama pama boti amtunduwu, ndikudula ankhandwe ndi nkhwangwa ndi zipewa, nthawi zambiri pamodzi ndi fupa lakutsogolo. Amuna ambiri opanga bwino kwambiri amafa m'njira imeneyi.
Malinga ndi a Taimyr Veterinary department, kuyambira pa Okutobala mpaka Ogasiti 2015, matani 61 a nyanga zaogulitsa agwape amatengedwa kuchokera kudera la Taimyr. Mu 2016, pafupifupi matani 20 a zinthu za antler adagulidwa mumitsinje ya Khatanga ndi Kheta (East Taimyr) kokha. Malinga ndi a Kolpashchikov, kum'mawa kwa Taimyr kulibe agulu ambiri ogulitsa nyama, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti gawo limodzi la zilozizo limatha kupezeka movomerezeka kuchokera kwa olimira nyama zakutchire nyengo yachaka pomwe kusaka kuletsedwa.
Vuto lina ndi zopinga zomwe zimakula pamayendedwe osamukira, momwe ma deam amayendayenda kwazaka zambiri. Osati nthawi zonse misewu, mapaipi ndi zinthu zina zotsogola zidapangidwa poganizira "zosowa" za nyama. M'zaka zaposachedwa, zopitilira muyeso ndi ndime zidamangidwa. Zovala zimathamangira kumalo osokoneza bongo ndikufa, osangofika msipu, kapena kukhala osavuta kwa ozembetsa.
Kupulumutsidwa kwa mbawala
Malinga ndi a Mizin, akatswiri amavomereza kuti kuchuluka kwa mbewa zakuthengo "kwachepetsedwa kwambiri", ndipo njira zapadera zimafunikira kuti ipulumutse nyama yamtengo wapataliyi. "Monga gawo lofunikira, mawu osaka nyama zakutchire ayenera kuchepetsedwa. Kusaka sikuyenera kuchitidwa kuyambira nthawi yophukira mpaka kumapeto, koma m'miyezi yozizira yokha," wasayansi akukhulupirira.
Akatswiri akuwona kuchepa kwa ntchito ya boma pakulamulira kusaka ndi kusaka nyama. Ndikofunikira kulimbikitsa kuyang'anira kuperekedwa kwa zilolezo ndi kupanga nyama, kubwezeretsa njira yosonkhanitsa zodalirika, makamaka, pakuwunika kafukufuku waku Russia mlengalenga, ndikuwongolera kutumiza kwa zinthu zina ndi zina zake pamsika wapanyumba.
Malinga ndi Kolpashchikov, ku Taimyr ndikotheka kutenga zithunzi za anthu akuluakulu mothandizidwa ndi ndege zazing'ono ndikungodziwa kuchuluka kwawo, komanso kuchuluka kwawo komanso kuchuluka kwa kugonana. Ndi zotsatirazi, asayansi amatha kuwerengetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyama pamitundu yomwe yakhala ikugwira ntchito kwazaka zambiri.
"Kuti apulumutse anthu a Taimyr, ndikofunikira kupanga bungwe lowongolera boma nthawi yonseyi isanachitike, kuletsa kusaka kwamphaka ndi kukolola kwa antlere," wasayansiyo adatero, ndikuwonjezera kuti njira zolimbikira kwambiri za Gosokhotnadzor zokhudzana ndi ozembe ndizofunikira.
Source TASS
Zomera zakutchire ku Nenets Autonomous Area zimazimiririka chifukwa cha olakwa. Kukula kwa nyama zakutchire ku Timan kwatsika kwambiri. Chithunzithunzi chotere chidawonedwa ndi akatswiri omwe adayendetsa zolembetsa zachisanu pachilumba cha Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Kafukufukuyu ndi woyamba pa zaka makumi angapo. Malinga ndi WWF, mu NAO mu 2010 panali nyama 4,5 mpaka 5,000, ndipo pakadali pano palibe nyama yoposa 500 yomwe yatsala.
Ngati tikulankhula za anthu onse a ku Timan, ndiye kumapeto kwa zaka 70-80 zam'mbuyomu, panali kuchokera 12 mpaka 15,000 agwape, tsopano alipo pafupifupi wani sauzande.
Kanema: Yankho la Buku Lofiyira - Kuswana kwa ogwidwa - sayansi
Mu Novembala, White Buffalo Corporation, bungwe losagwiritsa ntchito phindu lozitengera nyama ndi nyama zakutchire, lakonza zothetsa chimbudzi ngati zodetsa azungu 40 zomwe zimakhala ku Cincinnati, kuphatikiza Mount Storm Clifton Park, pakatha sabata limodzi. ndi Aboito Woods Nature Reserve.
Ku Cincinnati, pulogalamu yochepetsera kuchuluka kwa ngwazi zoyera-yoyambira ikhazikitsidwa.
Purezidenti wa kampani ya White Buffalo adati, monga momwe zikuyembekezeredwa, kuchuluka kwa ngwazi zoyera-pambuyo, ntchitoyi ikakwaniritsidwa, idzatsika ndi 40% pazaka ziwiri zikubwerazi.