Africa ndi dziko lachiwiri lalikulu padziko lonse lapansi, ndi anthu opitilira 1 biliyoni, kuchuluka kwa anthu 30-31 / km². Ku Africa, kuli zigawo 55 ndi mizinda 37 miliyoni. Zazikulu kwambiri ndi Cairo, Lagos, Kinshasa, Khartoum, Luanda, Johannesburg, Alexandria.

Chifukwa cha malo omwe ali (malo otentha) ndiye kontinenti yotentha kwambiri padziko lapansi, koma madera otentha ali osiyanasiyana, kuli zipululu, dera lopanda mapiri komanso nkhalango zotentha. Mpumulo ndiwopyapyala, koma kuli malo okwera (Tibesti, Akhaggar, Ethiopian), mapiri (Draconian, Cape, Atlas). Malo okwera ndi Kilimanjaro volcano (5895 mita kukwera).

Poyerekeza ndi dziko lonse lapansi, mayiko ambiri a mu Africa ali ndi mfundo zomwe sizofunikira kuteteza chilengedwe, kuchepetsa mavuto obwera pazachilengedwe, kupanga ndikukhazikitsa njira zamakono, matekinoloje omwe sanali zinyalala komanso otayika. Izi zikugwira ntchito pamakampani opepuka komanso olemera, zitsulo, zoweta ndi ulimi, komanso magalimoto. M'mafakitare ambiri, popanga, muulimi, palibe njira zomwe zimatengedwa kuti zichepetse ndikuchotsa mpweya woipa m'mlengalenga, kutaya madzi ndi kuwononga zinthu zowononga mankhwala.

Mavuto azachilengedwe amayambitsidwa chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe zachilengedwe mosasamala, kufunsa kwawo mopitirira muyeso, kuchuluka kwa mizindayi, komanso umphawi. M'mizinda, pali vuto la kusowa kwa ntchito (50-75%), komanso maphunziro ochepa. Pamodzi ndi kuchepa kwa anthu, chilengedwe chapadera chikuwonongeka.

Zomera komanso nyama zonse ndizofanana. Zitsamba ndi mitengo yaying'ono (chitsamba, terminalia) imamera mu savannahs. M'magawo a subequatorial, equatorial ndi malo otentha amakula: isoberlinia, pemphigus, sundew, pandanus, ceiba, combretum. Zipululu zimadziwika chifukwa cha masamba ake ochepa, omwe maziko ake ndi mbewu zoteteza chilala ndi mitengo ya shrub, mbewu za halophyte.

Nyama zake ndi zolemera zamitundu ikuluikulu yambiri: mikango, nyalugwe, ndulu, njere, mbidzi, ndulu, mvuwu, njovu, njuchi, ndulu, mbira, mbalame: marabou, nthiwatiwa za ku Africa, zipembere, turcoo, Jaco, amphibians ndi repitles: thonje, mamba , achule owopsa, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njoka.

Komabe, kufalikira kwa nyama komanso zimpha kunakhudza dziko la Africa. Mitundu yambiri inali itatsala pang'ono kutha, ina inawonongedwa. Mwachitsanzo, Quagga ndi nyama yofanana ya mbidzi (malinga ndi zambiri zamakono - gulu la burberlian zebra), masiku ano ndi mitundu yomwe yatsala pang'ono kutha. Imodzi mwa nyama zochepa zomwe zimasungidwa ndi anthu. Quagga yomaliza, yomwe idalipo kuthengo, idaphedwa mu 1878, ndipo mu 1883 munthu womaliza padziko lapansi, yemwe adasungidwa kumalo osungira nyama ku Amsterdam, adamwalira.

Kubisika kwa mitengo, kusinthika kosalekeza kumayiko atsopano - kumathandizira kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Pali njira yolimbikitsira kuyambika kwa chipululu (chipululu), kuchepa kwa kuphimba kwa nkhalango - wamkulu wopanga mpweya.

Ku Africa, kuli malo amodzi owopsa kwambiri komanso odana ndi chilengedwe padziko lapansi - Agbogbloshi. Agbogbloshi ndi dziko lophulika lomwe lili kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Accra, likulu la Republic of Ghana. Zinthu zopanda pake zamagetsi zozungulira padziko lonse lapansi zimabweretsedwa kuno. Awa ndi ma TV, makompyuta, mafoni am'manja, osindikiza ndi zida zina zamagetsi. Mercury, hydrochloric acid, arsenic, zitsulo zolemera, fumbi lotayirira ndi zinthu zina zodetsa zimalowa mu dothi ndi mlengalenga, zochuluka zomwe zimaposa kuchuluka kovomerezeka kambirimbiri. Awa ndi malo omwe mulibe nsomba m'madzi, palibe mbalame zimawuluka mlengalenga, ndipo udzu sukula pamtunda. Avereji ya zaka amakhala okhala zaka 12 mpaka 20.

Kuphatikiza apo, mayiko ambiri a ku Africa alowa mapangano oitanitsa ndikuchotsa zinyalala zowopsa pamadera awo, osatanthauza kuti ali ndi vuto lotani, osasamala chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu.

Maiko ambiri otukuka amatumiza zinyalala zapoizoni ndi zamagetsi zopangidwa popanga, chifukwa kubwezeretsanso ntchito ndi mtengo wokwera mtengo. Zidachitika kuti kutumiza zinthu zowopsa kumayiko aku Africa ndikotsika mtengo kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kutulutsa kwawo.

Mavuto azachilengedwe a ku Africa

Ecology ndi gawo limodzi lofunika kwambiri lomwe lingafunike kulipira kwambiri. Kutengera kuchuluka kwathu momwe timasamalira chilengedwe chathu, osati tsogolo la mibadwo yokha yomwe ibwera kwathu kudzadalira, komanso moyo wathu, chifukwa zimatengera mkhalidwe wa malo omwe tikukhala.

Misonkhano yonse, mavuto onse azachilengedwe omwe mayiko aku Africa akukumana nawo atha kugawidwa m'magawo angapo, omwe tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane.

Kunyalanyaza Boma la mayiko a kontrakitala silisamala chifukwa cha chilengedwe, komanso silisintha malamulo oyendetsera mayiko awo.

Pafupifupi palibe amene amasamala kuti ateteze chilengedwe ku zovulaza zowopsa, ndipo palibe ntchito yomwe ikuyambitsidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito matekinoloje atsopano opangira izi.

Kuphatikiza apo, pali kunyalanyaza kwakukulu kwa njira zachitetezo komanso pakupanga katundu, mpweya woipa sugwiridwira mu mlengalenga kapena, moyipitsitsa, m'matupi amadzi.

Zinthu zoyipa. M'ndime iyi, kuwonongeka kwa anthu kumakhudza mwachindunji malo omwe amakhala. Chikhalidwe cha ku Africa nthawi zambiri sicholinga chophunzitsira akatswiri ogwira ntchito zamtunduwu, kusowa kwa ntchito kukukula, ndipo mizindayi, mosiyana ndi matauni ang'onoang'ono, yachulukirachulukira. Kuphatikiza apo, zandala zikukula, chifukwa ku Africa kuno kuli maluwa. Izi zimakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe.

Zowonongeka zachilengedwe. Limodzi mwa mavuto otsogola m'derali ndi kusakazidwa kwa chipululu. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kusadula mitengo mwachisawawa, komwe kumapangitsa kuti nthaka iwonongeke komanso kukokoloka kwa nthaka.

Zomwe zili pamwambazi zimakhudza mwachindunji kutuluka kwa zipululu, komwe kuli ambiri ku Africa. Koma nkhalango sizichedwa kuchepa, ndipo ndi omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale mpweya wabwino.

Vuto lina lalikulu ndi mzinda wotchedwa Agbogbloši, wopangidwa makamaka kutaya zinyalala. Ngati mungafune, mutha kupeza zida zosweka ndi zinthu zina zamagetsi apa, ndipo ndizoyenera chifukwa cha zinyalala zotere zomwe zimasungunuka, zitsulo ndi zida zina zowopsa zimagwera pansi.

Malinga ndi ziwerengero, nyama za necrosis zakhala zikuwoneka kwanthawi yayitali pafupi ndi mzindawo, ndipo anthu ambiri sakukalamba.

Zovuta zamkati. Ndipo pamapeto pake, chowononga kwambiri komanso, mwina, chonyansa chomwe chimakhudza zochitika zachilengedwe ku Africa ndi mgwirizano wa atsogoleri aku Africa omwe atayika kuchokera kumakampani opanga mankhwala adzatengedwa kupita kumadera awo.

Ndipo izi, ngakhale popanda mawu apadera, zikuwonetsa kunyalanyaza kwakukulu ndi kupanda ulemu kwa anthu okhala padzikoli.

Mwa mayiko onse otukuka ndi otukuka, zili chimodzimodzi ku Africa kuti zinthu zoopsa komanso zapoizoni zimatengedwa zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe chonse ndikudziwika kwa malowa. Ndipo omwe ayenera kumusamalira, mosasamala amapanga ndalama ndipo saganiza ngakhale za zotsatirapo zake.

Zachilengedwe zadziko ngati Africa pano zikukumana ndi nthawi yovuta. Chopanda chidziwitso, dziko lokongola kwambiri komanso labwino kwambiri kukafikako litha kugwedezeka kwambiri. Ndipo izi zitha kukhudza mwachindunji zokopa alendo ku Africa, zomwe, popanda kukokomeza, zimagwira gawo lalikulu pokopa ndalama kudera lino.

Ma National National Parks

M'mayiko aku Africa, njira zikuchitidwa kuti apulumutse nyama zamtchire. Pazifukwa izi, madera otetezedwa makamaka amapangidwa. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri. malo oyamba adziko mu Africa: Albert, Virunga, Serengeti, Ruvenzori, ndi zina. Atamasulidwa ku kuponderezedwa ndi atsamunda, mapaki 25 atsopanowa adapangidwa nthawi imodzi, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000. Madera otetezedwa achita zoposa 7% ya gawo lake.

Kenya imatenga malo oyamba kuchuluka kwamapaki adziko (15% ya malowa). Yaikulu kwambiri m'derali ndi Tsavo National Park (mahekitala opitilila 2 miliyoni), komwe mikango, ndulu, mapira, njati za Kaf, mitundu ya mbalame 450 ndiyotetezedwa. Malo otchuka kwambiri ndi gulu la njovu. Ku South Africa, ma savannah ndi nyama zaku South Africa zimatetezedwa. Mu paki ya Kruger, milendye amatetezedwa, kuchokera kwa mbalame - marabou, mbalame yolemba. Ku Madagascar, nkhalango zamapiri zotetezedwa, nkhalango zamvula zam'malo otentha zomwe zili ndi "mtengo wapaulendo" wotchuka ndi zilombo zam'mphepete, ku West Africa - malo oteteza nkhalango. Ku South Africa, Kafue National Park ili ndi mathithi otchuka a Victoria. Ngorongoro ndi wodziwika chifukwa cha malo ake, omwe mapiri ake amaphimbidwa ndi mvula, ndipo pansi pamayimiriridwa ndi savannah yokhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya njati, mbidzi, nsana. Anthu masauzande ambiri osakhala kumapiri amakhala ku paki yayikulu kwambiri ku Tanzania, Serengeti. Pakiyo imadziwika ndi nyama ndi mbalame zochuluka.

Kupangidwe kwa malo otetezedwa makamaka ndi njira yosungira zachilengedwe ku Africa. Zomwe zimayambitsa chisokonezo pamlingo wachilengedwe ku Sahel ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, kulera ziweto, kudula mitengo mwachidwi, ndi chilala chambiri.

Zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso mwachindunji

Choyamba, pali mitundu iwiri yamavuto - apadziko lapansi komanso achindunji. Mtundu woyamba umaphatikizapo kuipitsidwa kwa mlengalenga ndi zinyalala zowopsa, kuphatikiza mankhwala achilengedwe, ndi zina zambiri.

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Mavuto otengera omwe amadziwika ndi mtundu wachiwiri:

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• mbiri yachikoloni
• komwe kontinenti ili kudera lotentha ndi laling'ono (anthu sakanatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira ndi njira zolimbikitsira zachilengedwe zomwe zadziwika kale padziko lapansi)
• zokhazikika komanso zolipiridwa bwino pazinthu
• kukula kwapang'onopang'ono kwa njira za sayansi ndi tekinoloje
• ochepa kwambiri akatswiri
• kuchuluka chonde, zomwe zimabweretsa malo opanda ukhondo
• umphawi wa anthu.

Zowopsa zachilengedwe ku Africa

Kuphatikiza pa zovuta zomwe zatchulidwazi ku Africa, akatswiri amalabadira mwapadera zowopseza zotsatirazi

1. Kudula mitengo mwachisumbu kwa nkhalango zotentha ndi ngozi ku Africa. Azungu amabwera ku kontrakitchiyi kuti apange nkhuni zabwino, motero dera lamvula lachepa kwambiri. Mukapitiliza kudula mitengo, anthu aku Africa adzatsala opanda mafuta.
2. Chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso njira zachuma zosasinthika, kuwonongedwa kumachitika m'dziko lino.
3. Kuchepa msanga kwa dothi la ku Africa chifukwa chakuchita bwino kwazolimo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.
4. Zomera ndi maluwa aku Africa zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu chifukwa cha kuchepa kwakukulu kwa malo okhala. Mitundu yambiri yachilengedwe yazinyama ili pafupi kutha.
5. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi osavomerezeka panthawi yothirira, kugawa malo osakwanira pamalopo ndipo zambiri zimadzetsa kuchepa kwamadzi padziko lino.
6. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa mpweya chifukwa cha makampani omwe akutukuka komanso kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu mlengalenga, komanso kusowa kwa nyumba zoyeretsera.

Scale

Mavuto azachilengedwe ku Africa akukhudza maiko 55, momwe muli matauni 37 okhala ndi anthu opitilira miliyoni. Ndiye kontinenti yotentha kwambiri padziko lapansi chifukwa ili m'malo otentha. Komabe, chifukwa cha kukula kwa gawolo, ndizotheka kusiyanitsa madera omwe ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyengo.

Madera a Africa omwe amafunikira kuthetsa mavuto azachilengedwe ndi zipululu, nkhalango zotentha, ndi zina zambiri. Nthawi zambiri mapiri amapezeka kuno, nthawi zina mapiri ndi mapiri. Malo okwera kwambiri ndi Kilimanjaro, phiri lalitali mamita 5895 kumtunda kwa nyanja.

Kunyalanyaza

Maboma aku kontrakitala samayang'anira kwambiri mavuto azachilengedwe a Africa ndi njira zawo. Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amasamala za kuchepetsa zotsatira zoyipa pazachilengedwe. Tekinolo zamakono zoteteza zachilengedwe sizikuyambitsidwa. Mavuto azachilengedwe aku Africa pochepetsa kapena kuchotsera zinyalala sakulondolozedwa.

Tiyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti mafakitale ambiri monga mafakitale olemera komanso opepuka, opangira zitsulo, oweta nyama, ndi aulimi komanso uinjiniya wopanga makina.

Mavuto azachilengedwe a mayiko aku Africa ndi chifukwa choti mosamala pachitetezo sanyalanyazidwa popanga zinthu zina, mpweya woipa sutsukidwa ndikulowetsa mlengalenga mu mawonekedwe osagwiritsidwa ntchito, madzi ambiri amtope amapita m'matupi amadzi.

Zoyipa zazikulu

Zinyalala zamchere zimalowa m'malo achilengedwe, zimadetsa ndikuwononga. Mavuto azachilengedwe ku Africa amadza chifukwa chuma chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosasamala, osati mopikika komanso mwakuganiza.

Dzikoli lagwiriridwa, mizindayi ili ndi anthu ambiri okhala mu umphawi. Kusowa ntchito m'malo okhala nthawi zina kumafika pa 75%, yomwe ili yovuta kwambiri. Akatswiri amaphunzitsidwa bwino. Chifukwa chake chilengedwe chikuwonongeka, monganso munthu - gawo lake.

M'malo mwake, dziko lino lili ndi nyama zamtchire ndi zomera zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana. Mu savannah yakwanuko mungapeze zitsamba zokongola, mitengo yaying'ono monga terminalia ndi chitsamba, komanso malingaliro ena ambiri okongola. Zoterezi zingatchulidwenso ndi zinyama. Komabe, mikango, anyalugwe, nyalugwe wama chic ndi ena okhala m'maderamo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ozitcha omwe milandu yawo simulipidwa mokwanira ndi boma.

Kusokonezeka kale kukuwopseza oimira nyama zakuthengo, ndipo wina adasowa kwathunthu padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, m'mbuyomu zidali zotheka kukumana ndi quagga, womwe ndi wachibale wa zebra, yemwenso ndi nyama yofanana. Tsopano awonongedwa kwathunthu. Poyamba, anthu ankaweta nyamayi, koma kenako anaigwiritsa ntchito molakwika mpaka inatha. Kuthengo, munthu womaliza wotere adaphedwa mu 1878. Adayesa kuwapulumutsa kumalo osungira nyama, koma kumeneko banja lawo lidasokonekera mu 1883.

Kufa chilengedwe

Mavuto azachilengedwe a kumpoto kwa Africa makamaka amakhala ndi chipululutso, chomwe chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kudulidwa mitengo mwachisawawa, komwe kumafalikira kumadera atsopano, ndikuwawononga. Chifukwa chake, zachilengedwe ndizoyipa, dothi limatha kukokoloka.

Kuchokera apa kunabwera zipululu, zomwe kuzungulira kontinentiyo zakwanira kale. Pali nkhalango zochepa zomwe ndizomwe zimapanga mpweya.

Mavuto azachilengedwe a South Africa komanso pakati ndi makamaka pakuwonongeka kwa madera otentha. Komanso malo owopsa komanso ovulaza kwachilengedwe ndi mzinda wachilendo wopangidwa ku kontrakitala, wogwira ntchito zopanga kutaya, wotchedwa Agbogbloši.

Adapangidwa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa kondinendi pafupi ndi likulu la Ghana - Accra. Awa ndimalo a zinyalala zamagetsi "zopumulirako" zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kuzungulira dziko lapansi. Apa mutha kuwona makanema akale ndi tsatanetsatane wa makompyuta, ma foni, ma scanner ndi zida zina zofananira.

Ma Mercury, hydrochloric acid, mankhwala ena oopsa omwe amakhala ndi poizoni, zitsulo zosiyanasiyana, amabweretsa fumbi komanso mitundu ina ya mankhwala omwe amapanga zinthu zochuluka kwambiri kuposa milatho iliyonse.

M'madzi am'deralo, nsomba zonse zinafa kalekale, mbalame siziyimba mtima kuwuluka mlengalenga, palibe udzu panthaka. Anthu okhala pafupi amwalira molawirira kwambiri.

Kunyenga kochokera mkati

Choipa china ndichakuti atsogoleri a mayiko asaine mapangano, malinga ndi momwe zinyalala zamakampani opanga mankhwala zimaloledwa ndikuyika m'manda.

Uku mwina ndi kusafuna kumvetsetsa kuopsa kwa zotsatirapo zake, kapena kukakamira ndalama mwachangu paziwonongeko zomwe zimayambitsa chikhalidwe cha dziko lanu. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, izi zonse modabwitsa zimakhudza chilengedwe ndi moyo wa anthu.

Kuchokera ku maiko otukuka kumene pano kuti zinthu zapoizoni ndi zinthu zamagetsi zomwe zimapangidwa popanga zinthu zimabweretsedwa, chifukwa kukonza kwawo kudzakhala kokwera mtengo kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mwachifundo, chilengedwe cha Africa sichinawonongeke ndi oimira mayiko ena, komanso ndi iwo omwe ayenera kuyang'anira gawo ili ndikuwusamalira.

Kuperewera kwa mphuno za Fauna

M'zaka za zana la 18, kuchuluka kwa oster kunatsika, chifukwa ubweya wawo unali wotchuka kwambiri. Chifukwa cha "golide wofewa" anthu adapita kumilandu iyi asanabadwe. Mu 1984, zipata zamadzi zidatsegulidwa, zomwe zidapha mamiliyoni 10 a caribou omwe amasamukira. Zina zomwe zikukhudzidwa ndi akambuku, mimbulu ndi nyama zina zambiri.

Maulendu akuda akumwalira mwachangu kumadzulo kwa kontinenti. Akatswiri osamalira zachilengedwe akukhulupirira kuti chomwe chimapangitsa izi ndi kusawongolera kwa ozunza, omwe amakopeka kwambiri ndi nyanga za nyama izi, zomwe zimagulitsidwa pamtengo wokwera pamsika wakuda.

Oyimira oyera amtunduwu, omwe amapezeka kumpoto, nawonso amavutika. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a nyama zonse zomwe zimakhala mdziko lino zatsala pang'ono kutha. Amphibians amatha mofulumira kwambiri. Ziwerengero zikusinthidwa pafupipafupi, koma sizabwino.

Ngati maboma saganizira mozama zachitetezo cha chilengedwe, mndandanda wamavuto ungowonjezereka, chifukwa pakadali pano ndikofunikira kwambiri kukhazikitsa kusintha kwabwino.

Kudula mitengo

Kugwa kwakukulu kwa mitengo komanso kuchepa kwa malo m'nkhalango ndiye mavuto akulu azachilengedwe ku Africa. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndikusinthana kwa nthaka kukupitilizabe ntchito zaulimi, kuwerengetsa komanso mafuta. 85% ya anthu aku Africa amafunikira nkhuni kuti uziwotcha ndi kuphika. Zotsatira zake, nkhalango zimachepetsedwa tsiku ndi tsiku, monga, mwachitsanzo, m'malo okhala nkhalango zobiriwira nthawi zonse. Kuchuluka kwa chipululu cha Africa kuli konseko padziko lapansi.

Mtengo wa kudula mitengo mosaloledwa, yomwe ndi chifukwa china chachikulu chodulira mitengo, umasiyanasiyana mayiko osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, 50% ku Cameroon ndi 80% ku Liberia. Ku Democratic Republic of the Congo, kudula mitengo mwachisumbu kumayendetsedwa makamaka ndi zosowa za nzika zosauka, komanso kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi migodi. Ku Ethiopia, chifukwa chachikulu ndikukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu mdziko, zomwe zimayambitsa kuchuluka kwaulimi, ziweto ndi nkhuni zamafuta. Maphunziro ochepa komanso kulowererapo pang'ono kwa boma kumathandizanso kuti mitengo ya mitengo ichotse nthaka. Kuchepa kwa nkhalango ku Madagascar kumachitika chifukwa cha nzika zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zozemba pambuyo podziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku French. Nigeria ndiyo ili ndi mitengo yayitali kwambiri m'nkhalango zazikulu, malinga ndi GFY. Kudula mitengo mwachisumbu ku Nigeria kumachitika chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, ulimi wambiri, komanso nkhuni zotolera. Malinga ndi GFY, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kudawononga pafupifupi 90% ya nkhalango za ku Africa. West Africa ili ndi 22.8% yokha ya nkhalango zake zonyowa, ndipo 81% ya nkhalango zachikale za ku Nigeria zidasowa mkati mwa zaka 15. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kumachepetsa mwayi wamvula; Ethiopia idakumana ndi njala ndi chilala chifukwa cha izi. 98% ya nkhalango za ku Itiyopiya zatha m'zaka 50 zapitazi. Kwa zaka 43, nkhalango yaku Kenya idatsika kuchoka pa 10% mpaka 1.7%. Kubisika kwa nkhalango ku Madagascar kwachititsanso kuti chipululutso, kuchepa kwa nthaka komanso kuwonongeka kwa magwero amadzi, zomwe zikuchititsa kuti dziko lino lisagwire ntchito zofunikira kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu. Pazaka zisanu zapitazi, Nigeria yataya pafupifupi theka la nkhalango zake zopanda namwali.

Boma la Ethiopia, komanso mabungwe monga mafamu aku Africa, akuyamba kuchitapo kanthu kuti athetse kukokoloka kwa mitengo.

Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi vuto, ndipo nkhalango zimagwira ntchito yofunika ku Africa, popeza anthu amadalira iwo kuti apeze zofunikira. Nthaka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogona, zovala, zinthu zaulimi, ndi zina zambiri. Katundu waku Woodland amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga mankhwala, komanso kusankha mbale zambiri. Zina mwazakudya izi ndi monga zipatso, mtedza, uchi ndi zina zambiri. Kuyimbira ndikofunikira pamaubwino azachuma ku Africa, makamaka m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene. Zomera zimathandiziranso zachilengedwe. Akuti lamba wobiriwira waku Africa ali ndi mitundu yoposa 1.5 miliyoni. Popanda nkhalango zachilengedwe zoteteza zachilengedwe, anthu ali pachiwopsezo. Zamoyo za mamiliyoni aanthu ndi mitundu yamavuto chifukwa cha kudula mitengo. Mchitidwewu ndiwokhudza zomwe zimakhudza mbali zambiri mdera, zachilengedwe, komanso chuma.

Kuwonongeka kwa nthaka

Kukokoloka chifukwa cha mvula, mitsinje ndi mphepo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito dothi mopitilira muyeso komanso kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza moyenera kwadzetsa kusintha kwa nthaka komwe kuli kosabereka, monga m'mapiri a Mtsinje wa Nailo ndi Mtsinje wa Orange. Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti nthaka iwonongeke ndikuchepa kwa feteleza wa mafakitale omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa nthaka ya ku Africa ilibe michere yazakudya. Kuwonjezeka kwa anthu kwathandizanso pamene anthu akufunika kuti awonongeke ngati njira yopezera ndalama, koma osachitapo kanthu kuteteza nthaka, chifukwa cha ndalama zochepa. Njira zamakono zimabweretsa kupanikizika kwambiri pazinthu zina zachilengedwe, monga nkhalango, ndipo sizothandiza. Palinso zoyambitsa zachilengedwe zopanda nthaka. Ambiri mwa dothi ali ndi miyala kapena dongo chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mapiri. Zina mwa zinthuzi ndi monga kukokoloka, kusakazidwa kwa nthaka, komanso kudula mitengo.

Kuwonongeka kwa dothi la ku Africa kumayambitsa kuchepa kwa chakudya, zotsatira zoyipa zachilengedwe, komanso kuchepa kwamtundu wa moyo ku Africa. Vutoli lichepetsedwa ngati feteleza ndi zinthu zina zokutira zinali zotsika mtengo motero kugwiritsa ntchito zochulukirapo. United Nations yatumiza Global Man-Indedu Soil Degradation Assessment (GLASOD) kuti ipitilizenso kuyang'ana zomwe zimayambitsa dothi. Kupeza zidziwitso zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa pagulu, ndipo tikuyembekeza kuti kumvetsetsa kudzakulitsidwa pakati pa andale omwe ali m'malo owopsezedwa.

Kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya

Mpweya ku Africa ndi wakuipitsidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha zifukwa zingapo zomwe zalembedwa pansipa. Njira yoyambilira yaulimi yomwe imapezeka kumadera ambiri ku Africa ndi chifukwa chomera. Ku United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), mahekitala 11.3 miliyoni tsopano akuwonongedwa chaka chilichonse chifukwa chaulimi, kudyetsa, kuwotcha osagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nkhuni. Kuwotcha nkhuni ndi makala kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika, ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wa mlengalenga utulutsidwe m'mlengalenga, zomwe zimadetsa zakumwamba m'mlengalenga. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa choperewera magetsi, nyumba zambiri zimadalira mafuta ndi dizilo mu magetsi kuti magetsi azingoyenda. Kuipitsa mpweya mu Africa kumabwera ndipo sikuyenera kunyalanyazidwa. Mwachitsanzo, ku South Africa, milingo ya mercury ndi yoopsa chifukwa cha kuwotcha malasha ndi migodi ya golide. Mercury amachokera mu mpweya kupita mu dothi ndi madzi. Dothi limalola mbewu kuti zigwiremo mankhwala enaake omwe anthu amamwa. Nyama zimadya udzu womwe wanyamula mankhwala a salmfi ndipo anthu amathanso kumeza nyama izi. Nsomba zimamwa chofufumira m'madzi, anthu amameza nsomba ndikumwa madzi omwe madzi amumasulira. Izi zimachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala a mercury m'thupi la munthu. Izi zimatha kudzetsa ngozi yayikulu.

World Health Organisation yati ikufunika zakuchitapo kanthu pamene gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse a zaka zopunduka zonse zaumoyo atayika chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwa mpweya mkati mwa Africa. Mafuta amafunikira kuyatsa magetsi usiku. Kuwotcha kwamafuta kumapangitsa mpweya wabwino kutulutsa m'mlengalenga. Chifukwa chakusamukira kwakumtunda ku Africa, anthu amawotcha mafuta ambiri komanso amagwiritsa ntchito magalimoto ambiri poyendera. Kuchulukitsa kwa magalimoto komanso njira yolowera kwachuma kwambiri zikutanthauza kuti mpweya wam'mizinda ukuwonongeka. M'mayiko ambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta omwe akutsogoleredwa kuli ponseponse ndipo palibe amene angayang'anire kuponyedwa kwamagalimoto. Mpweya wa mkati m'nyumba uli ponseponse, makamaka chifukwa cha kuyatsa malasha m'khichini kuphika. Zinthu zomwe zimatulutsidwa kumalo opangira mafuta ndi nayitrogeni ndi hydrocarbon omasulidwa ku eyapoti zimayipitsa mpweya. Mpweya wa kaboni ndi mpweya wina wowonjezera kutentha mlengalenga umayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kupuma.

Pali ubale wapakati pa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Africa ndi yosiyana kwambiri pakati pa madera omwe amakhala ndi anthu ambiri osawerengeka kumene kuli anthu ochepa. M'madera omwe kumakhala chitukuko chochepa cha mafakitale komanso anthu ochepa, mpweya wabwino ndi wokwera. Komanso, m'malo okhala anthu ambiri komanso otukuka, mpweya wabwino ndi wochepa. Kuthetsa vuto la kuwonongeka kwa mpweya m'mizinda yayikulu nthawi zambiri kumakhala patsogolo, ngakhale kuti dziko lonse lathunthu limatulutsa mpweya wowerengeka motsatira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, zoipitsa mpweya zimayambitsa mavuto osiyanasiyana azaumoyo komanso zachilengedwe. Zowipitsa izi zikuwopseza anthu aku Africa komanso chilengedwe, akuyesera mwamphamvu kupirira.